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1900

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2000

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2005

1400

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1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

15th Century 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century

GOTHIC REVIVAL

NEO CLASSICISM

QUEEN ANNE

PICTURESQUE

ITALIANATE

DUTCH/FRENCH CLASSISM

BEAUX-ARTS

NEO VERNACULAR

MODERNISM

SWEDISH MODERN

CLOSED PANEL

TIMBER FRAMING: BOXED, SMALL PANEL AND CRUCK

LIME ASH FLOORING

KING AND QUEEN POST BELFAST TRUSS

GANG NAIL TRUSS

BOLTED TRUSS COMPOSITE BEAMTRUSSED GIRDERS

BRICK TAKES OVER AS MAIN MATERIAL

STONE BECOMES WIDELY AVAILABLE

POPULARITY OF STONE FADES

USE OF BRICK BECOMES MORE WIDELY USED SPREADING FROM SOUTH EAST RED BRICK USED AT REVEALS AND QUINS

TIMBER AND CLAY BUILDINGS FACED WITH BRICK

1574 BRICK SIZE STANDARDISE AT 2 1/4 INCH ‘STATUE BRICK’ 1784 BRICK TAX

ENGLISH BOND FLEMISH AND HEADER BONDS

STRETCHER BOND

CAVITY STEEL TIES

CAVITY GALVANIZED MILD STEEL TIES

CAVITY BRICK AND BLOCK

RAT TRAP BOND

SNAPPED HEADERS

LIME PLASTER

PARGETING OVER TIMBER STUCO PARGETING

OLDER WINDOWS CONVERTED TO TALL AND NARROW OPENINGS

BOW WINDOWS APPEAR BOW WINDOW BECOME BAY & CANTSIDE HUNG WINDOW CASEMENTS

CONTRASTING DOOR AND WINDOW SURROUNDS ESPECIALLY AFTER 1667 ACTS LARGE PANES EVOLVE METAL CRITAL ‘SUNTRAP’

UPVC

SEALED DOUBLE GLAZED UNITS

GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS EG. ATRUIMS

1695 WINDOW TAX

CAST IRON COLUMNS

CAST IRON BEAMS

CAST FRAMES

FLATS AND RODS

ANGLES

ROOF TRUSSES

BUILT UP BEAMS & TRUSSES

ROLLED SECTIONS

MILD STEEL PLATES AND RODS

MILD STEEL RIVETED SECTIONS

MILD STEEL ROLLED SECTIONS

MILD STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

MILD STEEL FRAMES BUILDINGS

MILD STEEL CASTELLATED BEAMS

MILD STEEL ROLLED SECTIONS 100mm DEEP

MILD STEEL HOLLOW SECTIONS

STAINLESS STEEL

ASBESTOS IDENTIFIED AS AN INCLUSIVE MATERIAL

AMOSITE FINISHED PRODUCTS

CHRYSOTILE IN CEMENT PRODUCTS

CHRYSOTILE COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED

‘AMOSITE’ PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA STARTS COMMERCIAL SCALE

ASBESTOS INDUSTRY REGULATION

VOLUNTARY PROHIBITION OF CROCIDOLITE

AMOSITE IMPORTS PEAKS IN THE UK IN 1960’s

45 - 75 HIGHEST USE IN UK

ASBESTOS REGULATIONS

CONTROL OF ASBESTOS AT WORK

1849 MEDINA CEMENT COMPANY

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE BLOCKS

TRENCH BLOCKS

1793 JOHN SMETON USED HYDRAULIC LIME TO BUILD EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE

1796 JAMES PARKER ‘PARKERS/ROMAN CEMENT’

1824 JOSEPH ASPDIN INVENTS ‘PORTLAND CEMENT’

1836 FIRST TEST FOR TENSILE STRENGTH

1898 FIRST REINFORCED CONCRETE APPEARS

1904 FIRST BRITISH STANDARDS

FROM 1220 POOR QUALITY BROAD SHEET

VENETIAN CRISTALLO SODA LIME GLASS TECHNIQUE SPREADS TO UK

GLASS FROM ITALY USING QUARTZ AND POTASH

LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS DEVELOPED BY RAVENSCROFT

1773 THE FIRST DOMESTICALLY POLISHED PLATE PRODUCED PLATE

VERY EXPENSIVE FRENCH BLOWN GLASS USED IN WINDOWS MACHINE ROLLED PATTERNED GLASS

LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS LAMINATED GLASS MADE IN UK

