Argument & Reasoning

Argument & Reasoning

According to Aristotle, ________, or the “art of persuasion” is "the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.” He described three main forms of rhetoric (persuasion):

rhetoric

Three Forms of Persuasion

_______: Appeal to ________. When the speaker is seen as trustworthy, knowledgeable, and ___________ in the audience, the audience will likely accept what the speaker says as true.

ETHOS

characterinterested

Acme Gizmotronics, the company that you've , has recently entered the World Wide Web! Now you can purchase our through the internet. Our gizmos, widgets, and thingamabobs can be shipped to you within minutes. All come with the that makes Acme the company that for it's gizmo needs.

Our spokesperson, Mr. Coyote says "I've used

Acme products for years. Their slingshots, rocket launchers, crowbars, pogo sticks, and power pills are the best around. And don't forget their high-powered dynamite! I buy everything from Acme. They are ."

trusted for over 100 years

fine products

quality

famouslifetime guarantee

the world depends on

the company that I trust the most

Three Forms of Persuasion

_______: Appeal to _______. Pathetic or emotional appeals, persuades audiences by _________ the emotions.

PATHOS

emotion

arousing

Three Forms of Persuasion

_______: Appeal to ______. Logos refers to different systems of reasoning, working together to persuade an audience.

LOGOS

reason

Three Types of Reasoning1. _________ Reasoning: From general to specific.

These types of arguments are called__________ and are proven by analyzing the claims: A. All men or mortal B. Socrates is a man C. Therefore, Socrates is mortal

Deductive

General Spec

TrueTrueTrue

Syllogisms

Deductive Reasoning

Not all syllogisms give true conclusions.A. All cats are mortal B. Socrates is mortal C. Therefore, Socrates is ____

When we use deductive reasoning in normal conversation, we usually use an __________. Enthymemes allow the audience to supply the “_____________” evidence to support the claim.

TrueTrue

False

enthymeme

common-sense

a cat

Deductive Reasoning

Enthymemes simplify the syllogism to two steps: Ex. Connie is a cheerleader, therefore Connie is very popular.

A. Connie is a cheerleaderB. ____________________C. Connie is very popular

True

??

Cheerleaders are popular

Deductive Reasoning

Questions to ask about Deductive Arguments: Is the General Statement True?

Is the Specific Example True?

Does the Specific Example apply to

the General Statement?

Are Cheerleaders popular?

Is Connie popular? Is it because she is a cheerleader, or for other reasons?

Is Connie a Cheerleader?

Three Types of Reasoning

2._________: Reasoning from specific to general.

We use inductive reasoning all the time, however, it does not provide ________, but only _________.

Inductive

Spec General

certaintyprobabilit

y

Inductive Reasoning

Ex. Evidence:

Conclusion: Questions:

I met 5 people from Conroe, they were all mean.

People from Conroe are mean.Are there enough

examples? (you only met 5 people) Are the examples typical? (anything unusual?)Are there important exceptions, or special cases? (at doctor’s office / dentist?)

Inductive Reasoning

Ex. Evidence:

Conclusion: Questions:

The sun has risen every day for the past year.

The sun will rise tomorrow.

Are there enough examples? (365+) Are the examples typical? (Yes, usual occurrence)Are there important exceptions? (none foreseeable)

Three Types of Reasoning

3. _____________: All effects have a specific cause.

CAUSE - - -> - - -> - - -> EFFECT

Ex1. Evidence: Conclusion: Questions:

Cause & Effect

Jane studied for hours.She will get an “A” on the test

Is the Cause connected tothe Effect? Will studying for hours ensure an “A”?

Cause & Effect

Ex2. Evidence:

Conclusion: Questions:

As the sale of ice cream increases, the murder rate goes up.Eating ice cream causes

murder.Is the Cause connected tothe Effect? Could there be another explanation? i.e. More ice cream is sold in the summer when it is hot, heat causes tempers to flair, etc.

Types of Faulty Reasoning ________________: Vague and

general statements that cannot be ________ or _________. Ex. “Pepsi is the best soda.”

____________: Pilling up information about an ____ without much ______. Ex. “Join the Army. You’ll meet new people, go different places and can even get a college education.”

Glittering Generality

Card Stacking

disproven

proven

backing

idea

Types of Faulty Reasoning _______________: Everyone else is

doing it, ____ should do it also. Ex. “We are all going to the party, you don’t want to be left out.”

_________________: An endorsement by someone who is ___________ from the product / idea. Ex. George Foreman endorsing Meineke mufflers.

Bandwagon Appeal

Unrelated Testimonial

you

disconnected

Types of Faulty Reasoning

___________: Attacks the person rather than the idea. (___________) Ex. “Oh yeah, well I have a better class average than you do.”

Name Calling Ad

Homenim