archaeological excavations of the print house building, slave … · 2016-04-13 · archaeological...

Archaeological Excavations of the Print House Building,

Slave Quarter Site (18ST1-14), St. Mary’s City, Maryland

Timothy B. Riordan

Silas D. Hurry

with contributions by

Katherine Cavallo Sara Rivers Cofield

Historic St. Mary’s City 30 May 2015

Cover Photo: Reconstruction of the Print House shortly after construction.

Archaeological Excavations of the Print House Building,

Slave Quarter Site (18ST1-14), St. Mary’s City, Maryland

Timothy B. Riordan Silas D. Hurry

with contributions by

Katherine Cavallo Sara Rivers Cofield

Historic St. Mary’s City 30 May 2015

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Table of Contents List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………... iii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………….…… v Foreword and Acknowledgements ………….……………………………………….vi Dedication …………………………………….………….……………………...……vii Section 1 - Introduction ……………..……………………………………………… 1

Location and Physical Description ……………………………………...… 1 Historical Overview…..……………………………………………………… 3 Structural History of Smith’s Townland Tract…………………… 5 William Nuthead in St. Mary’s City ………………………………. 7 Previous Archaeological Work ………………………………………...….. 9

Section 2 - Research Design ………………….…………………………………….. 10

Research Goals ……………………………………………………………… 10 Excavation Summary ………………………………………………………. 12 Methods ……………………………………………………………………... 12

Section 3 – Excavation Results ……………….……………….……………...…… 14

Site Stratigraphy .………………………………………………………..….. 14 Ground Surface in the 17th Century ……………………….………….…… 16 Main Building ……………………………………………………..………… 18

Description of Structural Posts .……………………….…….…..…. 19 Other Features ……………………………………….…...….……… 28 Artifacts in the Structural Features …………………….……..…… 29 Summary of the Main Building Architecture …………..…….…… 30

Timber-Framed Chimney ………………………………………….………. 33 Artifacts in the Chimney Features ………………………………… 40 Architecture of the Chimney ………………………………….…… 41

South Shed …………………………………………………………………... 43 Phase I Shed Post Holes ………………………………………….… 43 Phase II Shed Post Holes …………………………………….…….. 50 Other Features Associated with the Shed ………………….……... 53 Artifacts in the Shed Features …………………………….………. 58 Architecture of the Shed ………………………………..…………. 60

Landscape Features Associated with the Print House …………………… 61

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Section 4 - General Findings of Artifact Analysis ………………………………… 70 Ceramic Sample …………………………………………………………….. 70 Ceramic Distributions …………………………………….………… 71 Ceramic Vessel Analysis ……………………………………………. 78 Individual Vessels …………………………………………………... 83 Conclusions from Ceramic Vessel Analysis ………………………. 94 White Clay Pipes ……………………………………………………………. 94 Bowl Chronology …………………………………………………… 97 Marks ………………………………………………………………... 99 Decorations ………………………………………………………… 101 Window Lead ……………………………………………………………… 103 Type I Window Leads …………………………………………….. 103 Type II Window Leads …………………………………………… 104 Type III-A and Type III-B Window Leads ……………………… 104 Printing Type ……………………………………………………………… 106

Section 5 – Artifactual Analysis of Structural Features ………………………… 114

Artifacts in Structural Posts ……………………………………………… 114 Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Plaster ………………. 114 Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Daub. ………………… 115 Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Mortars ……………... 118 Artifacts in Structural Post Molds ……………………………………….. 118 Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Plaster ………... 118 Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Daub ………….. 121 Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Mortars ………. 121 Artifacts in the Chimney Features ……………………………………….. 125 Artifacts in Chimney Posts ……………………………………….. 125 Artifacts in Chimney Post Molds ………………………………… 127 Artifacts in Fireback ……………………………………………… 128 Artifacts in South Shed Features ………………………………………… 129 Artifacts in Shed Posts, Phase I ………………………………….. 129 Architectural Debris in the Shed Phase I Post Holes …………… 130 Artifacts in Shed Phase I Post Molds ……………………………. 130 Architectural Debris in the Shed Phase I Post Molds. ………….. 130 Artifacts in Shed Posts Phase II/III ……………………………… 131 Artifacts in Shed Post Molds Phase II/III ………………………. 133 Architectural Debris in Shed Phase II/III Post Molds …………. 133 Artifacts in Timber Molds ……………………………………….. 134 Architectural Debris in Shed Timber Molds …………………… 137 Artifacts in Shell and construction Ditch ……………………….. 137

Section 6 – Summary and Conclusions ………………………………………….. 140 References Cited ……………………………….…………………………………... 143

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List of Figures Figure 1.—Map of the Slave Quarter Site. …………………………..…………………. 2 Figure 2.—Undated Photograph of the Slave Quarter Site …………...………………. 5 Figure 3.—Van Sweringen’s Public Compensation Relative to the Country’s House …….………………………………………………...7 Figure 4.—Typical Profile of Soils on the Slave Quarter Site, Unit 318 ……………. 15 Figure 5.—Overall Photograph of Features on the Slave Quarter Site …………..….. 17 Figure 6.—Map of 17th-Century Architectural Features …………………………...… 18 Figure 7.—Profile of Feature 580 T, View North …………………………………..…. 20 Figure 8.—Profile of Feature 611 S, View North ……………………………………… 21 Figure 9.—Profile of Feature 612 N, View North …………………………………..…. 23 Figure 10.—Profile of Feature 639 T, View North. …………………………………… 24 Figure 11.—Photograph of Feature 641 T, Post Mold and Hole, View South ….…… 25 Figure 12.—Profile of Feature 641 T, View North ……………………………….…… 26 Figure 13.—Profile of Feature 672 N, View North ……………………………….…… 27 Figure 14.—Profile of Feature 612 W, View West ………………………………..…… 29 Figure 15.—Plan View of Major Posts in the Main Structure ……………………...…31 Figure 16.—Plan View of Features Associated with the Timber Chimney ……..…… 34 Figure 17.—Profiles of Timber Chimney Post Holes and Molds ………………..…… 36 Figure 18.—Photograph of the Chimney Posts and Fireback, View West ………...… 39 Figure 19.—Evolution of the South Shed …………………………………………..….. 44 Figure 20.—Profile of Feature 550 T, View West ………………………………...…… 45 Figure 21.—Profile of Features 581 S and BB, View West ………………………..…. 47 Figure 22.—Profile of Feature 582 Y, View East …………………………………..…. 48 Figure 23.—Profile of Feature 582 W, View East …………………………………...… 49 Figure 24.—Profile of Feature 550 W, View North ……………………………..……. 51 Figure 25.—Profile of Feature 583 R, View West …...................................................... 52 Figure 26.—Detail of Phase III Shed Features …………………………………..……. 53 Figure 27.—Profiles of East Construction Trench …………………………………..... 54 Figure 28.—Profile of West Construction Trench and Related Features, View West …………………………………………….. 55 Figure 29.—Plan View of Landscape Features …………………………………….…. 62 Figure 30.—Profile of Shell Filled Pit, Unit 576, View East ………………………..… 65 Figure 31.—Profile of Oyster Shell Pit, Unit 1463, View South ……………………... 68 Figure 32.—Temporally Diagnostic Ceramics from the Slave Quarter Site ………… 71 Figure 33.—Sample of Excavated units Used in Distributional Mapping …………... 72 Figure 34.—Distribution of Tin Glazed Earthenware ………………………………... 73 Figure 35.—Distribution of North Devon Gravel Tempered Earthenware ……….… 73 Figure 36.—Distribution of North Devon Sgraffito Earthenware ………….…………75 Figure 37.—Distribution of Rhenish Stoneware with Purple Decoration ….………... 75 Figure 38.—Distribution of Early Staffordshire Slipware …………………….……… 76 Figure 39.—Distribution of Manganese Mottled Earthenware ………………………. 76 Figure 40.—Distribution of English Brown Stoneware ……………………..…………77 Figure 41.—Distribution of Höhr Stoneware ………………………………………..… 77 Figure 42.—Ceramic Vessel Functions ……………………………………………….... 80

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Figure 43.—Vessel Mean Dates …................................................................................... 80 Figure 44.—Vessel Mean Dates Grouped by Decade ………………………………,... 82 Figure 45.—Vessel Ware Types ………………………………………………..………. 83 Figure 46.—Profile View of ST1-14-462P/AG ………………………………...………. 83 Figure 47.—Wan Li Plate Sherds (ST1-14-462P/AG) ………………………..………. 84 Figure 48.—Sherds from Porringer (ST1-14-462N/AJ) ……………………….……... 85 Figure 49.—Profile Drawing of ST1-14-462N/AJ ..……………………………….…... 85 Figure 50.—Possible Portuguese Tin Glazed (ST1-14-488F/AA) ….…………….…... 86 Figure 51.—Possible Tin Glazed Lid (ST1-14-630P/AA) ..…………………………… 86 Figure 52.—Profile View of ST1-14-630P/AA …………….………………………….. 87 Figure 53.—Tin Glazed (ST1-14-583P/AA), “What” Sherd …….…………………… 87 Figure 54.—Tin Glazed Vessel (ST1-14-609L/AE) …………………………………… 88 Figure 55.—North Devon Sgraffito (ST1-14-615K/AA) ……………………………... 88 Figure 56.—Morgan Jones Comparisons, Print House Examples on Right ……….. 89 Figure 57.—Vessel Usage at Comparative Sites, by Median Date ….……………….. 91 Figure 58.—Vessel Usage at the Ordinaries …………………………………….…….. 92 Figure 59.—Food and Beverage Vessel Percentages ………………………….……… 92 Figure 60.—Service and Storage/Prep Vessel Percentages ………………………….. 93 Figure 61.—Beverage, Food and Hygiene (x10) Vessels ……………………………... 93 Figure 62.—Pipe Bore Diameter Distribution ………………………………………... 95 Figure 63.—Pipe Bore Diameter Distribution (.2 mm) ………………………………. 96 Figure 64.—Pipe Bowl Shapes ……………………………………………………….… 98 Figure 65.—Pipe Marks …………………………………………………………….…. 100 Figure 66.—Pipe Decorations ……………………………………………………….… 102 Figure 67.—Type Measurement Locations ……………………………………….….. 106 Figure 68.—Distribution of Recovered Printing Type …………………………….… 107 Figure 69.—Sizes of Printing Type According to Moxon (1683) …………………… 109 Figure 70.—Scatterplot, Height to Paper versus Body size of Printing Type ……... 110 Figure 71.—Detail of Major Cluster ……………………………………………….…. 111 Figure 72.—Lead Alloy Analysis ………………………………………………….….. 112 Figure 73.—Printing type, lower case “d” and upper case “C” ...…………................113 Figure 74.—White Plaster in Initial Structural Post Holes …..................................... 116 Figure 75.—Brown Plaster in Initial Structural Post Holes …………………….…... 116 Figure 76.—Brown Plaster with Finish Coat in Initial Structural Post Holes ….…. 117 Figure 77.—Daub in Initial Structural Post Holes …………….…………………….. 117 Figure 78.—Bedding Mortar in Initial Structural Post Holes. ……………………… 119 Figure 79.—Total Shell Mortar in Initial Structural Post Holes ……….……………119 Figure 80.—White Plaster in Initial Structural Post Molds ……….………………... 122 Figure 81.—Brown Plaster in Initial Structural Post Molds ………..………………. 122 Figure 82.—Brown Plaster with white Plaster Initial Structural Post Molds ……… 123 Figure 83.—Daub in Initial Structural Post Molds ………………………………….. 123 Figure 84.—Bedding Mortar in Initial Structural Post Molds ……………………… 124 Figure 85.—Shell Mortar in Initial Structural Post Molds …………………………. 124 Figure 86.—Mortar with Brick Dust and Loam in Initial Structural Post Molds … 125 Figure 87.—Pierced Half-Groat Coin …………………………………..…………….. 138

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List of Tables 1. Summary of Post Hole Data ………………………………………………….…. 19 2. Artifacts from Structural Contexts …………….………………………………. 30 3. Summary of Chimney Post Hole Data ………………………….……………… 33 4. Materials Recovered From Chimney Contexts ……….……………………….. 40 5. Summary of Shed Post Hole Data ……………….………………………………43 6. Materials From South Shed Contexts …………….……………………………. 59 7. Material from West Shell Feature ……………………………………..……….. 66 8. Colonial Ceramics from West Shell Feature ………………………………….. 66 9. Material from South Shell Feature ………………………………….…………. 69 10. Colonial Ceramics from South Shell Feature …………………………………. 69 11. Ceramic fragments Recovered from the Slave Quarter Site ……….………… 70 12. Ceramic Vessel Assemblage …………………………………………………….. 78 13. Functional Groups and Forms …………………………………………………. 81 14. Comparative Sites ……………………………….………………………………. 90 15. White Clay Pipe Bores (64ths inch) ……………..………………………………. 95 16. White Clay Pipe Bores (.2 mm). …………………………………………………96 17. Type I Marked Window Leads ………………………………………………... 104 18. Type II Marked Window Leads ………………………………………………. 105 19. Type III Marked Window Leads ……………………………………………… 105 20. Printing Type characteristics in Inches ………………………………………. 108 21. Printing Type Sizes (Moxon 1683) ……………………………………………. 109 22. Artifacts in Structural Posts ………………………………………….……….. 115 23. Artifacts in Structural Post Molds …………………………………….……… 120 24. Artifacts in Chimney Post Holes ………………………………………….…… 126 25. Artifacts in Chimney Post Molds ………………………………………….….. 127 26. Artifacts in Fireback ……………………………………………………….….. 128 27. Artifacts in Shed Post Holes, Phase I ……………………………………….… 129 28. Artifacts in Shed Post Molds, Phase I …………………………………..…….. 131 29. Artifacts in Shed Posts, Phase II/III ……………………………………..……. 132 30. Artifacts in Shed Post Molds Phase II/III ……………………………….……. 134 31. Artifacts in Timber Molds …………………………………………………...…135 32. Artifacts in Shell and Construction Ditch ……………………………….…… 139

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Foreword and Acknowledgements

This report details the findings of investigations into the architecture and material culture related to a building identified as the “Print House” in Historic St. Mary’s City. The field and principal laboratory work occurred between 1998 and 2003. Timothy B. Riordan directed the excavations while Silas D. Hurry directed the laboratory analysis. The initial discovery of the printing type on the site was the result of a project to prepare the slave quarter for moving as part of the Brome House Relocation project directed by Ruth Mitchell in 1993. A project of this size clearly represents the labor of many individuals. Directed by Riordan, the Field School in Historical Archaeology sponsored by Historic St. Mary’s City with assistance by St. Mary’s College of Maryland provided most of the excavation effort, working on the site from 1998 to 2003. Laboratory processing was undertaken by students in the Archaeological Analysis and Curation class (ANTH 357) from St. Mary’s College of Maryland taught by Hurry and Henry Miller. Additional excavation and artifact processing were undertaken in 2003 by a professional archaeological crew funded by the capital program for the reconstruction of the building. Katherine Cavallo produced the ceramics and tobacco pipe analysis while Sara Rivers Cofield treated and studied the window leads. Donald L. Winter is responsible for the artifact photography. Dr. Bruce Pregger of the Patuxent Naval Air Station provided the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the metallurgy of the printing type. Dr. Hope Mayo, Philip Hofer Curator of Printing and Graphic Arts, Houghton Library, Harvard University, and Dr. Christina Hodge of Stanford University provided insights into the metrical analysis of the printing type. Dr. Harry Alden, former wood anatomist for the Smithsonian Institution identified the wood remains from the excavation. The late Dr. Alison Grant, author of North Devon Pottery: Seventeenth Century provided insights into the North Devon pottery recovered in the excavations. Finally, Dr. Garry Wheeler Stone and Dr. Henry Miller provided insights into the architecture of the building under study.

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Dedication

The study is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Lois Green Carr (1922 – 2015). Lois Green Carr was the founding intellect of the research at St. Mary’s City. As historian for St. Mary’s City she established the standard of rigorous inquiry to which we all aspire.

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Section 1–Introduction The building identified as the Print House is located on a site known as the Slave Quarter (18ST1-14) within Historic St. Mary’s City (HSMC). A double-pen slave cabin, associated with the 19th-century Brome Plantation, was standing on this site until 1994. As part of a project to remove the 19th-century buildings from the landscape, excavations were conducted around its foundation. In two of the units, a large, oyster shell-filled pit was discovered that had many late 17th-century artifacts. More importantly, a total of 38 pieces of 17th-century printing type were recovered. These were associated with William Nuthead, the first colonial printer south of New England, who came to Maryland in 1684. The story of printing in St. Mary’s City is an important one for the museum and this was the first time we could associate a particular site with this activity. Because of the importance of this find, HSMC began, in 1998, a multi-year investigation of the site focused on locating evidence of a structure that might have been used by William Nuthead. Excavations during the first three years completed a random sample of the overall site to identify areas where late 17th-century artifacts and features might be found. The last three seasons concentrated on uncovering a large and complex, 17th-century earthfast structure. Most of the work was conducted by students in the annual field school. In the fall of 2003, a paid crew completed the excavation of the post holes and other features related to the late 17th-century structure. The archaeological investigations were designed to collect information so that a reconstruction could be built which would house the printing exhibit. Based on the archaeological evidence, the building was built and opened as an exhibit in 2007. This report is specifically focused on the archaeology of the late 17th-century building called the Print House. Early work on the site demonstrated the presence of other 17th-century components. These have not been investigated in detail and are not included in this report. The Slave Quarter site, as the site name implies, was also the location of 19th-century and later occupations. Those components have been addressed in a separate study (Brock 2014).

