ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

1986/1

March 1986

Archifacts 1986/1 Supplement

ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

Summary of Contents : new series 1-24

February 1977 — December 1982

i i

A R C H I V E S A N D R E C O R D S

A S S O C I A T I O N O F N E W Z E A L A N D I N C .

P.O. BOX 11-553 MANNERS STREET WELLINGTON, N.Z.

Archifacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 s 5, 7 S 8 were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, Archifacts is published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.

Copyright for articles Sc. in Archifacts rests with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor.

ARCHIFACTS

Summary of Contents: new s e r i e s 1-24

1977-82

1 n . s , (February 1977)

A new beginning The Nash estate Inaugural general meeting Second Council meeting New Zealand archives. X. The Howard Papers News notes

The move to Kew; Austral ian a rch iv i s t s ' conference; Cook Islands progress; The move to Vivian Street ; Retirement of Tosha Kremic; Manawatu records survey; Canterbury archives seminar

Book Reviews Keith S inc la i r . Walter Nash

Accessions

2 n . s . (June 1977)

Edi tor ia l : The v i s i t of Dr Smith Phi l ip Ross May Canberra Korero New Zealand archives. X I . The archive of Maori and

Pacif ic music New Zealand's f i r s t fi lms A new deal for cartographic archives Analec ta

Government archive service advocated for B r i t a i n ; Ford Papers donated; Kissinger Papers to Library of Congress; AJCP Admiralty records handbook; Opening of new National Archives premises; National Archives' immigration seminar; Conservation seminar well attended; Otago and Wellington branches formed; Film and oral archives; Forthcoming events

Book reviews Norton on archives ed. W. Mitchell J . D . Atkinson. DSIR's first fifty years; Rosslyn J . Noonan. By design : a brief

history of the Public Works Department... Accessions

3 n . s . (September 1977)

Edi tor ia l - Gnashing of teeth Whither archives? Some comments New Zealand archives. X I I . The ethnological

manuscripts of Henry Ling Roth The ident i f icat ion of photographs : a plea Archives Act submission Analec ta

U.S. Federal o f f i c i a l s ' papers; U.S. Supreme Court ru l ing on Nixon tapes and documents; Samoan Government archives recovered; Richard Prebble's B i l l ; Local authori ty archives l eg i s l a t i on ; Auckland archives seminar; Wanganui Museum archives status deferred; National Archives criminology seminar; Farming records campaign; Borrowing of Turnbull Library microfilms

Book Reviews Erik OlSSen. John A. Lee A.G. Bagnall. Wairarapa National Archives. A Cumulative list of holdings

1976

Tom Wilsted

Richard Greenaway

(Richard S. H i l l )

S.R. Strachan Peter Mi l le r

Mervyn McLean Cl ive Sowry

B.R. Patterson

(Pamela Hal l )

(Michael E. Hoare)

Judith Hornabrook

Jennifer Bound and Stuart Strachan Ruth Ross

(Richard H i l l ) (Brad Patterson)

(Stuart Strachan)

Accessions Co-operation or competition : Seminar programme

H $.5 n . s . (March 1978) The Betrayer - a ' l o s t ' New Zealand photodrama Cl ive Sowry New Zealand archives. X I I I . Maori resources in the Archive

of Maori and Pacif ic music Mervyn McLean XIV. Archives of the New Brighton

Borough Council Richard Greenaway and Gary Clover F i r s t conference History taped Analecta

Annual General Meeting; Dr Smith's v i s i t ; The Nash saga; Austral ian Archives shuf f le ; U.S. Court cases; Local Government Amendment (No.3) Act ; Library Conference archives seminar; Wanganui Regional Museum recognised; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Study leave for N.S.W. Diploma; New appointments; Col lect ion le t te rs of Charles Darwin; New branches formed

Book Reviews Peter Balazs. Guid e to the archives of Hungary J . D . Raes i de. Sovereign chief Ian Church. Little ships of Patea

Accessions

(Stuart Strachan) (Ruth Ross)

(Michael Hodder)

6 n . s . (June 1978) Nitrate f i lm New Zealand archives. XV. Bank of New Zealand Archives :

sources for branch h is tor ies Access to o f f i c i a l information : a synopsis Three seminars -

Seminar on local h is tory Conservation seminar Records management seminar

Anal ecta Tom Wilsted departs; Turnbull Manuscripts Librar ian appointed; Smith Report; Local Government archives schedule; Committee on Of f i c ia l Information; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Transfer of manuscripts; Heaphy map; National Archives appointments; BNZ archives

Book Reviews Br i t i sh Standards Associat ion. Recommendations for

the storage and exhibition of archival documents Ralph E. Ehrenberg ( e d . ) . Pattern and process :

research in historical geography Peter But ler . Opiu m and gold John A. Lee. Ealy days in New Zealand

Accessions Conservation and preservation of cul tural material

symposium 1978

Cl ive Sowry

Robin G r i f f i n Stuart Strachan

Judith Hornabrook Margaret Godfrey

David Fairbairn

(Jeavons B a i l l i e )

(Ray Hargreaves)

(Jane Tucker)

7 & 8 n . s . (September - December 1978) Perspectives on the Smith Report

Introduction Conference opening The h is tor ica l perspective The professional viewpoint The records managers' viewpoint The administrators; viewpoint The users' viewpoint P.S. General discussion

S.R. Strachan;

B.R. Patterson Hon. D.A. Highet

A .G. Bagnall J . E . Traue; R. G r i f f i n

K. T a l l ; I . Matheson R.R. Cater; A . J . Smyth

O'Conner; M.E. Hoare; C. Main; R.F. Grover

9 n . s , (March 1979)

A solvent society New Zealand archives. XV I . Emigrant d iar ies in the Otago

Early Se t t le rs ' Museum Austral ian Archives B i l l Second annual conference and A.G.M. Council notes Analec ta

International Archives Week; U.S. Presidential Papers l eg i s l a t i on ; Overseas meetings; Local Government archives schedule attacked; The Schedule examined; Anglican Provincial Archives Commission; Death of Wil l Dennis; 1979 Annual Conference; Canterbury Maori Archive; National Archives s ta f f notes; Hocken Library appointment; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts

Book Reviews Ashby J . Fr is toe . The Samoan Archives Ian Wards ( e d . ) . Thirteen facets G.T. Beil by. The Central story. The first

hundred years of the Wellington Central Baptist Church

Accessions

10 n . s . (June 1979)

A trade in public archives? The rat ionale for business archives : the case of the

Union Steam Ship Company The B.C.N.Z. Sound Archives Architectural archives ARANZ Labour Archives Committee ARANZ elections Council notes Anal ecta

Local Authority archives schedule rev i s ion ; U.K. Public Record Off ice enquiry; Kissinger Papers; Maori manuscript spec ia l is t appointed; J .M. Sherrard awards; Hocken gleanings; Repair papers

Forthcoming events Book Reviews

Michael Cook. Archives administration : a manual for intermediate and smaller organizations and local government

A.T . YarWOOd. Samuel Marsden : the great survivor Michael King. Te Puea. A biography David A. Yal lop. Beyond reasonable doubt? An

inquiry into the Thomas Case Accessions

11 n . s . (September 1979)

Edi tor ia l : Some thoughts on Freedom of Information National Register of Archives and Manuscripts Fraser Papers Census preservation Council notes Analecta

Archives training course; New French archives law; Richard Prebble t r i es again; Valuation r o l l s misused; Wellington Conservation Group; Waikato a c t i v i t y ; Wellington Hospital archives; Canterbury College archives recovered; News from the South

Book Reviews Ian Cumming and Alan Cumming. History of state

education in New Zealand

Scott Crawford Michael Hodder

Rosemary Co l l i e r

(Peter Hempenstall) (F.L.W. Wood)

(Warren Limbrick)

Brad Patterson

K . J . Angwin G. Newson

M.D.W. Hodder Paul Harr is

(Peter M i l l e r ) (J .M.R. Owens)

(K.R. Howe)

(Michael Hoare)

Paul Harris Michael Hoare

Brad Patterson M.D.W. Hodder

(R.D. Arnold)

Wendy Lowenstein. weevils in the flour Darry McCarthy. The First Fleet of Auckland A.W. Reed. Two hundred years of New Zealand history

1769-1969 Accessions

12 n . s . (December 1979)

E d i t o r i a l : Why read the Wicks Report? The need to preserve architectural archives : a user 's

view An arch i tec t ' s odyssey : locating the drawings of

Frederick de Jersey Clere Architectural archives seminar Some thoughts on records management in Austral ia

and New Zealand Dunedin Conference Annual General Meeting Book Reviews

Charles A. Jones. Britain and the Dominions : a guide to business and related records in the United Kingdom concerning Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa

Els ie Locke. The Gaoler Frances Porter. A Sense of history : a commemorative

publication for John Cawte Beaglehole, O.M., about James Cook's landing sites in New Zealand

G . J . G r i f f i t h s . How old is our house? W.J. Gardner. Colonial gap and gown. Studies in the

mid-Victorian universities of Australasia Hocken Library Victor ian Reprints

Accessions

13 n . s . (March 1980)

E d i t o r i a l : Growth and change Terms of reference : National Archives; reference service Ephemera : a case for longevity Te Koot i 's notebook An oral h is tory contract Report on curators ' training course From idea to printed word Analec ta

Appraisal of FBI f i e l d f i l e s challenged; National Archives open day' Architectural archives seminar; 1979 Conference proceedings; Frank Rogers - apostle to the north; Marlborough a rch iv i s t appointed; ANZ Bank pos i t ion ; Turnbull Library Manuscripts appointment; National Archives appointments; Entertainment ephemera; Oral History Association of Aust ra l ia ; The Auckland-Waikato Histor ica l Journal

BOOK REVIEWS A. Charles Begg and Neil C. Begg. The world of

John Boultbee Michael Parker. The S.I.S. : The New Zealand

Security Intelligence Service Michael Barthorp. To face the daring Maoris Wise's New Zealand Guide Christopher Tay lor . Roads and tracks of Britain. E.R. Chamberlain. Preservin g the past J . P . Hudson. Manuscripts indexing Footnotes

Accessions

(Paul Harr is) ( J . R . Fagan)

Chris Cochran

D . J . Beere

Ian Matheson

(R.H. G r i f f i n ) (Beatrice Hale)

(Hugh Price) (Pat r ic ia Adams)

David Retter J i l l M. Palmer

Margaretha Gee Michael Hoare

(Sheila Natusch)

(Graeme Dunstal1) (Bruce Cut ler )

14 n . s , (June 1980)

Ed i t o r i a l : W(h)ither the Smith Report The Wellington Maritime Museum A metrical sermon by Miss i oner Engst Australians in the Waikato war Let ter : Your Nash a ' i n t nothin 1 but trash Annual Conference 1980 Council notes S.S.C. conservation course Book reviews

T.W.H. Brooking. Massey, its early years Hugh Parton. The University of New Zealand Sheila M. Belshaw. Man of integrity : a biography

of Sir Clifton Webb Valer ie Smith. Saga in sepia N.A. Brocklebank. Oamaru

Accessions

Brad Patterson Jack Churchouse

Sheila Natusch M.D.W. Hodder

George Theobald

(W.J. Gardner)

(Malcolm McKinnon)

(John Sul l ivan)

15 n . s . (September 1980) Ed i t o r i a l : I t ' s your journal The Marlborough Histor ica l Society archives Postal h is tory in New Zealand Housing the archives Questions in the House 4th Annual Conference and A.G.M. Canterbury Branch forming Book reviews

W. David Mclntyre. The rise and fall on the Singapore naval base

Beryl Smedley. Homewood and its families H.A. W i l l i s . Manhunt .- The story of Stanley Graham Margaret H. Al ington. Unquiet earth : A history of

the Bolton Street cemetery Edie Hedl in. Busines s archives : an introduction

Accessions

16 n . s , (December 1980) Ed i t o r i a l : Holding fast A very special co l lec t ion The King and I : The Fowlds Papers Nash correspondence Analecta

F i r s t of Nash papers ava i lab le ; New Zealanders at International Archives Congress; International Records Management Federation; International Records retention report ; New Marlborough Archives Associat ion; Wellington cul tural conservators; BNZ Archives conservation appointment; Turnbull appointments; National Archives appointments; National Archives change of address

Book reviews National register of archives and manuscripts in

New Zealand M.E. Hoare. Boys, urchins, men. A history of

the Boys' Brigade in Australia and Papua New Guinea 1882-1976

John Barret t . Falling-in. Australians and 'Boy conscription' 1911-1915

Henry Sewell. The journal of Henry Sewell 1853-7. Edited by W. David Mclntyre

Accessions

B.L. McNamara R.M. Startup

B.R. Patterson

( I . C . McGibbon) (Richard Greenaway)

(Richard H i l l )

(Pat Adams) (Robin G r i f f i n )

Robin G r i f f i n C l ive Sowry

Frank Rogers

(Michael Hitchings)

(Laurie Barber)

(Stuart Strachan)

v i i i

17 n . s . (March 1981)

The national newspaper co l lect ion : Guest ed i tor ia l : Council pol icy stated

The case of 'The Christchurch Star' New Zealand papers in the Archives of the North German

Mission Society The Hickey Papers Freedom of Information and the State Anal ec ta

1981 ARANZ A.G.M. and Conference; Photographic conservation seminar; Codrington papers expatr iated; Leonardo Ms sa le; Top U.S. National Archives appointments; AJCP project endangered; IXth International Archives Congress, London, 1980: Danks Committee reports; New Just ice Department information po l i cy ; Austral ian archives conference; New Zealand Map Keepers' C i r c l e ; New Zealand Histor ical Association Conference

Book reviews Provincial perspectives : essays in honour of

W.J. Gardner August R. Suelflow. Religious archives. An

introduction Accessions

408 410

Richard Greenaway 411

Sheila Natusch 412 Cathy Marr 423

Bruce Symondson 426

(Richard Greenaway)

(Stuart Strachan)

427

430

432 433

18 n . s . (June 1981)

E d i t o r i a l : A new Director fo r National Archives Raymond Frank Grover : a short p ro f i l e The Danks Committee Report Ear ly nursery catalogues Godfrey Thomas : Auditor General for the Province

of New Munster Analec ta

Wilson report ; Emergency salvage af ter Thames and Paeroa f loods; New Zealand Film Archive; Newspaper destruction controversy; Hocken Library s i tua t ion ; Canterbury progress; Auckland appraisal and processing seminar; Massey oral h is tory seminar; J.M. Sherrard Awards; Photo-graphic conservation seminar; 1982 map seminar

Book reviews Non-book materials in libraries Archivists and machine-readable records R.M. Kesner. Automation, machine-readable

records and archival administration -• an annotated bibliography

Accessions

Kay Sanderson S. Challenger

440 441 443 447

T. Hoggard 452

459

(Peter M i l l e r ) 464 (Rosemary C o l l i e r ) 466

(Rosemary C o l l i e r ) 467 468

19 n . s . (September 1981)

E d i t o r i a l : Archives and the 1981 elect ion 472 Po l i t i ca l par t ies ' pol ic ies on archives 473 New Zealand sources in the Archives of the Hydrographie

Department of the Royal Navy Jeremy Spencer 476 The Supplementary Report of the Danks Committee and

the Of f i c ia l Information B i l l Kay Sanderson 490 Austral ian Society of A rch iv i s ts ' conference,

Kay Sanderson

Melbourne, 22-26 May Michael Hoare 492 1981 Annual General Meeting 494 Photographic conservation seminar Wayne Nelson 495 Church occasions

Wayne Nelson

Catholic management of archives seminar Cheryl Campbell 496 Methodist Church archives Rosemary C o l l i e r 497

Anal ec ta U.S. microfilm preservation programme questioned;

ix

Auckland Univers i ty centenary; Alexander Turnbull Library - new hours of opening; Otago/Southland Branch a c t i v i t i e s ; Map conservation workshops; New Director takes up post; Movements

Book reviews Noeline Ha l l . I have planted...a biography of

Alfred Nesbit Brown I .C . McGibbon. Blue water rationale Robert C. Lamb. From the banks of the Avon Report of the Royal Commission to inquire into

the circumstances of the convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas

New Zealand national bibliography to the year 1960 : Volume 1. : To 1889

Frank Rogers. The Fowlds Papers; inventory, calendars and index

Accessions Postscripts

The National Register of Archives and Manuscripts

Correspondence - Destruction of newspapers

20 n . s . (December 1981) Ed i t o r i a l : History and us Paci f ic regional seminar and conference The Babbage Col lect ion in the Wanganui Regional

Museum The New Zealand War Medal Council notes Anal ec ta

English Church archive v i s i t e d ; Revival of Wellington branch; Film Archive Newsletter; V i s i t by dist inguished records manager; History of Science conference

Book reviews Oxford history of New Zealand R. Arnold. The farthest promised land J .A . Lee. The John A. Lee diaries, 1936-1940 G.D.R. Bridson, V .C. P h i l l i p s , and A.P. Harvey.