GLASS MARKET DOMINATED BY FRENCH, GERMANS & BELGIUMS

TOUGHENED GLASS

CROWN GLASS PILKINGTON POLISHED PLATE FLAT DRAWN

BLOWN CYLINDER SHEET GLASS PILKINGTON RIBBON PROCESS "FLOAT" GLASS

SOLAR REFLECTIVE GLASS

STRUCTURAL GLASS

VERTICALLY DRAWN CONTINUOUS SHEET

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FLAT DRAWN SHEET

1st PVC PIPESPHENOLIC ‘BAKELITE’

UREA FORMALDEHYDE (EARLY COLOURED PLASTICS)

MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE (THERMOSETTING PLASTICS)

POLYTHENE DEVELOPED BY ICI

POLYSTYRENE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE

POLY MENTHYL METHACRYLATE ‘PERSPEX’

SILICONES

POLYESTER RESINS

POLYCARBONATES (PTFE)

1870 POLYIMIDE DISCOVERED

GLASS EXCISE DUTY END 1845

CHEAPER CYLINDER PRODUCED FLAT GLASS

MEDIEVAL TUDOR AND JACOBEAN GEORGIAN VICTORIAN

EDWARDIAN

HIGH TECH

POST MODERNISM

BRUTALISMART DECOART NOUVEAUREGENCY (Terrace and Palace Façade)PALLADIAN CLASSISM

