Competency/Skill #4

4. KNOWLEDGE OF LITERATURE AND METHODS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING

1. Identify various literary devices in both fiction and nonfiction.2. Identify the characteristics of various literary genres, movements, and critical approaches.3. Identify how allusions from a variety of sources (e.g., literary, mythological, religious,

historical) contribute to literature.4. Identify major authors representative of the diversity of American culture.5. Identify principal periods of British literature and American literature, major authors, and

representative works.6. Identify representative works and major authors of world literature.7. Identify a variety of appropriate materials, techniques, and methods for teaching

literature.8. Identify representative young adult literature and its contribution to personal, social, and

academic development.9. Identify a variety of appropriate methods for assessing the understanding of literature.

STANDARDS:Standard 1 (6-8 and 9-12) The student understands the common features of a variety of literary forms

1. Identifies the characteristics that distinguish literary forms.2. Identifies the defining characteristics of classic literature, such as timelessness, dealing

with universal themes and experiences, and communicating across cultures and understanding why certain literary works are considered classics

3. Identifies common or universal themes prevalent in the literature of all cultures.4. Recognizes complex elements of plot, including setting, character development, conflicts,

and resolutions.5. Understands the various elements of the authors’ craft appropriate at the grade level,

including word choice, symbolism, figurative language, mood, irony, foreshadowing, flashback, persuasion techniques, and point of view in both fiction and nonfiction.

6. Knows how mood or meaning is conveyed in poetry through word choice, dialect, invented words, concrete or abstract terms, sensory or figurative language, use of sentence structure, line length, punctuation, and rhythm.

7. Understands the characteristics of major types of drama.8. Understands the different stylistic, thematic, and technical qualities present in the

literature of different cultures and historical periods.

Standard 2 (6-8 and 9-12) The student responds critically to fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama.

1. Analyzes the effectiveness of complex elements of plot, such as setting, major events, problems, conflicts, and resolutions.

2. Understands the relationships between and among elements of literature, including characters, plot, setting, tone, point of view, and theme; understands how they are used in various selections to support a central conflict or story line.

3. Analyzes poetry for the ways in which poets inspire the reader to share emotions, such as the use of imagery, personification, and figures of speech, including simile and metaphor;

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and the use of sound, such as rhyme, rhythm, repetition, and alliteration; understands the use of images and sounds to elicit the reader’s emotions in both fiction and nonfiction.

4. Analyzes the relationships among author’s style, literary form, and intended impact on the reader.

5. Responds to a work of literature by interpreting selected phrases, sentences, or passages and applying the information to personal life; recognizes and explains those elements in texts that prompt a personal response, such as connections between one’s own life and the characters, events, motives, and causes of conflict in texts.

6. Knows ways in which literature reflects the diverse voices of people from various backgrounds.

7. Examines a literary selection from several critical perspectives; recognizes different approaches that can be applied to the study of literature, including thematic approaches, personal approaches such as what an individual brings to his or her study of literature, historical approaches such as how a piece of literature reflects the time period in which it was written.

8. Identifies specific interests and the literature that will satisfy those interests.9. Knows how a literary selection can expand or enrich personal viewpoints or experiences.10. Knows that a literary text may elicit a wide variety of valid responses; knows that people

respond differently to texts based on their background knowledge, purpose, and point of view.

GENRES:Fiction: poetry, drama, prose

Poetry: sonnet, villanelle, sestina, limerick, poetic eulogy, ode, ballad, free verse, haiku, tanka, blank verse, image, epico locates and analyzes the effects of sound, meter, figurative and descriptive

language, graphics (illustrations), and structure (e.g., line length, fonts, word placement) to communicate mood and meaning

o analyzes, compares, evaluates, and interprets poetry for the effects of various literary devices, graphics, structure, and theme to convey mood, meaning and aesthetic qualities

Dramatic Literature: plays, English historical drama, Medieval morality playProse: novel, novella, short story, satire, parody, allegory, fable, tall tale, myth

Students should be able to:o demonstrates knowledge of the characteristics of various genres as forms with

distinct characteristics and purposeso reads, analyzes, and compares historically and culturally significant works of

literature, identifying the relationships among the major genres and the literary devices unique to each, and analyzes how they support and enhance the theme and main ideas of the text

o analyzes and discusses characteristics of subgenres that overlap or cut across the lines of genre

o explains how ideas, values, and themes of a literary work often reflect the historical period in which it was written

o describes changes in the English language over time, and supports these descriptions with examples from literary texts

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o selects a variety of age- and ability-appropriate fiction materials to read based on knowledge of authors’ styles, themes, and genre to expand the core foundation of knowledge necessary to connect topics and function as a fully literate member of a shared culture

Nonfiction: essay, personal narrative, sermon, editorial, parody, journal, letter, legal brief, speech, references, reports, technical manuals, articles, editorials, primary source historical documents, newspapers, periodicals, biographies, procedures, instructions, job-related materials, practical/functional text