Natural history manuscript resources in the British Isles

Accessions Let ter : Br i t i sh Hydrographie Department records Ed i to r ' s postscr ipt

(Ann Parsonson) (Nev i l le Bennett)

(Richard Greenaway)

(Michael Hoare)

(Jane Tucker)

(Jane Tucker)

Michael Hoare Judith Hornabrook

Garry Tee Mark Stevens

(S.R. Strachan) (Margaret Retter)

(David Retter)

(Michael Hoare)

498

499 500 501

502

504

504 507

509 510

512 514

515 522 530

532

534 535 536

537 538 541 542

21 n . s , (March 1982) Ed i t o r i a l : A new dict ionary of New Zealand biography Church records in the Turnbull L ibrary : three

col lect ions reviewed Another Henry Lawson in New Zealand Council notes Conference 1982 Analecta

Appointment Of Editor fo r National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Archives of Dunedin local bodies displayed; Exhibi t ions of archives in Well ington; Bank of New Zealand centenary booklets; Churchi l l Trust fel lowships for 1983; Seventh New Zealand Map Keepers' seminar; National Archives news; Revival of Waikato branch; A South Austral ian Archives Act?; Austral ian Jo in t Copying saved; Wilson report under f i r e ; Wellington Cultural Conservators' bulk purchasing scheme

Let ter : Babbage photograph

Stuart Strachan

Patr ic ia 011 i f f Patr ic ia McBride

543

546 554 558 559

560 564

χ

Book reviews Religion in New Zealand society (eds B. ColleSS

and P. Donovan); Centenary magazine : Society of the Sacred

Heart, New Zealand 1880-1980 (ed. V . J . Young); P. Gallagher. The Marist Brothers in New Zealand,

Fiji and Samoa, 1876-1976; E.R. Simmons. A brief history of the Catholic

Church in New Zealand Michael Cook. Archives and the computer Jim Henderson. The exiles of asbestos cottage Michael King. The Collector : a biography of

Andreas Reischek Information and orientation of the user

(comp. E.G. Franz) Accessions

(Neil Vavey) (Peter M i l l e r )

(Graham French)

565 567 568

(Michael Hoare) 569

(Cheryl Campbell) 571 572

22 n . s . (June 1982)

Edi tor ia l : Hard times 575 Lesl ie Hinge, photographer Wayne Nelson 577 Local government records : problems of control Frank Swift 582 The Auckland-Waikato Histor ical Society makes a

contr ibut ion Winifred Macdonald 585 The National Col lect ion of War Ar t now at National

Archives A . A . S t . C M . Murray-Oliver 588 Map t rans i t and storage P.L. Barton 591 Council notes 597 Branch news 598 Obituary: R.C. Lamb 600 Analecta

New Zealand Film Archive; Thi rd Australasian Congress on Genealogy and Heraldry, 1983; Open Jus t i ce ; Minister for the Arts supports National Archives; Austral ian arch iv is ts assemble; New Keeper of the Public Record Of f i ce , England; Iranian hostage's family papers donated; Hard pruning at NARS; Po l i t i ca l tapes

Let ter : Computer mapping Book reviews

Barry Bra i l s fo rd . The tattooed land : the southern frontiers of the pa Maori

Life in a young colony : selections from early New Zealand writing (ed. Cherry A. Hankin)

H.T. Hickerson. Archives and manuscripts : an introduction to automated access

Accessions

(Michael Hoare)

(Graeme Siddle)

(Peter M i l l e r )

600 603

604

605

606 607

23 n . s . (September 1982)

Photographic Conservation : Select proceedings of a seminar in Wellington, 28-30 August 1981

Foreword 611 The exhib i t ion of photography ( I ) Lu i t Beiringa 612

( Π ) John B. Turner 613 C r i t i ca l perspectives of h is tor ica l photography in

New Zealand John B. Turner 614 Photographic processes and the i r introduction to

New Zealand William Main 620 Photographic chemistry G . J . Dougherty 622 The stable photographic image, or processing for

permanence Warwick Wilson 625 Resin-coated papers Mark Strange 629 Nitrate f i lm Jonathan Dennis 632 The duplication of f rag i le f i lm stock Mark Strange 634

XI

Archival storage material for photographs, or the age of impermanence

Public access to col lect ions Photographic cataloguing case studies Cataloguing a co l lect ion Copyright in photographs Today's photographs in tomorrow's archives Summary bibliography of photographic conservation Resolutions passed at concluding session

SUPPLEMENT (between pp.634-635)

Obituary: Ruth M. Ross Council notes Some impressions of the 1982 Dunedin conference Anal ecta

Cartographic workshop, 1983; Photographic conservator avai lab le; John Harris Award; Cartographic Arch iv is t appointed at National Archives; Conservation study grant; Local body archives seminar for Hawke's Bay; Indexing group formed; Hope Gibbons f i r e , 1952, re-ca l led ; Custody of Otago Provincial archives challenged; Mormom microfilming controversy in Auckland; National L ibrar ian 's views on newspaper microfi lming; PARBICA meets in Rarotonga; ASA 4th Biennial Conference, Adelaide, May 1983

Letters

Rosemary Co l l i e r John Sul l ivan

Warwick Wilson John Sul l ivan

Donald Sweet J . E . Traue

Warwick Wilson

638 642 644 652 653 654 656 658

VI

vii

24 n . s . (December 1982)

Ed i to r i a l : A new Chief Arch iv is t fo r Papua New Guinea New Zealand in the 1880s : some unanswered questions A church divided Three perspectives on Mormon microfilming

I . The church I I . The user

I I I . The a rch iv is t Microfilming newspapers and the National Library Commission of Inquiry Conservation reporting Conference and A.G.M. 1983 Council notes Branch news Analecta Book reviews

Gordon Parry, A fence at the top Tauranga, 1882-1982 (ed. A.C. Bellamy) J i l l Hampson. Removal of a records centre and

Its contents : a case study Ann E. Pederson and Gail Farr Gaster l ine.

Archives and manuscripts : public programs Accessions

Rollo Arnold Mary Troup

G. Milton Ramsey Verna Mossong

Cheryl Campbell P.G. Scott

M.H.S. Stevens Robert Kerr-Hislop

(Wanda Hall ) (Evelyn Stokes)

(Mark Stoddart)

(Cheryl Campbell)

BUSINESS ARCHIVES SUPPLEMENT (between pp.680-681)

ARANZ and business archives Commitment to business archives : the case of the

ANZ Bank Uses of h is tor ica l research in business A seminar on business archives? A questionnaire

Kevin Bourke

659 660 669

672 673 674 679 680 686 691 691 692 693

696 697

697

698 700

111

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periudit%J deatl1.lot\OO <or "olltlllltlj.~nll"

(uatds 1:>1 tl:le Clad:. R. O'f'1'1:;lWl]N, Clull:. H4uI/ll of ReprGllMk""",

matter beto~ethe l!CtUQ6 dQring

th~

rof! to emJ;lI"y durhlg the r~88

Mr.

work ()f sortihg a.nd arrl1Agi.ng

the r'rw:il~~~O:~:k:~dJ:::nrno:~~~lj:~~ti~a~~~~

~dl:he de!lt,in~ionof th~ ~riOQ8 p&p6rf1,

whilb have. heen t-ir,d up Rol1d ltloheHed ~rding r.o d~lltipt

ioa RoI)O, yeQr, IloWaita ,h13lJlln~tion of the

80US8,In addition to tU'ta..uging the. rec01'dlJ lls.med in ilie memorandum quoood &bctve, Mr. Kane h,",

under my sQper'tisioa. df!a.l.t with at-bar books Boud l'&:ord.a '" tolloWll:-

Hall Bet !.:'Side tl)r retention ~he whole of ~he mal).~s¢·dpt- Journals ()f the B:ouI«!, wi.tb. the

es.e~ptioil of vohune 01' 1855, wisBing; eJ.l In&.Q.u80npt let\e:t-books, &11 puiJIished documents

ha,viug unpu.bliahed pillotl8 IlttQoQhed. \loud six copias of eMh Bill introduced. jnto tbE\ 1i()U9& Sill(l&

laG1, with the aXl::llption "f the Bill$: ()f 1876, which have goae IloSU,.y.

!lB.!! !Jet Ilos.tda tor de.struction p.lI fl1ll.uuacript bookg which llft.o. be ot 1)0 fut~heJ:nae; a:nd

R&t:l Qua-age.d in order of numb13r petitjane pr<>polWl. ta be reta.iMd, trOlll 1880 to dl'ta.

" ReClOnlll of hi!ltoric or other iutaooflct ,. whl.ch I propoaad to ret.a.in, although ~oroingund13t

OM or oth$r of the deflcpiptiol;lS or thO$a prQpo2£!d to be destroyed. ba.ve proved tQ be ff)Vi' in

nurobf)r; but I htwe set !Wide several 8Q9rtt:e book£l l.a.id t\pon the ta.ble, including ~o.inoC)mpleMl

8l:lt Q~ ~h13 'l'r9JltJlWtioull of ~hf) New Zealalld lnstitute; llo!ao, till thl:l 0iI0~b·book8 ()f the liC>US8

oo[\$a.lll~ng

\)u.n<lg\'&pha of U!l3rnbeNi.

AlS tElgMda 'h~ 11\3\. P!l;t~Qph l)f my meroora.t1dum of laet seslliQll, I wou.ld a1J""~

~bat po'Wat'

be givell ~o 'he Cll)rk to de!l.l with one yeq.r'!; a.dditi<>nal ralOrdll llot thl:l end of every seasio!l i.1l.

eOIltlnua.tion of tll~ l1rol81l8 noW proposed ~o hi! ee.rtied 01J~.

'

~bt Jun.e, 1.900.

ll. ()T1:JJl\8C>N, Clerk. Rouse of Repreilaut Miv68.

AGM AND CONFERENCE

ARANZ w i l l celebrate i t s f i r s t decade in Wel l ington, 29-31 August. Further d e t a i l s are on the l e a f l e t enclosed.

In addi t ion to the conference, and preceding i t , are:

1. Arrangement and descr ip t ion workshop ( i n conjunct ion with V i c t o r i a U n i v e r s i t y of We l l ing ton) , 25 - 28 August

2. Records management seminar, 28 August

ARCHIVES ASSISTANCE FOR WAIKATO

Advice and p r a c t i c a l assistance in dealing with archives is now ava i lab le from Cheryl Campbell, formerly of National Arch ives , who is now based in Hamilton as a consultant a r c h i v i s t / r e s e a r c h e r / w r i t e r , Some assistance w i l l be given f o r love [of a r c h i v e s ] , and, in instances where i t is f o r money, the rates are negot iable . Miss Campbell is prepared to t rave l as appropr ia te , and may be contacted at m Fenwick Crescent , Hamilton, or telephone (071) 67662.

C O N T E N T S

EDITORIAL: A divided profession?

THE NEW ZEALAND PRICE TRIBUNAL, 1939-75

WESTERN PACIFIC AND WESTERN PACIFIC HIGH COMMISSION ARCHIVES

SOLDIERS' DEATHS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

RECONSTRUCTING THE ORIGINS OF N.Z. LANDS MANAGEMENT

AÑALECTA

Auckland Branch news; Genealogists meet in Auckland; Public archives move to new home; New direct ions for NART; National Archives' s taf f news; Census papers to be saved; Security f i l e may have leaked; Phi l ippines ' President a war hero?; Vocal archive; Burton Brothers' photographs to be preserved; New reference books; News from the Film Archive; IALGAL formed; Declaration of Independence sto len; T i t o ' s archives deemed publ ic ; Access to hospital board records; Declassif ied U.S. archives t i l t at Labour MPs; Paintings in the Alexander Turnbull Library

ARCHIFACTS FORUM

BOOK REVIEWS

Ruth Fry . It's different for daughters; a history of the curriculum for girls in New Zealand schools, 1900-1975

The police and the 1981 tour, ed. Malcolm McKinnon, Peter McPhee and Jock Ph i l l i ps

David Mackay. In the wake of Cook: exploration, science and empire

Brian Mackrell. Halley's comet over New Zealand

Robert Muldoon. The New Zealand economy : a personal

view

Merv Wellington. New Zealand education in crisis

ACCESSIONS

Mark Stoddart

Frank Rogers

Nicola Frean

B.R. Patterson

(E ls ie Locke)

(Michael Meyrick)

(Michael E. Hoare)

(Michael E. Hoare)

(James Watson)

(Col in McGeorge)

SUPPLEMENT (between pages 18-19)

Archifacts new series 1-24 (February 1977 - December 1982): Summary of contents

Archifacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 S 5, 7 s 8 were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, Archifacts i s published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.

Subscriptions to Archifacts are through membership of the Association at the current rates. (See inside back cover for details.) Copies of individual issues, however, will be available to non-members at NZ$6.00 per copy.

The membership year begins with the June issue and ends with the March issue.

Enquiries concerning the content of Archi facts ''including advertising), non-receipt of an issue (or receipt of an imperfect copy), and requests for back or single issues should be addressed to the Editor.

All members (and others) are welcome to submit articles, short notices, letters, etc. to the Editor. Copy deadline i s the 15th of the month preceding publication (i.e., 15 May for the June issue, etc.). Book reviews should be sent directly to the Reviews Editor; details of accessions directly to the Accessions Co-ordinator.

EDITOR: Michael Hodder, P.O. Box 28-011, Kelburn, Wellington

ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Cheryl Campbell 41 Fenwick Crescent, Hamilton.

Brad Patterson 20 Khyber Road, Seatoun, Well ington.

Mark Stevens c / - National Archives, P.O. Box 2220, Auckland.

REVIEWS EDITOR : Richard Greenaway 1 Snell Place, Dal l ington, Christchurch 6.

ACCESSIONS CO-ORDINATOR: Kay Sanderson, Manuscripts Section, Alexander Turnbull L ib rary , P.O. Box 12-349, Well ington.

Copyright for articles Sc. in Archifacts rest s with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor.

ISSN 0303-7940

Β

1986/1 é March 1986

ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

I

A DIVIDED PROFESSION'

The range of si tuations in which arch iv is ts in New Zealand are employed d i f fe rs l i t t l e from that to be found in other countries That i s , 1 here is a ( r e l a t i v e l y ) large government archives employing a ( r e l a t i ve l y ) large number of arch iv is ts but a greater number of arch iv is ts who work in iso lat ion from each other in ins t i tu t ions whose business is not pr imari ly the management of archives

I t has been a fundamental posit ion for the Association to advocate the strengthening of National Archives - not only to ensure that the large mass of valuable government records were managed to the best possible standards and made accessible as widely as possib le, but also to provide support and impetus for archives-keeping generally throughout the country Back in 1978, Wilfred Smith, then Dominion Arch iv is t of Canada, wrote in his report Archives m New Zealand

The heart and centre of a national archives system must be a strong National Archives which has the necessary author i ty , resources and s ta f f to perform the functions which have been assigned to i t and the a b i l i t y to provide leadership, guidance and assistance throughout the country, to establ ish and maintain standards, develop new techniques, and to have an impact on government, users and the general public in creating an awareness and appreciation of the value of archives as an important national resource

There can be l i t t l e doubt that National Archives has become stronger and more ef fect ive in the past decade I t has been rec iproca l ly supportive of the Association in a way that the Austral ian Society of Archiv is ts might envy On the other hand, Dr Smith's Canadian experience may have led him to envisage an ideal development which did not quite f i t the New Zealand s i tuat ion The Public Archives of Canada amounts to an amalgam of National Archives and the Manuscripts Section of the Alexander Turnbull Library So in New Zealand we have a d iv is ion between public (or o f f i c i a l ) and private (non-o f f i c ia l ) archives-keeping And i t should not be l i g h t l y presumed that an ins t i tu t ion focussing on o f f i c i a l records w i l l see as an equal p r i o r i t y the better management of private archives Indeed, a quick reading of the Archives Act underlines what the primary business of National Archives is

Such d iv is ion is not a bad thing After a l l , d iv is ion may be seen as synonymous with spec ia l isa t ion, and i t is a device well-known in mi l i tary organisations The example or good fortune of one can act as a spur to the other Comparisons or competitive-ness can be healthy and invigorat ing But, and th is is nub of the matter, those engaged in the business of pr ivate archives-keeping are dispersed and cannot readi ly relate the i r endeavours, the i r resources to those of the public archives-keepers -nor indeed, to other private archives-keepers The opportunity to exchange ideas, problems and so on, taken so much fo r granted in the sett ing of an archives i n s t i t u t i o n , is precious to the lone arch iv is t