Location and Physical Description The Slave Quarter site is located in St. Mary’s City, on a semi-isolated knoll overlooking the St. Mary’s River (Figure 1). It is bounded on the west by the river, on the south by the Key Swamp ravine and on the north and east by the ravine leading to the Governors Landing. The site includes all of the land, within the confines of the natural features, north of grid line N7850 and west of gridline E2950. This includes approximately 37,500 ft2 or about 0.9 acre. Within the overall site, evidence of the Print House is located on the northern end of the ridge. The building and associated features are located within a roughly 70 ft. x 70 ft. area centered on N8000/E2800.

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Figure 1.—Map of the Slave Quarter Site.

N 8100 E 2800

N 7800 E 2900

Print House

Single Cabin

Duplex Cabin

20 ft.

40 ft.

50 ft.

0

Chapel Land

Governor’s Field St. Mary’s River

St. Mary’s City

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In the 17th century, the site was part of two distinct tracts, the Governor’s Field and the Chapel Land. The division between the two runs through the southern half of the duplex cabin. The structure known as the Print House is located on the Governor’s Field property. In 1666, William Smith received a lease for three acres of the Governor’s Field, which became known as Smith’s Townland (Carr n. d.) The knoll has an elongated, flat ridge running northwest to southeast. It is no coincidence that most of the buildings were placed here and were oriented with the ridge line. In the area where buildings were located, the elevation ranges between 42.00 ft. to 42.50 ft. along the ridge. From this high point, the land slopes down sharply in all directions except the southeast where the ridge runs past the site boundary. Soils on the site are part of the Sassafras loam series (Gibson 1978). On the slopes of the ridge, the soils are described as severely eroded and not useful for agriculture. On the ridge top, the soils are said to be excellent for tobacco and other crops. The ridge top has not been extensively plowed, probably because it was so small an area and later because buildings were placed there. There is evidence of plowing in the earliest aerial photos of the site. In a photo taken in 1938, the area to the west of the duplex quarter is shown as plowed. This picture also shows that another cabin, to the north of the duplex, was no longer standing by this time. Subsequent pictures, taken about every ten years do not show any further plowing.

Historical Overview The earliest mention of the land of the Slave Quarter site occurred in 1639 when Father Francis Poulton, S. J. attempted to have 25 ac. surveyed and patented (Carr n. d.). The property was described as being bounded on the north with the Governor’s Town Land. As Lord Baltimore would not recognize land patented to a Catholic priest, a lay trustee, Cuthbert Fenwick, was appointed in 1641 and a patent issued. This patent was more specific about the northern boundary: “… on the west with a swamp in St. George’s River called the Key Swamp and on the north with a right line drawn from the top of the hill … to the Mill Brook.” These documents indicate that both the Chapel Land and Governor’s Field properties were recognized as early as 1639 and that their boundary began at the highest point on the hill of the Slave Quarter site. The Governor’s Field property, 100 ac., was patented by Leonard Calvert in 1641 and repeats that the boundary runs at the top of the hill. The boundary line between the Governor’s Field and the Chapel Land was apparently marked for a time. Deeds for both properties refer to a “vayle” or rail that stood at the top of the hill and both indicate that it was no longer there in 1641. Whatever this may have been, no evidence of any pre-1650 structure or feature has thus far been found here.

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In the first half of the 17th century, buildings were built on both properties but they were on other parts of the tracts. Leonard Calvert built a house on his property to the north and a Chapel was already in existence on the other property by 1639. The area of the Slave Quarter site seems to have been little used at this time. It would stay that way until the Province acquired the 100 acres of the Governor’s Field and town development began to edge its way towards the south. The Governor’s Field property was purchased by the Province in 1662 from Mrs. Hannah Lee and the house was then referred to as the “Country’s House” to reflect its public ownership. This tract would remain in public control until the beginning of the 18th century. Having acquired land in St. Mary’s City, the government began to encourage town development by offering leases on the 100 acres. One of the earliest, a three acre parcel, was leased to William Smith in 1666 for 31 years. This tract was bounded on the south by the Chapel Land, on the west by the St. Mary’s River and contained the northern half of the Slave Quarter site. By 1668, Smith had built at least two buildings on the tract and these will be discussed in detail in the next section. While Smith’s property was being developed in the 1660s, it was not until the late 1680s, with a renewed push for town development, that the western edge of the Chapel Land began to be subdivided. In 1686, a six ac. parcel of the Chapel Land was sold by Francis Pennington, S. J. to William Digges. This property, termed the Priests Land, shared its northern boundary with Smith’s Townland, its western boundary was the St. Mary’s River and it included all of the southern half of the Slave Quarter site. Digges leased this parcel to Lionel Copley, the Royal Governor, in 1692/3 for five years. After the capital is moved to Annapolis in 1695, both properties slip into obscurity. Lionel Copley died in 1693 and his part of the site would have reverted to Digges. When Digges, in turn, died in 1697, there is no mention of this property. The Jesuits continued to be listed as owners of the Chapel Land into the 1750s but it was the whole 25 ac. with no mention of the 6 ac. sold by Pennington. The lease on Smith’s Townland, held by Garret Van Sweringen, ran out in 1697 and does not seem to have been renewed. Van Sweringen died in 1699 and again there was no mention of this property. The rent roll for the Province in 1704 mentions Smith’s Townland but lists the possessor as unknown. How the Governor’s Field, owned by the Province of Maryland, passed into private hands is uncertain but as early as 1697, Philip Lynes sold the property to Gabriel Parrot. From here, the property passed through a series of owners until early in the 19th

century, the Brome family acquired it. The Brome’s would make the Governor’s Field into the center of a large plantation in the 1840s and the construction of residences for their slaves on the knoll by the river gave the site its name (Figure 2). The photograph shows the duplex cabin to the left and the single cabin to the right.

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Figure 2.—Undated Photograph of the Slave Quarter Site. Structural History of Smith’s Townland Tract While the previous section provided a broad overview of the history of the Slave Quarter site, to understand the Print House structure, the history must be much more specific and focused on the structures erected on Smith’s Townland in the 17th century. The building of the Print House was directly connected to the history of the other structures on the property. By the time of his death in 1668, Smith had built a number of structures including two dwelling houses. These were known as Smith’s Ordinary and John Morecroft’s house. Neither of them was located in the area where the Print House was built. After Smith’s death, his widow married Daniel Jennifer. He sold the property lease in 1672 to John Quigley and Garret Van Sweringen. Within a few weeks, Van Sweringen had control of the whole three acres and sublet the eastern half to Quigley. Although this portion of the tract passed out of his direct control, it is clear the Van Sweringen maintained his interest in the whole property. When Smith’s Ordinary, the main building on the western half of the tract burned down, Van Sweringen applied to Governor Thomas Notley for an extension of his lease in 1678. In exchange for a new lease, on the entire three acres, for 40 years, he surrendered his old lease and agreed to rebuild the Ordinary. The new lease was voided

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by Lord Baltimore in 1687 but Van Sweringen maintained control by virtue of the original lease. Thus, he had an active and sustained interest in the property at least until 1697. Van Sweringen publicly announced his intention to build a new structure on this property. A condition of his extended lease was that he would rebuild the ordinary in brick as soon as he was able. Since no building was rebuilt on the site of Smith’s Ordinary, it had always been assumed that he never fulfilled that condition. The building at the Slave Quarter site, while not of brick, is of the right time period and is associated with him. There is one way to check whether Van Sweringen rebuilt an ordinary from the historical records. After every session of the Assembly, Ordinary Keepers were paid for “public expenses.” Van Sweringen’s name showed up frequently in these records as did a number of others. Since the expenses varied from session to session, it is necessary to find a way to gauge whether Van Sweringen’s payments were going up or down. By comparing his payments to those of whomever leased the Country’s House, the biggest of the ordinaries, it is possible to view changes in his compensation (Figure 3). The chart shows Van Sweringen’s payment as a percentage of that paid to the lessee of the Country’s House. In 1674, he had slightly more than 100% but by 1676, he had over 250% of the payment made to the lessee of the Country’s House. This reflects revenue from Smith’s Ordinary and, possibly, Van Sweringen’s other property, the Lodging House. In 1678 his total falls dramatically to 50%, reflecting both his lease of Smith’s Ordinary to John Derry and the loss by fire of the original structure. He maintains this level through 1681 until it rises sharply in 1682. The sharp rise suggests that Van Sweringen developed another space to put up guests. If he built the structure in 1681, it would explain the rise in his payment. The compensation increases in 1684 and then drops back to its earlier level in 1686. Explaining the drop is made more complicated by the entry of Philip Lynes as an ordinary keeper. Exactly where he was keeping ordinary is a mystery. A large number of places have been proposed but none are definite. If he leased the building from Van Sweringen, the total would rise again to the level of 1684.

An alternate explanation for the decline in public payments might be a shift in the structure’s function to private use. It may not be a coincidence that the decline in revenue occurs at the same time that William Nuthead arrives in Maryland. Nuthead, presumably not a rich man, needed to lease an existing building to set up his press and may have also sought a partner. It is interesting that printing type has been found on both this site and the Van Sweringen site. How long Nuthead may have stayed on the site is uncertain. Later references to the “Print House Lot” do not refer to this building.

Whatever its ultimate use, the documentary evidence suggests that this structure was built by Van Sweringen and began its life as an ordinary. There are no historical references that can be related specifically to this structure. The documents indicate that it

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Van Sweringen’s Compensation as a Percent of the Country’s House Leaseholder

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

1674

1676

1678 1681

1682

1684

16861688

Series 1

Figure 3.— Van Sweringen’s Public Compensation Relative to the Country’s House. was built in the last quarter of the 17th century, most probably between 1678 and 1681. What happened to the building is as much a mystery as anything else. There is no indication as to whether Van Sweringen renewed his lease in 1697 and the land is not mentioned as part of his estate in 1699. By that time, with the capital moved to Annapolis, record keeping was less rigid and there was little pressure for land. William Nuthead in St. Mary’s City The discovery of a significant number of 17th-century printing type on the Slave Quarter site associates at least part of the occupation with William Nuthead, a printer who came to St. Mary’s City in 1684. While the broad outline of Nuthead’s activities in Maryland had been known for a long time, his origins were unknown. He was known to have been born in 1654, based on a deposition given in 1693 where he described himself as 39 years old (Archives of Maryland [AM] 20:33-34). Using this datum, Cofield (2006:11-12) suggested that Nuthead came from a family of printers in London. In 1644, Thomas Nuthead, citizen and goldsmith of London apprenticed his son, William, to Richard Coates, Official Printer of London. He was freed from his indenture in 1652 and set up his own business. A series of children were christened in the parish of St. Botolph without Aldersgate in the 1650s to William Nuthead and his wife Susana, although none of them were named William. Cofield (2006:12) lamented the lack of a christening record for William Nuthead but suggested that the weight of evidence linked the Maryland individual with this family. A transcriber’s error is likely responsible for the confusion over the christening record. A William “Nathead” was born on 12 February 1653 and christened in the parish of St. Botolph without Aldersgate on 19 February 1653. His parents were William Nathead and his wife Susana (FamilySearch.org 2014). Presumably, he learned the family trade but there is no further record of him until he shows up in Virginia in 1682.

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Printing was considered to be a dangerous thing in the 17th century, leading people to challenge the government and fostering religious controversies. There is the often-quoted opinion of Sir William Berkeley, Royal Governor of Virginia, who in 1671 stated, “I thank God there are no free schools nor printing and I hope we shall not have these hundred years” (Wroth 1922:1). The Governor did not have a hundred years as only 11 years later, early in 1683, John Buckner and William Nuthead were called before the Virginia Council for unauthorized printing (McCartney 2001:68-69). Buckner argued that there had not been any real printing, just two sheets for presentation to the Governor, seeking his approval. Nevertheless, the Council put them both under a bond of £100 not to print anything until they heard from the Government in England. On December 3, 1683, Lord Effingham, new Royal Governor of Virginia, was issued instructions which required him to “forbid the use of any printing press on any occasion whatever” (Fortescue 1964:558). Following the arrival of Lord Effingham in Virginia and his prohibition of printing, William Nuthead moved to Maryland. Recent research has indicated that he was printing blank forms in Maryland as early as 31 March 1684 (Cofield 2006:16). The same study identified 130 surviving printed forms that could be attributed to William Nuthead or, after his death, to his wife Dinah. The bulk of Nuthead’s work in Maryland were these blank forms. That he could and did print other things is evidenced by the famous “Declaration” of the Associators who rebelled against Lord Baltimore in 1689 and the Address of the Assembly to the King in the same year (Wroth 1922:4-5). In 1694, Mr. Peregrine Coney, a Protestant minister, was requested to have his sermon to the Assembly printed. While there are no copies of this extant, it would have been Nuthead who printed it (AM 19:40). While it is certain that William Nuthead was printing in St. Mary’s City, where he was printing is much less certain. There was a building known specifically as the “Printing House” which was originally built and owned by William Blanckenstein. Whether it was built for that purpose or when it acquired that name is unknown. Blanckenstein was a German immigrant who arrived in Maryland by 1678 and was naturalized in 1682 (AM 7:343). When the Assembly passed the “act for the advancement of trade” in 1683, it offered a one acre lot in St. Mary’s City conditional on the purchaser actually building on it by the end of August 1685 (AM 7:613). William Blanckenstein took up one of these lots and built a structure on it which later passed to Dr. Joseph Sempile and whose wife, Mary, sold it to William Taylard in 1694 (AM 717:684). It is the deed from 1694 that refers to the structure on the property as the “Messuage, Tenement or dwelling House commonly called the printing house.” It is not certain where this one acre lot was located but it clearly was not on the three acres of Smith’s Townland. Through the late 1680s and into the 1690s, Garret Van Sweringen continued to lease the Smith’s Townland property. The presence of printing type on the Slave Quarter site strongly suggests that William Nuthead used this site for printing. As the “printing house” appears to be later in time, it may be that the structure on the Slave Quarter site was his first location and that

9

he then moved to a different, as yet unknown, location. William Nuthead must have been leasing the building known as the “printing house” when it was sold in 1694. He died in 1695 and his wife, Dinah, took over the press. By 1696, she was living in Annapolis and received a license from the Governor to print blank forms (AM 20:449).

Previous Archaeological Work The initial investigation of the Slave Quarter site was part of a larger project known as the Leonard Calvert Survey in 1979 (Morrison 1980). A total of 174 shovel test pits, spaced 10 ft. apart along 50 ft. grid lines, were excavated on the site. While this was a preliminary survey, it produced abundant cultural evidence. A prehistoric occupation, dating from the Middle Archaic to the late Woodland, was identified. Materials from the 17th century were common and showed a concentration in the area northwest of the standing duplex cabin. Artifacts from the 19th and 20th centuries were ubiquitous in the shovel test pits. To explore the distribution and preservation of these materials, five test units were excavated. While none of these were excavated in the area of the Print House, they all confirmed the findings of the survey. The next major work on the site began as part of the effort to move the 19th-century Brome Plantation buildings off the 17th-century landscape in 1992 to 1994. To move the duplex cabin, a number of pits had to be dug for jacks which would lift the structure off its foundation. A total of 12 of these pits were needed, six on the inside and six on the outside. For their function, they had to be aligned with the building. As expected, there was ample evidence of the 19th-century occupation. However, two of the pits uncovered a large pit filled with oyster shells. Excavation of this feature yielded a large number of late 17th-century artifacts and 38 pieces of lead printing type. It was the latter discovery that prompted the present project. In 1998, HSMC began a multiyear program of testing on the Slave Quarter site. The purpose was to identify all cultural occupations, including one from the late 17th century which could be associated with the printing type. The first step was to complete a stratified random sample across the top of the knoll. The ridge top was divided into 50 ft. by 50 ft. blocks and a 5% sample was selected from each. This resulted in a list of 47 units to be excavated. In addition, other judgmentally placed units were to be completed to follow fence lines or explore features discovered by the random sample. During a three year period, 1998-2000, the annual archaeology field school completed the 47 random units and an additional 32 units. Ironically, the random sample was set to not impact the known foundations of the two 19th-century quarters. Even before the end of the testing, it was clear that the 17th-century structure was directly under the remains of the single pen cabin. In addition to a concentration of late 17th-century artifacts in the area, the evidence included part of a small, brick pavement and a portion of what appeared to be a wattle and daub chimney. Based on these results, the present project to uncover and analyze the 17th-century structure was begun.

