architecture of the romanticists and the engineers

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Contemporary world began in 1750 (industrial revolu5on) with the inven5on of the steam engine in England. Roman0cist / Roman0cism– a period of longing, longing for a more simple life than the harsh reali5es of the modern world; first started out as a literary movement; art became self – expressive and subjec5ve I. Roman5cism A. Roman5c Classicism Simple Stereo metric Forms/ Volumes Repe55ve Elements B. Roman5c Naturalism (Neoclassicism revival styles) Historicism Eclec5cism Func0onalist Doctrine of Carlo Lodoli (Franciscan) – everything that is essen5al is part of architecture, everything nonessen5al or decora5ve is non func5onal; func5onal doctrine is revolu5onary Ra0onalist Doctrine of Mark An=oine Laugier (Jesuit) – architecture should be a ra5onal response to a problem; architecture is achieved by taking away all non func5onal elements *form follows func5on *modern architects are stylist (not really func5onal) *minimalist – extreme func5onalism *Louis Khan a space is architectural; is the evidence of how it is made is comprehended *construc5onally expressive Simple Stereo Metric Shapes/ Volumes – common to oppressive regimes; measurement of volumes ● E5enneLouis Boullee used elementary simple stereo metric shapes *Cenotaph to Newton was never built because they did not have the materials and technology at that 5me; technologically impossible ● ClaudeNicolas Ledoux appren5ce of Boullee; guardian of the fields *Ratonde de la vileWe – neoclassicism; too precise; dry; no life *design for an ideal town in Chaux town based on a circle; not finished, instead it is semi circular and has a town hall; La Saline Royale – Royal Saltworks Neoclassical Architecture of Repe00ve Shapes simple ● Carl Friedrich Schinkel *Altes Museum(Berlin, Germany) has a loggia(an architectural feature that refers to an exterior gallery or corridor at ground level); open air lobby; Colonnade of ionic columns; repe55ve style because of the columns and neoclassical because it used classical columns; classicism is very neutral/ clean *Schauspielhaus German word for a theatre intended to show plays

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Architecture of the Romanticists and the Engineers

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Page 1: Architecture of the Romanticists and the Engineers

Contemporary  world  

began  in  1750  (industrial  revolu5on)  with  the  inven5on  of  the  steam  engine  in  England.    

Roman0cist  /  Roman0cism–  a  period  of  longing,  longing  for  a  more  simple  life  than  the  harsh  reali5es  of  the  modern  world;  first  started  out  as  a  literary  movement;  art  became  self  –  expressive  and  subjec5ve  

I.  Roman5cism  

  A.  Roman5c  Classicism    

    Simple  Stereo  metric  Forms/  Volumes  

    Repe55ve  Elements  

  B.  Roman5c  Naturalism  (Neoclassicism-­‐  revival  styles)  

    Historicism  

    Eclec5cism  

Func0onalist  Doctrine  of  Carlo  Lodoli  (Franciscan)  –  everything  that  is  essen5al  is  part  of  architecture,    everything  non-­‐essen5al  or  decora5ve  is  non  func5onal;  func5onal  doctrine  is  revolu5onary  

Ra0onalist  Doctrine  of  Mark  An=oine  Laugier  (Jesuit)  –  architecture  should  be  a  ra5onal  response  to  a  problem;  architecture  is  achieved  by  taking  away  all  non  func5onal  elements  

*form  follows  func5on  

*modern  architects  are  stylist  (not  really  func5onal)  

*minimalist  –  extreme  func5onalism  

*Louis  Khan-­‐  a  space  is  architectural;  is  the  evidence  of  how  it  is  made  is  comprehended  

*construc5onally  expressive  

Simple  Stereo  Metric  Shapes/  Volumes  –  common  to  oppressive  regimes;    measurement  of  volumes  

  ●  E5enne-­‐Louis  Boullee-­‐  used  elementary  simple  stereo  metric  shapes  

    *Cenotaph  to  Newton-­‐  was  never  built  because  they  did  not  have  the  materials  and         technology  at  that  5me;  technologically  impossible    

  ●  Claude-­‐Nicolas  Ledoux-­‐  appren5ce  of  Boullee;  guardian  of  the  fields  