BAROQUE

OLDER GLOBALLY KNOWN COLOURS; EGYPTIAN BLUE, NAPLESYELLOW, RED LEAD, WHITE LEAD, VERMILLION

INTENSE BLUES (LAPIS LAZULI), PINK CRIMSON, INDIGO AND COCHINEAL INTRODUCED

1620 CHEAP WHITE LEAD DEVELOPED USING THE ‘STACK PROCESS’. VERMILION AND KINGS YELLOW INTRODUCED

1724 PRUSSIAN DEEP BLUES INTRODUCED, 1778 SCHEELES GREEN1781 TURNERS PATENT YELLOW GIVE RISE TO BRILLIANT GREENS

1881 CHROME YELLOW & PILLAR BOX RED INTRODUCED.PRUSSIAN BLUE AND CHROME YELLOW MIXED TO GIVE BRUNSWICK GREEN

‘TRADITIONAL PAINTS’ LIME WASH, DISTEMPERS AND OILS ‘MODERN PAINTS’ LATEX, ACRYLIC RESIN, POLYURETHANE ETC

1856 LINSEED OIL & ZINC OXIDE MASS PRODUCED

1870 WASHABLE PAINT ‘CHARLTON WHITE’

100 YEARS WAR WAR OF ROSES POPULATION BOOM THE GREAT RE-BUILDING CIVIL WAR

BUILDING INSPECTORS

1665 PLAGUE. 1666 FIRE OF LONDON 1774 LAND BUILDING ACT 1805 TRAFALGAR

1815 WATERLOO

GLASS EXCISE DUTY

1875 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT

WORLD WAR I

1922 LAW OF PROPERTY ACT

WORLD WAR II

1974 HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK ACT

1994 CDM REGS

2006

Henry V Henry VI Edward IV RichardIII

Henry VII Henry VIII Edward Elizabeth I James I Charles I OliverCromwell

Charles II William & Mary Anne George I George II George III George IV

William IV

Victoria Edward IIV

George V George VI Elizabeth II

DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT

TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION

ASBESTOS MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS

BLOCK & BEAM FLOORS

CONCRETE CAVITY FILL

CENTRAL BRICK CHIMNEY, UPSTAIRS BEDROOMS AND SMALLER HALLS VICTORIAN VERNACULAR PERIOD

INTER-WAR SEMI

DESIGNS BASED ON LONG HOUSES

CHIMNEY BECOMES STATUS SYMBOL. BECOMES VERY DECORATIVE

REGULATIONS SET BUILD QUALITY AND STREET WIDTH. USE OF BUILDERS COPY BOOKS

VILLAGE HOUSES CONVERTED FOR WORKERS

TUDOR CHIMNEY DESIGN

ELABORATE CARVING AND TIMBER FRAMING

RENAISSANCE AND PALLADIO STYLES. INIGO JONES AND CHRISTOPHER WREN INTRODUCE MORE DECORATION

DENSITY IN TOWNS HIGH. 3, 4 AND 5 STORY BUILDING APPEAR

STAIRCASES BECOME MORE PROMINENT

ENTRY LOBBY PLAN USED IN SOUTHERN FARM HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL COMMISSIONING RATHER THAN SPECULATIVE BUILDING BECOMES MORE USED IN QUALITY BUILDINGS

JETTED BUILDING APPEAR

OUT OF TOWN RETAIL DEVELOPMENTS

CAST IRON BALCONETES

ARTS AND CRAFTS

LARGE BRACED PANEL

H SHAPED HALL HOUSES

1ST FLOOR DEVELOPS DOUBLE PILE PLAN HOUSES

CROSS PASSAGE HOUSES

BAFFLE ENTRY HOUSE

2 UNIT HOUSE

AISLED BARNS

POST MILLS

OFF SITE PREFABRICATION

RAINSCREEN CONSTRUCTION (CURTAIN WALLING)

1707 WINDOWS SET BACK

1839 POLYSTYRENE DISCOVERED

1839 VULCANISED RUBBER INVENTED

1774 FRAME RECESSED BEHIND BRICKWORK

HAMPTON COURT PALACE1st-4th GRADE HOUSE

NAPOLEONIC WAR

ROADS, CANALS AND RAIL

1886 ELECTRIC STREET LIGHTS

CHIMNEYS MOVE TO PARTY WALLS

SUBURBS

PIANO NOBILE

DPC COMPULSORY

1850 STANDARD BRICK 9 x 41/2 x 3

6 OVER 6 PANES SASH WINDOWS. DELICATE AND SYMMETRICAL 4 OVER 4 PANES

2 OVER 2 PANES 1 OVER 1 PANES

HORNS ON MEETING RAILS

CAST IRON BALCONIES

1779 IRON BRIDGE

I BEAMS FIRST USEDNEUTRAL AXIS ESTABLISHED

1851 CRYSTAL PALACE

FIRE PROOF FLOORS (with CI & WI Beams)

1854 REINFORCED CONC PATENTED

STRAW AND REED THATCH. MAINLY LOCAL SUPPLY AND DESIGN

LOCALLY SOURCED TIMBER SHINGLES

PLAIN TILES LOCALLY MADE

STONE SLATE / SLAB LOCALLY SOURCED

STONE VAULTED ROOFS AND RIB ROOFS

RAINWATER MAINLY RUNS OFF DEEP EAVES ON COMMON BUILDINGS

LEAD BOX SECTION PIPES USED ON PRESTIGIOUS BUILDINGS

DECORATED AND DATED HOPPERS POPULAR

HOPPERS BECOME CUP SHAPE

DORMERS PUT IN ROOFS TO ACCOMMODATE MORE SPACE IN CHEAPER BUILDINGS BUT LEAD NOT ALWAYS USED FOR FLASHINGS

MORE GABLES MEANT GREATER WEALTH

FLEMISH AND DUTCH GABLES

SKYLINE AND STRAPWORK FASHIONABLE

1 HEARTH COMMON

FARMERS HAD 2-4 HEARTHS

THE SHALLOW ROOFS AND PARAPET BECOME THE FASHION AND PARAPET GUTTERS ARE FORMED. NO RAINWATERPIPES ON CLASSICAL FACADES MEANS HIDDEN GUTTERS FROM FRONT TO REAR STEEP PITCHES REVIVED