ARANZ has provided a number of opportunit ies for th is type of exchange during i t s f i r s t decade Usually these have taken the form of t ra in ing seminars, some general and some speci f ic For the f i r s t time, th is year 's conference w i l l include a f u l l two-day programme (para l le l to the programme more oriented to using archives) on topics affecting a l l arch iv is ts - whether dealing with pr ivate or public archives - whether based in an archives ins t i tu t ion or not - whether working in a group or alone I t w i l l be interesting - and important - to explore our d i ve rs i t y as arch iv is ts And in so doing, we shall see ourselves more c lear ly as a profession And we shall be better placed to handle the interface with related f ie lds - the l i b ra r ians , the conservators and the records managers

2

THE NEW ZEALAND PRICE TRIBUNAL, 1939-75

(A research paper submitted as part of the requirements for the University of New South Wales' Diploma m Information Management (Archives Administration), 1985)

The regulation of prices by governmental control has been a feature of economic pol icy in New Zealand for a considerable time Nationwide control of prices was resorted to during the F i r s t World War The administration of these pr ice measures was in the hands of the Board of Trade set up under the provisions of the Cost of Living Act 1915, regulations being issued from time to time f i x ing maximum prices for various commodities The Board of Trade was "given power to inquire into various matters including the prices charged fo r various commodities" 1 The powers vested in the Board were, however, only of an inquiring type, the Board i t s e l f had no executive powers 2

The Board of Trade Act 1919 (a consolidation and amendment of pre-exist ing l eg i s -la t ion) contained provisions for the establishment of the Department of Industr ies and Commerce and for a Board of Trade to consist of the Minister of Industries and Commerce (President) and not more than four other members By an amendment, in 1923, the Board was abolished, i t s functions being taken over by the Minister Authori ty was also taken under the Act " fo r the establishment of f ixed minimum or maximum prices or rates for any classes of goods or services or otherwise fo r the regulation or control of such prices or rates" 3 The Act also included provisions aimed at prevention of prof i teer ing The upsurge in prices following the F i r s t World War resulted in pr ice controls on a var iety of goods which were in short supply, being applied or continuing to apply A Prevention of Prof i teering Act was passed in 1936 prohibi t ing the making of unreasonable increases in the prices charged fo r goods and services

In June 1939, a Price Invest igat ion T r ibuna l 4 was constituted from members of the exist ing Advisory Board under the Board of Trade Amendment Act 1923, and regulations were placed on increasing prices of goods and services without p r io r appl icat ion to th is Tr ibuna l , prices were also to be f ixed by the Tribunal for goods that had not previously been on the market

Pursuant to a Proclamation of Emergency under the Public Safety Conservation Act regulations were made on 1 September 1939 with the object of s tab i l is ing prices These regulations provided that prices of goods and services should not be raised above the prices rul ing on 1 September 1939, except as might be specia l ly authorised by the Minister of Industries and Commerce These regulations were Superseded by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations of 29 December 1939 which constituted the Price Tribunal

The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 issued on 20 December 1939 was designed to curb i n f l a t i o n 5 caused by wartime shortages of goods A Price Tribunal was const i tuted, under the Regulations, to consist of two or more members, one of the members to be appointed president 6

The functions of the Tribunal were defined by section 13 of the Regulations as (a) To investigate any complaints that may be made d i rect to the Tribunal or that may be referred to i t by the Minister with respect to prices charged for any goods or serv ices, (b) To issue price orders in accordance with these regulat ions, ( c ) To exercise any other powers or functions that may be conferred on i t by these regulations or otherwise, (d) Generally to maintain a survey of the prices charged fo r goods or serv ices, to ins t i tu te proceedings for offences in re lat ion to p r ices , and to take such other steps as in i t s opinion may be necessary to prevent prof i teer ing or the explo i ta-t ion of the public

The Control of Prices Regulations 1939 Amendment No 1 gave the Price Tribunal author i ty to appoint 'associate members' These were persons who, in the Min is ter 's opinion, possessed expert knowledge of some branch of trade or industry Subsequent amendments to the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 included Amendment No 2 issued on 27 November 1941, Amendment No 3 issued 15 December 1942, Amendment No 4 issued 12 January 1944, and Amendment No 5 issued on 20 December 1944 7

The Control of Prices Act 1947 gave permanent l eg i s la t i ve recognit ion to pr ice con t ro l , consolidating and extending the powers and functions formerly exercised under

3

the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations (these war regulations were revoked) The Act was introduced to deal with pr ice abuses (e g pro f i teer ing , blackmarketing, etc) and price r ises which were viewed as l i ke l y to resul t from the si tuat ion in New Zealand at the end of the war where the amount of money in c i rcu la t ion was far in excess of goods being produced or imported from abroad 9 I t was passed on 25 November 1947

The Act constituted a Price Tribunal "deemed to be the same Tribunal as the Price Tribunal consti tuted by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939" 1 0 The T r i -bunal was to consist of a president, one or more ordinary members and one or more associate members On 1 December 1947, members of the Price Tribunal were appointed His Honour, Judge William Hunter as President, Bertrand Stanislaus Connor as ordinary member and Leo Munro as associate member n I t s functions were essent ia l ly those de-f ined in the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 as were i t s powers to (l)make Price Orders f i x ing in such a manner as i t thinks f i t , the actual or the maximum or minimum price for any good sold in a specif ied market under specif ied conditions Pr ior to the Control of Prices Act 1947, Price Orders were made by regulation and not i f ied in the New Zealand Gazette, where they are gazetted m f u l l 1 2 , (2) authorise sel l ing prices which may have a general or special application

Outs ide the Price Orders' or 'Special Price Authorisat ions' made by the Tribunal or Director fo r the general s tab i l i sa t ion of prices at levels obtaining on 1 September 1939 continued in force Section 42 of the Control of Prices Act 1937 gave the Tribunal power to f i x prices of new l ines of goods "not made or sold before September 1939" 1 3

Following the passing of the Act , the Price Tribunal became a separate body from the Price Control Div is ion 4 of the Department of Industries and Commerce and a Price Control Div is ion was created as a separate Divis ion of the Industr ies and Commerce Department with branch of f ices in Auckland, Dunedin and Christchurch Mr H L Wise was appointed Director of Price Control 1 5 The Price Control Div is ion assisted the Tribunal carry out i t s administrative and enforcement duties The Tr ibuna l , in accordance with powers given i t by the Act , delegated from time to time certa in powers to the Director

A pol icy of progressive decontrol was followed af ter 1948 and l i s t s of goods freed from control led price f i xa t ion (although subject to prof i teer ing and other provis ions) were published from time to time, but a l l goods and services not exempted in th is manner remained subject to control The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1953 passed on 27 November 1953, resulted in a change in the system of control whereby goods and services not l i s ted were deemed to be revoked ( i e , not subject to pr ice contro ls) This measure became ef fect ive on the gazetting of the Control of Prices (Posi t ive L i s t ) Notice on 14 March 1955 This was subsequently replaced by a new Price L i s t gazetted on 14 March 1957 ie> The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1953 also made provision for the delegation of pr ic ing powers to the Secretary of Industries and Commerce subject to the r igh t of appeal to the Price Tribunal

The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1956 (passed on 26 October 1956) transferred from the Price Tribunal to the Minister of Industr ies and Commerce the function of exempting goods and services from pr ice control 1 7

Subsequent amendments to the Control of Prices Act 1947 included The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1958, The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1969, The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1970, and The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1971

The pol icy of decontrol followed from 1948 to 1970 meant less stress was placed on d i rec t control and greater importance was attached to pr ice survei l lance over a wide range of goods and services having a s ign i f icant bearing on the cost of l i v ing 1 8

By 1970, in f la t ionary pressures resulted in Price Freeze Regulations of 17 November 1970 which f roze pr ices at leve ls prevai l ing on 12 November 1970 The price freeze was followed on 15 February 1971 by a Price Jus t i f i ca t ion Scheme, detai ls of which were embodied in the price order (No 2154) issued by the Price Tribunal I t set out a wide range of goods which were subject to the approval of the Price Tribunal before applying pr ice increases

The Commerce Act 1975i 9 consti tuted a Commerce Commission which took over the respons ib i l i ty f o r pr ice control The Commerce Commission replaced both the Price T r i -bunal and the Trade Practices and Prices Commission Part IV of the Commerce Act re -placed the provisions of the Control of Prices Act 1947 The Commerce Commission, l ike

5

the Pnce Tribunal before i t , was responsible to the Department of Trade and Industries (p r io r to 1972 i t was known as the Department of Industr ies and Commerce) Members of the Commerce Commission were appointed on 17 November 1975 The Commerce Act 1975 revoked the Control of Prices Act 1947 and the Control of Prices Act Amendments 2 1

* * *

REFERENCES

1 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 278, ρ 604

2 Ibid

3 New Zealand Official Year Book 1947-49, ρ 618

4 Ibid

5 Aims of the Tribunal "The consumer is protected from exploi tat ion and the worker on the lower income receives his f u l l share of the avai lable goods and serv ices" , thereby providing protection from prof i teer ing Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1944, H-44, ρ 31

6 Section 4(1) Control of Prices Emergency Regulations stated the persons appointed on 2 June 1939 as members of the Advisory Board constituted under the Board of Trade Amendment Act 1923 sha l l , while they continue in o f f ice as members of the Advisory Board, be deemed, without further appointment, to have been appointed as members of the Tribunal under these regulations

Section 4(2) The member of the said Advisory Board, being a Judge of the Court of Arb i t ra t ion , shall be deemed to have been appointed the President of the Tribunal

Judge William John Hunter and Henry Lesl ie Wise were appointed members of the Advisory Board (New Zealand Gazette 1939, ρ 1655)

7 The other aspect of the Government's economic pol ic ies during the war were price s tab i l i sa t ion measures In 1940, the Economic Stabi l isat ion Conference (which was government convened) put forward recommendations designed to s tab i l i se pr ices, wages and costs In furtherance of these recommendations, the re ta i l prices of 38 commodities comprising of more important foodstuffs, c loth ing, fuel and l igh t ing , were stabi l ised as from 1 September 1941 and an Economic Stab i l isa t ion Committee was set up

In December 1942, as a resul t of del iberations of the Economic Stabi l isat ion Committee, price s tab i l i sa t ion measures were-widely extended In the same month, the Economic Stabi l isat ion Emergency Regulations were issued under which the Committee was reconstituted as the Economic Stabi l isat ion Commission, and made fo r the s tab i l isa t ion of weekly rentals and wage-rates An Economic Stabi l isat ion Act was passed in 1948, however, by 1960, the functions of the Economic Stabi l isat ion Commission were being discharged by the Minister in Charge of Stabi l isat ion as there were no appointed members of the Commission

8 The measure " in essence provides that the Price Tribunal set up under the authori ty of war regulations shall continue but i t shal l be under statutory au-thor i t y instead of under the author i ty of Orders in Council and regulat ions" (New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 899 )

9 " In p rac t ica l l y every country which took part in the late war i t was necessary to have considerable price control because of the fact that so many mi l l ions of people-and in New Zealand the energies of tens of thousands of people were taken away from the production of ordinary commodities of l i f e and were devoted to the production of war materials As a consequence there has arisen a shortage of the necessit ies of l i f e and things are in short supply In the United States of America about eighteen months ago, they decided to remove price controls and as a resul t the cost of l i v ing bounded up they had a succession of industr ia l disputes because there were no price controls We do not want anything l ike that in New Zealand,

6

and while production does not increase to meet the increased wealth that is a v a i l -able to the people of th is country controls are necessary " (New Zealand Parlia-mentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 900 )

ίο Control of Prices Act 1947 (Part 1, Section 3(1))

11 New Zealand Gazette 1947, ρ 1864

Immediately p r io r to the Control of Prices Act 1947, members of the Price Tr ibuna l , as consti tuted under the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939, consisted of Mr Just ice Hunter, and Mr H L Wise ( f u l l members) and two associate members, Mr Connor and Mr Munro (New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 905 )

The 1959 Annual Report of the Industr ies and Commerce Department (AJHR H-59, ρ 27) indicates Judge Dalgleish was a former member of the Price Tribunal

According to the seal of the Tribunal as af f ixed to Price Order number 2325, the Price Tribunal consisted of

Κ Congreve, President, F F Simmons, Member, A G Beadle, Member, and Κ M Hercus, Member

(New Zealand Gazette 1975)

(To establ ish a l l members of the Price Tribunal from i t s inception in 1939 to i t s abol i t ion in 1975 would entai l reference to New Zealand Gazette, New Zealand's who's who ( f o r biography), and the Public Service Class i f i ca t ion L i s t )

12 "A price order is prepared by the Tribunal af ter i t has reached i t s own decis ion, when a l l the data is submitted to the Minister , who may accept the decision reached In such case, he w i l l sign the price order or he may refer i t back to the Tribunal fo r fur ther information The pr ice order is then gazetted, a f ter which i t must be exhibited by the re ta i le rs handling the goods mentioned in the price order " ( 'P r ice Tribunal Procedure, Functions of the Tr ibuna l , Powers to Fix Prices and Invest igate ' by D Laurenson, A P A N Z . A C S N A ( la te invest igat ing accountant, Price T r ibuna l ) , Th e New Zealand Economist and Taxpayer, Ju ly 26, 1948, ρ 87 )

13 A special approval (authorisat ion) is made by the Price Tribunal or the Director (Pr ice Control Div is ion) by delegation, af ter which they are scheduled and sub-mitted to the Minister fo r signature These approvals do not have to be exhibited (D Laurenson, op at )

Special approvals were introduced i n i t i a l l y by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations Amendment No 5 Price orders invar iably covered a product sold Dominion-wide, or the product of an industry in which several manufacturers were making the same type of product In comparison, special approvals tended to be more special ised in the i r appl ication

14 AJHR 1948, H-44, ρ 28

15 ibid , pp 28-29

16 Other Control of Prices (Pos i t ive L i s t ( s ) ) appeared m 1966 and 1971

17 The Government's aim was to avoid price control as much as possible and, instead, to encourage the freeing of commerce by the elimination of trade practices obstruc-t i ve of competition was ref lected in the Trade Practices Act 1958 The Act estab-l ished a Trade Practices and Prices Commission, the members of which were members of the Price Tribunal (AJHR 1959, H-44, ρ 26)

Price control leg is la t ion was complementary to that of trade practices to the extent that d i rec t control depended to some degree on the degree to which competi-t ion operated

is Increasingly, a f ter 1948, the Price Tribunal had delegated the power to perform i t s functions to the Secretary of Industr ies and Commerce who, in tu rn , delegated

7

the power to senior o f f i cers of the Prices Divis ion ( l a te r the Trade Practices and Prices Div is ion and subsequently the Dist r ibut ion Div is ion) of the department As a consequence, the Tribunal only exercised or ig inal pr ic ing j u r i sd i c t i on over a small selection of items In a l l other instances the Tribunal acted as an appel-late authori ty for the purpose of considering appeals against pr icing decisions made by departmental o f f i cers acting under the i r delegated powers

19 The Commerce Act 1975 was passed on 10 October 1975

20 New Zealand Gazette 1975, ρ 2821

21 The Stabi l isat ion of Prices Regulations 1974, which were under the Economic S t a b i l i -sation Act , continued in ef fect

As with the Control of Prices Act 1947, certain prices control led under the l eg i s -lat ion did not come within the scope of the Commerce Act 1975 (see section 51, Control of Prices Act 1947)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

New Zealand statues Government Pr in ter , Wellington 1947, 1953, 1956, 1969, 1970, 1971

Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives Miscellaneous Section (H) Government Pr in te r , Wellington 1944 H-44, 1948 H-44, 1959 H-59

New Zealand Official Year Book Government Pr in ter , Wellington 1947-49, 1949, I960, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1976

New Zealand Government Gazettes Government Pr in ter , Wellington 1939, 1947, 1975

New Zealand Parliamentary Debates Government Pr in ter , Wellington 1947

New Zealand statutory Regulations Government Pr in ter , Wellington 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945

New Zealand Economist and Taxpayer, 26 Ju ly 1948 Financial Publications L td , Wellington

APPENDIX

RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED BY THE PRICE TRIBUNAL

* (This appendix attempts to assess what records were created by the Tribunal, without reference to any existing records It is an example of the type of analysis necessary for documenting defunct offices from which no records appear to survive )

1 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 clause 8 and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 5, re fer to Si t t ings of the Tr ibuna l , consequently one would expect there to be minutes of the s i t t ings and records of i t s decisions

2 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 clause 17 and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 15, indicates "The Tribunal may from time to time make orders" [pr ice orders] The Tribunal would have to retain copies of Price Orders because any application for increases in prices had to be assessed according to prices s tab i l ised on 1 September 1939 (or set by subsequent pr ice orders or special approvals) They may also have retained copies of gazetted price orders and Price L is ts

3 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations, clause 10, and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 13, required "any person engaged in the production, manufacture or sale of any goods to furnish in a specif ied form returns sett ing for th " In the i r event of "prosecution fo r an offence against th is Act" the returns "shall in the absence of proof to the contrary be suf f ic ien t evidence against the defendant" The Tribunal therefore must have retained these returns in some form