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Section 2 – Research Design Based on the historical documentation for the Smith’s Townland property and the previous archaeology, it was evident that there was a late 17th-century structure on the Slave Quarter site. Further, the discovery of a large number of printing type on the site suggested that this was one of the places in St. Mary’s City that William Nuthead set up his press in the 1680s. As printing was one of the few trades that could specifically be associated with St. Mary’s City, it had always been an important part of HSMC’s interpretive program. Printing demonstrations had been given at a number of locations around the museum but never had a permanent home as it could not be tied to a specific site. The discoveries on the Slave Quarter site offered a solution to this problem. By conducting archaeological excavations and analyzing the results, the museum hoped to gain the information necessary to reconstruct a 17th-century building on this site that would become the permanent home for its peripatetic Printing Exhibit. Thus, this building, which became known as the Print House, was the focus of archaeological investigation between 2001 and 2003. Research Goals The primary focus of the study was to gain a sufficient understanding of the archaeological evidence of the structure and associated features so that a reconstruction could be planned. At the beginning of the project, there was evidence of a possible structure but that building had not been defined and there was minimal data on its architecture. The presence of a large number of printing type indicated an association with William Nuthead but the historical record suggested this structure served as an ordinary. The changing function of the structure would have to be addressed during the project. Based on the preliminary analysis, the occupation had been dated to the last quarter of the 17th century. While this was already a fairly tight dating, to fully understand the site and its occupations, a more narrow chronology would be needed. To address these concerns, the excavations were guided by a number of research goals. These were designed to explore the structure’s chronology, architecture, and function. Briefly summarized, these goals were as follows: - define the temporal limits of the 17th-century occupation - discover evidence of the architecture of the 17th-century structure - identify and trace 17th-century landscape features related to the building - collect an artifact sample to assess the use and function of the structure Each of these goals contributed to a specific aspect of the research and, ultimately the completion of a reconstruction to house the Printing Exhibit. To understand how these goals related both to the previous understanding of the site and to research accomplished during this project, each will be described separately.

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The temporal limits of an occupation, in its simplest form, refer to when it began and when it ended. To relate the archaeology to the historical documentation, chronology is vitally important. Based on the very limited sample of units from the previous archaeology, it was known that the site was occupied in the last quarter of the 17th-century but the sample was not sufficient to refine that date. Nor was there any certain evidence of when the occupation ceased. To accomplish this goal, it was necessary to open a much larger excavation and to investigate features related to the structure and its landscape. Evidence regarding the temporal limits of the occupation could be recovered from two sources. Dateable artifacts found in sealed feature contexts would be valuable both for dating specific events in the structural history as well as more generally for the site as a whole. A larger sample of artifacts from the disturbed layers above the features would increase the precision of various artifact analyses used in defining the temporal limits of the occupation. Both types of evidence should be recovered during the excavation of large, open area as well as investigating the cultural features. From the previous archaeology, it was known that features, associated with a 17th-century structure, existed in this area. These included a paling ditch, a brick pavement and a possible wattle and daub chimney. While there was a general idea where the structure was located, there was no information on its architecture, how it was constructed, or even its size. Even though Van Sweringen promised to rebuild the ordinary in brick, it was assumed that this structure was constructed as an earthfast building. Excavations had not produced the amount of brick that would be expected from a brick structure. Recording and excavating the structural post holes and any associated features would be necessary to gain information on the architecture. The second research goal addressed the need to define the structure and to understand how it was built, what changes occurred to it, and how it ultimately was destroyed. Again, this goal required a much larger, open-area excavation to uncover the structural plan. Once the building was defined, the features needed to be excavated to further understand the architecture. The 17th-century building was part of an associated landscape which provided the context for the use of the structure. The excavations would need to be sufficiently broad to capture data on the relationship of the structure to the surrounding landscape. A number of different kinds of features could be expected in the area around the building. It was already known that the structure had a wattle and daub chimney. The clay for that chimney was likely dug from pits close to the structure. In addition to construction related features, there were fences that defined the yard around the building. A portion of a paling fence was already known from the previous excavations. Investigation of landscape features would not only aid in understanding the function and use of the site but also contribute to any future reconstruction for exhibit purposes. Finally, it was anticipated, again based on the previous archaeology, that the excavations would produce a large sample of artifacts, both from the plow zone and the features. In addition to contributing to the understanding of the chronology of the building, it was expected that the sample could be analyzed to help explore the function and use of the structure. Specific artifact classes, such as ceramics would be used to investigate whether the building was used primarily as a residence, an ordinary or had another function. Distributional analysis would be developed to demonstrate how the structure and the lot were used. Analysis of the printing type would explore the use of the structure during William Nuthead’s occupancy. All of these would contribute to the overall understanding of the site.

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Excavation Strategy To provide evidence that would contribute to accomplishing the research goals, the 17th-century structure had to be located and exposed. This was done in two stages. The first stage was to confirm the presence of the 17th-century structure and to define its location. This was accomplished by discovering several of the structural post holes. Once the building was located, the next stage would be to uncover the whole site so that overall photographs could be taken of all the features before excavation. As the brick pavement and part of the chimney were already known, expanding around those features was an obvious first step. Both of these features were located in the southwest corner of the structure so excavation proceeded to the north and east, following the new discoveries. In addition to uncovering the structure, units were excavated in the yards around the building to collect information on yardscape features as well as increasing the sample for distributional analysis. Excavations were conducted on this site over a three year period. Most of the work was done by students in the annual HSMC field school. The main structural features were excavated by a professional crew hired as part of a Capital Funds project through the State of Maryland. In 2001, the field school spent part of the course working on the site and excavated 18 units. They also completed 3 feature contexts that summer. The next year, 2002, field school spent the entire time on the site completing 36 units and 8 feature contexts. Finally, the field school again had a partial season on the site in 2003, excavating 16 units and 2 feature contexts. In the fall of 2003, HSMC hired four full-time and two part-time excavators to complete the project. They excavated from the early August through the end of November. To finish uncovering the structure, they excavated eight more plow zone units. Once the building was exposed and mapped, they excavated 95 feature contexts to provide the information needed to address the research questions. Methods To maintain comparability of results over 40 years of archaeology within the National Historic Landmark of St. Mary’s City, the methods used for excavation have been standardized. These are detailed in a document entitled “Standards and Guidelines for the Performance of Archaeological Investigations” which is on file at the Department of Research at Historic St. Mary’s City. While these have evolved over the years, the goal has been to provide continuity so that older excavations could be enlightened by new data. Rather than repeat everything in that document, this section presents aspects of the methods used which will make the results clearer or will allow an evaluation of what was accomplished. The first of these is a concern for preservation. Where possible, HSMC does not completely excavate a site. It is recognized that methods are constantly evolving and new ones

13

are being developed. If the site is completely excavated, it would not be possible to ask new questions of the data. In this particular case, all of the post holes were completely excavated. Without doing this, it would not be possible to get plan views of the post molds. Also, as a reconstruction was planned, these holes would be reused for the new posts. Most other features were tested sufficiently to identify their function and preserved in place for future investigations. These were protected during the process of reconstruction. Throughout the report, field measurements are in the English system not the metric system. When excavation began at HSMC, it was decided that there was an advantage in using the same measurement system that the people under study used. For continuity and comparability, that has been continued. However, to make the measurements easier, we use the Engineer’s scale which divides feet into tenths and hundreds rather than inches and fractions. Elevations are based on professionally set datum points and are presented as above mean sea level (AMSL). These are also presented using the Engineer’s scale. As the post holes contribute the majority of the architectural evidence regarding the structure, it is important to specify how that data was collected. The method of excavating the post holes is designed to capture as much detail as possible. After the post hole is defined below plow zone, it is both photographed and drawn to scale. A cross-section is established that bisects both mold and hole. As the shape of a post mold is most accurately defined near its base, a coring tool is used to assess the depth of the post hole. This information is used to establish an elevation 0.2 – 0.3 ft. above the base of the post hole where the mold can be replanned. As excavation of the mold and hole proceed, the mold is cleaned and redefined in stages to see if any significant changes in shape have occurred. If so, additional plan views are completed. Each post hole will have a complete profile and one or more plan views. Careful elevations are taken at the base of both the mold and the hole.

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Section 3 – Excavation Results The excavations on the Slave Quarter site produced a comprehensive body of data on the structure known as the Print House. That data is organized and presented in this section based on the research goals outlined above. It begins with general comments on the site, presents the excavated features associated with the structure and describes the information related to the surrounding landscape.

Site Stratigraphy When the current program of excavation began on the Slave Quarter site, it was already known that the site was stratified. Unlike most sites in St. Mary’s City, which have a deep plow zone sitting on top of subsoil, this site had three distinct soil layers evident. Although we could not say how they developed or when they dated, it was important to treat each layer as a separate event (Figure 4). The surface layer, consistently called topsoil, was a dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam which had very little material in it. Topsoil varied in depth from 0.2 ft. to 0.5 ft. with a consistent 0.2 ft. average. Elevation of the surface varied across the site from a high of 43.30 ft., directly over the rubble of the 19th-century chimney, to a low of 41.20 ft. along the northern edge of the area. A major portion of the site had surface elevations between 42.25 ft. and 42.50 feet. Basal elevations of the topsoil varied similarly to the surface ones, with a high of 43.07 ft. over the rubble and a low of 40.99 ft. along the northern edge. The bottom of the topsoil varied from 42.10 ft. to 42.30 ft. over most of the site.

Under the topsoil was a layer of the same soil but with very high inclusions of gravel and whole oyster shell. This stratum was designated dark brown loam with gravel or mottled brown loam with gravel and was found all over this portion of the site. It varied in depth from 0.1 ft. to 0.2 ft. with an average of 0.15 ft. overall. The dark brown loam with gravel contained a huge amount of material from all periods. Elevations at the bottom of the dark brown loam varied from 42.37 ft. above the brick rubble to 40.76 ft. along the northern edge. Generally, the dark brown loam covered a shallow plow zone. Towards the center of the slave cabin, it sat on top of the destruction rubble. The bottom of the dark brown loam varied from 41.90 ft. to 42.20 ft. over most of the site.

Between the dark brown loam and subsoil was a brown (10YR5/3) clay loam with

gravel. In this layer, the oyster shell was highly fragmented, there was less gravel and there was material from all periods. This stratum is highly variable in depth ranging from 0.2 ft. to 0.6 ft. and averaging 0.3 ft. overall. Basal elevations for this stratum ranged from 41.00 ft. to 42.15 ft. but varied from 41.70 ft. to 42.13 ft. over the main portion of the site.

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1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown

(10YR5/6) clay loam. [Topsoil] 2. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 10% shell, 5% gravel, 2% brick. [Dark brown loam with gravel] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 30% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% shell, 2% gravel. [Brown loam with gravel] 4. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 4.—Typical Profile of Soils on the Slave Quarter Site, Unit 318.

2

1

3

4

2 3 1 0

elev. 42.79 ft.

4 5

0 1 ft.

Brick Displaced subsoil Gravel Shell

16

Only after excavating a number of units did a pattern begin to emerge. It was soon noted that topsoil contained a number of pennies dated to the late 1940s and early 1950s. The final occupation on this site was in the mid 1950s and it is not to hard to associate the almost sterile topsoil with abandonment of the site. The dark brown loam had a wide range of material but its pennies date primarily to the late 1930s and 1940s. Aerial photographs on file at HSMC show the Slave Quarter site being plowed, right up to the buildings, as late as 1938. Later photographs do not show any plowing. It is likely that the heavy concentration of gravel and whole oyster shell in this stratum were put there as an attempt to create a less muddy yardscape after plowing ended. The final layer represents the plow zone created by the activities noted in the aerial photographs. The plowing must have been associated with gardening as it was relatively shallow. Had it been otherwise, much of this site would no longer exist.

Ground Surface in the 17th Century It is not often that an estimate of the contemporary ground surface can be made for a 17th-century site. The unique nature of this site and its features makes that possible. There are a number of preserved architectural features associated with both the 17th-century structure and the 19th-century quarter, allowing an estimation of the original ground surface through time. This information is important for assessing the depth of post molds in relation to the ground surface and has implications for the architecture as a whole.

For the slave quarter, there are four features relating to underpinning the sills to keep them off the ground (Figure 5). These range in elevation from 42.01 ft. to 42.23 ft. with an average of 42.12 ft. for the top of these features. The elevation of the cabin fireplace hearth is 42.00 ft. and for the brick in the storage pit, it is at 42.17 ft. at the top layer. The bricks that make up the storage pit lining are modern, probably 20th-century brick. They would have been placed here after a floor was put into the structure. Still, they should have been either at ground level or slightly higher. It is not known if the hearth originally had a brick floor or if it was always dirt. If it had brick, it would be at 42.25 ft. but if not, the lowest the ground surface could be would be 42.00 ft., which marks the floor of the hearth. At the time the slave cabin was built, c. 1840, the ground surface would have been between 42.00 ft. and 42.25 ft. and destruction rubble from tearing down the cabin rests on a surface at this elevation. Within the 17th-century structure, there are five architectural features that have a bearing on the contemporary ground surface (Figure 5). Of these, three relate to the shed on the south side. Perhaps the most important is the brick pavement located in the southwest corner. These brick most likely served as a step at an entrance to the shed and therefore must be at or just above ground level. The elevation is 41.99 ft. on the pavement surface. Other shed features relate to the tile floor. The first of these comprise the bricks set in a trench along the southern edge of the shed. Their purpose was to

17

Figure 5.—Overall Photograph of Features on the Slave Quarter Site. confine the mortar bed. Because of this, the tops of the bricks must have been above ground level, else there would be no reason to worry about the mortar. An elevation of 41.92 ft. was taken on the top of the trench bricks. The mortar bed, which these bricks were designed to contain, had an elevation of 41.88 ft. and was well preserved. If the thickness of the tile, approximately 0.12 ft. is added to this, the tile floor would be at 42.00 ft. or almost identical to the brick pavement. There are two features associated with the 17th-century chimney that also provide insight on the ground surface. The hearth is at an elevation of 41.78 ft. and shows strong fire-reddening. While there is no way to know how much of the hearth has been removed, this must be considered the lowest possible elevation for the 17th-century ground surface. Similarly, the fireback trench, in which the brick of the fireback were set, had a base elevation of 41.74 ft. and was flat bottomed. The top of the only preserved course of brick is at 41.95 feet. Based on these observations, ground surface in the 17th century must have been between 41.78 ft. and 42.00 feet. The actual ground surface is most likely closer to the upper end of this range. For the fireback to have any stability, the bottom course of brick must have been buried at least half, or more, of their depth into the ground which would make the surface 41.84 ft. or higher. Also, if the top of the mortar bed, at 41.88 ft. was below ground, there would be no need for the edge bricks. An estimate of 41.90 ft. is

Storage Pit Brick Pavement

Mortar Bed

18

appropriate for the ground surface in the 17th century. When discussing the depth of the 17th-century posts, a grade of 41.90 ft. will be assumed as ground level. The 17th-century structure on this site is composed of three distinct architectural elements: the main building, the welsh chimney, and the south shed (Figure 6). Each of these components was constructed in a different way and left differing types of evidence. Each is discussed separately.

Main Building The main building was the first to be constructed and seems to have remained unchanged through the entire period. Evidence of the main structure consists of six large, structural post holes, two smaller post holes, and a fenceline. The structural posts provide the most information on the size, shape, and construction of the building (Table 1). These are described first, and then the smaller features are described and analyzed. Finally, the architectural inferences drawn from these features are presented. Figure 6.—Map of 17th-Century Architectural Features.

672 N

641 T

639 T

642 P

612 T

612 W 612 N

611 S

580 T

Mortar Bed

0 10 ft.

Main Building

Shed Chimney

19

TABLE 1 Summary of Post Hole Data

Description of the Structural Posts Southwest Corner Post (580 T): When first encountered, the upper surface of this post hole was covered by a dense deposit of oyster shell and mortar, which may have been an intentional fill to level the ground surface in the 19th century. That deposit was removed and revealed a square post hole, 2.2 ft. long and 2 ft. wide. This feature was intruded on the south side by a shallow trench filled with oyster shell (589 AA) which tied the main structure to the south shed. The trench ran up to but did not intrude the post mold. A square post mold, 6 in. on a side was located close to the south wall of the hole (Figure 7). Like the other post molds on the south wall, this mold was significantly closer to the east edge of the hole, possibly indicating a direction of construction. The post mold was oriented with the overall structure. At a depth of 1.4 ft. below the base of plow zone, the mold became round and had a 7 in. diameter. The transition from a square post mold to a round one was also noted in the other posts of the south wall. The post mold ended at a depth of 39.57 feet. The base of the post hole was not flat but sloped towards the post mold. At the west edge of the hole, the base was measured at 39.76 feet. The fill of the mold, a dark brown silt loam, had large quantities of oyster shell, mortar, and brick. In contrast, the fill of the hole was a dark yellowish brown silt loam which had a lot of shell but little else. Like several of the other holes, there were patches of dark loam and shell scattered through the fill. These appear to be distinct lumps of topsoil included in an otherwise mixed fill. The evidence suggests that this post was not pulled or burned but rotted in place. South Wall Post (611 S): At the surface, this was a square post hole, 2.4 ft. by 2.25 ft. and contained a square, 6 in. by 6 in. post mold which was oriented with the building (Figure 8). A rather unique profile was found when this post hole was excavated. It appears as if this post broke and shifted to the west. At a depth of 40.42 ft., a separate, round feature was noted. For 0.2 ft., the upper mold intruded this new feature slightly. The new feature had a 7 in. diameter. From that point on, the upper mold disappeared.