Students should be able to:o Analyze and evaluate information from text features (e.g., transitional devices,

table of contents, glossary, index, bold or italicized text, headings, captions, key/guide words, charts and graphs, illustrations, subheadings)

o Use information from the text to answer questions or to state the main idea or provide relevant details

o Identify and analyze the characteristics of a variety of types of text o Select a variety of age- and ability-appropriate non-fiction materials (e.g.,

biographies and topical areas, such as science, music, art, history, sports, current events) to expand the core knowledge necessary to connect topics and function as a fully literate member of a shared culture

PLOT STRUCTURE: Point of View –

o Participant Point of View – first person point of view Narrator as a major character Narrator as a minor character Innocent-eye narrator Stream-of-consciousness (interior monologue)

o Nonparticipant Point of View – third person point of view Omniscient narrator – the author can enter the minds of all characters Selective (limited) omniscient narrator – the author limits his omniscience

to the minds of a few of the characters or of a single character Objective narrator – the author does not enter a single mind, but instead

records what can be seen and heardo Other POV Descriptors: Adult, Child-Like, Naïve, Nostalgic, Objective,

Persona, Personal, Reflective, Scientific, Sophisticated, Subjective Exposition – the opening portion of a narrative or drama Setting – the time and place in which events in a short story, novel, play, narrative, or

poem take place Protagonist – central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem.

Conversely, the antagonist is the character who stands directly opposed to the protagonist

Motivation – a circumstance or set of circumstances that prompts a character to act in a certain way or that determines the outcome of a situation or work.

Conflict – the central struggle between two or more forces in a literary work (e.g., man vs. man; man vs. self; man vs. nature/god; man vs. society)

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Mood – the atmosphere or predominant emotion in a literary work Rising Action – the part of the play or narrative in which events start moving toward a

climax Climax – the moment of greatest intensity in a story or drama, which almost always

occurs toward the end of the work Falling Action – the events in a narrative that follow the climax and bring the story to its

conclusion Resolution – the final part of a narrative, the concluding action that follows the climax

(also conclusion or denouement) Narration – the telling of a story in writing or speaking Plot – the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem. Theme – the central message of a literary work

LITERARY THEORY/CRITICAL APPROACHES: Formalist Criticism (“New Criticism”) – focus on form, technique, literary elements;

requires a “Close Reading” of the text Biographical Criticism – biographical information used to interpret literary works Historical/New Historicist Criticism – social/historical context illuminates a literary

work Pyschological Criticism – literary work reflects its writer’s emotional and mental world

(e.g., Freudian) Sociological Criticism – social context (economic, political, cultural) essential to

understanding the text (e.g., Marxist criticism, Feminist criticism) Reader-Response Criticism – subjective criticism; understanding stems from an

interaction between reader and text; meaning changes over time; meaning varies among individual readers

Mythological/Archetypal Criticism – universal story patterns that occur across cultures and how they reveal cultural attitudes, religion (e.g., Jungian theory)

Structuralism Criticism – draws on linguistics and anthropology (e.g., Semiotics – meaning based in system of signs)

Deconstruction Criticism – based on structuralism (e.g., meaning depends on binary oppositions, on ambiguities, and contradictions)

Cultural Studies Criticism – based on social equality, questions the “canon,” includes gender studies, post-colonial theory, minority discourse

Students should be able to:o identify and explain recurring themes across a variety of works (e.g., bravery,

friendship, loyalty, good vs. evil)o develop an interpretation of a selection around several clear ideas, premises, or

images, and justify the interpretation through sustained use of examples and contextual evidence

o analyze the way in which the theme or meaning of a selection represents a view or comment on life, providing textual evidence for the identified theme

LITERARY DEVICES:Narrative Devices:

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Flashback – a scene that interrupts the action of a work to show a previous event Foreshadowing – the use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest future action

Rhetorical devices: Active/passive voice – the subject performs the action; the subject is acted upon; is used

to suggest control or lack of control (e.g., “He looked at the dead man.” “He was being looked at by a dead man.”)

Appositives – set off by comas, adds information Author asides - usually in parentheses; author intrudes on his story Ellipsis, dashes – slows the motion; indicates passage of time, pauses Juxtaposition – normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one

another, creating an effect of surprise and wit (e.g., “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet black bought.” – “In a Station of the Metro” by Ezra Pound).

Lists and catalogues Parallel structure (parallelism) – grammatical or structural similarity between

sentences of parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are similarly phrased (e.g., “He was walking, running, and jumping for joy.”)

Participles – “ing” words – may denote motion, quick pace, action Repetition – the deliberate use of any element of language more than once – sound,

word, phrase, sentence, grammatical pattern, or rhythmical pattern; for the purpose of enhancing rhythm and creating emphasis (e.g., “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”)

Rhetorical question – a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement (e.g., “If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin’s arguments?”)

Sentences which interrupt – breaks the rhythm in a passageDescriptive Language:

Alliteration – repetition of initial consonant sound of several consecutive or neighboring words (e.g., “The twisting trout twinkled below.”)

Assonance – the repetition of accented vowel sounds in a series of words (e.g., the words “cry” and “side” have the same vowel sound.)

Consonance – the repetition of a consonant within a series of words to produce a harmonious effect (e.g., “And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.”) The “d” sound is in consonance.