IRON TIES USED TO CARRY TENSILE LOADS IN TIMBER TRUSSES

STAMFORD STONE TILES POPULAR

PANTILES FROM HOLLAND

UK PRODUCED PANTILES FROM 1701

SLATE USED AS REPLACEMENT

WELSH SLATE

COLOURED AND SHAPED TILES

WORKERS COTTAGED HAD 4 HEARTHS

GUTTERS AND DOWNPIPES BECOME MORE UTILITY

STEEP PITCHES REVIVED

DEEP ROOFS WITH ARTS AND CRAFTS

MASS PRODUCED OGEE AND SEMI CIRCLE CAST IRON GUTTERS

CORRUGATED IRON SHEET

MASS PRODUCED CONCRETE AND CLAY TILES BECOME MORE ECONOMIC

TILE REPLACING SLATE (can cause overloading)

PROFILED, COATED SHEET METAL ROOFING

CURVED ROOFS (Mainly Commercial)

TURFED ROOFS

EPDM SINGLE MEMBRANE

BITUMEN FLAT ROOF SYSTEMS

INSULATION IN DOMESTIC ROOFS

INVERTED FLAT ROOFS

PRE FABRICATED GRP CHIMNEYS AND DOMERS

PLASTIC EAVES AND SOFFIT SYSTEMS

SYPHONIC SYSTEMS

PLASTIC GUTTERS AND DOWN PIPES ON BOXED EVES

1477 STANDARD SIZE 10.5x6.25x0.5

1680 PANTILES VERY POPULAR

1667 DOWN PIPES REQUIRED IN LONDON

1662 HEARTH RETURN TAX

1715 STANDARD SIZE 13.5x9.5x0.5

1774 PARTY WALLS HAD TO PROTUDE ABOVE ROOF

1919 REDLAND PRODUCE CONCRETE TILES

1924 MARLEY PRODUCE CONCRETE TILES

1935 BS STD SIZE FOR TILE

1945 BS FOR ROLLED LEAD

ASBESTOS TILES

BLUE/GREEN GLAZED

FLAT ROOFS USED IN MODERN STYLE

CONCRETE SHELL ROOFS APPEAR

OLDER WINDOWS CONVERTED TO TALL NARROW OPENINGS

VERTICAL SASH WINDOWS. DELICATE AND symmetrical

WOODEN CASEMENTS AND FRAMES DEVELOPED

HORIZONTAL SLIDING SLASH

UP RIGHT MULLIONS USED

ELONGATED MULLIONS USED

MAINLY SQUARE SHAPED

MAINLY RECTANGULAR SHAPED WITH SASH

ARCHITRAVING AS DOOR MOULDING

OVOLO MOULDINGS POPULAR

SQUARE MOULDINGS POPULAR

MANY WINDOWS UNGLAZED

2008

2007

FORMS OF CONCRETE USED FROM EARLY ROMAN TIMES

1538 DISSOLUTION OF MONASTERIES

OFFICE OF WORKS

PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC

BRIGHTON PAVILION

OIL CRISISSEBASTIANO SERLIO ‘GENERAL RULES OF ARCHITECTURE’

MEDICAL ARCHITECTURE

RESIDENTIAL TOWER BLOCK

NO COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION

CENTER POINT BLDG LONDON

1997 KYOTO PROTOCOL

CRYSTAL SHAPE

METALLICS

NON TRADITIONAL HOUSE CONSTRUCTION

DEFECTIVE HOUSE ACT

DANGER - LEAD IN PAINT USE OF LEAD LIMITED IN PAINT

1880 PAINT IN TINS AVAILABLE

FIRE REGS CALL FOR THICKER TIMBER FLOORS LATH AND PLASTER TO UNDERSIDED FLOORS

TIMBER SHORTAGE

NO TIMBER USED BY LAW

MASS PRODUCED MINERAL FIBRES

ASBESTOS SLATES

CEMENT FIBRE FOR UNDERLINING

COMPOSITE PANELS - EPS, PIR, PUR 2003 FIRE ENGINEERED COMPOSITE PANELS

RAAC PLANKS

COB / EARTH SOLID WALLS (Cellular Load Path)