Post Hole L

(ft.) Hole W

(ft.) Mold L

(in.) Mold W

(in.) Base Mold

(ft.)

Below Grade

(41.90 ft.)

Base Hole (ft.)

580 T 2.2 2.0 7 7 39.57 2.33 39.76 611 S 2.4 2.25 6 6 39.17 2.73 39.04 612 N 2.2 1.95 7 6 38.89 3.01 38.77 639 T 2.4 2.0 -- -- -- -- 39.78 641 T 2.0 2.0 7 6.5 39.17 2.73 39.06 672 N 2.2 1.8 7 7 38.91 2.99 38.91

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1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam with 2% shell, 2% mortar. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 15% yellowish brown (10YR5/8) clay loam, 2% shell, 1% gravel. [Post hole] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam with 5% shell. [Dark lens] 4. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 7.—Profile of Feature 580 T, View North.

Gravel Mortar Shell

0 1 ft.

0 1 2 3

elev. 42.11 ft.

1 2 2

3

3

4 4

21

1. Brown (10YR4/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% shell, 1% brick. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% shell, 2% brick, 1% mortar, <1% charcoal, <1% gravel. [Post hole – east side] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 25% shell, 1% brick. [Post hole – west side] 4. Brown (10YR4/5) silt loam mottled with 20% reddish brown (5YR4/4) silt loam, 2% mortar, 2% charcoal, 2% brick, <1% shell. [Lower post mold] 5. Yellowish brown (10YR5/8) sandy clay loam mottled with 5% dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt loam, 2% gravel, 1% shell. [Lower post hole] 6. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 8.—Profile of Feature 611 S, View North.

2 1

3

5

4

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

elev. 41.76 ft.

Brick Charcoal Gravel Mortar Shell

6 6

22

The fill of the new feature was similar to the mold above it but with the addition of a reddish brown silt loam, possibly a rehydrated brick. This suggests that the post was cut square at the top but rounded at the bottom and was similar to the other two posts on the south wall. If the lower feature is a continuation of the mold, then it is located close to the eastern edge of the hole and suggests that the building was constructed from the west.

Another unusual aspect was the difference in the fill of the hole. The upper fill

was full of shell and debris while the lower fill was almost sterile. Other post holes have lenses of different material but none had this abrupt transition. The stratigraphic break occurs at the level that the post hole becomes smaller, being 1.9 ft. by 1.6 at this depth. While the lower mold feature extends several inches into the upper fill, the upper mold ends at the transition between hole fills. The fill sequence of this post hole suggests that the upper portion is a replacement and that the upper portion of the hole was dug out to set the new post.

The base of the mold was set at an elevation of 39.17 ft. and was slightly rounded. Unlike the previous hole, the base of this one was flat and at an elevation of 39.04 feet. There was a 0.13 ft. difference between the base of the mold and the base of the hole. While the upper portion of the mold was changed, there is no evidence for the removal of this post when the building was demolished. Southeast Corner Post (612 N): At base of plow zone, this hole was square, 2.2 ft. by 1.95 feet. On the surface, the post mold was round and not well defined but at a depth of 0.8 ft., the mold had become a relatively square, 7 in. by 6 in. (Figure 9). When the mold was cored, an air void was encountered at about 0.6 ft. below the surface and extended about 0.4 ft. in depth. The air void was in the north half of the feature and was not in the profile. Like the other posts in the south wall, below a depth of 1.2 ft, this mold became round with a 7 in. diameter. Also, this mold was shifted close to the east side of the hole. Within the mold were considerable quantities of shell, mortar and brick. The base of the post was flat and set at an elevation of 38.89 ft. while an elevation of 38.77 ft. was recorded at the base of the hole. There was less shell in this hole than in the others on the south wall. The fill was lighter but contained numerous lumps of topsoil. There was a difference of 0.12 ft. between the base of the mold and the base of the hole. Northwest Corner Post (639 T): A 19th-century post hole all but obliterated the northwest corner post hole (Figure 10). The intrusive post hole had transfer printed and mocha decorated whiteware in both its hole and mold. All that was left of the 17th-century post hole was a thin edge along the north and west sides. The hole appears to have been 2.4 ft by approximately 2 ft. and had a square shape. No evidence of the mold survived. The base of the hole, on the west side was measured at 39.78 ft. which is very similar to the southwest corner post hole. North Wall Post (641 T): At the base of plow zone this post hole was square, 2 ft. by 2 ft. and had a relatively square but large post mold visible. When first measured, the post mold was 8.5 in. by 8 in. and looked like a rounded rectangle. At a depth of 0.8 ft., the

23

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam with 5% mortar, 1% brick, 1% shell. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam, 2% shell, 2% gravel, 1% brick, 1% mortar. [Post hole] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam with 10% shell. [Dark lens] Figure 9.—Profile of Feature 612 N, View North.

2

2

2 1

3

elev. 41.54 ft.

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

Mortar Shell

24

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam with 1% shell, 1% brick. [19th- century post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% shell, 1% gravel. [19th-century post hole] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 1% shell, 1% gravel. [17th-century post hole] 4. Grayish brown (2.5YR5/2) clay loam. [Clay lens] Figure 10.—Profile of Feature 639 T, View North.

0 1 ft.

elev. 41.35 ft.

2 2

1

3

4

2 3 1 0

Gravel Shell

25

mold measured 7 in. by 6.5 in. and was square (Figure 11). The base of the post was at 39.17 ft. and, unlike all the other posts in the structure, appeared rounded (Figure 12). The bottom part of the mold was not straight but appeared to be at an angle. Also, there was a small sliver of a different soil adjacent to the top of the mold. The mold contained a significant amount of mortar while the hole had much more shell. Several large chunks of charcoal were found in the mold at 0.8 ft. below surface and have been identified as black locust (Harry Alden 2004, elec. comm.). The base of the post hole was not flat but had a distinct slant with the east side being higher than the west. Elevation at the west end was 39.06 ft. while it was 39.26 ft. on the east. Northeast Corner Post (672 N): In a square hole, 2.2 ft. by 1.8 ft., at the base of plow zone, a poorly defined rectangular post mold was noted. This mold was out of alignment with the long axis of the hole and sat at a 45 degree angle to the wall line. Several changes took place as excavation proceeded (Figure 13). At a depth of 1 ft. below plow zone, the mold was still misaligned but now appeared to be square and 7 in. on a side. Unlike the post molds of the south wall, this mold was shifted to the west edge of the hole. The base of the post is flat and rests on the bottom of the hole at 38.91 feet. This hole had very little shell and the fill was much lighter than the other holes. Figure 11.—Photograph of Feature 641 T, Post Mold and Hole, View South.

26

1. Brown (10YR4/3) silt loam with 2% mortar, 2% charcoal, 1% brick, 1% gravel. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam. [Destruction disturbance?] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% shell, 2% gravel. [Post hole] Figure 12.—Profile of Feature 641 T, View North.

0 1 ft. 2

1 3

3

2 3 1 0

elev. 41.56 ft.

Brick Charcoal Mortar Shell

27

1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 1% gravel. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Post hole] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam with 2% shell. [Dark lens] Figure 13.—Profile of Feature 672 N, View North.

0 1 ft.

2 2 1

3

2 3 1 0

elev. 41.35 ft.

Gravel Mortar Shell

28

Other Features Associated with the Main Building

While many features were found in the area of the Print House, most were 19th century in origin and related to the Single Cabin. There were two post holes, along the east wall which were associated with the Print House. Although small and ephemeral, these features offer potentially significant insights on the architecture.

East Wall Post (642 P): Located along the east wall line, this post was 12.62 ft. from the northeast corner post and 7.38 ft. from the southeast corner post. The post hole is rectangular, 1.9 ft. by 1.6 ft. and had a heavily mottled, dark yellowish brown, clay loam fill with a small amount of mortar. A round post mold, with a 6 in. diameter, was evident in the hole. The fill of the mold was a dark yellowish brown silt loam and contained some shell, brick and mortar. Excavation demonstrated that this feature was extremely shallow with an elevation of 40.74 ft. for the base of the post. Only 0.1 ft. of the feature remained to be excavated. Given the ground surface in the 17th century, the bottom of this post was only 0.65 ft. deep. The interpretation of this post is difficult for a number of reasons. The mold falls directly in line with the others along the east wall and the post hole is oriented with the line of the building. There is nothing in the fill that would indicate it is anything but a 17th-century post. Gable end post holes are not uncommon in Chesapeake buildings and they are often shallower than the main posts. However, this post is not centered on the gable but is shifted a considerable distance towards the south. This post does match the location of the post on the west wall, Feature 610 Y, which joins the north edge of the chimney to the main building. However, that post mold abuts the west wall but is not part of it. One possible explanation for this post is that it, with the southeast wall post (Feature 612 W), form the sides of a doorway. There is a distance of 4.6 ft. between the interior edge of this post and the other. Supporting this explanation is the presence of a paling fence which is associated with the other post. A doorway on this side of the structure would face the most likely route of approach to the building. Southeast Wall Post (612 W): The hole for this post intruded the hole for the southeast corner post (612 N) while there was a distance of 1.6 ft. between the two posts. This post was in line with the east wall and oriented with it. The post hole was 2.1 ft. by 1.9 ft., was rectangular and had a highly mottled, dark yellowish brown, silt loam fill with some brick and mortar. It contained a square post mold, with a 5 in. diameter. The fill of the post mold was also silt loam but was darker and less mottled (Figure 14). Like the previous post, this was shallow in comparison to the main structural posts. The base of the post was at 40.35 ft. which would have been about 1.5 ft. below the 17th-century surface. Unlike the structural posts, the base of the mold was round and the bottom of the hole was basin shaped. As described above, this is most likely part of the frame of a door.

29

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Post hole] 3. Paling fence (612 T) previously removed. Figure 14.—Profile of Feature 612 W, View West. Artifacts in the Structural Features A remarkably rich and varied collection of artifacts and rubble were found in the structural features. These are discussed in detail in Section 5 but are here presented to provide context to the architectural sequence. Not unexpectedly, most of these items relate to the destruction of the building and are found in very late contexts. Table 2 compares the totals of material between the structural molds and holes. The only categories where the holes have a larger amount of material are the prehistoric artifacts and the oyster shell. The amount of shell in the holes is not typical of the plow zone above them. It is possible that the builders chose to fill the holes from a nearby midden area. This would help explain why there are lenses of dark soil, shell, and lithics in most of the holes. Why this would be the case is unexplained. As would be expected, there is clearly more rubble in the molds than in the holes. This difference is accentuated when the volume of the context is considered. By standardizing the figures in items per cubic foot of excavated soil, we get a truer sense of the difference between these two contexts. For example, the molds have an average of 59 nails per ft3 while the average is only 1 nail per ft3 for the holes. Similarly, the molds have an average of 240 g of brick per ft3 while the average is 5.7 g/ft3 for the holes. The same difference is evident in all of the rubble categories.

2 3 1 0

elev. 41.50 ft.

0 1 ft.

2 2 1

3

Gravel

30

TABLE 2 Artifacts from Structural Contexts

Molds Holes American Indian 18 136 Nails 197 58 Other Artifacts 11 12 Shell (g) 1966 33842 Brick (g) 729 348 Mortar (g) 266 190 Plaster (g) 687 147 Daub (g) 300 0

However, even the low number of items in the holes suggests a scatter of items from some earlier building. One could argue that most of the rubble in the holes resulted from construction waste. Certainly the nails, brick and mortar could be from construction. It is harder to see the plaster as construction related. It is possible that some of this material was transported from the site of Smith’s Ordinary along with materials that were being recycled. There are 12 artifacts collected from the original post hole contexts. These include one pipe fragment. Ceramics account for five of the twelve. There were three pieces of tin glaze, a Staffordshire Slipware sherd and a colonial earthenware. Finally, there was a piece of red clay floor tile. This last item is particularly interesting as floor tile is not otherwise present on the site until late in the history of the building. The artifacts from the molds are typical of destruction contexts and include seven pieces of window glass, a piece of bottle glass, and two pipe fragments (one with a measurable bore of 2.6 mm). Given the large number of artifacts in the plow zone above the molds, the lack of ceramics, additional pipes and other artifacts is unusual. It may be that the posts were well preserved until late in the history of the site and did not become artifact traps until after the surrounding matrix had stabilized. Summary of the Main Building Architecture Several factors make the understanding of this structure difficult. Without the northwest post mold, measurement of both the west and north walls is only an approximation. The apparent movement of the south wall post noted above created a distinct angle between the two wall posts. In this case, to be more accurate, measurements were taken from the center of the bottom of the mold rather than what was seen on the surface. Finally, the misalignment of the northeast corner post raises questions of where to take the measurement. Consistently, measurements were taken from the furthest extent of the mold.

31

Despite these problems, considerable information has been derived from the post hole pattern (Figure 15). These post holes form a building 25 ft. long and 20 ft. wide. It is composed of two bays of unequal size. The west bay is 14.75 ft. long (measured from the exterior of the southwest corner post to the center of the south wall post) while the east bay is 10.25 ft. long (measured from the exterior of the southeast corner post to the center of the south wall post). Asymmetrical bays are unusual in Chesapeake architecture where most of the elements are designed to fit the length of a 5 ft. clapboard. With interrupted sills and studs between the main posts the desired spacing would be possible. Still, the spacing of these posts remains an oddity. The width of the building was 19.9 ft., determined by measuring from the exterior of the east corner posts. A similar measurement across the two center wall posts was 19.8 ft. wide. A basic question in assessing the architecture of any post-in-the-ground building is the manner of its assembly or construction. As described by Carson et. al (1981:150), there are two common methods. The older method, referred to as “reverse” or bent frame assembly uses post and tie beam pairs. A more advanced method, known as normal assembly uses pre-assembled wall frames. These methods result in very different above ground structures and determining which was used is vital to understanding the architecture of this structure. Figure 15.—Plan View of Major Posts in the Main Structure. The evidence is overwhelming that the structure built on this site was constructed using reverse assembly. A review of the base elevations of the post molds strongly suggests this. Pairs of posts on the north and south walls share the same elevation and

14.75 ft. 10.25 ft.

19.90 ft.

elev. 39.17 ft. elev. 38.91 ft.

elev. 39.57 ft. elev. 39.17 ft. elev. 38.89 ft.

8 ft. 0

32

these are different than others in the same wall. The northeast and southeast corner posts differ in elevation by only 0.02 ft. while the north wall post and south wall post are both at 39.17 feet. More importantly, the difference between the pairs of posts is 0.27 feet. In the same way, the northwest corner post and the southwest corner post were probably at the same elevation and differ from the wall posts by 0.4 ft. and from the eastern posts by 0.67 feet. In terms of elevation, it was pairs of posts that were important to the builders, not lines of posts. The only way normal assembly would work in this situation would be if the site were sloped to the east. While there is a slight slope along the north wall of 0.53 ft., on the south wall, the ground is actually higher on the east side by 0.14 feet. The elevations indicate that each set of posts was carefully seated to the same elevation. Frequently in reverse assembly, the long axis of the post holes is oriented with the long axis of the structure. While in every case, the long axis of these post holes is aligned with the structure, the post holes are primarily square and the difference between length and width is minor. Of the five identifiable post molds, two on the south wall are set against the east side of their holes. This suggests that the bents were raised from the west to the east. However, the opposite post molds, on the north wall are centered in their holes. The use of reverse assembly seems out of place for a building constructed in the 1680s. Carson et. al (1981:158) and Greenville (1999:37) both imply that this was a primitive technology that was soon replaced by normal assembly. In St. Mary’s City, removed from frontier conditions, normal assembly might be expected. Use of this technique and the unusual bay spacing are two of the unique aspects of the Print House structure. The use of interrupted sills seems a reasonable assumption given the post spacing. These sills must have laid on the ground as the distances covered, as much as 20 ft., would require some kind of support. No evidence, even in the best preserved areas of the site, suggests that trenches were dug for the sill. If they were raised, they must have been supported only by surface laid stones, as there is no evidence of posts, blocks or other support features. In order to provide the necessary stability, we have to assume that these were tenoned or lapped onto the posts. While the post holes reveal how the building was built, other aspects of the architecture can be derived from the orientation and general arrangement of the structure. As mentioned in the physical description of the site, there is a significant ridge that runs northwest to southeast across the site. Most buildings constructed on the site are set with their long axis parallel to the ridge. The Print House is set perpendicular to the ridge and fills the flat space at the top. The boundaries of the Smith’s Townland tract and most of its buildings are set at an angle of 9° north of east and as the structure is located near the southern boundary, it might be anticipated the Print House would orient the same way. However, it is set at an angle of 22° north of east.