Tone – voice, attitude) the writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject and audience. Imagery – sense impressions (e.g., sight, sound, smell, texture, taste) Irony –

o Verbal irony – the result of a statement saying one thing while meaning the opposite (e.g., “It’s easy to stop smoking; I’ve done it many times.”)

o Situational irony – when a situation turns out differently from what one would normally expect – though often the twist is oddly appropriate (e.g., a deep sea diver drowning in a bathtub.)

o Dramatic irony – occurs when a character says or does something that has more or different meanings from what he thinks it means, though the audience and/or other characters do understand the full ramifications of the speech or action (e.g.,

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Oedipus curses the murderer of Laius, not realizing that he is himself the murderer and so is cursing himself.)

Onomatopoeia (imitative harmony) – the use of words in which the sounds seem to resemble the sounds they describe (e.g., “hiss,” “buzz,” and “bang.”)

Figurative Language Allusion – a reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place or thin (e.g.,

“He met his Waterloo.” Words like: Minotaur, Pegasus, unicorn, centaur) Antithesis – involves a direct contrast of structurally parallel word groupings, generally

for the purpose of contrast: e.g., “Sink or swim.” Apostrophe – a form of personification in which the absent or dead are spoken to as if

present (e.g., “Milton! Thou shoulds’t be living at this hour.”) Hyperbole – a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration (e.g., “The

shot heard ‘round the world.”) It may be used for either serious or comic effect. Metaphor – a comparison without the use of like or as; usually a comparison between

something that is concrete and something that is abstract (e.g., “Time is money.”) Oxymoron – a form of paradox that combines a pair of contrary terms into a single

unusual expression (e.g., “sweet sorrow” or “cold fire.”) Paradox – when the elements of a statement contradict each other. Although the

statement may appear illogical, impossible, or absurd, it turns out to have a coherent meaning that reveals a hidden truth (e.g., “Much madness is divinest sense.” “The more you know, the more you don’t know.” Socrates)

Personification – a kind of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics (e.g., “The wind cried in the dark.”)

Prosody – the study of sound and rhythm in poetry Pun – a play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse

meanings. Puns can have serious as well as humorous uses (e.g., in Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio is bleeding to death and says to his friends, “Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find a grave man.”)

Sarcasm – a type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it (e.g., “As I fell down the stairs headfirst, I heard her say, ‘Look at that coordination.’”)

Sensory detail – an appeal to the senses (e.g., sight, sound, texture, taste, smell) Shift or turn – a change in movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization,

or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader. Simile – a comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of the words like

or as. It is a definitely stated comparison in which the writer says one thing is like another: e.g., “The warrior fought like a lion.”

Symbols – any object, person, place, or action that has both meaning in itself and that stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, attitude, belief, or value (e.g., the land turtle in Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath suggests or reflects the toughness and resilience of the migrant workers.)

Synecdoche (metonymy) – a form of metaphor. In synecdoche, apart of something is used to signify the whole (e.g., “All hands on deck.”) In metonymy, the name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated (e.g., “I love Shakespeare.”)

Synesthesia – sense mixing (e.g., loud shirt, sour note)

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Understatement (meiosis, litotes) – the opposite of hyperbole; a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is (e.g., “I could probably manage to survive on a salary of two million dollars per year.”)

LITERARY MOVEMENTS: Metaphysical Poets – about religion - Donne Romanticism (British) – emotion – not reason - Keats etc. American Romanticism – Irving, Hawthorne Gothic (Dark Romantics) – Poe, Stoker Transcendentalism – self-reliance - Emerson, Thoreau Realism - cold hard realities – Flaubert Naturalism – disinterested environment controls – Crane, Dreiser, Sinclair Stream of Consciousness – follows disjointed thoughts of narrator – Joyce, Woolf Modernism – early 20th century – T.S. Eliot

o Lost Generation – American ex-patriots – Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Stein, Poundo Imagism – poetry based on description rather than theme – Pound, Bishopo Dada – anti-art, going against traditiono Surrealism – depicts unconscious, rather than the conscious – Dylan Thomas

Harlem Renaissance – blues and folklore, the African-American experience – Hughes, Hurston

Existentialism – hostile and indifferent universe - Kafka Post Modernism – embraces diversity – Pynchon Beat Poets – counterculture and youth alienation – Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg, Kesey Magic Realism – magical elements appear in realistic story - Marquez

MAJOR AUTHORS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN CULTUREPoetry:

Maya Angelou (20th Century) (African-American) Just give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘Fore I Die; Pulse of Morning

Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) (20th Century) (African-American) Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note

Gwendolyn Brooks (20th Century) (African-American) We Real Cool; Primer for Blacks Countee Cullen (20th Century) (African-American) Any Human to Another Paul Laurence Dunbar (late 19th -early 20th Century) (African-American) Lyrics of a

Lowly Life T.S. Eliot (20th Century) (American-naturalized British) The Lovesong of J. Alfred

Prufrock; The Hollow Men Nikki Giovanni (20th Century) (African-American) Revolutionary Dreams Robert Hayden (20th Century) (African-American) Middle Passage; Those Winter

Sundays Langston Hughes (20th Century) (African-American) Theme for English B; Harlem; A