    *Ratonde  de  la  vileWe  –  neoclassicism;  too  precise;  dry;  no  life  

*design  for  an  ideal  town  in  Chaux-­‐  town  based  on  a  circle;  not  finished,  instead  it  is         semi  circular  and  has  a  town  hall;  La  Saline  Royale  –  Royal  Saltworks  

Neoclassical  Architecture  of  Repe00ve  Shapes-­‐  simple  

  ●  Carl  Friedrich  Schinkel    

*Altes  Museum(Berlin,  Germany)  -­‐  has  a  loggia(an  architectural  feature  that  refers  to  an    exterior  gallery  or  corridor  at  ground  level);  open  air  lobby;  Colonnade  of  ionic     columns;  repe55ve  style  because  of  the  columns  and  neoclassical  because  it     used  classical  columns;  classicism  is  very  neutral/  clean  

    *Schauspielhaus-­‐    German  word  for  a  theatre  intended  to  show  plays  

Page 2: Architecture of the Romanticists and the Engineers

Roman0c  Naturalism-­‐  simply  called  as  Roman5cism;  revival  styles  (1st  revival  style  was  gothic);  derives    more  from  the  emo5ons;  sen5mental;  assymetrical  forms    

●  Lord  Burlington  and  William  Kent  

*Chiswick  House  –  revival  of  the  architecture  of  Palladio;  resembles  the  villa  Rotunda;    has  symmetry  but  not  4-­‐way  like  the  Rotunda;  more  compact  version  of  the  Rotunda;  compact,  simple,  geometric  

  ●  John  Soane  

*Bank  of  England  –  revival  of  Romanesque  architecture-­‐  heavy  masses;  the  rela5vely    new  façade  has  traces  of  Palladian  architecture;  Soane’s  work  is  evident  in  the     interior;  non  exis5ng;  spa5al  con5nuity;  organic-­‐mys5c  

  ●  John  Nash  

    *Royal  Pavillion  at  Brighton/  Brighton  Pavillion  –  inspired  by  Islamic  architecture  or         Far  Eastern  Revival  Style;  form  is  totally  diverse  from  its  structure;  eastern  elements         of  the  structure  is  completely  decora5ve/  ornamental;  cast-­‐iron  columns  with  palm         tree  capitals  

  ●  Charles  Garnier    

    *Paris  Opera  House  –  revival  of  the  Baroque  style/  Neo-­‐baroque;  house  of  the  Phantom           of  The  Opera;  has  so  many  allegorical  statues;  lobby  is  like  Versailles-­‐rich;    

      Doesn’t  express  their  own  5me;  Zeitgeist  (german  word-­‐  panahon)  

ARCHITECTURAL  FORM  OF  ROMANTICISM  

-­‐  separa5on  of  form  from  func5on  and  technic  

Architecture  of  the  Engineers  

  -­‐  in  the  18th  and  19th  century;  gave  birth  to  Engineers  

-­‐  profession  was  split  into  two(  architecture-­‐  concentrated  on  the  beauty  of  buildings;  engineers-­‐  concentrated  on  the  science  and  logic  of  buildings)  

-­‐  “structure  cannot  be  beau5ful”;  “disguise  makes  it  beau5ful”  

-­‐use  of  new  materials,  especially  iron  and  glass  

-­‐discovery  of  coal  and  inven5on  of  steam  engines(1st  used  to  pump  out  water  then  steam  power  to  fabric  industry  

BRIDGES  (Iron  and  Steel  Bridges)  

●  The  Coalbrookdale  Bridge(England)  by  Abraham  Darby  

  -­‐  also  known  as  the  Iron  Bridge,  Severn  Bridge    

-­‐30  meters  span  

-­‐made  of  cast  iron  (since  it  was  strong  he  was  able  to  use  it  in  a  rela5vely  small  amount;  briWle)    

-­‐longest  arch  span  was  24.5  meters  for  centuries  un5l  this  

●  Sunderland  Bridge  by  Thomas  Paine  (American)  

Page 3: Architecture of the Romanticists and the Engineers

  -­‐  used  wrought  iron  (malleable);  flat  arch  

  -­‐  72  meters  span  

●  Menai  Straits  Bridge-­‐  Robert  Stephenson  

  -­‐  also  known  as  Britannia  bridge  over  Menai  Strait  

  -­‐first  box  bridge  made  of  wrought  of  iron  

  -­‐  girder  bridge-­‐  iron  tube  func5oning  as  a  girder    

    -­‐  140  meters  span;  total  length  461  meters  

    -­‐  made  for  train;  thistle  bridge;    burnt;  upper  deck  now  supports  vehicular  traffic    