8

9

4 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939, clause 14, and the Control of Prices Act , section 11, empowered the Tribunal to conduct inquir ies and i nves t i -gations and required any person summoned to appear before i t "to produce to the Tribunal a l l or any books or documents in his possession or control re la t i ve to the inquiry" Furthermore, any person, f irm or body corporate was required "to answer in wr i t ing any questions re la t i ve to the subject matter of the inquiry or invest igat ion or to produce on inspection any books or documents in possession of of that person, f irm or body corporate and to allow copies of or extracts from such books or documents to be made" In sum, the Tribunal must have maintained records pertaining to the inquiry (Note the Control of Prices Act 1947 defines books and documents )

5 The Control of Prices Act 1947, section 14, employed the Tribunal to inspect stocks, and take samples Presumably a record of the samples taken was maintained on record

6 Although nowhere spec i f i ca l l y stated, one can assume that

( ι ) Investigations often originated from complaints from the publ ic , therefore the need for some form of correspondence f i l e s

( n ) Because the Tribunal was responsible to the Minister o f Industr ies and Commerce ( l a te r Trade and Industry) and because i t delegated various powers to the Prices Divis ion and Secretary of Industries and Commerce, there must have existed records of correspondence, pol icy statements and direct ions between these groups in order to co-ordinate the i r various ac t i v i t i e s

( m ) Reference to the Price Tribunal appears in the Industr ies and Commerce annual repor t , therefore i t i s l i ke l y the Price Tribunal may have submitted an annual report to the Minister , in which case one would .presumably be retained on f i l e

* * *

NOTE

"As well as setting up the Price Tr ibunal , the then Minister of Industries and Commerce, the late Hon D G Su l l i van , l a id down for the Price Tribunal certain fundamental pr incip les

(1) the replacement cost should not be permitted - in other words, a trader should not be allowed to increase his prices merely because i t might cost him more to replace those a r t i c les i f and when he sold exist ing stock,

(2) prices could be increased only to the extent of increased costs - that i s , that the margin unit of p ro f i t was to be retained and was not to be increased on a percentage basis , as had been the common trading pol icy in the past,

(3) the accounts of the applicant for permission to increase prices should be inves t i -gated with a view to determining whether or not he was capable of bearing any portion of the increase "

(New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 278, ρ 604)

Mark Stoddart Wellington

10

WESTERN PACIFIC AND WESTERN PACIFIC HIGH COMMISSION ARCHIVES

The de-colomsation of Oceania has brought i t s problems to the governments of the successor states including that of the i r archives Those of the colonial governments are lega l l y part of the archives of the imperial power ye t obviously of greater i n -terest to the successor states, m spi te of the i r lack of resources to service them In the case of Great B r i t a in , the matter was given greater importance by the compre-hensive and co l lec t i ve nature of the documents contained in the archives of the Western Paci f ic High Commission (1874-1978) The Commission was the administrative centre for the island groups, other than F i j i , in the region that were under B r i t i sh administra-t ion The archives include papers and documents recording the h is tory of the Solomons, K i r i b a t i , Tuvalu, Vanuatu, P i t ca i rn , as well as the records of the Br i t i sh Consul in Tonga

The archives of the Commission were housed in the Western Paci f ic Archives Building in Suva, F i j i , along with other t e r r i t o r i a l records that had been col lected over the years by the archives s ta f f and referred to also as Western Paci f ic Archives As the de-colonisation process continued ( F i j i became an independent state in 1970), the High Commission was wound up, and since the lease on the WPA bui lding was due to exp i re , the archives were boxed up, in 1978, and shipped to the Foreign and Commonwealth Off ice in London and la te r stored in the Public Record Off ice repository at Hayes inMiddlesex

Short ly af ter the s h i f t , le t te rs and a r t i c l es of protest appeared in the pacific islands Monthly Dr Jim Bout i l i e r (January 1984) cal led the move " l i t t l e short of a tragedy' that "one of the largest organised assemblages of or ig inal source materials in existence relat ing " to B r i t i sh colonial pol icy in the South Paci f ic and to Paci f ic Islands h is tory in general, should be shunted of f to the United Kingdom to be " v i r t u a l l y forgotten in an o f f i c i a l repository " This a r t i c l e drew a response from Mr M S Berthoud, Br i t i sh Consul-General in Sydney to the ef fect that the archives of the WPHC are B r i t i sh public records and that in any case the lease on the WPA bui lding in Suva had been due to expire and that there was no other suitable building avai lable there, nor were the individual successor governments in a posit ion to take over the portions of WPA ' t e r r i t o r i a l records' that related to them ( In fac t , some WPA archives wer e sent to certain of the island governments, as i s related below ) Mr Berthoud states in his l e t t e r to the Pacific islands Monthly in May 1984 that the WPHC archives were stored at the Foreign and Commonwealth Off ice in London and went on to say

since the crates were opened in September 1980, a l l queries, whether from governments or from private ind iv iduals , have been answered Where pract icable, photocopies have been provided The records may soon be back in the Pac i f i c , following a formal request for them from the Solomon Islands Government In i t ia l , legal obstacles to making a g i f t of these records to the Solomon Islands have been overcome and the Br i t i sh Government is cur rent ly seeking the views of other governments in the Western Pacif ic region on th is proposal "

In order to discover i f any developments had taken place as well as to establ ish the present location of the WPHC archives and the authori ty to whom researchers should apply fo r information, I wrote to the Foreign and Commonwealth Off ice la te las t year and received the following reply from Patr ic ia M Barnes, L ibrary and Records Depart-ment

15 January 1986

Dear Mr Rogers

WESTERS PACIFIC ARCHIVES WPHC MATERIAL

Thank you for your letter of 12 December 1985 enquiring about the Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) records They are at present housed for safe keeping m the Public Record Office (PRO) repository at Hayes m Middlesex, in a secure area to which members of the public are not admitted

The Lord Chancellor, the Minister responsible for public records, has given his approval m principle for the WPHC records to be presented to the Solomon Islands National Archives at Honiara However he stipulated that it should

11

be made clear to all concerned firstly that the WPHC records are to be presented because they are not required for permanent preservation in the Public Record Office, and that, secondly, they are not in any way the returned property of the Government of the Solomon Islands or the other former territories of the Western Pacific High Commission This agreement in principle applies only to the WPHC records and not to the other terri-torial records which at one time formed part of the Western Pacific Archives (WPA) Some territorial archives were sent to Honiara, Tarawa, Funafuti, and Vila when the WPA archives closed down m November 1978, but no decision has yet been reached on the few territorial records dealing wtih the New Hebrides, Tonga and Pitcairn which are held at Hayes

I should add that there is little prospect however of the WPHC records being transferred to Honiara in the immediate future, because there are various problems to be sorted out at both ends Not the least of these is the lack of a trained archivist m the National Archives to take care of the records (some of them already m a poor state of preservation) and to regulate access to them by members of the public In our view it would be irresponsible to release them m these circumstances

I t i s not clear from this l e t t e r whether the services described by Mr Berthoud are s t i l l avai lable through the Foreign and Commonwealth Library and Records Department Confusingly, the l e t t e r l i s t s the capi ta ls of the island states in one place and the old names of states in another with V i la (Vanuatu) in the f i r s t l i s t and New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) in the second I t .could mean that there are s t i l l some records for Vanuatu at Hayes, or perhaps i t is an er ror

With the growing interest in South Pacif ic studies in New Zealand, the prospect of the WPHC archives going to Honiara in the Solomons is not par t i cu la r ly inv i t ing although not quite as gloomy as the inconvenience of the present repository One could argue that Suva would be a more central location The dispersal of the WPA archives once so laboriously assembled may seem logical and l ega l , but is i t p rac t i ca l 7 This raises the same argument as over New Zealand's Provincial Council archives - should they not be returned from National Archives to the provincial centres in which they were generated (actual ly some have) Which comes f i r s t - l ega l i t y or convenience 7 I cannot see many people rushing of f to Tarawa, Funafut i , V i la or Honiara any more than to Hayes At least Suva is already a centre fo r Paci f ic studies with the F i j i National Archives (4200 metres, about the same as National Archives, Auckland), and Oceania Marist Arc-hives as well as the resources of the Univers i ty of the South Paci f ic

The solution from the user 's point of view l i es in microfilming and, for tunate ly , thanks to the one-time WPHC arch iv is t Bruce Τ Burne and s ta f f , th is has been done in part Dr Bout i l ie r records that they "undertook the massive project - with Austral ian and Islands aid - of microfilming a l l the WPHC f i l e s down to 1927" and he complains " the master negative microfilm copy of the WPHC records was remitted to the United Kingdom without the consent of the part ic ipants in the project"

Two former WPA a rch i v i s t s , Β Τ Burne and Ρ D Macdonald, also entered into the controversy which had been set of f in 1978 by S i r Guy Powles in an a r t i c l e in which he urged island governments to take steps to retain the archives in the Pacif ic before i t was too l a te , in which he stated, " no useful purpose is served by attempting to d is -c red i t the Foreign and Commonwealth Of f i ce , especia l ly since, as far as can be ascer-tained, i t never seems to have been asked to provide funds for a microfilming programme" Powles went on to say that the governments of the Gi lber t Islands (K i r i ba t i ) and of the Solomons had not made any attempt to acquire copies of the relevant microfi lms, perhaps because they were unaware of the microfilming programme, and concluded that the obvious solution of the problem of access was to complete the microfilming programme I think a l l w i l l agree that the i n i t i a t i v e fo r that w i l l have to come from th is part of the world

In spite of Dr Bou t i l i e r ' s remarks quoted above, two copies of the WPHC microfilms are held in New Zealand, one by the Alexander Turnbull L ibrary and one by the Univers i ty of Auckland Library According to Angela V iskov ic 's guide to the l e t t e r ' s microtext co l lec t ions , the inclusive dates are 1875 to 1925 The WPHC catalogue is included with the catalogue of microfilm of the Central Archives of F i j i which was published in 1970, before the demise of WPA as a repos i tory , so that the location of the WPHC archives as

12

noted therein is no longer cor rec t ly stated Librarians holding th is work are advised to make a correct ion

There is obviously a need for a more precise and author i tat ive account of the WPHC and WPA archives including the location of microfilm masters and copies in order to amplify the two pages of l i s t i ngs and helpful comments contained in Viskovic Perhaps i t i s j us t as well that New Zealand, in spite of being a sor t of downtown fo r many islanders and a source of aid and remittances, is not, so far as I am aware, involved in the agi tat ion for the return of the archives to the Paci f ic region, however desirable that would be from the point of view of the growing number of Paci f ic spec ia l -i s ts in New Zealand S i r Guy Powles, at that time (1978) on the s ta f f of Monash Un i -v e r s i t y , set out a strong appeal to stoo the transfer to B r i t a i n , but to no avai l The best that has been done, with the aid of the Austral ian and some islands governments, was the copying programme, which c r ies out f o r completion The Solomons appears to be the most l i k e l y candidate fo r the reception of the archives since the National Archives building i s , according to Dr Bou t i l i e r , "a structure intended as a worthy successor to the WPA in Suva", but i t is apparent that the necessary funding and staf f ing is lacking I t is not l i k e l y that the smaller states with the i r MIRAB economies are l i k e l y to afford to share in the financing of Solomon Islands National Archives on a scale to warrant the t ransfer So far as New Zealand is concerned, we contribute to the Aid in MIRAB, and we haven't even got a for-the-purpose National Archives bui lding of our own, and our supply of trained arch iv is ts i s stretched to the l im i t , so that we are in no posit ion to help Or are we7

The contoversy appears to have been abort ive although i t has served to vent i la te the problem - i f you read the Pacific islands Monthly Af ter a l l , something had been done before the controversy The Solomon Islands Government had erected a building designed to accommodate the WPHC archives but has not ye t seen f i t to grant the finance to provide the necessary services The United Kingdom Government was in no posi t ion to dictate to island governments, especial ly in the climate of devolution', as to what they should do with the i r archives, or to provide a repository in the South Paci f ic I t is fo r the successor states to decide what they do about the i r archives, and what use they make of Br i t i sh and other government aid The logical thing was done - to provide fo r safe keeping in the United Kingdom unt i l proper provision could be made for the handing over of the WPHC archives to one of the successor states under appropriate condi t ions, and at the same time to hand over the t e r r i t o r i a l archives to those states that wished to have them This is a case surely where the archival pr inc ip le of provenance has been observed, however absurd or annoying the effects may be from the point of view of the potential users

Frank Rogers Auckland

REFERENCES

Powles, Guy C ' Is lands Governments must act to keep Suva archives in the Pac i f i c ' Pacific Islands Monthly, vol 49, no 10, Sep 1978, ρ 77

Burne, Β Τ 'W Paci f ic Archives' PIM, vol 50, no 3, Mar 1979, ρ 6

Macdonald, P D 'W Paci f ic Archives ' PIM, vol 50, no 6, Jun 1979, pp 5-6

Bou t i l i e r , J ' L i t t l e short of a tragedy' PIM, vol 55, no 1, Jan 1984, pp 43-45

Berthoud, M S 'Fate of the WPHC Archives' PIM, vol 55, no 5, May 1984, ρ 9

Central Archives of Fiji and the Western Pacific High. Commission Catalogue of Micro-film Archives senes (mimeo) Suva, F i j i 1970

Rogers, Frank Archives New Zealand A directory of archives and manuscript reposi-tories m New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Tokelau, Tonga, and Western Samoa Auckland Archives Press, 1985

13

SOLIDERS' DEATHS/IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Usual ly , research into members of the armed forces requires a second-hand search through the personal records held by Base Records, Ministry of Defence, and the payment of a substantial fee af ter the f i r s t search National Archives holds some supplementary records - the o f f i c i a l printed embarkation r o l l s and casualty returns fo r instance A recent acquisi t ion of National Archives however duplicates much of the information on the personal records fo r those soldiers who were fatal casualt ies of the war

This new material is a series of 92 volumes of act ive service casualty forms (known as Army Book 16), which consist of two forms for each f a t a l i t y The forms are aranged in alphabetical order

The f i r s t form, Β 103, provides the following information

regiment or corps, and regimental number rank name date of enlistment term of service date of promotion to present rank/lance rank occupation record of service - providing for the date a report was received, a record

of promotions, reductions, t ransfers , casual t ies, and so on, during act ive service (and giv ing the source of the information), the place of a casualty and the date, and other remarks, taken from other o f f i c i a l documents

The second, form NZR 2, repeats some of t h i s , and may also add detai ls of marital status, date of b i r t h , height, weight, ha i r , eyes, complexion, r e l i g i o n , inoculat ions, place of b i r t h , and next-of-kin

Some of th is information was already avai lable at National Archives, but i t was sparser and more d i f f i c u l t to access The alphabetical embarkation r o l l s of the NZEF did not give detai ls of the movements of a so ld ier during his career, the casualty l i s t s did not give the grave loca t ion , Internal A f fa i r s ' f i l e s on overseas war graves may be incomplete

There are three fur ther points to note

1 The pages in the volumes are not always in s t r i c t alphabetical order There are also two sequences of the le t te rs W - Ζ

2 The returns do not seem to include the names of NZEF soldiers who transferred and were k i l l ed while in the Royal Flying Corps I t is possible that these missing returns were passed on to the Royal A i r Force in 1919 by NZEF head-quarters

3 The two forms were kept in springback fo lders , and th is poses problems for photocopying information At the moment, note-taking from the forms is the only a l ternat ive

The archives reference for these act ive service casualty records is AABK 519 There is no res t r i c t i on on public access to them

Nicola Frean National Archives Wellington

14

Regiment or Corps .

CASUALTY FORM—ACTIV E SERVICE.

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preeent rank )

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Namenoal position onj roll of NOOe J"

Re engaged

lUeacd oí Promotion ! Boduetion / Trmti i Oteulkl» * o during Activ e Bervie e " reporte d on Army For m  318 Army Form A SO or Id othe r Official Docon>«nt * The Authorit y t o be quote d i n Eeob C m

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1ST II I

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£»;<<* iViúA f «r s a õ o/ aw* 29/V 62 occuf » _ JELo.uim .iia» _5/éé_.-.wi -JJks t «air Gra y Eyes SLU9 Complex* F»lï ««/«ç J f M I ,. í /ioc/n; 2¿ A l í O /V1 Ô| Ë"/ × éé ÷â û üoKimio n Go.nv.all a Avenu e Sanean " Ã........ - -(Ifothex .

« « R E of Birth Jtatelflï . SaatlWr t —

BROMOTIONS. CASUALTIES. MOVEMENTS, Eta.

l uchad ton ex. Í Æ T o Overseas Ex <ldershot *

A α-ají γ Α*Ë.

ίβ Λ, g -

- f r - f t .