33

It has long been known that, in the absence of other factors, buildings often orient to the direction of most likely approach. Considering the arrangement of the 17th-century town and the site location, the most likely approach to this structure would be from the town center to the north and east. This has implications for where the front door would be. It can not be on the west because of the chimney or on the south because of the shed. The north side of the structure points to the narrow end of the ridge and ultimately into the river. No one would approach the building from that side. Coming from the town center, a visitor would cross the ravine and turn west as they walked up the slope. The building would be on the high ground directly in front of them. Because of this, it is likely that the main door would be on the east facade. The presence of two, small post holes on the southern part of the east façade supports the idea of a door on this side.

Timber-Framed Chimney Excavation in the area west of the main building revealed the post holes and other features associated with a remarkably well preserved timber-framed, chimney. A summary of the chimney post hole measurements is presented in Table 3. As with the posts of the main structure, these features will first be individually described and then their architectural implications will be presented. There are 11 post holes associated with the chimney, the remnant of a brick fireback and a fire reddened area where the hearth was located (Figure 16).

TABLE 3 Summary of Chimney Post Hole Data

Post Hole L (ft.)

Hole W (ft.)

Mold L (in.)

Mold W (in.)

Base Mold (ft.)

Below Grade (41.90 ft.)

Base Hole (ft.)

579 R 1.5 1.4 6 6 40.68 1.22 40.68 579 T 1.15 0.9 4 3.5 40.94 0.96 40.94 579 Y 1.1 1.0 5 4.5 41.27 0.63 41.27 579 AA 0.9 0.8 4.5 3.25 41.26 0.64 41.26 580 BB 1.4 1.0 6 4 41.40 0.50 41.40 580 DD 1.25 1.25 4 4 41.18 0.72 41.18 580 GG 1.5 1.15 5.5 4 40.99 0.91 40.94 609 S 1.4 1.3 6 5.5 40.69 1.21 40.67 609 W 1.4 1.25 5 4 40.81 1.09 40.81 610 T 1.2 1.1 4.25 4.25 41.20 0.70 41.20 610 Y 1.8 1.1 4.25 4.25 40.84 1.06 40.81

34

Figure 16.—Plan View of Features Associated with the Timber Chimney.

609 S 609 W

610 T

610 Y

579 Y

579 AA

579 T

579 R

580 GG

580 BB

580 DD

580 T

579 P

Fire-Reddened Earth

Wall Line

0 2 ft.

35

Southwest Chimney Corner Post (579 R): Generally square in shape, this post hole measures 1.5 ft. by 1.4 ft. and is the largest of the chimney post holes (Figure 17). The post mold is square, 6 in. on a side, and is the largest post mold associated with the chimney. Both hole and mold are filled with a dark brown silt loam. The distinction between the two is a moderate amount of yellowish brown clay loam in the hole. Hole and mold both share a basal elevation of 40.68 ft. and have a flat bottom. The post mold is located in the southeast quadrant of the post hole. On the eastern edge of the post hole, the fireback rubble (579 P) intrudes this post hole but not the mold. At the same time this post hole intrudes the south chimney wall, west post (580 GG). Within the post mold, at the base, was a large piece of in situ wood which has been identified as red cedar (Harry Alden 2004, elec. comm.). Chimney Back, South Post (579 T): This feature is a small, generally rectangular post hole which measures 1.15 ft. by 0.9 ft. with its long axis parallel to the chimney back wall. The fill of the hole is a highly mottled, dark yellowish brown silt loam. It contains a square post mold, 4 in. by 3.5 in., which was filled with a dark brown silt loam. Both hole and mold share a basal elevation of 40.94 ft., are shallow, and flat bottomed. Rubble from the fireback covered a small portion of the eastern edge of the post hole. Within the hole, the mold is shifted to the southern half and is set at a slight angle to the line of the wall. The edge of the mold is inset from the wall line 0.1 ft. to the northeast, perhaps implying the thickness of the daub used to coat the interior of the chimney. Chimney Back, North Post (579 Y): Another, small, shallow post hole, this feature measured 1.1 ft. by 1.0 ft. and was square. The post mold was square, 5 in. by 4.5 in., and centered in the hole. Both mold and hole had a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill, which in the hole was mottled with a small percentage of yellowish brown clay loam. The base of both the hole and the mold were at an elevation of 41.27 ft. and flat. This mold is not as inset as the other studs on the back wall, being approximately 0.05 ft. from the wall line. Chimney Back, Mid Post (579 AA): Located in the center of the chimney back, this was the smallest of the chimney post holes. It measures 0.9 ft. by 0.8 ft. and was square. The fill of the post hole was a dark yellowish brown silt loam mottled with a high percentage of yellowish brown clay loam. A small, relatively square post mold, measuring 4.5 in. by 3.25 in., was centered in the hole. The fill of the post mold was a dark brown silt loam. Both the mold and the hole had an elevation of 41.26 ft. and were flat bottomed. Like other stud posts on the chimney back wall, this mold was inset 0.1 ft. from the wall line. South Chimney Wall, Mid Post (580 BB): Located in the center of the south chimney wall, this post hole was rectangular, 1.4 ft. by 1.0 ft., with its long axis perpendicular to the chimney wall. The post mold measured 5 in. by 4 in., was centered in the hole, and relatively square. Despite being centered in the hole, the mold is inset by 0.2 ft. from the south wall of the chimney. Both the hole and mold were filled with a dark yellowish brown silt loam but the hole fill was slightly lighter and more mottled. Basal elevation for both the mold and the hole were 41.40 ft. and both were flat bottomed. The west side of

36

Figure 17.—Profiles of Timber Chimney Post Holes and Molds.

579 R

elev. 41.96 ft.

579 T

elev. 41.92 ft.

579 Y

elev. 41.98 ft.

579 AA elev. 41.92 ft.

580 BB elev. 41.87 ft.

580 DD elev. 41.87 ft.

Root

580 GG elev. 41.54 ft.

609 S elev. 41.80 ft.

609 W elev. 41.80 ft.

610 T elev. 41.94 ft.

610 Y elev. 41.81 ft.

0 1 ft.

Brick Charcoal Gravel Mortar Shell

37

this post hole intruded the hole for the south chimney wall, west post (580 GG) and was overlain by the rubble associated with the fireback (579 P). Southeast Chimney Corner Post (580 DD): Situated adjacent to the southwest corner post (580 T), this post ties the south wall of the chimney to the main structure. The post hole is square, 1.25 ft. on a side. It contains a relatively square post mold which measures 4 in. on a side. The post mold is located in the northeast quadrant of the hole and shares a basal elevation of 41.18 ft. with the post hole. Both hole and mold share a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill. The fill of the post hole is slightly lighter and more mottled. On the east side of the post hole considerable root disturbance occurs but it was still possible to note that this hole intrudes the southwest corner post hole of the main structure. While this post was termed a corner post in the field, it is more likely the chimney was directly tied to the southwest corner post (580 T). Feature 580 DD represents a shallow, small post hole with a small post mold. It does not look like the other corner posts. Further, it, like the other studs on the south wall, is inset from the wall line. South Chimney Wall, West Post (580 GG): Most of this feature was covered by rubble from the fireback and was only defined after the rubble was excavated. Excavation of that rubble revealed a complex stratigraphic sequence involving this feature, the southwest corner chimney post (579 R) and the south chimney wall, mid post (580 BB). This feature is intruded by both 579 R and 580 BB. Clearly, this was one of the first posts placed on the south chimney wall. The post hole is rectangular, 1.5 ft. by 1.15 ft., with the long axis perpendicular to the south wall of the chimney. It has a highly mottled, dark yellowish brown silt loam fill. The post mold is rectangular and located in the southwest quadrant of the hole. It measures 5.5 in. by 4 in. and has a dark brown silt loam fill. The bases of the post mold and the hole are flat and have elevations of 40.99 ft. and 40.94 ft., respectively. The north edge of the post mold is 0.05 ft. south of the chimney wall line. Northwest Chimney Corner Post (609 S): One of the main chimney supports, this post hole was square, 1.4 ft. by 1.3 ft., and had a highly mottled silt loam fill. The post mold was centered in the hole and was square, measuring 6 in. by 5.5 in., with a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill. At its base, the mold had an elevation of 40.69 ft. and was flat. The post hole had a base elevation of 40.67 ft. and a flat bottom. On the east side, this post hole was slightly intruded by the post hole for the north chimney wall, mid post (609 W) North Chimney Wall, Mid Post (609 W): This was a relatively square post hole, 1.4 ft. by 1.25 ft., with a highly mottled silt loam fill. It contains a square post mold, 5 in. by 4 in., which had a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill. The post mold is set more to the east edge of the hole and is at an angle to the north wall of the chimney. Unlike studs on the south and west walls, this post mold intrudes 0.1 ft. beyond line drawn for the north chimney wall. An additional thickness of daub would be needed on the north wall to cover the studs. At its base, the mold had an elevation of 40.81 ft. and was flat. The base of the post hole was at the same elevation and was flat.

38

Northeast Chimney Corner Post (610 T): Located on the north chimney wall, this was called a corner post in the field but it more likely served as a stud. The post hole was square, 1.2 ft. by 1.1 ft., and had a dark yellowish brown fill highly mottled with a yellowish brown clay loam. It contained a square post mold, 4.25 in. on a side. The fill of the post mold was a dark yellowish brown silt loam. Both the hole and the mold had a base elevation of 41.20 ft. and were flat bottomed. The post mold intruded the line of the north wall of the chimney by 0.2 ft. and, like the previous stud, indicates a thicker layer of daub on the north wall. West Wall Post (610 Y): This post was used to join the north wall of the chimney to the main structure. The hole was rectangular, 1.8 ft. by 1.1 ft., and was filled with a highly mottled brown silt loam. Within the hole was a square post mold, 4.25 in. on a side and filled with dark yellowish brown silt loam. The base of the mold had an elevation of 40.84 ft. and was rounded. In contrast, the base of the hole had an elevation of 40.81 ft. and was flat. The location and use of this post mold is important for understanding both the chimney and the west wall of the main structure. Without the northwest corner post mold, destroyed by a 19th-century post hole, the location and direction of the west wall of the main structure is uncertain. This post, along with the southwest corner post (580 T) provide the line for the west wall. A line drawn along the west side of the southwest corner post and the east side of the west wall post would pass through the area of the northwest corner post hole. Fireback (579 P): An essential element in any timber-framed chimney was a fireback to reflect heat into the adjacent room and to protect the base of the chimney. Archaeological evidence of these features is very rare. They were often made of brick but were shallow and ephemeral. Even with the remarkable preservation at this site, only a small portion of the lowest course of the fireback was still in place (Figure 18). What was excavated as the fireback, in reality comprises two distinct events. Given the shallow nature of the feature and the similarity of the fills, it was not possible to distinguish between the construction and destruction features. The northern end represents the construction of the fireback and has in situ brick. The southern end is part of the destruction which extended beyond the original trench. It is probable that the change noticeable in the east wall of the feature, next to a dense cluster of brick rubble, is the boundary between the disturbance and the construction but this is not certain. The original trench for the fireback appeared to be 1 ft. wide, flat bottomed and had an elevation of 41.74 ft. at the base. If the trench were centered in the fireplace, which can not be conclusively shown on the present evidence, it would have been 6 ft. long. There was a single line of bricks laid in this trench. While there is mortar between the bricks and some patches on top, the sides do not have mortar on them. This suggests

39

Figure 18.—Photograph of the Chimney Posts and Fireback, View West. that the fireback only had one row of brick. Presumably, the brick of the fireback would have butted against the daub of the chimney’s west wall. If so, the daub would have been 0.4 ft. thick. The base of the trench for the fireback, when compared to a grade of 42.00 ft., indicates that the first course of brick was buried in the ground. Interestingly, the bricks were placed at an angle of 5° to the wall of the chimney. The distance between the line of the wall and the line of the bricks varies from 0.4 ft. at the north end to 0.5 ft. at the south end. If the brick line continued, the distance to the wall would have been even greater. Fire-reddened soil was very obvious in the hearth area and it was carefully preserved during excavation. From the map of this soil, it is obvious that not all of the hearth area was used the same. There is a distinct bias toward the north end of the hearth. Building the fire here would have made it closer to the center of the room. If the fireback was angled intentionally, it could have reflected more of the heat towards that part of the room as well. The fireback feature was shallow and contained few materials other than brick and some shell. However, there was one tobacco pipe stem which had the letters “I S” impressed on it. This was likely the mark of John Sinderling of Bristol who was active from 1666-1699 (Walker 1977:606). The stem has a bore diameter of 3.0 mm.

40

Artifacts in the Chimney Features Table 4 lists the materials recovered from the chimney post molds and holes. Overall, there is more material in the holes than in the molds but the molds are much smaller contexts. If the figures are standardized by volume, the molds have a greater proportion of rubble than the holes. For example the average density of brick in the molds is 541 g/ft3 while in the holes it is 77 g/ft3. Even though the concentration of materials is higher in the molds, there is still a lot of rubble in the holes, which should represent the original construction period. As suggested for the structural posts, the presence of this material in the earliest contexts indicates the presence of either an earlier building in the area or recycling from Smith’s Ordinary. What is surprisingly absent from the chimney post molds is any evidence of daub. Daub was found in the plow zone above the features, in three of the molds of the main structure and in the mold of one of the shed posts. While it could not be described as abundant, daub was widely scattered over the site. Its absence from the molds of the chimney posts is odd. There were few non-rubble artifacts from the post molds. Of the five items, three were ceramics and these included two sherds of tin-glazed earthenware and a sherd of North Devon sgraffito ware. The other two artifacts recovered were a piece of colonial window glass and a fragment of a white clay tobacco pipe bowl. This small collection does not add much to the interpretation of the site.

TABLE 4 Materials Recovered From Chimney Contexts

Mold Hole American Indian 9 59 Nails 5 36 Other Artifacts 5 15 Shell (g) 277 1047 Brick (g) 1283 860 Mortar (g) 29 159 Plaster (g) 72 430

The artifacts recovered from the chimney post holes are not particularly diagnostic either but do offer some insights. In this collection are six pipe fragments,

41

including two stems with measurable bore diameters (2.4 and 2.8 mm). There is one piece of tin glaze, a piece of colonial window glass, a piece of window lead, four pieces of colonial bottle glass and two tile fragments. For these relatively small features, this seems like an abundant and diverse group of materials to be present during the construction phase. Even more puzzling are the two tile fragments recovered from the holes. The first is a tin-glaze fireplace tile and the other is a red clay floor tile. Neither of these is expected in the holes of the chimney. Tile would not be used on the fireplace until it was finished yet this piece ended up in the hole for one of the posts. It is possible that it was discarded during construction. However, the floor tile should be associated with Phase III of the shed, long after the chimney was built and functioning. The presence of these two artifacts in the construction holes for the chimney is an anomaly. Architecture of the Chimney The placement of the chimney at the southwest corner rather than centered on the west wall would have led to uneven heating of the structure. Perhaps it was cheaper to build this way. It requires one less post as the corner post can act as a support. With the stack located away from the highest part of the roof, perhaps it did not have to be built so high. Overall, the chimney has exterior dimensions of 8.25 ft. by 6 ft. and interior dimensions of 7.2 ft. by 5.5 ft., although neither of these takes into account the daub that would have been applied to the wooden framework. These measurements imply that the walls of the chimney were half a foot thick with additional daub applied to the corners to cover the larger posts. The smaller posts were inset 0.1 ft. to 0.2 ft. from the wall lines. On the exterior of the chimney, the only timber visible would be the corner posts and the plate connecting them.

The fact that the studs are inset has an important implication for the construction of the chimney. They can not have been lapped on the plate but must have been tenoned into that beam. The corner posts would have been carefully set first. The two western corner posts are within 0.01 ft. of each other in depth. Once that level was established, the studs were put in and cut to the desired length. Presumably, the plate was lowered onto the upright studs.