TIMBER FRAMING: BOXED, SMALL PANEL AND CRUCK (Framed Load Path)

CAVITY WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH WROUGHT OR CAST IRON TIES

POOREST QUALITY GALVANISED TIES

GALVANISED PRODUCTS (Gangnail Plates, Restraint Straps, Window Lintels)

LIME BASED MORTARS CEMENT BASES MORTARS

RUBBED / GAUGED BRICK WORK FOAM CAVITY FILL

BRICK SLIPS ARE GLUED TO CONC / STEEL FRAMES

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK1932-1964 HEIGHT OF USE

TESSERAE

THIN STONE PANELREGENT STREET DISEASE

1820 - FIRST CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS 1:1:6 MIX ESTABLISHED

GYPSUM PLASTER

LATH AND PLASTER 2 COATS AND WALL BOARDS

TIMBER STUD WITH LATH AND PLASTER STUD WITH WALL BOARD PARTITION SYSTEMS

DRY LINING

WROUGHT IRON GLAZING BARS USED FOR CONSERVATORIES

STORM PROOF CASEMENT

STOREY HEIGHT GLASED FACADES

BAUHAUS

1929 GERMAN PAVILION, BARCELONA

WROUGHT IRON USED FOR CASEMANTS, HINGES, IRONMONGERY AND TIES ETC.

ENGLISH SCHOOL OF ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK

1904 RITZ HOTEL STEEL FRAME

PROBLEMS WITH NICKEL SULPHIDE IN TOUGHENED GLASS

PCB’s USED IN JOINT SEALS

1890 WILLIAM WILKINSON REINFORCED CONCRETE

CALCIUM CHLORIDE ADDED TO CONCRETE HEIGHT OF USE

WOODWOOL SLAB

PATENT RC FRAMES

STANDARDISED REGS FOR RC FRAMES

HAC HEIGHT OF USE STILL IN USE AS CAC

MUNDIC CONCRETE BLOCK BAN ON LENDING FOR MUNDIC HOUSES

CANDLE LIGHT FOR THE WEALTHY OIL LAMPS FILAMENT BULB

GAS LIGHTING

1799 STEAM HEATING

1720 HOT AIR HEATING

1810 HEATING AND VENTILATION

1831 HIGH PRESSURE WATER HEATING 1834 AIR CONDITIONING - HOUSE OF COMMONS

1784 COLZA LAMP PATENT

1841 MECHANICAL VENTILATION INTRODUCED 1907 CARRIER AIR CONDITION COMPANY (USA)1806 DERBYSHIRE GENERAL INFIRMARY

LEAD STARTS TO BECOME AFFORDABLE AROUND 1400 AND BECOMES MORE USED AS COSTS REDUCE LEAD LEAD JOINED BY BOSSING ACETYLENE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED TO WELD LEAD DOUBLES IN PRICELEAD UP TO 1600 WAS CAST LEAD SHEET COULD BE FORMED BY ROLLING MILLS

STUCCO DURO

PARGE & STUCCO RECORDED BUT NONE EXISTS

1884 STEAM TURBINE

1897 GAS MANTLE

1860 PARAFIN FUEL

1926 NATIONAL GRID

1944 13AMP FLAT PIN FINAL RING

LEAD SHEATH

1965 WOOD BACKS TOFUSE BOARDS

1975 2.5mm TBE

1986 CABLE ZONING

RED, YELLOW, BLUE CABLE

Architectural Time LineA history of building in the UK from the 15th century to the present day

GEOFFREY HUNT

Building Surveying Services

Tel 07841 488636© Geoff Hunt 2008

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