15

RECONSTRUCTING THE ORIGINS OF N .Z . LANDS MANAGEMENT

In New Zealand, as in most other countries colonised in the cause of the great European settlement expansion movements of the nineteenth century, the d is t r ibu t ion and ef fec t ive u t i l i sa t i on of land has been central to the nation's evolution With land the most readi ly avai lable local resource, and the prime colonial production fac tor , land ques-tions have inevi tably loomed large in o f f i c i a l l y promoted developmental strategies and in general public consciousness Yet , whereas land occupancy and use practices tend to be customary in long set t led countr ies, in the new te r r i t o r i es a fresh s tar t was required Pr ior t o , and a f te r , the ar r iva l of the f i r s t se t t le r echelons in New Zealand in 1840, several important needs existed f i r s t l y , a suf f ic ient stock of land to accommodate the se t t le rs had to be acquired, secondly, the land r ights of ind iv idua ls , general ly pur-chasers, had to be establ ished, and, t h i r d l y , these r ights had to be delineated in records and on the ground The respons ib i l i t y for meeting these needs f e l l essent ia l ly to the Crown, i n i t i a l l y to the Crown Colony administration and la te r to loca l ly -e lec ted legis latures To enable them to be met in a regulated fashion, i t became necessary to provide appropriate machinery on the one hand, prescribed procedures, embodying colonial land law and regulat ions, on the other, ins t i tu t ions to ensure that those laws and regulations were observed I t was in the context of the l a t te r that the present Department of Lands and Survey eventually developed

* * *

Though, at f i r s t , the duties of overseeing the order ly d is t r ibu t ion to set t le rs of what were euphemistically termed the 'waste lands' of New Zealand were entrusted to a range of ad hoc agencies and ind iv idua ls , within 20 years of the commencement of se t t l e -ment i t had become plain that a central co-ordinating body, and one with a capacity to expand i t s land stewardship funct ions, would be required While i t was not unt i l 1877 that the f i r s t t ru l y national Lands and Survey Departments were set up in New Zealand, and a fur ther f i f teen years elapsed before the separate departments were combined, there could be l i t t l e dispute that , by 1900, the uni f ied agency was New Zealand's pre-eminent lands settlement and management organ Moreover, in addit ion to i t s t radi t ional land brokerage and survey ro les , a range of new functions had been grafted on Agr icu l tu re , Forestry, Mines, Immigration and Tourism were a l l departments nurtured in the Lands and Survey o r b i t , while the department also engaged in sucn mult i farious ac t i v i t i es as independent road and bridge bui ld ing, scenery preservat ion, pioneer botanical and w i ld -l i f e studies, and other investigations of a more purely sc ien t i f i c character Given th is inherent d i v e r s i t y , and the c r i t i c a l importance of the department in the moulding of twentieth century New Zealand, as a researcher with long-standing interest in such matters, I l i t t l e hesitated when inv i ted , in late 1978, to undertake the research and wri t ing of a comprehensive o f f i c i a l h is tory of the department and i t s administrative forerunners

Announcing the commissioning of the h i s to ry , the then Minister of Lands described i t as "one of the most involved and in t r ica te h is tor ica l research projects" to be launched in the country While at the time appreciat ive, I nevertheless remained a l i t t l e blase' Equal ly, when a former academic colleague queried i f I rea l l y knew what I was le t t ing myself in f o r , suggesting that , i f properly executed, the result ing work "could amount to a major re- interpretat ion of New Zealand h i s t o r y " , I remained l i t t l e daunted I must now record my enhanced respect fo r the acumen of both Whether or not the f in ished history w i l l amount to a re- interpretat ion of New Zealand h is to ry , major or otherwise, must be l e f t to others to judge, but of the involved and in t r ica te nature of the research required, there can now be l i t t l e question That such would be the case became painfu l ly evident in establishing the f i r s t broad working guidelines I t soon became c lear , fo r instance, that the department could not be studied in a vacuum, that the charting of a changing establishment, together with l i s t s of past Directors-General and Surveyors-General, sprinkled with a few choice anecdotes, would be insuf f ic ien t No ef fect ive administrative organ is a s ta t ic body, and hence the evolution of the depart-ment must be constantly viewed against the background of New Zealand's evolving po l i t i ca l economy In other words, the growth and changing form of the department should be con-sidered a re f lec t ion of the requirements of the society which i t served Further, i f i t be acknowledged appropriate that the department, and i t s forerunners, be viewed as mechanisms created fo r the fu l f i l lment of a soc ie ty 's land management needs, i t was surely equally appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanisms in f u l f i l l i n g those needs I t was therefore resolved that the way in which the department, and i t s

16

forerunners, functioned, might most usefu l ly be seen as a quasi Toynbee-an example of 'Challenge, Response and Resu l t ' , challenge representing the or ig ins of lands manage-ment po l i c i es , response the i r creat ion, and resu l t the pol icy in act ion, with focus on the administering organ(s) providing the v i ta l connective l ink Within th is framework, research on the h is tory e f fec t i ve ly Commenced in ear ly 1979

* * *

Much of the f i r s t twelve months of research was devoted to extensive study of exist ing wr i t ings on New Zealand survey and land management matters L i t e r a l l y hundreds of books were perused, a wide range of journals searched for l i ke l y papers, and well over a hundred research theses examined Notes were extracted, card indexes compiled, and a range of insights secured Yet , while in i t s e l f worthwhile, the exercise raised more question marks than i t provided answers Moreover, a major problems'was presented While land questions have commonly been considered to be at the heart of the country 's economic, social and po l i t i ca l evolut ion, and especial ly so in the nineteenth century, there has been a disquieting d is inc l inat ion to base studies, e i ther spec ia l i s t or general, on sound research foundations Although New Zealand histor ians since Reeves have made bald pronouncements on the nature and shape of land occupance and u t i l i s a t i o n , the pr inc ip les involved and the resul ts accruing, too often the pronouncements have been founded on myths and misconceptions That the i n i t i a l facts are known has been pre-supposed The erroneous nature of th is viewpoint was soon demonstrated, i t becoming evident that most of the basic data upon which the h is tory would be based s t i l l rested re la t i ve l y untouched in the nat ion's archives and land o f f i ces , in more general reposi -tor ies both in New Zealand and overseas, and, in some cases, even in pr ivate hands There was l i t t l e a l ternat ive but to draw breath and commence a systematic search f o r , and o f , the extant primary materials, ι e , plan records, l e t t e r s , f i l e s , other o f f i c i a l documents, pr ivate papers, contemporary pamphlets and newspapers

In the concentration on primary sources, there have been fur ther ongoing research problems Given, on the one hand, the breadth of the topics to be covered, and, on the other, the almost complete absence of preliminary signposts, the road has necessari ly been long and winding, with not a few wrong turnings and consequent deadends Relat ive ly l i t t l e administrative h istory has yet been wri t ten in New Zealand, while many formerly compact bodies of records have been long dispersed An example may i l l us t ra te what th is means Who, fo r instance, administered land matters p r io r to the setting up of the General Crown Lands Off ice in 1858? A l i t t l e preliminary research, indeed more than a l i t t l e , revealed that there was no c lear-cut answer For the greater part of the 1840s this seemed to be the prerogative of the Colonial Secretary Yet a shor t - l i ved Auckland-based Land Off ice had been set up in 1844 At the same time, a shadowy o f f i c i a l , the C i v i l Secretary, appeared to assume certain land functions as the 1840s drew to a close Some deeper digging revealed that , in fac t , fo r much of the 1840s, respons ib i l i t y fo r lands administration had been delegated to the scattered agents of the New Zealand Company Further, in the mid-1850s the p lot thickened with the entry into the f ray of the various Provincial Governments To one simple question, several additional ones had been appended, and the search fo r answers had already involved the examination of many metres of documents, travel from Auckland to Dunedin, and extensive correspondence with archival reposi tor ies in Sydney and London While an out l ine of the answers f i n a l l y discerned must be deferred unt i l the h is tory is published, the i r foundation has been c losely akin to the piecing together of a series of overlapping jigsaw puzzles A l i t t l e information from here, a l i t t l e from there, and then a painstaking attempt to f i t the pieces together and to dist inguish the c r i t i c a l l inks between the various assemblages

Unfortunately, and much to chagrin of the h is to r ian , whose reactions in such circumstances may frequently resemble the f rust rat ions of the ch i ld jigsaw assembler, some of the pieces (items or bodies of h is tor ica l data), many apparently v i t a l , may have vanished without trace While Lands and Survey personnel over the years have proved re la t i ve l y far-s ighted in the preservation of the i r records, th is being in s t r ik ing con-t ras t to some other o f f i c i a l agencies, there have nevertheless been minor a t t r i t i ona l losses juxtaposed with major disasters The d i f f i c u l t i e s thereby posed may be instanced by experience in the course of preparing an interim paper on the Inspectorate of Surveys, an organisation set up in the mid-1860s I t took several months to ascertain that the Inspectorate, though charged with regulatory t r iangulat ion surveys, was, in fac t , an organ under the aegis of the Native Department, and even then the troubles had only begun The inte l l igence that almost a l l of the relevant papers fo r the period in

17

question had been destroyed in the Hope Gibbons f i r e of the early 1950s was a major blow Only the inwards correspondence registers of the Native Department had survived Yet from these i t was possible to bui ld up a working skeleton and, by discerning the corres-pondents, to work back into a wide range o f other groups of records s t i l l extant Even then, many gaps remained I t was, f o r example, only possible to determine the nature and s ize of the Inspectorate's s ta f f by a combing of the nominal r o l l s of the C i v i l Establishment published annually in the Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives f o r each year of the Inspectorate's l i f e The most i l luminating f ind of that time, however, was the co l lect ion of personal papers of a former senior s taf f member Percy Smith spent eight years with the Inspectorate From his d iar ies an account of the day-to-day ac t i v i t i e s of at least one part of the agency emerged To get th is information, however, some 50 diar ies had to be read Such experiences are by no means uncommon, having been repl icated many times over in the course of preparation of the o f f i c i a l h is tory The records of the General Crown Lands Off ice i t s e l f , the immediate ancestor of the 1876 Department of Lands, were also almost completely des-troyed in the Hope Gibbons f i r e , the surviving registers in the basement of the present head o f f i ce o f the Department of Lands and Survey being supplemented only by a few charred fragments salvaged by the National Archives In the result ing vo ice, the registers have provided the foundation fo r a fur ther reconstruction exercise

To of fset these tales of d isaster , however, i t should be noted that the researcher engaged in such work is occasionally byoyed by the completely unexpected, by days when the seemingly i r re t r ievab ly los t is found, or when the v i ta l l inks at las t became c lear As a summary of the ac t i v i t i e s of the Inspectorate of Surveys, the paper previously noted is adequate, no more Just eight months af ter completion, i t became possible to place f lesh on the bare bones when fossicking through records in the Auckland D i s t r i c t O f f i ce , s ix aged, leather bound books were happened upon Closer inspection revealed them to be the outward le t te rs of the Chief Inspector of Surveys' While two volumes remained, and continue to remain, missing, that par t icu lar invest igat ion was several steps nearer to a more sat is factory conclusion Twelve months la te r a most important map prepared by the Inspectorate was located, un ident i f ied, in the S i r John Hall Papers in the Turnbull L ibrary Later s t i l l , an equally crucial representation was discovered in the co l lect ion of Sydney's Mitchell L ibrary While the i n i t i a l paper s t i l l awaits re-working, the subsequently discovered material w i l l enable a much more rounded account to be eventually provided

From the foregoing i t w i l l be evident that the task of researching the department's h is tory has more c losely resembled that of a detective grubbing for clues than the stereotype of a gentleman scholar pondering a grand l i b ra ry exercise Already the searches have been prolonged beyond any ear ly ant ic ipat ion , stretching from ear ly 1979 to the present, with the exception of a 20-month leave-of-absence Much of the searching in the capital has been centred on the National Archives There, the f i l e s of more than 30 o f f i c i a l agencies (by estimate encompassing more than two hundred metres) have been studied, page by page examinations often proving necessary Smaller caches of o f f i c i a l records have been examined in designated reposi tor ies in both the North and South Islands The extensive s i f t ing of pr ivate papers in such research col lect ions as those of the Turnbull and Hocken L ib ra r ies , and others in smaller ins t i tu t ions and private hands, has been augmented by a careful search of nineteenth century newspapers held by the General Assembly L ibrary With the aid of occasional research assistants, a spec ia l is t index to some 28 separate t i t l e s has already been compiled In addition to sort ies into the ear ly records s t i l l held by head o f f i ce , research v i s i t s of varying length have been made to several d i s t r i c t o f f ices The v i s i t s to d i s t r i c t o f f ices have been amongst the most personally rewarding aspects of the enterprise so fa r I t i s d i f f i c u l t to convey the exul tat ion when turning up Chief Surveyor's letterbooks at Hokit ika, administration f i l e s from the 1870s at Nelson, or unsuspected Heaphy corres-pondence in Auckland A l l const i tute h i ther to obscured threads in the national h i s t o r i -cal tapestry That fur ther important discoveries yet remain to be made is cer ta in , and, at the same time, both daunting and tantal is ing

At the time of wri t ing (December 1985) a stage has been reached where the trans-formation of research f indings into text has commenced I n i t i a l l y i t was envisaged that the h is tory would be presented in two matching volumes, the f i r s t spanning the years

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from the commencement of European settlement t i l l the formation of a s ingle department in 1891 and the second carrying through from the la t te r date to the present day Lengthy re f lec t ion has suggested, however, that a three volume format might be more appropriate Under th is revised schema, Volume One w i l l focus on 'The beginnings of land management in New Zealand' , encompassing the years 1840-76 Within th is volume the resul ts w i l l be arranged both chronological ly and thematically For example, the f i r s t volume w i l l contain two main sections one, ent i t led 'Establ ishing ground r u l e s ' , covering the Crown Colony years (1840-1853), the other, 'Dispersed decision-making', out l in ing developments in the period of Provincial Government (1853-76) These d iv is ions have been suggested by the broad administrative arrangements pertaining Within each of the sect ions, chapters w i l l h ighl ight par t icu lar aspects of colonial lands administra-t ion To i l l us t ra te included amongst the chapter topics fo r the section dealing with the Crown Colonv years are 'Providing an appropriate regulatory framework' ( land pol icy and l e g i s l a t i o n ) , 'Under the Colonial Secretary 's administrative umbrella' (fashioning the organs of administrat ion), 'Securing the f i r s t settlement footholds' (lands ac-qu i s i t i on ) , 'Etching l ines in the landscape' (surveys by the Crown Colony Government), 'Accommodating small se t t l e r s , soldiers and squatters' (lands disposal and settlement), and so on Such broad themes, with any amendments and additions necessary, are followed through in the second section of Volume One I t is intended that they w i l l also provide the connecting filament with subsequent volumes Present planning is fo r Volume Two to span the years from 1876 to 1911 (the era of 'Lands fo r the people), with Volume Three carrying on the lands administration story to the 1980s Though much of the research material upon which the work w i l l be based has already been co l lec ted, at least with respect to Volume One, i t would nevertheless be unreal is t ic to ant icipate a complete re -treat by the wr i te r to a c lo is tered composing burrow in coming months I t is axiomatic in the wri t ing of h is tory that the most glar ing gaps only become obvious when pen is committed to paper Periodic re-emergences to seek out fur ther data may therefore be expected

With hindsight, even with the project as yet incomplete, might the compilation of the h is tory have been approached in a d i f ferent way7 This is a d i f f i c u l t question to answer There is a pressing need for author i tat ive background information relat ing to past and present procedures in lands management, land development, mapping, etc Further, there is a need, perhaps less pressing, to de-mythologise some accepted h i s t o r i -cal canons That the self-imposed research b r ie f has been wide-ranging is acknowledged - as is the fact that i t has taken a long time Yet few shortcuts are possible i f the

exercise is to be worthwhile What, then, can be expected from the protracted period of gestat ion 7 I t perhaps is easier to state what the h is tory w i l l not be I t w i l l not be a public relat ions exercise pure and simple History and glossy public relat ions are not necessari ly the same thing, as others have found to the i r cost In the course of research, two object ives have been in the foref ront of the w r i t e r ' s thinking f i r s t l y , the provision of a reference work of value to the department in i t s day-to-day operations and to others with spec ia l is t in te res ts , secondly, the wr i t ing of the work in such a s ty le as to a t t rac t a wider general readership The compatabil i ty, or otherwise, of those object ives remains to be ascertained What I w i l l be attempting, to the best of my a b i l i t y , w i l l be an honest 'warts and a l l ' appraisal of the department and i t s role in New Zealand's development

Β R Patterson Wellington

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A N A L E C T A

AUCKLAND BRANCH NEWS

On 8 March, th is branch is to meet at the Mt Eden Borough Council administration bui ld ing, for a tour and exhibi t ion of the Counci l 's archives The guides w i l l be Rachel L i l bu rn , the Local Authori t ies Advisory A rch i v i s t , who has recently com-pleted an archives project for the Counci l , and Karen Mul ler, a Council employee who has been given respons ib i l i t y for day-to-day management of the archives