Dream Deferred Claude McKay (20th Century) (African-American) If We Must Die Pat Moro (20th Century) (Mexican-American) Communion; A Voice Naomi Shihab Nye (20th Century) (American – Palestinian background) Remembered

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Ezra Pound (20th Century) (American expatriate) The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter; In a Station of the Metro

Ishmael Reed (20th Century) (African-American) Beware: Do Not Read This Poem Gary Soto (20th Century) (Hispanic-American) Living Up the Street Phillis Wheatley (18th Century) (African-American) Poems on Various Subjects

Fiction: Isabel Allende (20th Century) (Chilean-American) House of Spirits Julia Alvarez (20th Century) (Hispanic-American) How the Garcia Girls Lost their

Accents Rudolfo Anaya (20th Century) (Hispanic-American) Bless Me, Ultima Maya Angelou (20th Century) (African-American) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings James Baldwin (20th Century) (African-American) Go Tell It on the Mountain Sandra Cisneros (20th Century) (Hispanic-American) The House on Mango Street Ralph Ellison (20th Century) (African-American) Invisible Man Louise Erdrich (20th Century) (Native-American) Love Medicine Zora Neale Hurston (20th Century) (African-American) Their Eyes Were Watching God Bernard Malamud (20th Century) (Jewish-American) The Natural; The Assistant; The

Fixer N. Scott Momaday (20th Century) (Native-American) House Made of Dawn; The Way to

Rainy Mountain Toni Morrison (20th Century) (African-American) Beloved; The Bluest Eye Vladimir Nabokov (20th Century) (Russian-American) Signs and Symbols; A Bad Day;

The Duel; (Lolita – rarely a high school text) Walter Dean Myers (20th Century) (African-American) Fallen Angels Chaim Potok (20th Century) (Jewish-American) The Chosen Leslie Marmon Silko (20th Century) (Native-American) Ceremony Isaac Bashevis Singer (20th Century) (Jewish-American) Gimpel the Fool; The Penitent;

The Son From America Gary Soto (20th Century) (Hispanic-American) California Childhood Amy Tan (20th Century) (Asian-American) Joy Luck Club; Kitchen God’s Wife Alice Walker (20th Century) (African-American) The Color Purple; Everyday Use Margaret Walker (20th Century) (African-American) Jubilee Evelyn Waugh (20th Century) (British/American) Brideshead Revisited; The Loved One Richard Wright (20th Century) (African-American) Black Boy; Native Son

BRITISH LITERATURE: Principal Periods, Major Authors, Representative Works:The Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Periods (495-1485) Stories of courage and glory, honor and betrayal.

Anonymous Beowulf (c. 700-1000 AD) Anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (late 14th Century) Geoffrey Chaucer (14th Century) Canterbury Tales Thomas Malory (15th Century) The Coming of Arthur, The Knights of the Round Table,

The Quest of the Holy Grail Francis Bacon (late 14th-early 15th Century) Of Truth; Of Marriage and the Simple Life

The English Renaissance (1485-1660) Fervent love poetry, depictions of madness, and the idea that one should "seize the day"

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John Bunyan The Pilgrim’s Progress Francis Bacon Of Truth; Of Marriage and the Simple Life; Of Plantations John Donne Valediction: Forbidding Mourning; Death, Be Not Proud; The Flea; The

Sun Rising; The Canonization John Dryden Mac Flecknoe; Absalom and Achitophel George Herbert The Collar; Redemption; Virtue; Easter Wings; The Flower Robert Herrick To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time; His Prayer to Ben Jonson;

Delight in Disorder Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Love That Doth Reign and Live Within My Thought;

Epitaph on Sir Thomas Wyatt Ben Jonson On My First Daughter; To John Donne; On Giles and Joan; On My First

Son Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus William Shakespeare Hamlet; Macbeth; Julius Caesaar; King Lear; Othello; Romeo

and Juliet; The Tempest; Henry IV, Part Two; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Taming of the Shrew; Sonnets

Edmund Spenser from The Faerie Queene: Cantos 1, 2 Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder The Long Love That in My Heart Doth Harbor; Who So

List to Hunt; They Flee from MeThe Restoration and Enlightenment (1660-1798) Different views of society, arguments for change, and revelations about human nature. Writers of the 17th and 18th centuries sought to make sense of their world

Joseph Addison The Spectator Edmund Burke On American Taxation; On Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation

with America Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Henry Fielding Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews Edward Gibbon Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Oliver Goldsmith The Vicar of Wakefield Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Samuel Johnson Preface to the Dictionary; Letter to Lord Chesterfield; Preface to

Shakespeare, Note on King Lear Richard Lovelace To Althea, From Prison; To Lucasta, Going to Wars Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress John Milton Paradise Lost Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Letter to her Daughter Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock; Essay on Man Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels; A Modest Proposal

The Flowering of Romanticism (1798-1832) imagination, self-expression, love, nature, spontaneity, and eternity—and the literature that celebrates these themes

William Blake from Songs of Innocence: The Lamb; The Chimney Sweeper – from Songs of Experience: London; The Tyger, A Poison Tree