The placement of the posts was well thought out. Of the eleven measurable spaces, eight are at 2.0 ft. ± 0.1 ft., measured center to center or, for corner posts, exterior to center, The only posts that do not follow this pattern are on the south wall where there is an extra post inserted. This again implies that the studs had to be set to fit the plate. As would be expected, there are significant differences between the corner posts and the studs. The average size of the corner post holes is 1.95 ft2 whereas the average was only 1.31 ft2 for the studs. In the same way, the corner posts are significantly larger, being on average 29 in2 with an average of 18 in2 for the studs. Finally, the corner posts were buried deeper than the studs. The average depth of the corner posts, below grade, was 1.16 ft. while the studs were 0.76 ft. deep on average. As expected, the corner posts

42

are the main weight bearing support while the studs are there to provide a framework for the daub. There are two serious problems that remain in the interpretation of the chimney and both are related to framing the opening in the west wall. The first of these is a question of how the opening is framed in the main structure. The south edge of the opening is well secured because of the southwest corner post. However, the other end is hanging in space. As we have seen, the west wall post (610 Y) is outside the main wall line and can not, therefore, hold up the wall (Figure 16). If there were a sill that ran the length of the west wall, then studs attached to the sill could handle the weight of the wall. Such a solution however puts an exposed timber right in front of the fire. Based on the edge of the fire-reddened area, there would be only a foot from the fire to the sill. This does not seem a good solution. It would be possible to fill the chimney area with clay, covering and protecting the sill but no evidence of this survived. Alternately, the sill could stop at the north edge of the opening and be framed with a large stud rather than a post. This leaves the end of the wall insecurely depending on the stability of the sill and stud. It would imply that the sill was directly laid on the ground as there was no evidence of a trench in this location. An almost identical situation has been found at the Roper site (44CC297) in Virginia (Jones, et. al. 1991:30-35). This c. 1704 earthfast building had an eight ft. by six ft. timber-framed chimney that was off-center like the one at the Print House. The only evidence of the chimney was two corner posts and an area of fire-reddened clay. Like the Print House, the south edge of the opening was supported by a major structural post, while no evidence of a post was found on the north side. In this case, it is not possible to assume that a sill ran through this area because the fire-reddened clay occurs directly on and across the wall line. The only way this building could have been built is if a ground laid sill ran from the northwest corner to the north side of the chimney opening.

The second issue involves much the same problem but in the chimney itself. In the chimney, the plates sit on top of the corner posts and support the weight of the stack above. In order to support the side of the stack closest to the main building, there needs to be a plate that runs parallel to the west wall. On the north side, that beam could sit on top of the west wall post but on the south side there is no comparable post. One solution would be to make the plate on the south wall of the chimney longer and tie it into the southeast corner post. Alternately, there could be a large lintel built into the main structure and the front edge of the stack could rise directly from that. This would remove the weight from the west wall post and perhaps explain why it had such a small post mold in contrast to the other corner posts.

South Shed

The most complex archaeological evidence recovered relates to a shed on the south side of the main structure. This area seems to have undergone three major phases

43

during the short time the structure was in use (Figure 19). Compared to the rest of the building, the attention paid to the shed must indicate a special purpose. Evidence of the shed consists of seven post holes and five other features. The post holes can be divided into the first two phases. The early phase post holes are round, deep, have large, rounded molds and were set at a slight angle to the building. The later phase post holes are square, shallow, have small, square post molds and are aligned with the structure. Each phase of posts will be described separately. The characteristics of the post holes are summarized in Table 5. Phase I Shed Post Holes West Shed Deep Post (550 T): Located on the western end of the shed, this feature was only partially excavated (Figure 20). An undetermined portion of the eastern edge was covered by the brick pavement. As the preservation of the pavement was desired, excavation of the post hole only extended to the edge of the pavement. The stratigraphic position of this post is important in understanding the sequence of the shed. It was intruded by the brick pavement, the Phase II shed post and the west construction trench. All three of those features covered some portion of the post mold. The post hole appeared round and measured 2.5 ft. from north to south. Its other dimension was at least 1.7 ft. and probably extended to 2.0 ft. under the brick pavement. The fill of the hole was a highly mottled, dark yellowish brown, sandy silt loam. Centered within the hole was a round post mold with an 11 in. diameter. The fill of the mold was a dark brown silt loam with notable amounts of brick, mortar and shell. Both the mold and hole were flat bottomed and shared an elevation of 38.54 ft. or 3.36 ft. below grade. The profile of the mold, unlike most on the site, is not straight sided but shows distinct wiggles. As this post was intentionally removed to allow reconstruction of the shed, these likely represent the effort of removing the post.

TABLE 5 Summary of Shed Post Hole Data

Post Phase Hole L

(ft.) Hole W

(ft.) Mold L

(in.) Mold W

(in.) Base Mold

(ft.) Below Grade

(41.90 ft.) Base Hole

(ft.) 550 T I 2.5 -- 11 11 38.54 3.36 38.54 550 W II 1.6 1.5 6 6 41.09 0.81 41.09 581 BB I 2.2 2.0 13 9.5 38.40 3.50 38.40 581 S II 2.1 1.8 6 6 41.14 0.56 41.14 582 W I 2.1 1.9 8 6.5 39.44 2.46 39.32 582 Y I 2.45 2.2 10 9.5 38.39 3.51 38.29 583 R II 1.4 1.4 10 8.5 40.71 1.19 40.71

44

Figure 19.—Evolution of the South Shed.

8 ft. 0

Main Building

Main Building

Main Building

550 T 581 BB 582 W 582 Y

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

550 W 581 S 583 R

Timber Mold

550 W 581 S

583 R

Mortar Bed

45

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/3) silt loam with 2% brick, 1% mortar. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 25% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% gravel, 1% shell. [Post hole] Figure 20.—Profile of Feature 550 T, View West.

elev. 41.87 ft.

2 2

1

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

Brick Displaced subsoil Gravel Mortar Shell

Previously excavated features.

46

Mid Shed Deep Post (581 BB):This post hole was entirely covered by six other features and presents a complex problem for interpretation (Figure 21). On top of this feature were the west construction trench, east end (551 N), mid-shed post mold and hole (581 S & T), west timber mold (581 R), timber mold, west end (582 AA), and construction trench, west end (582 BB). This area has the most complex stratigraphy on the site and will be fully explored in the discussion of the shed architecture.

Like the previous shed post, this post hole was round, 2.2 ft. by 2.0 ft. and was filled with a yellowish brown sandy silt loam highly mottled with a brown silt loam. The post mold was oval 13 in. by 9.5 in., and located close to the southern edge of the hole. Its fill was described as a brown silt loam. Both hole and mold were flat bottomed and had a basal elevation of 38.40 ft. or 3.50 ft. below grade. East Shed Deep Post (582 Y): As originally built, the shed was set back 2.0 ft. from the east façade of the main structure. This post was the end of the original shed and was removed when it was rebuilt (Figure 22). Like the mid-shed post, this feature was entirely covered by later features and was only discovered during excavation. The post hole was trapezoidal in shape with all the edges parallel to the building except the south edge which was at a considerable angle to it. Within the hole was a dark yellowish brown silt loam mixed with a yellowish brown clay loam. It was 2.45 ft. long and, at its widest point, was 2.2 ft. across. The post mold was round, 10 in. by 9.5 in. and filled with a dark brown silt loam containing shell, daub and mortar. Both the hole and mold were flat bottomed. The base of the mold was at 38.39 ft. while the base of the hole was at 38.29 feet. Secondary East Shed Deep Post (582 W): Located west of the east shed deep post (582 Y), this post hole intruded that feature but was covered by all of the later features. For this reason, it is assigned to Phase I. The post hole was rectangular, 2.1 ft. by 1.9 ft., and was set at a distinct angle to the rest of the building. While it may not mean anything, the angle of this post hole is the same as the southern edge of the hole for the east shed deep post. Both the hole and the mold had fill that was described as dark yellowish brown sandy silt loam with the hole having a high percentage of yellowish brown clay loam mixed with it (Figure 23). The mold was rounded, 8 in. by 6 in., extended to a depth of 39.44 ft. and had a flat bottom. The hole was also flat bottomed and had an elevation of 39.32 ft. at the base. The function of this post is uncertain. It is located directly on the wall line for the shed and only 0.2 ft. west of the corner post. The post was placed directly against the east edge of the hole and as close to the other post as possible. Given the rapid changes that the shed underwent, it seems unlikely that this was a repair post. It is likely that the original door to the shed was located here and the post was a door post. If that were the case, it has implications for the construction of the original shed which will be discussed below.

47

1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam with 2% shell, 2% mortar, 1% brick. [Post mold - 581 S] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% gravel, 1% shell. [Post hole – 581 T] 3. Brown (10YR4/3) silt loam mottled with 15% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% shell, 1% gravel, <1% brick. [Construction trench – 551 N] 4. Dark brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt loam with 1% shell, 1% mortar. [Post mold – 581 BB] 5. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Post hole – 581 CC] Figure 21.—Profile of Features 581 S and BB, View West.

2 3 1 0

elev. 42.04 ft.

0 1 ft.

Brick Gravel Mortar Shell

2 1 3

4 5 5

4

48

1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% charcoal, 2% gravel, 1% mortar. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% gravel, 2% shell. [Post hole] Figure 22.—Profile of Feature 582 Y, View East.

0 1 ft.

Charcoal Gravel Mortar Shell

elev. 41.82 ft.

2 3 1 0

2 2 1


49

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam with 2% gravel. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Post hole] Figure 23.—Profile of Feature 582 W, View East.

elev. 41.94 ft.

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

Gravel

2 2

1


50

Phase II Shed Post Holes West Shed Post (550 W): This post replaced the west shed deep post (550 T) and was set 0.5 ft. further west than its predecessor. This extra space brought the west wall of the shed more in line with the west wall of the main building. It was also set 0.8 ft. to the north of the early post. Again, this made the south wall of the shed more parallel to the main building. After the post was put in place, the hole was intruded by several features. On the north side, the west wall trench (550 S) ran up to the mold. The south and east edges of the hole were intruded by the construction trench (550 N) and the mortar bed (550 P). The post hole was square, 1.6 ft. by 1.5 ft., and was filled with a dark yellowish brown silt loam, highly mottled with a yellowish brown clay loam (Figure 24). Within the post hole, a square, 6 in., mold was evident. The fill of the post mold was dark brown silt loam. Both the hole and the mold had an elevation of 41.09 ft. and were flat bottomed. Along the east side of the hole, running parallel to the edge of the mold and the west wall trench was a dark brown silt loam with a high percentage of gravel. This was at most 0.2 ft. thick and sat on top of the normal post hole fill. In other parts of the site, a layer of gravel has been noted below the mortar bed and this is probably the origin of this fill. Mid-Shed Post (581 S): This was a replacement post for the mid shed deep post (581 BB). It was shifted 0.5 ft. north of the earlier post to better align the shed wall with the main structure (Figure 21). The southern edge of the hole was intruded by the construction trench. The post hole was rectangular, 2.1 ft. by 1.8 ft., and had a brown silt loam fill, highly mottled with yellowish brown clay loam. Within the hole was a mold with a dark brown silt loam fill containing brick, mortar and shell. The mold was square and 6 in. on a side. Both the mold and the hole had an elevation of 41.14 ft. and were flat bottomed. East Shed Post (583 R): Unlike the other two shed replacement posts, this was not set in the same place as the original. When the shed was rebuilt, it was decided to make the east wall flush with the main facade. To achieve this, the post was moved 2 ft. east and half a foot to the north. The post hole is the smallest in the building being only 1.4 ft by 1.4 ft. yet at 10 in. by 8.5 in., the post mold is large. As excavation proceeded, it was apparent that the mold maintained this shape and size all the way to the bottom of the hole (Figure 25). The contrast between hole and mold was stark. The fill of the hole was a dark yellowish brown silt loam with a small amount of shell in it. The mold was dark brown and contained a large number of oyster shell. Both the hole and mold had basal elevations of 40.71 ft. with the base of the hole being flat while the mold had a rounded bottom. It is probable that the large, round bottomed post mold represents disturbance created by removing the post.

51

1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% charcoal, 1% mortar. [Post mold] 2. Brown (10YR4/3) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 1% gravel. [Post hole] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam with 20% gravel, 1% mortar. [Gravel base for mortar bed] 4. West Shed Deep Post Hole. [550 T] 5. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 24.—Profile of Feature 550 W, View North.

elev. 41.90 ft.

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

Gravel

2 2 1

3

4 5

52

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam with 5% shell, 1% gravel. [Post mold] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 1% shell. [Post hole] Figure 25.—Profile of Feature 583 R, View West.

elev. 41.76 ft.

2 3 1 0

0 1 ft.

Gravel Shell

2 1

53

East Timber Mold West Timber Mold Construction Trench

Main Building

550 W 581 S 583 R

Mortar Bed

East Wall Trench

West Wall Trench

Other Features Associated with the Shed In addition to the post holes, there were eight features associated with the south shed (Figure 26). All of these features dated to the rebuilding of the shed and were later than the phase II posts. These features indicate that a significant amount of money and effort was expended to improve the south shed late in the history of the building. Construction Trench: Sometime after the phase I posts were taken out and the phase II posts erected, a trench for the placement of timber sills was completed. When the trench was filled in, large amounts of shell were included in the fill. This was possibly two separate features but telling them apart in the field was impossible. One of these features runs from the east shed post (583 R) to the mid shed post (581 S). It intruded both of these post holes. The other half ran from the west shed post (550 W) to the mid shed post. Again, the trench intruded both of these features. The two halves of the trench met south of the mid shed post where there was a distinct change in the edge of the trench. It was not possible to tell which half intruded the other, perhaps it was all one feature. The trench was intruded by all of the other features associated with the reconstruction of the shed. Segments on each end of both the east and west halves were excavated to reveal the underlying post holes (Figure 27).

On the east side, the trench is consistently 3.0 ft. wide. The west side is covered

by several unexcavated features, including the brick pavement, and its width is not readily apparent. In a cross section for the mid shed post, the western part of the construction trench was also three feet wide (Figure 28). The fill is a dark brown silt loam mottled with yellowish brown clay loam and containing a high percentage of shell. Both halves of the feature were created for the placement of timber sills. The edges of the Figure 26.—Detail of Phase III Shed Features.

54

1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam with 5% mortar, 1% brick, 1% shell. [Robbers trench] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% mortar, 1% brick. [Timber mold] 3. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam mottled with 10% dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt loam, 5% shell, 1% mortar, 1% gravel. [Construction trench] Figure 27.—Profiles of East Construction Trench.

2 3 1 0

elev. 41.85 ft.

0 1 ft.

Brick Mortar Shell

2

1

3 3

View West

View East

2 3 1 0

elev. 42.05 ft.

3 3

1

2

55

1. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/8) clay loam, 10% brick, 5% shell, 5% gravel. [Timber mold/Brick trench] 2. Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) sandy silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 15% shell, 5% gravel. [Construction trench] 3. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam with 20% gravel, 1% mortar. [Gravel base for mortar bed] 4. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 5% gravel, 1% shell. [Post hole – 581 S] 5. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Post hole – 581 BB] 6. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% gravel. [Subsoil] Figure 28.—Profile of West Construction Trench and Related Features, View West.

0 1 ft.

Brick Gravel Shell

3 1

5 6

4

2

2 3 1 0

elev. 42.08 ft.

4

6

56

trench are shallow, less than 0.3 ft. below grade but in the center, the trench is much deeper. On the east side, two profiles reveal that the trench was dug to a depth of 41.25 ft. while a profile on the west side shows an elevation of 41.33 ft. at the base of the trench. East Timber Mold: Within the eastern half of the construction trench was a feature with remarkably straight sides, squared ends and a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill (Figure 29). This feature extended 11.2 ft. and was 10 in. wide. The feature was entirely within the shell trench and overlaid part of the mid shed post hole. Cross-sections at each end of this feature showed it to be rounded on the bottom. The base of the feature was at 41.25 ft. or 0.65 ft. below grade. Given the shape and size of this feature, it appeared to be a timber mold. When the construction trench was dug, a split log was placed in the hole with the flat side up. The purpose of this sill may have been for the placement of joists for a wooden floor. On the north side, the ends of the joists would have been tied into the sills of the main structure. Unlike the later tile floor, the wooden floor would have extended all the way to the east wall of the phase II shed. Remarkably, the timber mold extends south of the phase II shed wall line by half a foot. Why this should be remains unexplained. West Timber Mold: On the other side of the mid-shed post, a similar timber mold feature was found. However, it was not as well defined because of later disturbances. It began at the mid-shed post and extended 5.5 ft. west until it disappeared under the brick pavement. It did not intrude the west shed post hole therefore its maximum length was 10.2 feet. The timber mold was straight sided with a flat eastern end, 10.5 in. wide, was contained within the construction trench and had a dark yellowish brown silt loam fill with mortar, shell, and gravel (Figure 28). At its base, the timber mold had an elevation of 41.46 ft. and was 0.21 ft. higher than the base of the east timber mold.

Although the two timber molds have different base elevations, this does not imply that their upper edges were not set at the same elevation. An unevenly split log would require one side to be buried deeper that the other. Unlike the east timber mold, the south edge of this feature lined up exactly with the south wall of the phase II shed. Brick Trenches: At some point, the wooden floor was removed from the shed and the timber sills were taken out. This action created holes identified as the east and west timber molds. These holes were filled with rubble and a line of bricks, set on their edges, were placed in the trench to form an edge for the planned mortar bed. Because the bricks were set at the same time the timber molds were being filled, there was no separate feature for the bricks. In the west timber mold, the bricks were still in place and the line of the bricks was 0.2 ft. north of the shed wall line. However, on the east side, all but one were removed at some time. The removal created a separate feature within the timber mold which was evident in two cross-sections (Figure 27). On the east end of the timber mold, a large disturbance, 0.6 ft. across, was evident while on the west end, the disturbance was only 0.38 ft. wide, or slightly more than the width of a brick. The one remaining brick, if it were in place, would have been 0.1 ft. south of the shed wall line. While these disturbances were evident in the cross-sections, they were not discernable during excavation.