  ●  Conway  Castle  Bridge(Wales)  by  Thomas  Telford  

    -­‐  also  known  as  Bridge  over  Menai  Straits  

    -­‐  suspension  bridge  

    -­‐  176  meters  span;  417  length  

-­‐  “chained”;  hangers  carry  the  carriage  way/  chain  links;  iron  chains  are  linked  together,  these  support  iron  rods  which  in  turn  support  the  deck  

  ●  Golden  Gate  Bridge  in  San  Francisco  by  Joseph  Strauss,  Irving  Morrow,  and  Charles  Ellis  

  -­‐  1289  meters  span;  modern  suspension  bridge;  built  1937  

●  Verrazano-­‐Narrows  Bridge  by  Othar  Ammann  

  -­‐built  in  1964;  1298  meters  span  

●  Xihoumen  Bridge,  China  –  spans  1650  meters;  built  in  2007  

●  Akashi-­‐Kaikyo  Bridge,  Japan  –  spans  1991  meters;  built  in  1998  

●  Millau  Viaduct  by  Norman  Foster  

 -­‐tallest  bridge,  tall  than  the  Eiffel  Tower,  crossed  a  valley  (to  another  place  in  France)  

-­‐  220  meter  high;  cable  stay  bridge  

  ●  Messina  Bridge  in  Italy  –  long  planned  bridge  from  Sicily  to  Calabria  

  ●  Maracaibo  Bridge  in  Venezuela  by  Rafael  Urdaneta    

    -­‐  longest  concrete  bridge;  235  meters  span;  “can5lever  bridge”  

*Alexander  Shukov/  Vladimir  Gregoryvich  Shukov  –  built  one  of  the  earliest  glass  roofs,  most  famous  for   his  towers  made  of  larce  steel  tubes  

Cast  Iron  Columns  

●  James  Bogardus  

*St.  Louis  Riverfront  Buildings  -­‐  use  of  cast  iron  columns  

*Harper  and  Row’s  building  in  New  York  

*75  Murray  St.  

*Canal  Street  

●  Jules  Soulnier  

*Menier  Chocolate  Factory-­‐  load  is  supported  by  the  skeleton  of  cast  iron  elements;  4  pylons  support  the  superstructure  ;  one  of  the  earliest  applica5on  of  cast  iron   skeleton  frames;  masonry/  brick  works  are  no  longer  load  bearing  (non   structural);  runs  across  a  stream;  water  wheels  used  to  power  the  factory  

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  *Ecole  de  Beaux  Arts  –  School  of  Fine  Arts  in  Europe  

  *Ecole  Polytechinique  –  School  for  Engineers  in  Europe  

  ●  Henri  Labrouste  

*Library  of  Sainte-­‐Genevieve/  Bibliotheque  of  Sant’  Genevieve  –  Ecole  de  Beaux  Arts       columns  hold  the  barrel  vault;  architecture  is  more  neoclassical/  neo         renaissance-­‐resembles  renaissance  palazzo;  2nd  level  reading  room  have  2  barrel       vaults  supported  by  slender  central  columns  

*Bibliothique  Na5onale  –  large;  reading  room  is  basically  a  square  divided  into  3  parts       bothways;  the  9  cells  are  topped  with  penden5ve  vaults  and  each  vault  is         supported  by  the  4  central  cast  iron  columns;  earliest  modern  space  inside       a  room  wherein  it  isn’t  public  and  used  iron  in  ways  it  should’ve  been  used  

●  Giuseppe Mengoni  -­‐  *Galleria  ViWorio  Emmanuel  (Milan)  –  earliest  shopping  mall  in  the  world;  barrel  vaults  of  glass/  glass  roof;  façade  and  building  is  neo-­‐classical  

●  Emanuele  Rocco  -­‐  *Galleria  Umberto  I  (Naples,  Italy)  –  wrought  iron;  also  has  glass  barrel  vault  and  dome  

●  St.  Pancras  Sta0on  by  William  Henry  Barlow  and  Ordish  in  1864;  long  and  single  span  glass  roof  74  m;  height-­‐25  m;  dynamic;  Victorian  era  ornamenta5on  