Elizabeth Barrett Browning How Do I Love Thee Robert Browning My Last Duchess George Gordon Byron She Walks in Beauty; Don Juan (Canto 1) Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kubla Khan; Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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Gerard Manley Hopkins God’s Grandeur; Pied Beauty; The Windhover; Spring and Fall

John Keats Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn; To Autumn Rudyard Kipling If; Road to Mandalay; Recessional Percy Bysshe Shelley Ozymandias; Ode to the West Wind; A Defense of Poetry; Hymn

to Intellectual Beauty; Adonais; Mutability; Mont Blanc Alfred Tennyson Charge of the Light Brigade; Ulysses; The Lotus-Eaters; Crossing the

Bar William Wordsworth Lines Composed a Few Miles from Tintern Abbey; The World is

Too Much with Us; London, 1802; Surprised by Joy; Intimations of Immortality Mary Shelley Frankenstein

The Victorians (1832-1901) The Victorian era was a time of tremendous progress and change. Victorian writers reacted to these changes—from the growing prosperity of the British middle and upper classes to the swelling slums of the poor.

Matthew Arnold Culture and Anarchy; Dover Beach Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice; Emma; Sense and Sensibility Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights Lewis Carroll Alice in Wonderland Charles Dickens Great Expectations; Oliver Twist; A Christmas Carol; David

Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities George Eliot Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner John Stuart Mill On Liberty Thomas Hardy Darkling Thrush; The Man He Killed; Hap William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair Oscar Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest

Emerging Modernism (1901-1950) British authors struggled to respond to the new—and often harsh—realities that they faced during the early 20th century.

WH Auden Musee des Beaux Arts; In Memory of W.B. Yeats; The Shield of Achilles Samuel Beckett Waiting for Godot Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness; Lord Jim Arthur Conan Doyle The Return of Sherlock Holmes Thomas Hardy Tess of the d’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure E. Housman To An Athlete Dying Young; Terrence, This is Stupid Stuff Rudyard Kipling The Man Who Would Be King; Just So Stories; The Jungle Book Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est; The Parable of the Old Man and the Young George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion; Man and Superman Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night H.G. Wells Island of Dr. Moreau; The Time Machine; The War of the Worlds William Butler Yeats When You Are Old; Leda and the Swan; Byzantium

Contemporary Voices (1950-present) Diversity grows in British life and literature. Voices of the British Commonwealth include Ireland, Nigeria, South Africa, and the Caribbean islands.

E.M. Forster A Passage to India William Golding Lord of the Flies Ted Hughes The Horses Aldous Huxley Brave New World

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W.W. Jacobs The Monkey’s Paw James Joyce Dubliners; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; Ulysses; Finnegans

Wake Jamaica Kincaid Phillip Larkin Church Going; Dockery and Son; Posterity D.H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers; Women in Love; Lady Chatterley’s Lover; Rocking

Horse Winner Doris Lessing A Sunrise on the Veld C.S. Lewis Chronicles of Narnia George Orwell 1984; Animal Farm; Politics and the English Language Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island; Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; Kidnapped J.R.R. Tolkein The Hobbit; Lord of the Rings Evelyn Waugh Brideshead Revisited; The Loved One Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse

AMERICAN LITERATURE: Principal Periods, Major Authors, Representative Works:Origins and Encounters (2000 BC – AD 1750)Native American traditions: Two very different cultures that collided in North America after 1492. Native Americans are credited with creating the first American works of literature. Early Europeans and Africans in North America chronicle the second American works.

Iroquois World on the Turtle’s Back Nez Perce Coyote Finishes His Work Sioux The Earth Only Navajo Hunting song

Planters and Puritans (17th/ early 18th Century) From the fiery sermons of Puritan ministers to the revolutionary voices of the first American patriots, influential people who shaped the early years of this country.

William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation Anne Bradstreet To My Dear and Loving Husband; Upon the Burning our House Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Also John Smith, Edward Taylor, William Byrd

Founders of the Nation (Classicism) (1750 – 1800) Jean de Crevecoeur What is an American? Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac; Autobiography Patrick Henry Speech to the Virginia Convention Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence Thomas Paine Common Sense George Washington Farewell Address Phillis Wheatley Poems on Various Subjects

Early National Period and American Romantics (1800-1840) The works celebrate individualism and explore its dark side. Poems, short stories, and essays reveal the rebellious ideas and beliefs that marked the movement known as romanticism. Crumbling mansions, mad scientists, and horrifying hallucinations abound in horror stories, which focus on the fascination with evil and the supernatural.

James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans; The Leatherstocking Tales

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Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip Van Winkle; The Devil and Tom Walker

Edgar Allen Poe Fall of the House of Usher; Cask of Amontillado; Purloined Letter; Tell-Tale Heart; Pit and the Pendulum; The Raven; Annabel Lee

Also William Cullen BryantThe American Renaissance (Transcendentalism) (1840-1855)

Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature; Self-Reliance; American Scholar Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter; Young Goodman Brown; The Minister’s Black

Veil; The Birthmark Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Old Ironsides Henry Wadsworth Longfellow A Psalm of Life; Evangeline; My Lost Youth; The

Children’s Hour; Paul Revere’s Ride James Russell Lowell Stanzas on Freedom Herman Melville Moby Dick; Billy Budd; Bartleby the Scrivener Henry David Thoreau Walden; On the Duty of Civil Disobedience John Greenleaf Whittier The Barefoot Boy; Barbara Frietchie

Conflict and Celebration (Realism) (1855-1880) More than 620,000 soldiers were killed in the Civil War—nearly as many as have died in all other wars the U. S. has fought combined. However, when it was over, the Union had been preserved, and nearly 4 million slaves had gained their freedom. As the United States worked to heal its wounds, focus shifted to westward expansion.