The annual meeting of the branch w i l l be held at St Mary's Col lege, Ponsonby, at 4 30 pm on 29 Apr i l S is ter VeronicaDelaney w i l l be the hostess The meeting w i l l be followed by a v i s i t to the Archives of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Auckland, hosted by Father Simmons

GENEALOGISTS MEET IN AUCKLAND THIS YEAR

The 1986 annual meeting and convention of the New Zealand Society of Genealogists is scheduled fo r 14-16 March, at the Kingsgate Convention Centre in downtown Auckland An exhaustive and comprehensive programme is planned, ranging from sessions on research technique, to using newspapers as a genealo-gical source The keynote lec ture , on 'Auckland in the 1880s', w i l l be del ivered by Professor Russell Stone of Auckland Univers i ty A total of well over 500 members of the Society are expected to reg is ter fo r the convention

PUBLIC ARCHIVES MOVE TO NEW HOME

Pressure of repository space at the Auckland Museum l i b r a r y , and the expansion of a c t i v i t y by National Archives in the Auckland region, have resulted in the public archives pre-v iously housed in the Museum being trans-ferred to the regional o f f ice of National Archives Included in the move are archives of Hobson and Hokianga counties, Paeroa Warden's Court, and the Auckland Hospital Board

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR Ν A R Τ

The new chairman of the Northern Archives and Records Trust Board is Mr Ian Bullock, a bar r i s te r and Mt Eden borough counci l lors He replaces Jolyon F i r t h , the founder of the Trust and chairman fo r the past f i ve years The Trust has recently branched out to launch a consultancy service fo r business firms requiring archival assistance or evaluation Narelle Scol lay has joined the Trust as Business A rch i v i s t , a f ter completing the archives diploma in New South Wales in 1985 Trust involvement in local government archives

continues unabated Since the service was established about eighteen months ago, more than twenty archives projects have-been com-pleted f o r local government in the Auckland area, ranging from establishment of archives procedures for on-going implementation, to large scale evaluations of records and arc-hives problems and options fo r counci ls

The Local Authori t ies Advisory Arch iv i s t (Rachel L i lburn) is a s ta f f member of National Archives, attached to the Auckland Regional Of f i ce , but working on secondment to the Northern Archives Trust on a contractual , cost-recovery, basis

NATIONAL ARCHIVES STAFF NEWS

Mark Stevens, Regional Arch iv is t in Auckland, has been appointed Senior A rch iv i s t (Reference) and w i l l t ransfer from Auckland to Wellington in early May Cheryl Campbell is now working in Auckland, part-t ime, on a contract to arrange and describe the archives of the Lands and Survey Department, and the courts of j us t i ce , in the National Archives Regional Off ice

Mark and Ruth Stoddart have returned from a year ' s study leave at the Un ivers i ty of New South Wales, where both successful ly com-pleted the postgraduate Diploma in Informa-tion Management (Archives Administration) Ken Scadden, cartographic a r c h i v i s t , has jus t l e f t to undertake the same course th is year

Advertised vacancies which are expected to be f i l l e d short ly are Regional A r ch i v i s t , Auckland, Arrangement and Description A rch i v i s t , Appraisal A r ch i v i s t , Conservator, Conservation Technician

CENSUS PAPERS TO BE SAVED

The Department of S ta t i s t i cs plans to pre-serve the scheules completed by every New Zealander, f o r every second census, beginning with 1966 The paper records w i l l be micro-filmed for permanent preservat ion, and filming the 1966 census has already been completed The intention is to release the records for general research, af ter 100 years, a r es t r i c -t ion broadly in l ine with international practice

This development was revealed at a press conference recent ly , by the Government Sta t is -t i c i a n , Mr Steve Kuzmicich, who c i ted ' a rch i -val law' (presumably the Archives Act) as the reason for the decision

Auckland star, 17 February 1986

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SECURITY FILE MAY HAVE LEAKED

Police have begun an invest igat ion into how an extreme right-wing group in Dunedin may have obtained access to information from a top-secret f i l e The group, which ca l l s i t s e l f the Senate, and which operates in secrecy, has published a detai led f i l e on a well known Dunedin peace and ant i - tour ac t i v i s t Apparently, the information is in the same form as dossiers held by the police criminal intel l igence sect ion, which ex-changes information with the SIS The Prime Minister has refused a request,from the Council fo r C i v i l L ibe r t i es , f o r a government inquiry into the a f fa i r

New Zealand Times, 2 February 1986

PHILIPPINES PRESIDENT A WAR HERO OR NOT'

Records recently made public by the United States National Archives include reports com-pi led short ly af ter the war, disputing President Marcos's claims that he was a hero in the guer i l la war against the Japanese, 1942-44 Marcos has twenty-seven campaign medals, and his authorised biography, pub-l ished in 1982, dwelt extensively on his war-time career However, a US Army report from 1948 says that the guer i l l a group he claims to have l ed , never ex is ted , and that Marcos's wartime claims were fraudulent

New Zealand Herald, 25 January 1986

VOCAL ARCHIVE

Under th is t i t l e , the Listener has printed a l e t te r from Jim Su l l i van , of the Radio NZ Sound Archive, chiding a reviewer for using the word 'archives' to carry a derogatory meaning Brett Ri ley had suggested that some broadcast items were ' re legated' to the archives as 'h is to r ica l artefacts Jim preferred 'promoted', and pointed out that archives, unlike museums, are not in the business of col lect ing artefacts Congratu-la t ions , Jim, on a timely protest ARANZ members should always be quick to correct obvious misapprehensions about archives, that they encounter A p i ty the listene r wasn't flooded with le t te rs

New Zealand Listener, 8 February 1986

BURTON BROTHERS PHOTOGRAPHS TO BE PRESERVED

The Minister of Internal Af fa i rs has announced that $330,000 w i l l be al located over the next s ix years, for the conservation and preserva-t ion of the Burton Brothers' co l lec t ion of glass-plate photographic negatives The co l lec t ion has been housed in the Dominion Museum since 1943, in grossly inadequate condi t ions, which together with continued use for the production of p r i n t s , has led to

considerable deter iorat ion fo r many of the plates Al f red Burton systematically photo-graphed aspects of New Zealand and the Pacif ic Is lands, mainly during the 1870s, and the col lect ion consti tutes a major h is tor ica l and ethnographic record of the times

The money now al located w i l l be used to provide appropriate storage materials, and a control led environment fo r the p la tes, and to develop a computerised reg is t ra t ion sys-tem which i t is envisaged w i l l set new standards for public access to the co l lec t ion

Taranaki Daily News, 4 January 1986

NEW REFERENCE BOOKS

The State Services Commission has published a revised edit ion of the Directory of official information, which supercedes the 1983 or ig inal The Directory is produced pursuant to the Of f i c ia l Information Act 1983, (s 20), which directs the SSC to compile a publica-t ion describing the structure and functions of government agencies subject to the Act , and out l ining the categories of information they hold I n i t i a l impressions of the 1985 Directory are that , at leas t , the index, unsatisfactory las t time, has been great ly improved One hopes the improvement w i l l apply to the entr ies for agencies, also

A fourth edit ion Of the Parliamentar y Recor d by V 0 Wilson, has also appeared, bringing i t s currency up to the Lange ministry and 1984 Unfortunately, records of the Provincial Counci ls, and some other cate-gories of information previously included, are omitted Party a f f i l i a t i o n of MPs are now included in the r o l l of members

Both volumes are avai lable from Government Bookshops, the Directory for $35 00, the Parliamentary Record f o r $27 50

NEWS FROM THE FILM ARCHIVE

In 1983 i t was discovered that the NZ High Commission in London was holding a large co l lect ion of New Zealand f i lms, not only pr in ts but also negatives of material which has been processed by laboratories in London A l l th is f i lm has now been returned to the New Zealand Film Archive, in a consignment weighing over ha l f a tonne There is more than hal f a mi l l ion feet of f i lm - over 400 t i t l e s , in the accession, making i t one of the largest the Archive has ever received

The Film Archive is also accessioning a n c i l -lary archives to the fi lms themselves The recent accession from Aardvark Films, for example, included many props (such as Smith's p is to l from sleeping Dogs), sc r ip ts , artwork,

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location repor ts , and s t i l l s Film scores have also been deposited

The Paci f ic Film Archive, at Berkeley, Ca l i f o rn ia , hosted a three-week season of New Zealand f i lms, presented las t September by the New Zealand Film Archive Included in 37 fi lms presented were the short t i t l e s col lected together as Films of the Tangata whenua, revealing aspects of Maori l i f e , c u l -ture and events since 1920 This co l lec t ion was presented at the New Zealand f i lm archive season by Witarina Har r is , kaumatua fo r the Film Archive

In i t s submission to the Royal Commission on Broadcasting, the Film Archive recommended that the New Zealand content o f .Te lev is ion New Zealand's broadcasts be permanently pre-served, and accessible for research and study I t also suggested that the New Zealand Film Archive should be responsible for the pre-servation and access to a l l New Zealand-pro-duced te lev i s ion , in an operation complemen-tary to the work being carr ied out by the TVNZ production and news l i b ra r ies

New Zealand Film Archive Newsletter #13, December 1985

IALGAL FORMED

The International Association of Lesbian & Gay Archives and L ibrar ies (IALGAL) has been formed following the International lesbian and gay h is tory conference, Sex and the State the i r laws, our l i v e s , held in Toronto on 3-7 Ju l y 1985 The Lesbian & Gay Rights Resource Centre (P 0 Box 11-695, Wellington) has joined IALGAL

A newsletter is being prepared for IALGAL by the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Histor ical Society (SFBAGLHS, Box 2107, San Francisco, Cal i forn ia 94126, USA) and an international d i rectory is being prepared by Alan V Mi l l e r of the Canadian Gay Archives in Toronto, hosts of the 1985 conference (Canadian Gay Archives, Box 639, Station A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1G1) Some 76 lesbian and gay archives and l i b ra r ies are now known to ex i s t in at least f i f teen countries

The Canadian Lesbian and Gay History Network was also formed at the Toronto Conference, and has j us t published i t s f i r s t newsletter which describes the research interests of members and an i n i t i a l source l i s t " fo r the exploration of lesbian/gay h is tor ies in English-speaking Canada" by Gary Kinsman The newsletter is avai lable from Canadian Gay Archives with a membership subscription at C$10 00

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE STOLEN

Viewers of the te lev is ion programme "Scarecrow and Mrs King" on 13 February were treated to the rare experience of seeing archives used as part of the p lo t o f th is popular prime-time drama None other than the U S Declaration of Independence was replaced with a forgery and stolen from the National Archives in Washington by an expert document restorer whose ha l f - s i s t e r was being held by te r ro r i s t s

Needless to say the p lot was fo i l ed at the las t minute - par t ly by the document restorer himself (who was, af ter a l l , a good guy ) , who d idn ' t make the switch, and par t l y by the standard team of heroes (No, the "Agency" people, not the a r c h i v i s t s 1 )

T ITO'S ARCHIVES DEEMED PUBLIC

The Yugoslav Parliament has leg is la ted that a l l objects presented to the late Marshal T i t o "as a token of esteem" during his 35 years as Yugoslav leader are deemed publ ic property

T i t o ' s archives, along with g i f t s he had received, hunting trophies, his a r t co l lec -t ion and "other ob jec ts" , are said by the Yugoslav news agency, Tanjug, to be covered

The leg is la t ion counters a move by T i t o ' s widow (Jovanka Broz) to claim a vast array of T i t o ' s "personal e f fec ts " , including a country house, a vineyard and an orchard on the Adr ia t ic island of Vango, cars , boats, coaches and horses, medals and decorations, paint ings, and other objects "of inestimable cul tural and h is tor ica l value" T i t o died in 1980, aged 87, and had a well-known love of luxury

The Press (Chr is tchurch) , 30 December 1985

ACCESS TO HOSPITAL BOARD RECORDS

The Nurses' Society has cal led for hospital boards to be placed on the l i s t of organisa-tions covered by the Of f i c ia l Information Act In rep ly , a Just ice Department senior legal adviser indicated that such a l eg i s l a t i ve change was hoped for la ter th is year (Such a change could give hospital board records, and those of the emerging area health boards, the status of public records )

Evening Post, 11 February 1986

DECLASSIFIED U S ARCHIVES TILT AT LABOUR MPs

Recently declassi f ied material in the United States National Archives contain reports from

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the U S Embassy in Wellington during the 1950s on several Labour po l i t i c ians including Warren Freer, Martyn Finlay and B i l l Anderton (Roger Douglas' grandfather) A naive view of communism and the i r l e f t i s t stance were a recurring theme in the c r i t i c a l reports sent to Washington

Evening post, 20 February 1986

Gal lery has In a recent newspaper a r t i c l e , the Chief Librar ian (Jim Traue) indicated the differences in managing the co l lec t ion I t is not on show much of i t is not ' a r t ' but rather a descr ipt ive record of a bygone era The Turnbul l ' s way of sharing th is material is to publish i t Each year the Turnbul l 's Endowment Trust t r i es to publish a series of pr ints taken from paintings and photographs

PAINTINGS IN THE ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY E y e n i n g ^ n F e b n j a r y l g 8 6

The Turnbul l ' s co l lec t ion of 40,000 drawings and paintings is more than the National Art

ARCHIFACTS FORUM

Dear Forum,

What do I do? I am the librarian at Í The Council has passed on to me four boxes of material relating to our local history material gathered by several researchers towards a pamphlet on local (council and other) history Included are photographs (un-ordered) , newspaper cuttings, drafts of articles/chapters, notes from interviews with old people, borough council forms, posters, copies of district schemes and pamphlets

Dear Reader,

DON'T PANIC1 You are probably overworked already Record the fact that you have the material, and know where you have put i t (See the Forum column in Archifacts, 1985/1, fo r detai ls of an accessions reg is ter and location guide ) Decide whether to r isk le t t ing anyone use i t before you are able to process i t completely, and record your decision (The divine r igh t of kings has not been replaced by a divine r ight of h is -torians to use a l l documents immediately ) Check that i t i s in reasonably stable physi-cal condition ( i e not damp, no act ive mould or insects, and preferably not in highly acidic wrappers) You can now leave i t fo r weeks, months or even years i f necessary

To give precise instruct ions on more detai led processing would be foo l ish without f i r s t seeing the material involved and knowing a b i t more about i t s context I shall therefore of fer some options depending on par t icu lar questions which you can answer fo r yoursel f from your knowledge of the co l lect ion

By the way, do you hold the rest of the Counci l 's arch ives 7 From your descript ion of the boxes' contents, they seem to be part of the Counci l 's records, compiled for the Council by "several researchers" and held by the Council before being passed on to you Therefore these items ought properly to be held by the ins t i tu t ion responsible for a l l the archives of the Council For the rest of th is column, I shall assume your l i b ra ry is that i ns t i t u t i on , but i f i t is not, the best thing you could do would be to pass the boxes and contents on to the r igh t place ( I f the Council has made no such prov is ion, you might use the opportunity to prompt i t to appropriate action )

From your descript ion i t is d i f f i c u l t to t e l l whether there is any order at a l l to the material You mention d i f ferent types of item (e g photographs, newspaper c l ipp ings , e t c ) , are these already separated from each other, or are they a l l together in a mess7

I f they seem to be a l l together in a mess, is the mess perhaps in at least vague chrono-logical order, or perhaps separated by geographical l o c a l i t y , or by some sort of reference numbers or alphabetical sequence7 I t is unusual for there to be no order at a l l - a f ter a l l , how did the person or people using the material f ind anything when they wanted i t 7

I f the photographs, newspaper c l ipp ings , drafts of a r t i c les and chapters, interview notes, borough council forms, e tc , are already separated from each other, th is arrangement should be followed by you when you look a t , l i s t and box the material I f there is a chrono-l og i ca l , geographical or other system of arrangement, you should keep i t S imi la r ly , i f

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the items col lected by one researcher were kept separate from items col lected by another researcher, you should continue to keep them separate

I f you can f ind no order at a l l , your safest course is to keep everything as you f i n d i t a t least unt i l you can l i s t i t care fu l ly To do t h i s , give every item a unique number ( in penc i l , in square brackets) as you take i t out of the box You can l i s t the items as they are, or you may choose to arrange the items into what seems the most sensi-ble order f i r s t and then l i s t them in th is order (but with the numbers you f i r s t gave them, as cross-references) This makes i t possible to re t r ieve the or ig inal order ( o r , more accurately, disorder) should i t prove necessary at any time to do so This may save you from disaster i f , fo r instance, Mr Jones, now l i v ing in Timbuktu, was one of the researchers and knew that his notes and photographs were kept separate from those of Mr Brown, and offers to ident i fy a l l the people and places in his photographs i f you send him copies of those photographs (You can perhaps f ind one of his draf t a r t i c l e s , and then use your or ig inal l i s t - or cross-references to or ig inal numbers - to ident i fy photo-graphs that you received in the same box but subsequently mixed in with photographs from other boxes )