57

East Wall Trench (582 S): This feature was created to contain bricks set to form the edge of the mortar for the tile floor. On its south end, it intruded the construction trench and it was not intruded by any other feature. The east wall trench was 8.5 ft. long and ran from the east timber mold to the north edge of the shed. On the north, the trench ends 0.2 ft. from the wall line of the main structure. Over its length, the trench was relatively straight sided and varied from 0.4 ft. to 0.5 ft. wide. Only the southern 1 ft. of this trench was excavated where it intruded other features. The fill of the trench was a dark yellowish brown, clayey silt loam highly mottled with subsoil and containing a significant amount of shell. It had straight sides and a flat bottom with an elevation of 41.47 ft. or 0.43 ft. below grade. This trench presents an interesting problem in interpretation. By all indications, the trench is one of the last modifications made to the shed. Stratigraphically, it cuts into the construction trench which sits on top of the phase I post holes and overlies parts of the phase II post holes. In the larger picture, the trench is part of the creation of the tile floor which takes place late in the history of the site. Given these factors, it would be expected that the trench would run from the southeast corner post of the main structure to the east shed post. Instead, the trench is set in line with the east wall of the old shed (Figure 26). It runs directly to where the east shed deep post used to be. This would indicate that the tile floor did not extend over the last two feet of the shed. In the same manner, the east timber mold (and the bricks) only continue one foot beyond this point and do not reach the east shed post. Why this space was treated differently is unknown. West Wall Trench (550 S): This feature is the companion of the east wall trench (582 S) and ran from the southwest corner post to the west shed post. The trench intruded both post holes. It was 8.4 ft. long, straight sided and 0.5 ft. wide. Two segments of this trench were excavated, one on each end. Both were shallow and contained little but shell fragments. The fill of the trench was a dark yellowish brown, clayey silt loam highly mottled with subsoil. At its base, the trench was 40.40 ft. or 0.5 ft. below grade. On the southern end, the mortar bed was noted to come up to but not cover the trench. Brick Pavement: In the southwest corner of the shed was a rectangular area of brick, well-laid in a bonded pattern. The pavement was 2.8 ft. from north to south. There was considerable root disturbance on the west side and this dimension is uncertain. On the east side there was a good edge and from there, bricks extended 4.1 ft. to the west but the mortar continued to the west wall, a 5 ft. distance. Within the pavement, there were five rows of bricks laid east to west and a final row, on the south side, laid north to south. That the east edge was a finished edge was indicated by the presence, at the end of two rows, of closer bricks. The southern edge of the pavement lined up with the southern edge of the brick trench and the south wall line. In order to preserve the feature, none of the bricks were removed. However, on the west side, where it was already disturbed, part of the mortar was removed to investigate how the feature was created. Below the bricks was a 1 in. bed of mortar and under that, a dark, gravelly sand. On the east side of the pavement, where one of the bricks had been removed, it was noted that the mortar for the pavement was 1 in. deeper than the mortar for the tile floor. This indicates that the builders were trying to make the tile and the brick be at the same level. The upper surface

58

of the bricks was at 41.99 feet. The location of this pavement and its composition suggest that it was part of a door step. If there was a door on the south wall of the shed, the pavement would be stronger than the tile floor and would distribute the foot traffic better. Mortar Bed: As it currently exists, the mortar bed is approximately 11 ft. east to west and 8 ft. north to south. It is assumed that the mortar bed once spread over an area of 22 ft. by 8.5 ft., given the wall trenches that surround most of the shed. Although it varies somewhat, the mortar is generally 1 in. thick and is underlain by a dark, gravely sand. The mortar bed varies in elevation according to its preservation but is generally 41.88 ft., on average. After it was carefully cleaned, square impressions, 8.5 in. on a side, were noted in a number of places. These impressions appear to have been created by red clay tiles. No in situ tiles were located, however fragments of such tiles have been found on the site. The tiles were 0.12 ft. thick and would have made a floor at an elevation of 42.00 ft., identical to the brick pavement. The tiles that made up this floor are the same type as those that were in the floor at Smith’s Ordinary. Near the brick pavement, there was a large, rectangular hole in the mortar bed and it was speculated that this might be another feature. This area was tested and revealed the dark gravelly sand underlying the mortar was 0.1 ft. thick. Below the sand was subsoil and the north edge of the shell trench. The square shape of this hole may simply reflect the removal of the square tiles. Artifacts in the Shed Features The south shed represents the only portion of the structure showing significant changes through time. It also has the most diverse collection of artifacts. As in the description of the features, the artifacts have been grouped into four phases reflecting the changes in the structure. Phase I consists of the post holes of the original shed. Artifacts from these contexts represent things deposited when the shed was originally built. Phase II consists of three types of features. It includes the molds of the Phase I post holes. These posts were removed, the holes filled and covered as part of the changes made to the shed. A second group of features included in Phase II are the post holes associated with the new arrangement of the shed. Finally, the fill of the construction trench is included in Phase II. Phase III features include the timber molds/brick trench, the wall trenches and miscellaneous features associated with the tile floor. This phase represents the final construction and renovation of the shed. Phase IV consists of the post molds of the shed which were removed during its destruction. There are considerable numbers of artifacts and rubble in all four phases (Table 6). However, unlike the previous discussions, the presence of material in the Phase I holes does not imply anything about previous buildings on the site. There is no way to demonstrate that the shed was part of the original construction. It could have been built after the main structure and the chimney. The quantity of rubble, particularly brick and

59

TABLE 6 Materials From South Shed Contexts

Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV American Indian 7 37 9 7 Nails 3 158 94 96 Other Artifacts 4 115 273 20 Shell (g) 914 7918 2244 1605 Brick (g) 13 1188 4620 1020 Mortar (g) 28 1122 1112 337 Plaster (g) 27 871 511 609

plaster, in Phase II and Phase III contexts implies a considerable remodeling of the shed, if not the whole structure. The phase I shed contexts were relatively clean. There was very little construction debris and almost no artifacts. This would be expected on a site that had not previously been occupied. In total, there were three nails and four other artifacts. While the nails came from different contexts, all the other artifacts came from the east shed deep post (582 Y). They consisted of a tobacco pipe stem with a bore diameter of 2.6 mm, a piece of tin-glazed earthenware and two pieces of colonial window glass. As would be expected with renovations, there were significantly higher amounts of material in all categories in the phase II shed contexts. Phase II contexts produced 81 other artifacts. Of these, 31 were window glass and 18 were window lead fragments. The assemblage also included two pieces of table glass, six fragments of bottle glass, and three pipe fragments, two of which had measurable bore diameters of 2.6 mm. Ceramics represented 14 pieces with ten tin glaze sherds, three colonial earthenware sherds, and, one manganese mottled sherd. One of the pieces of tin glaze has, as part of its decoration, the word “what” and has been identified as one of a set of Merryman plates dating to the 1680s (Hurry 2003). A silver, two pence coin of Charles II was found in the construction trench and its manufacture dates c. 1660-1685. It has two holes punched in it, perhaps indicating use as decoration on clothing. Finally, there were six fragments of flooring tile. The datable artifacts from the Phase II contexts are typical of what would be expected from a building renovated in the 1680s and do not add much to the analysis. However, a closer look at all the materials recovered suggests an interesting source for some of the material. If the Phase II materials are separated into their specific contexts, i.e. Phase I molds, Phase II holes, and the construction trench, two categories stand out. In the construction trench, all of the categories represent less than 50% of the Phase II sample except American Indian artifacts and oyster shell. In these two categories, the percentage rises to 70%. The significant association of American Indian artifacts and oyster shell suggests that the material used to fill the construction trench came from a prehistoric midden. Although the river bank to the west has suffered considerable erosion through the years, the initial work in 1979 had uncovered some evidence of the remnant of a midden in that area. As will be discussed later, there are several large pits, probably

60

dug for the collection of clay for the chimney, which have oyster shell on their surface. It is possible that in doing the initial construction, the builders dug through a prehistoric midden and that significant amounts of shell were still around during the renovation. The number of artifacts from Phase III contexts is much higher than the others but it is made up mostly of two types of artifacts from one context. In this assemblage, there were 194 pieces of window glass and 54 fragments of window lead. All of the window lead and 178 of the window glass fragments came from the fill of the east end of the east timber mold (Feature 582 N). This represented material deposited in the timber mold after the timber was removed and before the bricks for the tile floor were placed. It suggests a considerable remodeling of the windows of the structure at this time. A sample of window leads were conserved and opened from Feature 582 N (Rivers 2004). These revealed makers’ marks with three different dates, 1671, 1677, and 1689 with 1689 being the most common. This places the construction of the tile floor very late in the history of the building, no earlier than 1689. If we allow a certain time lag for the making of the window in England, its shipment and installation in the structure and its disposal in the feature, it suggests that the tile floor was created in the 1690s. Historically, the tile floor most likely represents one of the efforts made by land-holders in St. Mary’s City, in 1694, to keep the capital from moving to Annapolis. Zacharias Van Sweringen, son of Garret, was one of the signers of a petition to the Governor which argued for retaining St. Mary’s as the capital (Archives of Maryland 19:75). The signers pledged to establish a coach service between St. Mary’s and the Patuxent River, to the north, and to maintain post horses at their own expense. It is likely that other upgrades were completed to entice the Assembly to stay in St. Mary’s City. The remaining 19 artifacts from the Phase III contexts were a diverse group and not particularly diagnostic. They included two table glass sherds, a piece of bottle glass and a tile fragment. There were ten ceramic sherds with five being tin glaze and one each of North Italian slipware, Staffordshire slipware, manganese mottled, Rhenish brown stoneware, and Höhr stoneware. Finally, there were five pipe fragments, of which three had bore diameters of 2.0, 3.2, and 3.6 mm. The artifact evidence, though tenuous, suggests that the shed was built later than the rest of the structure. The presence of manganese mottled sherds in the original shed holes but not in those of the main structure or those of the chimney perhaps indicate some time difference. If this is true, it makes the history of the shed even more remarkable. Architecture of the Shed The archaeology indicates that the shed underwent three major episodes in its short history (Figure 19). Originally, the shed was 22 ft. long and 9.5 ft. wide. Both end walls of the shed were inset by 1.5 ft. – 2.0 ft. from the walls of the main building. What characterizes the posts of the phase I shed are their depth and size. They are all over 3 ft. deep and have large, round molds. Given that the posts of the main building are much smaller and shallower, one wonders why the shed was built so strong. It is possible their

61

depth and size was required to hold up the shed roof. That roof had to join the main roof at a sufficient height to create an angle where water would run off the clapboards. While the weight of the shed roof would be shared with the frame of the main building, with the posts inset, the shed roof rafters would not align with the main structures posts. This may have necessitated the very large posts for the shed. When the shed was rebuilt in phase II, the shed posts were in line with the main posts and those could have helped to support the weight. At this stage (Phase I) there is no evidence of a floor in the shed. It is possible that there were interrupted sills tied into the posts but that would be supposition. The exterior wall of the shed was not parallel to the walls of the main structure. It was set at an angle with the east end closer to the main structure than the west end. The presence of a post adjacent to the east wall post might be evidence of a door in this location. Phase II consisted of the removal of the early posts and their replacement by shallow, smaller posts. The phase II shed was 24.5 ft. long and 9 ft. wide. The east wall of the shed is directly in line with the east wall of the main structure. However, the west shed post is inset 0.7 feet. The timber sills were placed during this phase, indicating that the shed had a wood floor. There is no indication of a door location at this time. During phase III, the timber sills were removed, wall trench bricks were placed on three sides and the tile floor was laid. For unexplained reasons, the tile floor only extended 22 ft. leaving the eastern 2.5 ft. as either unfloored or perhaps covered by some fixture. As noted above, the brick pavement located on the west side of the shed probably indicates the location of a door. The west wall trench is not parallel to the structure. It angles from the southwest corner post to the west shed post. This means that, near the main structure the shed is 25 ft. long but on the south wall it is only 24.5 ft. long. There is no way to know if this angled wall was part of the phase II shed or if it developed as part of phase III.

Landscape Features Associated with the Print House In addition to the structure itself, there were a number of features discovered that related to the use of the site during the time the Print House building was standing (Figure 29). A number of fence segments were uncovered and four were excavated. Also, numerous post holes were found around and adjacent to the structure. Many of these likely dates to 19th or 20th century and, as none have been excavated, there is no way to assess their relationship to the 17th-century structure. There were three features which appeared to be clay pits where materials for the chimney and other aspects of the structure were collected. All of these were filled with an upper layer of oyster shell. Two of these features were tested. Analysis of the landscape features provided significant insights on how the site was used over time.

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Figure 29.—Plan View of Landscape Features. Fences were important markers of how people viewed their property in the 17th century. On the practical side, they needed a stout fence to keep the pigs and other domesticated animals, which were allowed to roam free, out of their property. However, fences seldom enclosed the entire property. They enclosed the areas that people thought were important and often where various household tasks were completed. As the primary focus of the research was on collecting data for a reconstruction, the understanding of fencing at the Print House is limited. There is a fence about 10 ft. east of the structure and running parallel to it. The line of this fence also reflects the topography of the ridge on the east side. A short fence segment runs from this fence to the front door of the building. About 20 ft. west of the structure, there was a north-south segment and about 20 ft. south of the building there was a straight east-west segment. These two portions of fence are not oriented with the building but either with cardinal directions or the river bank. If there was another fence about 20 ft. north of the building, it would be in the area where the ridge begins to drop off. Such a fence would mean that the enclosed area around the Print House would be 70 ft. north-south and about 50 ft. east-west. On all but the east side, the space would be squared off and on flat ground. However, the evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate this lot configuration.

Print House

Duplex Cabin

West Shell Feature

South Shell Feature

20 ft. 0

Fence lines Post holes Shell features

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During the investigation, four segments of fence line were tested. Of these, three relate to the east side fence and the small portion leading to the door. All of these were shallow and seemed to have suffered from erosion. The final fence segment is west of the house and seemed to be a short, isolated piece of fence. As will be discussed, its interpretation remains uncertain. Door Fence (612 R): As mentioned above, this fence runs up to the wall line and stops (Figure 6 and 29). From its origin at a post hole to the east of the structure to its end at the front door of the Print House this fence segment is about 11 ft. long. The portion described here is 3.3 ft. long and represents the west end of the feature. A shorter segment, on the east end (613 S) was also excavated. At the base of plow zone, the feature fill was described as a dark yellowish brown silt loam, highly mottled with subsoil, and containing brick, mortar and shell. No molds were visible. However, after excavation of 0.1 ft., a line of molds became visible along the northern edge of the trench. The molds contained the same kind of silt loam as the trench but were much less mottled. Although only 3.3 ft. of trench was exposed, there was a significant difference between the east and west ends. The east side is 0.8 ft. wide and for 2.2 ft. continues straight. At that point, it narrows to 0.55 ft. and takes an abrupt turn to the south. The molds follow this change in direction, with the four eastern ones in a straight line and the last two displaced. All of the molds are generally rectangular except the western most which is triangular. The eastern molds are consistently 0.5 ft. long and vary from 0.2 ft. to 0.35 ft. in width. The base of the molds and trench are both at 40.72 ft. and the depth of the feature was 0.58 ft. below base of plow zone. Neither the molds nor the trench had much in the way of artifacts. The only items recovered were two quartz flakes and two wrought nails. In addition, there were very minor amounts of brick, mortar, plaster, and shell. The lack of material in this segment, and the next two, may be due to a cultural practice of keeping the area at the front of the structure clear. However, it is important to note that the front door of the 19th-century cabin was about in the same place and that the ridge in this area had eroded. Door Fence, East End (613 S): This represents the other end of the fence described above. This portion of the fence intruded a post hole and began near the post mold. Only about 1.5 ft. of the feature was excavated in this area. The trench was about 0.5 ft. wide and only 0.36 ft. deep. No evidence of molds was found in the trench. Only very minor amounts of mortar and oyster shell were found in the feature. Again, erosion was most likely responsible for the shallowness of the feature. East Fence (613 T): The East Fence is oriented to the front façade of the Print House and runs roughly northwest-southeast along the edge of the ridge. Approximately 12 ft. of the fence was exposed during the investigation. On the north end, it intrudes the same post hole as the Door Fence (613 S) and also begins at the post mold. The northern end of the trench was excavated for about 2.0 ft. The trench was 0.75 ft. wide and was only 0.3 ft.