Emily Dickinson There’s a Certain Slant of Light; Much Madness is Divinest Sense; I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died; Because I Could Not Stop for Death

Frederick Douglass What the Black Man Wants; Speech at Rochester, 1852; Speech at Canandaigua, 1857

Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation; Gettysburg Address Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The

Mysterious Stranger; Life on the Mississippi; Innocents Abroad; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court

Walt Whitman Song of Myself; There Was a Child Went Forth; When I Heard the Learned Astronomer; When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed; Noiseless Patient Spider; O, Captain, My Captain; Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking

Native Americans: o Sitting Bull, Red Cloud, Geronimo, Chief Joseph

Regionalism and Realism (Naturalism) (1880-1910) Explores the increasing diversity of American life and literature as more women began to write, and as immigration and industrialization changed the way Americans lived. Examines the American dream and looks at how writers' ideas about the American Dream have changed over time.

Louisa May Alcott Little Women Ambrose Bierce An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Kate Chopin The Awakening Stephen Crane Red Badge of Courage; Maggie: Girl of the Streets; The Open Boat Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy Paul Laurence Dunbar Lyrics of a Lowly Life Henry James Daisy Miller; The Turn of the Screw; Portrait of a Lady Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper

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Competency/Skill #4

Sarah Orne Jewett The White Heron Jack London Call of the Wild; White Fang O’Henry The Gift of the Magi; The Last Leaf; Man About Town; Ransom of Red Chief Upton Sinclair The Jungle Edith Wharton Ethan Frome; The Age of Innocence

New Directions – Modernism/Impressionism (includes Harlem Renaissance) (1910-1930) In the early 1900s, poet Ezra Pound passionately urged fellow writers to "Make it new!" A new means of literary expression that developed in the United States after World War I.

Sherwood Anderson Winesburg, Ohio Willa Cather O Pioneers!; My Antonia; Death Comes for the Archbishop Countee Cullen Any Human to Another E.E. Cummings Buffalo Bill’s; in Just-spring; anyone lived in a pretty how town; next to

God, of course T.S. Eliot The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Hollow Men F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Robert Frost Mending Wall; Out, Out -; Nothing Gold Can Stay; Fire and Ice; The

Road Not Taken; Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening; Death of a Hired Man; After Apple Picking; Birches

Ernest Hemingway For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Sun Also Rises; A Farewell to Arms; The Old Man and the Sea; A Clean, Well-Lighted Place; The Snows of Kilimanjaro; Hills Like White Elephants

Langston Hughes Theme for English B; Harlem; A Dream Deferred Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God Sinclair Lewis Babbit; Main Street Edgar Lee Masters Spoon River Anthology Claude McKay If We Must Die Edna St. Vincent Millay Sonnet 30 Eugene O’Neil Long Day’s Journey Into Night; The Iceman Cometh; Ah, Wilderness Ezra Pound The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter; In a Station of the Metro Carl Sandburg Chicago; Fog Wallace Stevens Sunday Morning; The Emperor of Ice-Cream; The Snow Man William Carlos Williams Red Wheelbarrow; This is Just to Say; Danse Russe; Spring

and AllMidCentury Voices (The Great Depression and post War II) (1930-1960)

Isaac Asimov I Robot James Baldwin Go Tell It on the Mountain Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note Elizabeth Bishop The Armadillo; The Fish Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool; Primer for Blacks Pearl Buck The Good Earth Ralph Ellison Invisible Man William Faulkner Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Barn Burning; The Bear; A

Rose for Emily Allen Ginsberg Howl Randall Jarrell Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

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Competency/Skill #4

Flannery O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to Find; Everything that Rises Must Converge; Good Country People; The Life You Save May be Your Own

Dorothy Parker Penelope Sylvia Plath Lady Lazarus; Mirror Katherine Anne Porter The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Theodore Roethke My Papa’s Waltz; Root Cellar; The Waking Anne Sexton Live or Die John Steinbeck Of Mice and Men; The Grapes of Wrath; The Pearl; East of Eden; the

Red Pony Tennessee Williams Glass Menagerie; A Streetcar Named Desire Thornton Wilder Our Town

1960- present The Vietnam War. Rebellion against conformity. The civil rights movement. The generation gap. conflicts—both abroad and at home—have shaped America and its literature.