Preserving the or ig inal order also happens to be part of "good archival pract ice" as expounded by theor ists and experienced pract i t ioners al ike

I f you hold the Counci l 's other archives, these items w i l l be described as part of the whole co l lect ion You w i l l need to decide whether to make them one or several "ser ies" This w i l l depend on several th ings, including the items' arrangement and, indeed, what you plan to ca l l an "item" I f the photographs are separate from the news-paper c l ipp ings , e tc , e tc , each category might well be a separate series I f you have a single chronological sequence, however, i t w i l l const i tute a single series I f each researcher's records are separate, these might const i tute the separate series I f there is no discernib le order and you have imposed one, you might ca l l the whole l o t a s ingle series (as there were no c lear ly separate sequences within i t ) I f time is short or the individual documents are not worth describing in d e t a i l , you may put several documents together into a single "item) e g , in a chronological arrangement, you may put a l l the documents before 1880 into one fo lder , a l l those 1880-1900 into another fo lder , and so on Each fo lder then consti tutes an "item", which simpl i f ies your l i s t i ng task but decreases your control over users' care of individual documents In such an instance, the item may be described in the inventory as "Records and notes re Ν 's h i s to ry , 1880-1900", but in your job f i l e you w i l l note that the item contained documents 1-12, 22-24, and 35-43 (the numbers you gave them as they came out of the box) I f i t proves practicable and in accordance with the or ig ina! order to put the photographs into one fo lder , the newspaper cl ippings into another, and so on, each fo lder becoming one "i tem", you can thereby end up with a single series for the whole co l lect ion The items within each series w i l l be l i s ted in an inventory fo r researchers to use, in accordance with your standard practice in dealing with your archives holdings The inventory w i l l per-haps include information such as a l i s t of the old people interviewed (See Kay Sanderson's a r t i c l e in Archifacts, 1985/4, for more on th is theme )

By now you w i l l have real ised that there are many facets to an answer to your question I have scarcely mentioned conservation considerations or appraisal Unless a high proportion of the co l lec t ion consists of duplicate or t r i v i a l mater ial , i t is probably not worth spending a great deal of time deciding what to keep and what to des-t r oy , four boxes is not a great quantity in any case Most l i ke l y candidates f o r destruction would be the council forms and copies of d i s t r i c t schemes and pamphlets, but you would need to check these against the master series in the Counci l 's archives (yes , there should be master sets of such th ings, but i t would be a mistake to take the i r existence fo r granted) The newspaper cutt ings would be better photocopied onto standard-sized paper, but i f they are loose, undated cut t ings, the or ig ina ls may of fer more clues as to the i r o r ig in ( In such an instance, do not spend a great deal of time t ry ing to work out what they are A serious researcher on the subject i s l i ke l y to have a better idea than you of the approximate dates, or even to f ind the items in f i l e copies of the newspapers, and a less dedicated researcher is unl ikely to care very much )

This column does not have enough space for a more detai led rep ly , and there are iome points not covered at a l l There are four basic points I would make in conclusion F i r s t l y , make sure someone else can understand what you have done in dealing with the co l lec t ion A job f i l e is one way to record your workings in a somewhat order ly manner As in document repai r , your work should be revers ib le Secondly, do not pretend to knowledge you do not have I f you are unsure about the dates of an item, or the

25

ident i fy of an individual in a photograph, or the author of a draf t a r t i c l e , indicate th is in your inventory T h i r d l y , l e t other people know you hold the material You may perhaps use a nominal/subject catalogue, Archifacts accessions l i s t , and a National Register of Archives and Manuscripts ent ry , as well as your more detai led inventory of the co l lect ion (Remember to give the Council some documentation so i t too knows you hold i t s archives and can refer enquirers to you ) F ina l l y , and balancing my th i rd point above, do not l e t people use material they ought not to Check that copyright questions are covered adequately, and that ( fo r instance) you keep the notes of the interview with e lder ly Mrs Black confidential unt i l 1999 because that is what the in te r -viewer promised when the interview occurred

I f you have a fu r ther , speci f ic question relat ing to th is co l lec t ion (or another), or want more detai ls on some aspect, do wri te again

* * * * *

Archifacts Forum is a place for discussion of technical matters m archives management questions and problems that arise, and people's responses to them If you have a question, or would like to offer some thoughts on what has been written above, write to Archifacts Forum , 41 Fenwick Crescent, Hamilton (Please sign your letter, but feel free to indicate whether or not you want your name published )

ANZ BANK — NEW ZEALAND' S FIRST

In 1840 John Smith opened a branch of the Union Bank of Australia forerunner to ANZ Bank, at the New Zealand Company's settlement of Britannia

ANZ Bank Archives has an unbroken senes of historical material beginning with John Smith s signature book

Access for research can be arranged by contacting

The Archivist ANZ Banking Group (New Zealand) Limited Ñ O Box 1492 WELLINGTO N

Telephone 738-622

4 W

A « n n B A NK

26

B O O K R E V I E W S

Ruth Fry It's different for daughters a history of the curriculum for girls m New Zealand schools 1900-1975 Wellington New Zealand Council for Education Research, 1985 v m , 216p

His tor ians, educationalists and general readers^can t rus t th is book The research has been thorough, parameters are indicated, references, bibliography and Index have been care fu l ly prepared Information is given from a c lear but not too obtrusive perspect ive, and in a very readable s ty le

Mrs Fry has found that the curriculum i t s e l f has not been so very d i f fe rent for g i r l s and boys The difference comes with the expectations of society and therefore of schools as to the roles that women should f i l l And the roles have been changing ever since the f i r s t women students entered our un ivers i t ies (the author backtracks s u f f i c i -ent ly into that period) Thus the emphases have been cont inual ly changing as to how long women should stay at school, what subjects they should take, the extent to which they should part ic ipate in physical education, and so on

Battles have been fought One of the most in terest ing, involving people with expert ise in medicine rather than education, is chronicled in the chapter 'To the i n f i n i t e betterment of the race' Here Truby King and F C Batchelor campaign to keep women f i t fo r maternity by rendering them academically un f i t , while a sensible modern stand is taken by Emily Siedeberg and Agnes Bennett

Likewise fascinating is the chapter 'Maori g i r l s at school 1 wherein i t i s shown how Maori g i r l s were moulded fo r the kinds of l i ves the educational hierarchy considered they would have before them

The only s ign i f icant way in which the curriculum for g i r l s and boys di f fered was in the introduction of Home Science fo r g i r l s In her section 'Learn to keep house', the author wri tes pos i t i ve ly about the Otago School of Home Science and i t s dist inguished professors, Winifred Boyes-Smith, Gertrude Helen Rawson and Ann Gi lchr is t -Strong The school has had a profound influence in raising both the standards and status of home-keeping which should not be overlooked these days when domestic occupations (mostly un-paid) have suffered another period of denigration

it's different for daughter makes me once again impressed with the contr ibut ion of the many dedicated and b r i l l i a n t women teachers who followed th is profession when few others were open to them In my opinion they were the main car r ie rs of the ideas and ideals which inspired the women's franchise movement of the 1890s

Like so many good h i s to r i es , th is one leaves me with a strong sense of unfinished business Much has happened since 1975, and many issues are s t i l l with us Mrs Fry has done her job well The next chapters are up to others

Els ie Locke Christchurch

The police and the 1981 tour, edited by Malcolm McKinnon, Peter McPhee and Jock Ph i l l i ps Wellington Univers i ty of Well ington, 1985 52p

The po l i ce , agents of c i v i l order, w i l l usual ly represent the status quo Too of ten, however, policemen have been accredited with the att i tudes and po l i t i ca l persuasions of the status quo by those who have challenged i t s stance Most accounts of the Waihi s t r i ke , for example, imply that the pol ice were a pervading and monolithic force opposed to the ideals of the s t r i ke rs , and that they created an industr ia l martyr by batoning one to death Certainly the Commissioner of the day held strong views and was determined that the s t r ike should fa i l , 1 y e t , in 1913, most constables were of working class o r i g i n , and i t was in that year that the i r attempts to form a pol ice union were subverted They would have had more sympathy with the s t r i ke rs , the i r fami l ies, and the i r cause than i t is possib le, now, to appreciate In events of th is kind, the pol ice have played a major, at times a dominant, role To ignore pol ice att i tudes is to r isk unsubstantiated in fe r -ence of pol ice motivation, and incomplete or fau l ty analysis In her 'Survey of pol ice a t t i tudes ' to the 1981 Springbok tour , one of the two contributions in The police and

27

the 1981 tour, Louise Greig expands the h is tor ica l parameters of a notable event in New Zealand's h is tory to include a detai led study of what motivated one of i t s pr incipal protagonists

Police opinion on the tour was never uniformly react ionary, as has been implied by some wr i ters I t is interest ing to see jus t how individual at t i tudes towards both demonstrators and the pol ice leadership was moulded by events and pressures under which police members operated The survey i t s e l f , though employing proven techniques, has not been able to eliminate a l l inherent drawbacks Some police members resented the methods used by post-tour internal inquiry teams, and refused to complete surveys because the i r completion was recommended by the pol ice hierarchy Others refused to collaborate with a un ivers i ty whose att i tudes were perceived as 'pro-demonstrator' and thus 'an t i -po l i ce ' These problems were unavoidable But Ms Gre ig 's methodology is flawed more ser iously by the deliberate loading of the sample in favour of ranking police o f f icers Unless the i r opinions are typical of the sample, and I am sure that they are not, th is loading works only to create a s ta t i s t i ca l bias in favour of o f f i cers This bias may explain in part why so few repl ies were received from policewomen, only four of whom responded Ms Greig 's explanation that th is re f lec ts the predominantly male composition of the pol ice is inadequate, f o r , in a f u l l y representative sample, six times as many responses could have been expected from women Ranking pol ice o f f icers comprise 4 6 percent of pol ice strength, ye t they produced 24 6 percent of responses I t is s ign i f icant that there were no women in th is group

Nevertheless, the survey has much of value and interest in i t The discussion of the Hamilton game and i t s repercussions, of po l ice att i tudes towards the game of rugby (which many policemen p lay ) , to the tour, towards demonstrators, and towards the i r own leaders should dispel many myths There is valuable information on the ways in which pol ice members reacted to what they saw as h o s t i l i t y directed at them Ms Gre ig 's analysis is restra ined, perhaps del iberate ly so, scrupulously ob ject ive, and, in my opinion, sound The a r t i c l e is important source material The police are more than jus t dramatic agents As a body they are a dimension jus t i f y ing separate study

In the second contr ibut ion to th is work, Ά report on Molesworth S t r e e t 1 , Rachel Barrowman writes with purpose and verve in an attempt to determine what happened in Molesworth St reet , and why She writes eloquently and with sympathy of the ideals and aspirations of COST on 29 Ju ly 1981, and of the reactions of i t s members to the i r batt le with the police But the fact that she took part in the incident as a protestor has c lear ly blinded her to ob jec t i v i t y

Although Ms Barrowman's research methods are sound, I struggle at times to under-stand her logic She describes in detai l the events at Hamilton on 25 J u l y , and then deduces, a prion, that these events explain those at Molesworth Street The l ink is tenuous, though less so than her implication that the Molesworth Street con f l i c t occurred as the police extracted some sort of 'macho' sat isfact ion for the humiliation that they had suffered at Hamilton Nevertheless, there is su f f ic ien t information here to explain plausibly the events at Molesworth St reet , with further analysis

Police strategy at a demonstration or protest can loosely be termed ' reac t ive ' or 'pre-empt ive' 2 Most pol ice departments abandoned the use of ' reac t i ve ' strategies long before the end of the Vietnam War To allow protestors to break the law by occupying an embassy, for example, and then react and remove them inevi tably provoked v io lent clashes between the part ies Reaction may s t i l l be suf f ic ien t in a passive si tuat ion such as a street march where there is no con f l i c t of in te res t , nothing to pre-empt Marches down Lambton Quay, Queen St reet , and F i f th Avenue scarcely ever end in violence But whenever a demonstration is directed against a speci f ic locat ion, the police have no a l ternat ive but to act in a 'pre-emptive' manner Pre-emption assumes the deployment of staf f in su f f ic ien t numbers to ef fect a purpose, and the arb i t rary determination of a point beyond which protestors w i l l not be allowed Tact ical considerations demand that this point w i l l be su f f i c ien t l y in advance of the target to allow the police to re-group or deploy reserve units should;their f ront l ine be breached I t is naive to expect otherwise Having made the decision to pre-empt the protest march on 29 Ju ly 1981 on the South Afr ican consulate, and block Molesworth Street jus t beyond Aitken Street , i t i s again naive to expect that an attempt to breach that l ine would be other than resisted fo rc ib ly

This in i t s e l f could have explained the violence But there is another factor

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Police tact ics were flawed The diagram on page 24 shows police l ines drawn in Moles-worth Street j us t beyond Aitken Street Any body of demonstrators approaching pol ice l ines could veer o f f H i l l Street to avoid confrontation But the batoning occurred be-fore the marchers reached H i l l Street For some reason the pol ice l ine moved forward The f ront ranks of the protest had nowhere to go There was no escape route, and force from behind would have prevented the f ront ranks of demonstrators from retreat ing Whether the police l ine moved because of a lapse in d isc ip l ine or poor tact ics is i r re levant Because i t moved, the clash was unavoidable

No doubt many policemen did feel h o s t i l i t y and humiliation af ter the cancel lat ion of the Hamilton game, but Ms Barrowman's argument that th is explains Molesworth Street is s impl is t ic and unconvincing A clash at Molesworth Street seems to have been inev i t -able and, in the circumstances, would have occurred even had the Hamilton game been played Rather than see the incident as the attempt of a bunch of semi-trained po l ice-men to obtain revenge for the loss of the i r 'macho' image, i t might have been better for Ms Barrowman to look at the intransigence and naivety of demonstration organisers and the inadequate tact ics of pol ice commanders

Michael Meyrick Auckland

é R J Campbell, 'The role of the police during the Waihi s t r ike some new evidence' , in Political studies, 1974, XXVI, 2

2 c f Michael Meyrick, 'Pol ice and p ro tes t ' , unpublished research essay, Auckland, 1984, ρ 69 f f

David Mackay In the wake of Cook exploration, science and empire, 1780-1801 Wellington V ic to r ia Univers i ty Press, 1985 216p $39 95

This book has had a long voyage to port In 1969 David Mackay wrote an a r t i c l e in the New Zealand journal of history on the ' rediscovery ' of the southern oceans by Britons in search of whale f isher ies and convict bases The following year the author gained a Ph D at London Un ivers i t y , his d issertat ion concerning 'Explorat ion and the economic development of empire, 1782-1798, with special reference to the ac t i v i t i es of S i r Joseph Banks' The New Zealand journal of history carr ied an account, in 1974, of William B l igh 's breadfrui t voyages in 1974 A 1978 conference paper, Ά presiding genius of explorat ion Banks, Cook and empire, 1767-1808', was published in Jame s Cook and his times, and foreshadowed the main themes of t h i s , Mackay's f i r s t major book

The author's mastery of the complex, scattered and mult i farious documentation of that patron, promoter, 'administrator and entrepreneur' of la te 18th century science, that ubiquitous and inf luent ia l 'dissemination point for sc ien t i f i c ideas ' , S i r Joseph Banks, F R S , has been well-known to Cook scholars for the las t decade-and-a-half Nevertheless, he has been bold in attempting a wide contextual study of the 'Cooklegacy'

The real focal point of the book is Banks, not Cook, who is cal led up essent ia l ly only as the 'model' master arranger of successful sc ien t i f i c 'empir ical ' voyages of discovery into remote parts from which, from the 1780s on, men might hope safely to return Banks became the 'custodian of the Cook model, the general repository o f a l l the surviving and accumulated knowledge and experience which the great navigator had bequeathed to the world ' Wielding an immense influence on the king from the centre of his 'botanical impenum', Kew Gardens, upon successive Br i t i sh governments, and colonial ones, too, Banks had the ear of the East India policy-makers, and fo r over 50 years was v i r t u a l l y unassailable as 'a one-man departure of sc ien t i f i c and industr ia l research, to be consulted on prac t ica l l y a l l matters relat ing to science, exploration and the colonies ' He is an 18th century colossus who s t i l l awaits a de f in i t i ve biographer

Mackay takes us through the multi-faceted and sometimes i l l -conceived attempts to cap i ta l ise on Cook's discoveries These included the blundering e f for ts of fu r traders on the North Paci f ic coast of Canada, which culminated in the 'Nootka c r i s i s ' of 1790-91, the Vancouver voyage of 1791-95, and a government's reluctant involvement in a non-tradi t ional sphere of influence where Russians (and then Americans) could do and did do so much better B l igh , one of Cook's more accomplished t ra inees, d i d , i t i s t rue , succeed with his t ransfer of breadfrui t from Tahi t i to the West Indies Banks master-minded

