„research-oriented standards on gender equality ... · dr. dagmar simon "research-oriented...

International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan

Tokyo, 20 September 2014

„Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality: Organization, Reputation and Sanction matter!“

Dr. Dagmar Simon

Head of Research Group Science Policy Studies

Source: Kyoto University, Equality Promotion Center Figure 1

Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"


Tokyo, 20 September 2014 2

Proportion of female researchers, 2013

11.9 11.9 12.4 13 13 13.6 13.8

12 12.9 13.1 14.9 15.6 15.8 16.7

29 30.2

31.6 31.5 30.7 31.4 31.9

35.8 35.1 35.7

27.8 28 27.4 27.8 27.4 26.9 25.6

21.3 23.2

24.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Japan

Korea

Finland

Sweden

France

Germany

Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers

Source: OECD 2013, selected countries No Figures available for the US, no figures for OECD on average







Proportions of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, 2002 - 2010

Source: EC, She Figures 2012, figure 3.1

Proportion of females in selected salary grades (professors)

Quelle: Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz GWK, Chancengleichheit in Wissenschaft und Forschung, 16. Fortschreibung des Datenmaterials (2010/2011), S. 15.




Development of German Gender Equality Policy in Academia

(Zimmermann, forthcoming) Phase 1: Discover inequality and help women (1980s)

Appointment of Gender Equality Officers and Development of official plans for women‘s advancement at the universities

Official, state-mandated data collection on the status of women

Institutionalization of Gender Equality as a formal aim in univerisity programs




Phase 2: Introduce gender mainstreaming to academia (late 1990s)

Shift toward more structural equality measures, nationally and internationally (EU)

Gender incorporated in the regular operations of policies and organizations

Discourse defined women‘s underrepresentation in the professorate and STEM careers as the problem




Phase 3: Develop a Narrative of Inclusive Excellence

Gender as a „hot topic“ in the context of EU-funded initiatives for supporting research

Gender mainstreaming as an official guideline for the 6th Eurropean Commisssion‘s Framework Programme

Discourse on Gender and international competition

Narrative connecting research excellence with gender: opportunity for constructing new national initiatives

8 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"



Source: GWK 2012, table 1.1.p.1 / 1.1. p 2 / 1.1. p. 3

Women in Science, Germany 1992 to 2011, all disciplines




Gender Equality Policy in Science (Germany): Integration into Universities, Connecting Excellence and Equity

Professors’ program of the Federal Government and the States

Research-oriented Standards on Gender Equality of the German Research Foundation

Flexible target rate of the Joint Science Conference regarding non-university research institutions

“Offensive for Equal Opportunities” of the Science Council

Gender Balance as central themes of Horizon 2020




Differentiation, profile development and excellence in German Universities




Profile development as a process of differentiation induced by science policy

Financial difficulties and growth of the performance of national science systems

Design of universities as actors (competence of accountability to the Federal States)

Strengthening of internal hierarchical relationships, debilitation of universities’ self-administration

Nevertheless: high degrees of professorial autonomy

Debate on the emergence and formalization of organizations (Meier/Krücken 2006)

Change of Universities as Organizations




Adaption and transformation of new challenges from the outer world into the inner world of the organization.

Change (scientific institutions): social, legal, political and symbolic regulations including social practices in the universities’ everyday life, shaping, legitimizing and reproducing gender hierarchies of the universities‘ organization and their claim to power.

The university as a specific institution: organization and profession.

Profile Development from the Professors‘ Viewpoints

Source: Flink T, Rogge JC, Roßmann S & Simon D (2012): Angleichung durch Vielfalt. Deutsche Universitäten auf der Suche nach Profill. In: WZBrief Bildung 22(12): 5.

N = 2538

Total Excellence Unis Excellence Unis (3rd Stream) Other Unis Unis of Applied Sciences




Organization University

From a „loose coupled system“ to an „Organization“ ?

Universities as corporative actors, developing capabilities to collectively act (internally and externally)

Limited capability for the university management to “act” on behalf of the whole university: transformation processes cannot be prevailed against decentralized actors (professors) (meaning of the differentiation of science)

External interventions, in order to enforce far-reaching change, as (potentially) intended?




Findings of Science and Gender Research




In the discourse of “New Public-Management” and the process of profile development at universities: strengthening of university management, but nevertheless strong position of the faculties (scientific disciplines) in the power relationship within universities.

Sustainable change of gender relations in university requires a cultural change of the institution.




Proportion of women and men, Germany 2002 and 2010, Arts

Source: GWK 2012, table 1.2.2./1.2.4.

Proportion of women and men, Germany 2003 and 2010, Engineering

Source: GWK 2012, table 1.4.2./1.4.4.




Source: Kyoto University, Equality Promotion Center Figure 3




Gender Ratio of university researchers in Japan, 2012

Research-oriented Standards on Gender Equality




Focus of research-oriented equality standards is under responsibility of the universities, esp. of their presidencies

Integration into organizational action

Responsibility of the faculties/departments

Obligatory guidelines of personal responsibility for the increase of the number of researchers on every hierarchical level

Success Factors of Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality




Positive development from 2009 – 2013: classification of

22 universities in stadium 4,

27 universities in stadium 3,

18 universities in stadium 2.

In total (2011 – 2013) 21 universities could improve, but the development of women's proportion is disillusioning, especially regarding professorships

Responsibility of the organization (university management and faculties)

Reputation

Sanction

Standards on Gender Equality: How to Continue?




Introduction of a two-stage request, oriented towards a cascade model

1. Enquiring participating scientists holding different levels of qualification in every coordinated application having universities as applicants.

2. A formalized annual inquiry on the level of universities and departments.

Impact study of research-oriented equality standards

Policy on Equality Policy and Organizational Learning




Organizations are depending on automated and internalized „mental maps“. Successfully tested counselling systems must be „replaced“ by new proposals of different orientations (Riegraf).

Importance of guidelines, positioning of the university management.

A (first) Résumé(1)




Differentiation and university profile development processes can offer a starting-point for career development and equal opportunities policy

Importance of faculties/ discipline

Importance of reputation

Importance of external incentives and sanctions

A (first) Résumé (2)

Gender and Excellence

International norms and national policies




A (first) Résumé (3)




Equality politic aims at a structural change of perception mechanisms of organizations, decision-making structures and processes that, again and again, leads to oppositions, contradictions and ambivalence.

Cultural change, but how???

New and Old Actors of Equality?




The German Council of Science and Humanities and the German Research Foundation

University Management

Equal Opportunities Commissioner

Thank you for your attention!

Contact: Dr. Dagmar Simon [email protected] WZB Berlin Social Science Center Research Group Science Policy Studies Reichpietschufer 50 10785 Berlin

Phone: +49 (0)30 – 25491 – 588

„research-oriented standards on gender equality ... · dr. dagmar simon "research-oriented...

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