Archea and Eubacteria

• Archea KingdomAll prokaryotic single celled organisms. No Peptidoglycan in cell wall Most ancient and extremeThey live in the harshest environmentsMethanogens (anaerobic),

thermoacidophiles (hot) and halophiles (salty)

• Eubacteria KingdomTrue bacteria, all prokaryotic single celledHave Peptidoglycan in cell wallClassified by their shape and gram staining

Shapes and Examples

• Sphere- Cocci, can occur in chains Streptococcus Pneumoniae which can cause strep throat or Scarlet fever, or grapelike clusters Staphylococcus aureus which can cause skin infections and Toxic Shock syndrome

• Rod- Bacillus ex Escherichia coli (E.coli), Lactobacilli which can cause tooth decay or one strain makes Sourdough bread, other bacilli can cause botulism, typhoid fever, and anthrax

• Spiral- Spirilla comes in 3 shapes 1. Vibro which is curved caused Cholera, 2. Spirillum (thick spiral), and 3. Spirochete (thin spiral) ex. Treponema pallidum causes Syphilis and another strain can cause Lyme disease

Essential Bacteria: ecosystems depend on these small organisms

• Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic/producers, building blocks of most aquatic food webs

• Nitrogen- Fixing Bacteria- symbiotic relationship with plants, they help them absorb nitrogen from the soil.

• Helpful: fermentation, digestion, biotechnology, nitrogen fixing, decomposers, oxygen producers

• Antibiotics kill bacteria by destroying the cell wall, gram negative have an extra lipid layer that prevents the antibiotics from entering the cell.

Review of BacteriaAll bacteria:• Reproduce asexually• Single celled• Have cell wall• Single strand of DNA

Some Bacteria:• Autotrophic • Heterotrophic• Some move by flagella,

slime, spiral motion• Some produce endospores

which allow them to go dormant during hostile conditions

• Some produce toxins

Kingdom Protista

• Kingdom of Mostly single celled organisms• Categorized by their likeness to 3 other

kingdoms• All Eukaryotic some Autotrophic and some

Heterotrophic

Algae- Plant like Protist• Algae or Plant-like, Autotrophic, classified by pigment

with no cell wall, come form elaborate colonies and multicellular structures (kelp and seaweed)

• Chrysophyta- Golden Algae ex diatoms• Pyrrophyta- bioluminescent/glow

ex. Dinoflagellates• Euglenaphyta- ex Euglena• Rhodophyta- red• Phaeophyta- brown, seaweed and kelp• Chlorophyta- green, ex Volvox, Spirogyra

Images of algae

• Volvox• Spirogyra• Red algae• Seaweed• Kelp• Diatoms

Protozoa or Animal like ProtistProtozoa or Animal-like, classified by mode of movement• Sarcodina ex. Amoeba- move by pseudopodia

“false foot”• Ciliophora ex Paramecium- move by cilia, tiny hairs• Zoomastigina ex Trypanosoma (African Sleeping

Sickness) moves by flagella

• Sporozoa, are the parasitic animal like protista, include Plasmodium which causes Malaria

Images of Protozoa

• Amoeba• Paramecium• Trypanosoma

Fungus-like Protista• Fungus-like are all Heterotrophic

with no cell wall, absorbing nutrients directly through cell membrane

• Include Plasmodium or Slime Molds and Downy Mildews

Kingdom Fungi

• All Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs (saprotrophs or detrivores living off dead and decaying organisms or decomposers), cell wall made of chitin (type of protein), and classified by reproductive structures.

• Mycoses is the term for Fungal Infection, Fungus destroys the cells around the infection site, to fight fungal infection you have to destroy the cell wall

• Fungi are important part of an ecosystem because they recycle nutrients/ decomposers

Classifications of Fungi • Club Fungi – Basidiomycota , Basidia, ex Mushrooms• Sac Fungi- Ascomycota, Asci, ex. Truffles,

Morels,Yeast, and Athletes Foot Fungus• Zygote Fungi – Zygomycota, Sporangia, ex. Bread

molds• Imperfect- Deuteromycota, reproduce asexually, ex

Penicillian• Lichen- Mycophycophyta, symbiotic relationship

between fungus and photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria or algae.

Images of Fungi