argumentation concepts
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ArgumentationConcepts
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Elements of a Formal
Argument what distinguishes a formal argument
from informal is its level of formality andconventions about the way an argumentshould be conducted and the types ofevidence that will convince an audience
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there are 5 elements of an argument,
for both written and spoken contexts
1. A Clear Statement of Position sometimes called a thesis statement or
claim the most essential part of an argument
text because everything that is includedin the text must refer back to it or
support it in some way
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2. Introduction
important in setting up readersexpectations without turning them off the beginning of an argument text is
where the reader makes many
judgement about you and the topic your goal is to answer the questions that
might appear in your audiences mind particularly why a reader should
continue reading or listening
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3. Evidence or Proof
the bulk of an argumentative text isconcerned with proving to the audiencethat a writers argument is convincing,founded in fact, logical and able to stand
up to opposing opinions eg. of types of proof: surveys, case
studies, statistics, interviews, popular
magazines
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4. Conclusions
conclusions to argument essays mustfulfil certain functions:
- summarise the logic of the argumentso that the point seems indisputable
or
- present the next step
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5. Citations
part of convincing your readers that youare an ethical arguer is the properdocumentation of any and all informationthat is not your own
this includes facts and figures,paraphrases, opinions and quotes youhave discovered through other sources
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Framing a Thesis
many arguments fail because the
writer/speaker and his/her audience seethe issue differently issues can be easily misinterpreted,
hence must carefully limit your issue and
define all terms good theses respond to a question, issue,
controversy problem the best way to develop a thesis is to
think first about the problem
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What is a Thesis
Statement? an assertion or claim about your topic,
something you claim to be true a topic along makes no claim; it merely
defines an area to be covered
thesis statement = specific topic + yourassertion /claim
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A thesis statement must:
(a) contain an arguable point must not simply make an observation but
must assert a point that is arguable
(b) control the entire argument determines what you are required to say
and what you cannot say
the thesis is like a contract between you
and your reader
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if you introduce ideas that the reader is
not prepared for, you have violated thecontract
(c) provide a structure for your argument
either directly or indirectly suggest toyour audience