Lorraine Hansberry A Raisin in the Sun Maya Angelou Just give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘Fore I Die; Pulse of Morning; I

Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Nikki Giovanni Revolutionary Dreams Robert Hayden Middle Passage; Those Winter Sundays Gary Soto Living Up the Street; California Childhood Pat Moro Communion; A Voice Naomi Shihab Nye Remembered Isabel Allende House of Spirits Julia Alvarez How the Garcia Girls Lost their Accents Rudolfo Anaya Bless Me, Ultima Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451; The Illustrated Man Sandra Cisneros The House on Mango Street Turman Capote A Christmas Memory John Cheever Stories; The Opportunity Richard Connell The Most Dangerous Game Joan Didion Slouching Towards Bethlehem Annie Dillard Pilgrim at Tinker Creek E.L. Doctorow The Book of Daniel; American Anthem; Billy Bathgate Louise Erdrich Love Medicine Shirley Jackson The Lottery; The Possibility of Evil Helen Keller The Story of My Life Ken Kesey One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Daniel Keyes Flowers for Algernon Barbara Kingsolver The Bean Trees; The Poisonwood Bible John Knowles A Separate Peace Harper Lee To Kill a Mockingbird Bernard Malamud The Natural; The Assistant; The Fixer Arthur Miller The Crucible; The Death of a Salesman N. Scott Momaday House Made of Dawn; The Way to Rainy Mountain Toni Morrison Beloved; The Bluest Eye Walter Dean Myers Fallen Angels

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Competency/Skill #4

Vladimir Nabokov Signs and Symbols; A Bad Day; The Duel; (Lolita – rarely a high school text)

Joyce Carol Oates Hostage Tim O’Brien The Things They Carried Chaim Potok The Chosen Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings The Yearling Leslie Marmon Silko Ceremony Isaac Bashevis Singer Gimpel the Fool; The Penitent; The Son From America Betty Smith A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Frank R. Stockton The Lady or the Tiger Amy Tan Joy Luck Club; Kitchen God’s Wife James Thurber Secret Life of Walter Mitty Anne Tyler The Accidental Tourist John Updike Rabbit Run Kurt Vonnegut Harrison Bergeron; Cat’s Cradle Alice Walker The Color Purple; Everyday Use Margaret Walker Jubilee Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Richard Wright Black Boy; Native Son

Non-Fiction W.E.B Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk Martin Luther King, Jr. Letter from Birmingham Jail; I Have a Dream William Least Heat-Moon Blue Highways Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Declaration Booker T. Washington Up From Slavery E.B. White Once More to the Lake

WORLD AUTHORS:Drama:

Aristophanes (Late 6th-early 5th Century BC) (Greek) The Clouds Samuel Beckett (mid 20th Century) (Irish) Waiting for Godot Anton Checkov (early 20th Century) (Russian) The Cherry Orchard; Three Sisters Euripides (5th Century BC) (Greek) Heracles Henrik Ibsen (early 20th Century) (Norwegian) An Enemy of the People; A Doll’s House Jean-Paul Sartre (mid 20th Century) (French) No Exit Sophocles (5th Century BC) (Greek) Oedipus Rex; Antigone August Strindberg (late 19th-early 20th Century) (Swedish) Miss Julie (father of modern

theater)Poetry:

Homer (8th Century BC) (Greek) Iliad; Odyssey Omar Khayyam (11th-12th Century) (Persian Iranian) The Rubaiyat Pablo Neruda (20th Century) (Chilean) Odes to Common Things Francesco Petrarch (14th Century) (Italian) Sonnets Arthur Rimbaud (19th Century) (French) The Drunken Boat; Dawn; Ophelia Robert W. Service (20th Century) (Canadian) The Cremation of Sam McGee Virgil (1st Century BC) (Roman) Aeneid

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Competency/Skill #4

William Butler Yeats (early 20th Century) (Irish) When You Are Old; Leda and the Swan; Byzantium

Fiction: Chinua Achebe (20th Century) (Nigerian) Things Fall Apart Margaret Atwood (20th Century) (Canadian) The Handmaid’s Tale Giovanni Boccaccio (14th Century) (Italian) The Decameron Jorge Luis Borges (20th Century) (Argentine) The Circular Ruins; The Library of Babel Albert Camus (20th Century) (French) The Stranger Miguel de Cervantes (late 16th-early 17th Century) (Spanish) Don Quixote Dante (late 13th-early 14th Century) (Italian) Inferno Alexis De Tocqueville (19th Century) (French) Democracy in America Fyodor Dostoevsky (19th Century) (Russian) Crime and Punishment; Brothers

Karamazov Alexander Dumas (19th Century) (French) The Count of Monte Cristo Euripides (5th Century BC) (Greek) The Trojan Women Gustave Flaubert (19th Century) (French) Madame Bovery Anne Frank (20th Century) (German) The Diary of Anne Frank Johann Wolfgang Goethe (late 18th-early 19th Century) (German) Faust Oliver Goldsmith (18th Century) (Irish) The Vicar of Wakefield Hermann Hesse (20th Century) (German) Siddhartha James Joyce (20th Century) (Irish) Dubliners; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man;

Ulysses; Finnegans Wake Franz Kafka (20th Century) (German) Metamorphosis Gabriel Garcia Marquez (20th Century) (Columbian) A Very Old Man with Enormous

Wings Guy de Maupassant (19th Century) (French) The Necklace Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere (17th Century) (French) Misanthrope, The Doctor in