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Mathew Fl inders ' expedition of 1801-03, and arranged industr ia l and botanical espionage in India so that high qual i ty cotton seeds (and other plants) might pass through his hands to allow growers in the West Indies to produce f ine raw cotton fo r hungry Lancashire mi l ls and r is ing rapacious indus t r ia l i s ts Mackay concedes that Banks was essent ia l ly a promoter of 'an unbridled mercanti l ism', wherein imperial se l f -su f f i c iency and Br i t i sh interests at home were paramount He supported the bankrupt, tot ter ing and ine f f i c ien t East India Company in i t s ef for ts to take plants native to China and South America, and establ ish them in India where the i r cu l t i va t ion would benefit the home country

Not a l l Banks' excursions into u t i l i t a r i a n acclimatisation were immediately successful Botanists in the f i e l d were sometimes exploited by loca ls , forgotten by governments, or simply unequal to impossible tasks Plants did not always acclimatise To restore his c r e d i b i l i t y and that of his many scattered proteges, Banks had often to plead for these f i e l d sc ient is ts and bail them out

Despite Banks' persistent (and sometimes s c i e n t i f i c a l l y suspect) e f for ts ' to shuffle resources from one sector to another to make up d e f i c i t s , or to promote e f f i c i -ency ' , his agents and government o f f i c i a l s often l e t him down 'Those who were sa i l ing in the wake of Cook were not comforming to a coherent government plan, but more commonly buttressing imperial s t ructures, stopping gaps, or pursuing individual opportunit ies fo r p r o f i t ' 1 A famil iar l a i ssez - fa i re do- i t -yourse l f colonial h i s to ry ' I t was, in other words, expediency, not systematic planning which spawned the 'Second Empire' a f ter the loss of the American colonies Mackey's long-overdue book convincingly refutes the theory of some imperial h istor ians that the Br i t i sh Empire af ter 1763 was the resu l t of 'coherent and logical po l i cy '

I f ind Mackay's argument that a conscious, systematic, empirical and u t i l i t a r i a n philosophy of science underpinned a l l th is a c t i v i t y less convincing Science was what sc ient is ts d id , not what the 'Baconian t rad i t i on ' required or the Banksian master had instructed Some sc ient is ts went out d is interestedly to advance, qua l i ta t i ve ly or quantat ively, the bounds of knowledge Some sought reward, some fame, and a few were motivated by the i r own plain professionalism Banks was sometimes j us t the vehic le and paymaster, a necessary personage in an age of sycophantic patronage, but an imposing f igure nevertheless

This book is based upon widely scattered and often obscure archival sources V ic to r ia Univers i ty of Wellington graduates have contributed much to Cook studies John Beaglehole and Aver i l Lysaught have f igured s ign i f i can t l y in Mackay's research and development Since both honoured Banks so warmly they would f ind in th is c r i t i c a l study of the Lincolnshire patron of science and empire much to ponder and admire The pr ice , however good the text and production, is steep for so thin a book

Michael Ε Hoare Wellington

Brian Mackrell Halley's comet over new Zealand Auckland Reed Methuen, 1985 172p $19 95

As you read this i t is l i ke l y that the New Zealand media, i f not the general populace, w i l l , af ter a 75 year l u l l , be in the gr ip of Hal ley 's comet mania In March-April 1986 Hal ley 's comet, a phenomenon ( technica l ly an 'appar i t ion ' ) recorded regular ly and omi-nously by most c i v i l i z a t i o n s fo r over two thousand years, w i l l be 63 mi l l ion kilometres from the earth, a long way in our terms, but a short distance when compared with such space measurements as ' l i g h t years '

Halley i t s e l f i s , admittedly, no l ight-weight The eminent sc ien t i s t Ian Axford estimates the comet's nucleus ' to be about the s ize of Mt Cook' The vast ly increased acceleration of the comet in the rush towards the sun brings i t into contact with the 200-400 kilometre per second blast of solar winds within the heliosphere The f r i c t iona l results are the comet 'coma', often several hundreds of thousands of kilometres across, and the ' t a i l s ' which can at ta in lengths of over 200 mi l l ion kilometres L i t t l e wonder then that ea r l i e r societ ies ( including the New Zealand of 1910) viewed Hal ley 's 76-year cycle of return with dread and a sort of doomsday awe

Brian Mackrell 's book attempts several not easi ly compatible tasks I t is f i r s t l y

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a layman's primer on the h istory of cometry science and the theory, nature and l i f e of comets The author looks at the argument that cometry science's highest purpose is to understand 'the f i r s t pr imit ive l i f e ' of our universe He also turns to the suggestion that 'comets may have brought l i f e -g i v i ng vo la t i l es such as water and carbon compounds to the infant e a r t h ' , and that, by studying comets, we may f ind that we are examining 'the atoms of which we ourselves are made'

Elsewhere Mackrell examines the sa te l l i t e research which takes place th is year , which, hopeful ly , w i l l see resolved some of the long-standing mysteries of Ha l ley 's comet World-wide taxpayers (who foot the colossal space research b i l l s ) and histor ians of science w i l l be pleased with the news that 'the space agencies of American, Japan, Europe and the Soviet Union have worked c losely together on the i r Halley missions, with an open exchange of sc ien t i f i c data and ideas so that each probe assists and comple-ments the work of the others '

Edmond Hal ley, tracker and predictor of the comet named af ter him at the 1682 appar i t ion, worked at the very centre of the seventeenth-century r ise to pre-eminence of the mathematical and physical sciences Associate of Newton and edi tor of his Principia, he was, for a l l his b r i l l i a n c e , an outspoken and truculent fe l low Incon-gruously (and provocatively as a c i v i l i a n ) he commanded a naval geophysical expedition to the North and South At lant ic in 1698-99, and led the intense European interest in southern astronomy This was to a t t rac t many eminent 's targazers ' to South A f r i c a , Aust ra l ia , and, belatedly, New Zealand

In one chapter, Mackrell gives us a resume of Ha l ley 's career His sources may not be the most academically author i ta t ive, but then th is book is more 'popular ' science than academic h istory For local histor ians and arch iv is ts the book's greatest merit l i es in the f i ve chapters devoted to the hi therto l i t t le-known records and work of the 'comet-catchers' or astronomers of 1910, who observed Hal ley 's comet from New Zealand These observers included the 'remarkable' (a word Mackrell overworks) Reverend Dr David Kennedy and his co-workers at the Society of Mary Seminary at Meeanee, Hawke's Bay, John Grigg of Thames Joseph Ward of Wanganui, and Charles J Westland of Cheviot Published here for the f i r s t time are some excel lent photographs of Hal ley 's comet and other phenomena taken by these pioneers with the i r extremely pr imi t ive apparatus

As Mackrell admits, the ' de f in i t i ve h is tory of New Zealand astronomy has yet to be wr i t ten ' This work, based upon extensive interviewing of over s i x t y New Zealanders who viewed the comet in 1910, upon the personal peprs and astronomical logs of several individual astronomers, and upon extensive newspaper and photograph research, points the way towards such a h is tory

The index is simple but workable The many quotations are, however, not referenced by footnotes or by any other method The researcher who follows w i l l have to traverse much of the same ground again Notwithstanding these c r i t i c i sms , Brian Mackrell has wr i t ten a very useful l i t t l e book to celebrate Ha l ley 's return

From our standpoint, the decision of the International Halley Watch (IHW), 'an international network of sc ient is ts and experienced amateur observers ' , to deposit the i r mult i far ious data and records to form the Halley Archive is encouraging indeed I t is 'expected to be [ the] largest co l lec t ion of information produced on a single comet' Some 'a rch ive ' indeed 1

Michael Ε Hoare Wellington

Robert Muldoon The New Zealand economy a personal view Auckland Endeavour Press, 1985 191p $24 95

S i r Robert 's la tes t l i t e r a r y venture is substant ia l ly d i f ferent to his ea r l i e r books These described po l i t i ca l events and personal i t ies This has a f irm l i ne of argument Despite the author's fond hope, i t is unl ikely to be used as a 'textbook' Nevertheless, i t does contain refreshingly c lear statements of t radi t ional economic pr inc ip les which can be set against the 'Rogernomics' of the leaders of the Labour Party, and the 'super-Rogernomics' of those who now dominate the National Party

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The theme of the book is that government economic intervention has been a major force in New Zealand's development, and that , given the small s ize and vu lnerab i l i t y of our economy, such intervention must continue Understandably, the author concentrates on the las t 25 years, a period in which he was ei ther in power or reasonably close to i t In terms of his thesis th is is unfortunate, as the inter-war decades and even those of the late nineteenth century furnish many examples of government intervention to protect the interests of the ordinary New Zealander

The f i r s t chapter covers the period up unt i l 1945 in fewer than nine pages While S i r Robert gives some instances to support his argument and highl ights some interest ing aspects of the country 's early development, i t is far too short to do jus t i ce to i t s subject

The chapter covering the years 1945-60 reveals a t ru l y mellow Muldoon He shows sympathy for the f i r s t Labour Government in i t s attempts to cope with post-war problems The slogans, though not the personal i t ies, of the National Opposition are treated with a degree of cynicism Perhaps the experience of running a country in economic c r i s i s has modified the 'Young Tu rk ' s ' perceptions Mellowness is also evident in the two chapters on the ear ly 1960s Analyses of budgets and trade s ta t i s t i cs are interspersed with general observations which cut across party l ines At one point the author agrees in retrospect with a c r i t i c i sm level led by Norman Kirk at a National Budget But th is is f i t t i n g , 'Big Norm' and ' L i t t l e Rob' had much more in common than ei ther would have admitted, though Kirk was more extreme in his re ject ion of the 'Treasury view' which his successors espouse In a la te r chapter, Muldoon b r i e f l y t e l l s the sad story of the 1972-75 Labour Government, and in a moderate, almost sympathetic, tone

At times, the master po l i t i c ian seems rather coy about the relat ionship between po l i t i ca l considerations and economic decisions In dealing with the or ig ins of the 'Growth s t ra tegy ' , fo r instance, the influence of the 'second o i l shock' is stressed But what about the 'e lectoral shock' of 19787 To say i t 'suggested that the res t ra in t that was imposed generally during those years was not universal ly popular' is a remark-able understatement Borrowing fo r growth was a p o l i t i c a l l y and personally sat isfy ing a l ternat ive to continued def lat ion or 'borrow and hope' Reference to a 'conscious decis ion' to maintain l i v ing standards by overseas borrowing unt i l the new strategy paid of f (borrow and be l ieve 7 ) also needs to be more precisely dated and related to po l i t i c s

A more serious fau l t is the lack of a chapter bringing together the conclusions As i t i s , these tend to be scattered throughout the work The appendices have a p o l i -t i ca l purpose, but are valuable because they bring together and summarise technical information in a very readable form

S i r Robert wri tes books not only remarkably quickly but also remarkably well His prose is always c lear , words care fu l ly chosen, sentences and paragraphs linked There is much less humour than in his previous works, but apt i l l us t ra t ions generally keep the text flowing There are a number of proof-reading e r ro rs , but production and lay-out is otherwise very polished

This book is an important contr ibut ion to the debate over New Zealand's economic development

James Watson Christchurch

Merv Wellington New Zealand education m crisis Auckland Endeavour Press, 1985 159p $19 95

Mr Wellington's book might well have been cal led 'My way', had not his former leader pre-empted that t i t l e John Graham's foreword says that i t is 'not an apology or even a personal j u s t i f i c a t i o n ' There are cer ta in ly few apologies here, but Mr Well ington's purpose is to explain why he did what he did as Minister of Education, and to speak for himself, not through the media at which he takes so many incidental swipes

l His s ty le is c r i s p , d i rec t , and, on occasion, quite eloquent The book is well

organised into f i f teen short chapters, each focusing on par t icu lar issues, sets of ins t i tu t ions , or batt les over resources I t g ives, ove ra l l , a pret ty comprehensive account, from the author's perspect ive, of his six years as a minister And i t is very much Mr Well ington's perspect ive, his preferences and pre-occupations are made very c lear , e i ther inc identa l ly or by design

32

Mr Wellington does not much l ike ' l o b b y i s t s ' , most leaders of state teachers' organisat ions, l i be ra l s , rad ica ls , feminists, the Dominion , the Committee fo r the De-fence of Secular Education, the Johnson Committee and i t s report , and Treasury o f f i c i a l s with 'excessively academic' views He approves of teachers who keep the i r heads down and so ld ier on, pr ivate schools and the teachers in them, organised sport in schools, school music, hard work in pursuit o f 'excel lence' in education, loyal and e f f i c i en t public servants, and, mter alia, Dame Whina Cooper, Bishop Mackey, John Graham, and S i r Robert Muldoon

Mr Well ington's world seems very black and white 'Rad ica l ' , fo r example, is always an epi thet , but his own suggestions that teacher training should be cut from three years to two is not, of course, ' r ad i ca l ' Again, those who came to him seeking more money for state schools and teachers are label led ' imper ia l i s ts ' and 'resource grabbers ' , but the pr ivate schools which came cap m hand are spared such abuse Mr Well ington, indeed, notes happily that his meetings with pr ivate school organisations were ' t o t a l l y devoid of the suspic ion, rancour, and bit terness which the State-based unions invar iably brought to the t a b l e ' , and he recounts with some sat is fact ion how he was able to persuade Cabinet to spend more on pr ivate and integrating schools

For Mr Well ington, however, there is no inconsistency here, no paradox One of the s t r ik ing features of the book is the general absence of perplexi ty About the only things the author professes to be puzzled over are the greed and ingrat i tude of some people His own v is ion of 'excel lence' in education does not s t r ike him as problematical, and is l e f t unexamined What, then, would Mr Wellington want to see ? There i s a great deal of reference to t radi t ions and the way things used to be, but that does not mean that he is the absolute reactionary his c r i t i c s so often made him out to be He speaks enthusiast ical ly of computers in secondary schools, t rans i t ion to work programmes, the development of the technical i ns t i tu tes , and technological courses and research in the un ive rs i t i es , and he can claim a good deal of c red i t fo r some of these

Mr Wellington is eloquent in his s t r ic tures against those who would use the school system to advance the i r own po l i t i ca l views He writes 'The batt le for young minds continues Our formal education system has become the scene of warfare between r i va l ideologies' Elsewhere he comments 'There are some in prominent posit ions who are obsessed with education as a socia l is ing tool and who seek to mould the curriculum accordingly ' He does not mean to include himself here, but I think his book c lea r l y puts him among such persons

I f ever a book were destined to get a mixed reaction th is is i t Mr Well ington's c r i t i c s w i l l see the i r darkest suspicions confirmed, his admirers w i l l think a l l the better of him This is the f i r s t account by a New Zealand Minister of Education of his term in o f f i ce I t comes to us fresh), and is useful f o r that reason The general reader w i l l f i nd i t a good, a lbe i t very personal, account of th is period of our educa-t ional h is tory Education-watchers w i l l also f ind much of in terest in i t , plus some s tu f f to raise the eyebrows Mr Well ington's refusal to speak to an NZUSA representa-t i v e , and his announcement that the representative was a communist, were wel l -publ ic ised at the time, but one is surprised to learn that the minister also discussed the matter with the head of the Security Intel l igence Service The present Chairman of the Univers i ty Grants Committee w i l l probably not be happy to see in pr in t that he was offered the job af ter others, named here, turned i t down

There are some minor errors For example, the President of the New Zealand Educa-t ional Ins t i tu te whom Mr Wellington praises is Lex Familton, not Rex Hamilton The most confusing mistake, however, is on page 75 This gives a table which Mr Wellington says is a reproduction of one from a press release on the Johnson Report But i t i s n ' t That table contained a mistake which has been quiet ly corrected here This table l i s t s two d i f ferent sets of f igures as i f they referred to the same thing and i t has a sub-heading in the wrong place Otherwise the book is well-produced There are some c lea r , interest ing photographs, and the only glaring misprint is slap on the back cover where the author becomes 'Weiington'

Mr Wellington did not have an easy job How many of his d i f f i c u l t i e s were of his own making th is book w i l l help the reader judge I am glad he wrote i t , and would wel -come one from a Labour minister to put beside i t

Col in McGeorge Univers i ty of Canterbury

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ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY

BARLOW, Peter Will iam, d 1889 Journal of a voyage to New Zealand, 1883 92p Photocopy

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BUCKLAND, Kate (Webber) Reminiscences of her marriage to A C Buckland, a mining engineer, in 1903, and her subse-quent l i f e in isolated mining camps at Wet Jacket Arm, Dusky Sound, and Deep Stream, Central Otago, 1952 4 folders

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CHURCHES Education Commission Further records, 1954-75 3v RESTRICTED

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