●  St.  Pancras  Hotel  by  George  Gilbert  ScoW  in  1866;  brick  gothic  revival;  Roman5c  architecture  is  a  failure  because  it  wasn’t  able  to  come  up  with  something  new  and  orginal,  it  s5ll  stayed  in  the   past  

*The  Great  London  Exhibi5on  –  was  established  since  there  weren’t  any  new  styles  in  architecture  anymore  and  they  wanted  to  get  ideas  from  architects  as  fast  as  they  could    

*Gardens  of  Kew  by  Decimus  Burton  and  Iron  founder,  Richard  Turner-­‐  palm  house;  19  meters  high;       walkway  –  9  meters  

●  Joseph  Paxton  –  Royal  Gardener;  won  the  compe55on  

  *Chatsworth  –  built  in  1837;  biggest  glass  conservatory;  greenhouse  can  support         tropical  plants;  69  meters  long,  37.5  meters  wide;  columns  and  beams—cast         iron;  largest  glass  building  in  the  world  

    -­‐Robert  Chance-­‐  provider  of  glass  (largest  at  that  5me  was  4  feet  long  only)  

    *The  Crystal  Palace  (London  originally  in  Hyde  Park)  –  destroyed  by  fire  in  1936;  cast         iron-­‐  columns;  wrought   iron-­‐  trusses;  wood/5mber-­‐  floors  ;  563  meters  long,           124  meters  wide,  3  meters  high,  6  months  to  build,  2k  men  costs  79,800  pounds          and  was  helped  by  Charles  Fox  (producer  of  iron);  CubiW(chairman)  

      -­‐saved  the  organizers;  glaziers-­‐  people  who  worked  on  glass    

      -­‐  first  modern  structure  ever  built  without  any  trace  of  the  past  styles           built  the  same  way  he  built  Chatsworth;  has  barrel  vault  so  the  trees  can  breathe         dismantled  and  moved  to  Sidenham  Park  (has  more  barrel  vaults  and           converted  to  a  greenhouse)  

-­‐  its  components/parts  were  mass  produced  and  pre  fabricated  that’s  why  it  took  only  8  months  to  build  (ready-­‐made  from  factories-­‐  product  of  the  Bri5sh  industrializa5on/  Bri5sh  technology  of  iron  and  glass);  must  reduce  a  building  into  standardized  components  /  standard  components  in  order  for  it  to  be  pre  fabricated  

-­‐  a  modern  building  is  modern  through  its  design  process  itself;  built  in  pre  fabricated  design  process;  to  avoid  wastage,  design  components  in  modular  design/  modular  dimensions-­‐  modern  concept  of  building-­‐  labor  saving,  economical,  efficient;  truly  modern  in  terms  of  construc5on;  respects  the  commercial  standards  available;  componen5za5on(reducing  the  building  into  set  of  components;  standardizing  into  modular  components;  pre  fabrica5on-­‐  building  it  off  site,  assembly  on  site  

Page 5: Architecture of the Romanticists and the Engineers

-­‐CharloWe  Bronte(Victorian  author)  –  “assemblage  of  parts”  

Paris  Exhibi0on  in  1889  –  took  place  in  Champ  de  Mars  (across  the  1878  exhibi5on,  Exposi5on    Universaille–  Palais  du  Trocadero)  

  ●  Gustav  Eiffel    

    *Eiffel  Tower  –  the  arches  of  the  tower  are  decora5ve;  when  you  are  inside  the  tower,           you  can  s5ll  see  the  outside  because  of  the  huge  arches  and  there  is  no             transparent  material  wherein  you  see  the  outside  through  it,  not  dematerialized         and  it  gives  a  porous  effect  

  ●  Ferdinand  Dutert  (architect)  and  Victor  Contamin  (engineer)  

    *  Gallerie  de  Machine  –  demolished  in  1910;  made  of  3  hinged  arches;  modular  trusses           are  equidistant;  20-­‐  3-­‐hinge  arch  trusses  (iron  plates  riveted  together),  115           meters  span,  20  spaces,  420  meters  total  length,  48  meters  high  

-­‐  structure  is  not  too  friendly  because  it  is  too  big;  effect  of  atmospherics  (the  place  tends  to  fog  because  it  is  too  big);  idea  of  limitless  space;  had  to  temporarily  build  towers  to  build  the  arch;  violated  theidea  of  structural  strength