Spite of Himself Lucy Maud Montgomery (20th Century) (Canadian) Anne of Green Gables Ovid (1st Century) (Roman) Metamorphoses, Book I; The Creation; the Four Ages;

Jove’s Intervention; The Flood, Orpheus and Eurydice, Narcissus and Echo Eric Remarque (20th Century) (German) All Quiet on the Western Front Jean Rostand (20th Century) (French) Cyrano de Bergerac Alexander Solzhenitsyn (20th Century) (Russian) One Day in the Life of Ivan

Denisovich; the Gulag of Archipelago Leo Tolstoy (19th-early 20th Century) (Russian) Anna Karenina; Death of Ivan Ilych Jules Verne (19th Century) (French) Around the World in Eighty Days Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire (18th Century) (French) Candide Elie Weisel (20th Century) (Jewish) Night

Non-Fiction Aristotle (4th Century BC) (Greek) Poetics St. Augustine (1st Century) (Roman) The Confessions Marcus Aurelius (2nd Century) (Roman) Meditations The Bible (allusions from: Old Testament: Genesis; Exodus and New Testament:

Matthew, Luke) Cicero (1st Century BC) (Roman) Book One: On the Nature of Gods

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Competency/Skill #4

Sigmund Freud (late 19th-early 20th Century) (Austrian) Civilizations and Its Discontents Herodotus (5th Century BC) (Greek) The Histories Horace (1st Century BC) (Roman) The Art of Poetry Niccolo Machiavelli (late 15th-early 16th Century) (Italian) The Prince Karl Marx (19th Century) (German) The Communist Manifesto; On the Jewish Question Michel de Montaigne (16th Century) (French) Of the Education of Children; Good and

Evil Depends on our Opinion of Them Friedrich Nietzsche (19th Century) (German) Beyond Good and Evil; The Birth of

Tragedy; On Truth and Falsity in and Ultramoral Sense Plato (5th-4th Century BC) (Greek) The Apology; The Republic Plutarch (1st Century) (Greek) The Lives of the Ancient Romans Jean Jacques Rousseau (18th Century) (French) Discourse on the Origin and Basis of

Inequality Among Men Thucydides (5th Century BC) (Greek) History of the Peloponnesian War

YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE: Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart Joan Aiken Lob’s Girl Lori Halse Anderson Fever; Speak Rudolfo Anaya Bless Me, Ultima Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings William H. Armstrong Sounder Judy Blume Hello God; It’s Me Margaret Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool; Primer for Blacks Betsy Byars Trouble River Sandra Cisneros The House on Mango Street; Eleven Judith Ortiz Cofer An Hour with Abuelo James Collier My Brother Sam is Dead Robert Cormier The Chocolate War Sharon Creech Walk Two Moons Chris Crutcher Running Loose; The Sledding Hill Christopher Curtis Bud, Not Buddy; The Watsons Go to Birmingham Karen Cushman Catherine, Called Birdy Sharon Draper Forged by Fire; Tears of a Tiger Lois Duncan Killing Mr. Griffin Nancy Farmer The Ear, the Eye, and the Arm Howard Fast April Morning Esther Forbes Johnny Tremain Paula Fox The Lave Dancer Ernest J. Gaines The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman; A Lesson Before Dying Nikki Giovanni (poetry) Revolutionary Dreams Hannah Greene The Summer of My German Soldier Rosa Guy The Friends Virginia Hamilton The House of Dies Drear Lorraine Hansberry A Raisin in the Sun Karen Hesse Out of the Dust

37

Competency/Skill #4

S.E. Hinton The Outsiders Minfong Ho The Clay Marble Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston Farewell to Manzanar Irene Hunt Across Five Aprils E.L. Konigsburg The View from Saturday; The Mixed Up Files of Mrs. Basil E.

Frankweiler Lois Lowry The Giver; Number the Stars Robert Lypsyte The Contender Pat Moro Communion; A Voice Walter Dean Myers The Glory Field Scott O’Dell Island of the Blue Dolphins Linda Sue Park A Single Shard Gary Paulsen Hatchet; Stop the Sun; Dogsong Richard Peck A Long Way Home from Chicago; A Year Down Yonder Rodman Philbrick Freak the Mighty Ellen Raskin The Westing Game Ann Rinaldi In My Father's House Pam Munoz Ryan Esperanza Rising Louis Sachar Hole Shel Silverstein (poetry) Where the Sidewalk Ends; A Light in the Attic Gary Soto Taking Sides Jerry Spinelli Maniac Magee; Stargirl Glendon Swarthout Bless the Beasts and the Children Mildred Taylor Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry Theodore Taylor The Cay Judith Viorst The Southpaw Cynthia Voigt Homecoming Avi Wortis Nothing but the Truth; The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Laurence Yep Dragonwings Jane Yolen The Devil’s Arithmetic Paul Zindel The Pigman; My Darling, My Hamburger; Pardon Me, You’re Stepping on

my Eye.

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ASSESSING LITERATURE: Role playing Personal response essay Critical analysis Reading journals Alternative assessments (e.g., posters, videos, powerpoint, artistic representations) Class discussions (Socratic Seminars, small group activities) Compare/contrast to film version Creating character webs Graphic Organizer