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deep. As with the previous feature, excavation produced only minor quantities of shell, brick, and mortar. The impact of erosion on the east side of the site is evident in the decreasing depth of the three fence line segments. Most palisade fences were at least a foot deeper than the base of the plow zone. However, the Door Fence (612 R) was only 0.58 ft. deep. Moving further east the other two related fences were 0.36 ft. and 0.3 ft. deep respectively. These were closer to the edge of the ridge and therefore suffered greater erosion. Isolated Fence Segment (608 N): About 8 ft. west of the northwest corner of the Print House was a feature that looked like the trench for a paling fence. However, it was only 5.4 ft. long and did not connect to anything else. Although it was set about 1.5 ft. south of the wall line of the structure, it was oriented at the same angle as the north façade. The trench was 0.65 ft. wide and the fill was a dark yellowish brown silt loam mottled with a slight amount of yellowish brown clay loam. No molds were visible on the surface but as excavation progressed, they became obvious at a depth of 0.3 ft. below the feature surface. The molds were rounded ovals which averaged 0.5 ft. in length and 0.3 ft. in width. Most were flat bottomed and ended at the base of the trench. In two cases, the base of the mold was 0.1 ft. deeper than the base of the trench. The trench averaged 0.6 ft. in depth below the base of plow zone. As with the other fences, there was only a small amount of shell and brick in the fill. West Oyster Shell Pit (546 R and 576 P) Approximately 30 ft. southwest of the Print House was a large, oval, oyster-shell filled feature. It was at least 25 ft. long, measured north to south, and 14 ft. wide. The feature was found in seven excavation units with boundaries defined on all but the north side. The surface of the feature, below plow zone, was very dark and showed a dense concentration of oyster shell. The soil, mixed with the shell was a silt loam with very little mottling. The feature was tested in two excavation units and both revealed that the shell layer had an average thickness 0.5 ft. and was underlain by a mottled, dark yellowish brown silt loam with a small amount of shell and brick visible. In both excavation units, this layer was tested and found to contain abundant colonial artifacts. Further testing in unit 576 showed the edge of a pit and excavation ceased (Figure 30). The bottom of the shell was approximately 1.2 ft. below the present surface. From that point, a coring tool was used to probe another 0.8 ft. where it hit an obstacle, probably a shell, and could not continue. The obstacle that stopped the core was at an elevation of 40.76 ft. but the actual base of the feature is undetermined. Within the pit there were significant differences between the artifacts contained in the upper shell layer and those in the underlying stratum (Table 7). As previously mentioned,

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1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 2% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Topsoil] 2. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, <1% shell. 3. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 10% shell, 5% gravel, 2% brick. [Dark brown loam with gravel] 4. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silt loam mottled with 30% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 2% shell, 2% gravel. [Brown loam with gravel] 5. Very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam with 50% shell. [Shell feature] 6. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 1% shell, <1% brick. [Pit feature] 7. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 30.—Profile of Shell Filled Pit, Unit 576, View East.

0 1 ft.

Brick Gravel Mortar Shell

elev. 43.06 ft.

2 3 1 0

1 2 3

4

5

4 5

6 7

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Table 7 Material from West Shell Feature

Material Shell Non Shell Total Tobacco Pipes 9 12 21 Colonial Ceramics 20 21 41 Nails 14 30 44 Misc. Colonial 25 55 80 American Indian 70 116 186 Brick (g) 238 446 684 Mortar (g) 96 44 140 Plaster (g) 116 285 401 Shell (g) 24,688 5997 30,665 Bone (g) 119 193 312

the lower fill had many more artifacts and much more debris than the shell layer. In addition to the quantity differences between the two layers, there were hints of a difference in the type of artifacts deposited in each layer. Perhaps the most intriguing difference was in the kinds of colonial ceramics from each layer. Although the sample was small, the lower layer seemed to have more utilitarian ceramics while the upper layer had more fashionable wares (Table 8). Unfortunately there is no way to accurately date the two layers. Of the small sample of pipe fragments, there were six with measureable bore diameters, ranging from 2.6 mm to 3.0 mm. Only one of these, with a bore diameter of 3.0 mm, was found in the shell layer. All the rest of the artifacts date to the third quarter of the 17th century. Interpretation of this feature must remain uncertain until it is more fully investigated. It may be that this was a clay pit, created when the structure was first built and that the upper shell layer represents changes made to the building during phases 2 and 3 of the shed. Phase 2 began with the creation of the shell-filled construction trench.

Table 8 Colonial Ceramics from West Shell Feature

Ceramic Types Shell Non Shell Total Colonial earthenware 2 7 9 Manganese mottled earthenware 1 0 1 North Devon gravel tempered 0 3 3 Rhenish blue & gray stoneware 4 0 4 North Devon sgraffito ware 1 3 4 Staffordshire slipware 1 0 1 Tin-glazed earthenware 11 8 19

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South Oyster Shell Pit (462 and 1463) Located approximately 35 ft. south of the Print House was another shell-filled pit. This feature was tested during the removal of the duplex slave cabin in 1992, where it was investigated in two units. An edge to the feature was discovered in 1998 when a unit was excavated near the foundation of the cabin, as part of the random sample. While the western boundary has been determined, the extent of the rest of the pit is uncertain. It is at least 10 ft. north-south and 10 ft. east-west. The fill of the pit was a very dark silt loam containing abundant oyster shell (Figure 31). The unit profile is more complex because of its location inside the cabin and includes a builders’ trench, living surfaces and rodent holes from the 19th century. Under the shell fill there were two other dark silty layers with less shell and more mottling. In an adjacent unit, at an elevation of 40.76 ft., subsoil was located below the feature. This is approximately 1.5 ft. below the living surface inside the cabin. This feature is much shallower than the other oyster shell pit. There was a large amount of colonial material in the fill of this pit (Table 9). This included a higher quantity of both brick and mortar, suggesting that this was related to the construction phase of the Print House. The types of artifacts recovered also seemed to date to the earlier part of the occupation and were different than those from the west shell feature. The ceramics recovered were more utilitarian and included earlier types such as Lead backed tin glaze, Morgan Jones earthenware, and Portuguese micaceous earthenware (Table 10). These earlier ceramics, which were not found in the west shell feature, make up 30% of the total sample. Perhaps the most significant artifacts recovered from this feature were the large number of lead printing type. These were the items that launched the investigation of the site and led to the discovery of the structure known as the Print House. Interestingly, no printing type was found in the west shell feature, perhaps indicating that William Nuthead’s occupation of the site was early in its history. This would be the structure where he first set up his press and that later, he moved it to the historically known “Print House lot.” The analysis of the features revealed the complexities of the Print House structure located on the Slave Quarter site. Despite the short occupation of the site, the structure went through some major changes. These developments have significant implications for the history of the site and its use by William Nuthead.

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1. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 15% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) sandy clay loam, 1% gravel. [Living surface] 2. Dark brown (10YR3/3) mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty clay loam, 5% gravel, 2% brick, 1% shell. [Living surface] 3. Very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam mottled with 10% dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty clay loam, 5% shell, 1% mortar. [Builders trench] 4. Dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam mottled with 25% yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam, 1% gravel, <1% mortar. 5. Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam mottled with 10% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, 30% shell, 2% gravel. [Pit feature] 6. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 20% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, <1% shell. 7. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam mottled with 5% yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam, <1% shell, <1% charcoal. [Rodent burrows] 8. Very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam mottled with 20% dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty clay loam, <1% shell. 9. Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silty clay loam mottled with 25% dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty clay loam, 1% shell. 10. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Displaced subsoil lens] 11. Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. [Subsoil] Figure 31.—Profile of Oyster Shell Pit, Unit 1463, View South.

elev. 42.42 ft.

2 3 1 0 4 5

0 1 ft.

Brick Charcoal Displaced subsoil Gravel Mortar Shell

9

8 5 3

4

1 2

6

7 7

10

11

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TABLE 9 Material from South Shell Feature

Material Total Tobacco Pipes 80 Colonial Ceramics 94 Nails 91 Misc. Colonial 57 American Indian 747 Brick (g) 7850 Mortar (g) 468 Plaster (g) 176 Shell (g) 197,745 Bone (g) 904

Table 10 Colonial Ceramics from South Shell Feature

Ceramic Types Number Colonial earthenware 4 Portuguese Micaceous earthenware 1 Morgan Jones earthenware 8 North Devon gravel tempered 2 North Devon sgraffito ware 1 Porcelain 1 Rhenish brown stoneware 3 Tin-glazed earthenware, lead back 20 Tin-glazed earthenware 54 Total 94

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Section 4 -- General Findings of Artifact Analysis

The excavations at the Print House recovered a wide range of 17th-century domestic and architectural materials. To best approach these artifacts, we will first examine them in reference to time, and then move on to a discussion of the artifact distribution.

Ceramic Sample

The most temporally diagnostic materials recovered from the excavations of the Print House are the ceramics. Numerous, temporally discrete ceramic types were recovered. They are summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Ceramic Fragments Recovered from the Slave Quarter Site.

# Ceramic (diagnostic colonial) introduction end 6 NORTH DEVON GRAVEL-FREE 1600 1660

23 RHENISH BROWN STONEWARE 1600 1700 7 NORTH ITALIAN SLIPWARE 1610 1660 4 BORDER WARE 1630 1660

14 LEAD-BACKED TIN GLAZE EARTHENWARE 1630 1700 535 TIN GLAZED EARTHENWARE 1630 1760

2 RED SANDY EARTHENWARE 1635 1675 15 PORTUGUESE MICACEOUS REDWARE 1650 1675

120 NORTH DEVON SGRAFFITO 1650 1770 67 RHENISH BLUE AND GREY STONEWARE 1650 1710 14 MORGAN JONES EARTHENWARE 1660 1685 21 BLACK GLAZED EARTHENWARE 1675 1720 4 CHALIS-LIKE EARTHENWARE 1675 1700

130 MANGANESE MOTTLED EARTHENWARE 1680 1750 149 EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIPWARE 1680 1720

10 RHENISH BLUE AND GREY STONEWARE W/ PURPLE 1665 1700 11 ENGLISH BROWN STONEWARE 1690 1775 16 RHENISH HOHR STONEWARE 1690 1710 9 LATE STAFFORDSHIRE SLIPWARE 1700 1770

52 NORTH DEVON GRAVEL TEMPERED EARTHENWARE 1650 1720 4 BUCKLEY EARTHENWARE 1690 1780

Taken together, these point to an occupation primarily in the last quarter of the

17th and first decade of the 18th centuries. However, there is evidence of earlier occupation in the form of North Devon gravel-free earthenware, Italian slipware, and Border wares which date from the first quarter of the 17th century through the mid-century. The Portuguese micaceous redware and the red sandy earthenware tend to date to the second quarter of the 17th century. However, these are probably the remains of earlier depostion in the area. The large amount of third-quarter 17th-century materials

71

(Morgan Jones earthenware, early Staffordshire slipware, black glazed, and manganese mottled earthenware) represents the most intense site occupation and deposition. A number of the ceramic types have relatively long periods of use so do not lend themselves to fine temporal discretion. Generally, we see the greatest amount of material pointing to an occupation extending from early in the third quarter of the 17th century into the first decade of the 18th century (Figure 32).

Figure 32.—Temporally Diagnostic Ceramics from the Slave Quarter Site.

Additional insights from the ceramics analysis are included in the distributional

and ceramic vessel analyses below.

Ceramic Distributions

For purposes of mapping, a select sample of excavation units immediately adjacent to the Print House was chosen. They are represented in Figure 33. A wide range of ceramic types from the Print House site were mapped using the surface trend mapping program Surfer ©. Selected maps are included herein.

One of the more prevalent ceramic types on the site is tin glazed earthenware (Figure 34). Tin glazed has a very long use period from before colonization through the American Revolution. Generally appearing as dining wares, the tin glazed at the Print House site concentrates in a major midden located where the shed was later built and a smaller midden northwest of the main structure.

North Devon Gravel Tempered earthenware is a utilitarian earthenware often associated with dairying. Dating from the 1650s to about 1720, North Devon is rather

72

Figure 33.—Sample of Excavated Units Used in Distributional Mapping.

488488488

488488488

488488488

488488488

489489489

489489489 490490490

494494494

494494494

494494494

494494494

517517517 518518518

518518518

518518518

518518518

519519519 519519519 520520520

520520520

520520520

520520520

547547547

547547547 548548548

548548548548548548

548548548 549549549 549549549

550550550

550550550

550550550

550550550

551551551

551551551

551551551

551551551 552552552

552552552

552552552 553553553

556556556

577577

577577577

578578578

578578578

578578578

578578578

579579579

579579579

579579579

579579579

580580580

580580580

580580580

580580580

581581581581

581581581 581581581

582582582

582582582

582582582

582582582

583583583

583583583

583583583 585585585

608608608

609609609

609609609

609609609

609609609

610610610

610610610

610610

610610610

611611611

611611

611611611

611611611

612612612

612612612

612612612

612612612

613613613 613

613 614614614 615615615

637637637

638638638 638638 639

639

640640640

640640640

640640

640640640

641

641641641

641641641

641641641

642642642

642642642

642642642

642642642

643643643

670670670 671671

671

671671

671671671

672672672

700700

701701

2750 2760 2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830 2840 2850 2860 28707950

7960

7970

7980

7990

8000

8010

8020

8030

8040

8050

ST1-14Sample for Domestic Analysis

0 ft 20 ft 40 ft 60 ft 80 ft

73

Figure 34.—Distribution of Tin Glazed Earthenware.

Figure 35.—Distribution of North Devon Gravel Tempered Earthenware.

74

widely scattered around the Print House and within the shed (Figure 35). The diffuse pattern may be an indication that little dairying and food preparation was being undertaken in the area of the Print House.

North Devon sgraffito decorated earthenware was in use in the Chesapeake colonies from 1650 to nearly 1770. This ceramic is often associated with drinking vessels. The distribution has peaks within the structure and immediately south of the shed and within the shed (Figure 36). This material may relate to activities during the building’s use as both an ordinary and as the Print House.

Rhenish Blue and Grey stoneware with purple (manganese) decoration is a product of the Rhine Valley of what is now Germany. Its basic dating is from 1665 to around 1700. Used primarily as drinking vessels, it may relate to the usage of the structure as an ordinary before it was repurposed as the Print House. The principal concentration is north of the building and inside the building near the fireplace (Figure 37).

Early Staffordshire slipware dates from the 1680s through the second decade of the 18th century. It is characterized by finer, more carefully executed decoration than later Staffordshire and Staffordshire-like slipwares. The major concentration appears in the area of the shed addition (Figure 38). This is adjacent to the front door and probably represents midden accumulation after construction of the main house but before the area was capped with the brick and tile floor. Generally in drinking forms, it may be associated with the Print House occupation and the reuse of the building as an ordinary.

Manganese Mottled earthenware dates from the 1680s into the middle of the 18th century. The major concentrations are along the eastern wall of the main building and the eastern corner of the shed (Figure 39). This ceramic generally occurs as drinking forms and its deposition may relate to the post-Print House period reuse of the building as an ordinary or be the result of the domestic occupation associated with the Print House period.

English Brown stoneware was invented in the 1690s. It is generally in drinking forms and is often associated with ordinaries or taverns. The distribution sort of mirrors some of the deposits of early Staffordshire slipware and manganese mottled earthenware with concentration in the eastern corner of the building and shed and deposition in a midden northwest of the main structure (Figure 40).

Höhr stoneware was made in the Rhine Valley of what is now Germany from the 1690s to about 1710 (Figure 41). It is a Rhenish grey stoneware with no color embellishment but is generally decorated with sprig molding. Like the other ceramics, it is primarily a drinking form. The distribution strongly concentrates in the eastern corner

75

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

8025

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8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 sherds

0.5 sherds

1 sherds

1.5 sherds

Rhenish with Purple decoration

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

8025

8030

8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 sherds

1 sherds

2 sherds

3 sherds

4 sherds

North Devon Sgraffito

Figure 36.—Distribution of North Devon Sgraffito Earthenware.

Figure 37.—Distribution of Rhenish Stoneware with Purple Decoration.

76

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

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8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 sherds

2 sherds

4 sherds

6 sherds

8 sherds

10 sherds

12 sherds

Staffordshire Slipware

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

8025

8030

8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 sherds

1 sherds

2 sherds

3 sherds

4 sherds

5 sherds

6 sherds

Manganese Mottled earthenware

.

Figure 38.—Distribution of Early Staffordshire Slipware.

Figure 39.—Distribution of Manganese Mottled Earthenware.

77

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

8025

8030

8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 sherds

0.5 sherds

1 sherds

1.5 sherds

2 sherds

2.5 sherds

English Brown Stoneware

2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830

7975

7980

7985

7990

7995

8000

8005

8010

8015

8020

8025

8030

8035

slave quarter

shed

printhouse

not excavated

mapping limits

0 fragments

1 fragments

2 fragments

Hohr Stoneware

Figure 40.—Distribution of English Brown Stoneware.

Figure 41.—Distribution of Höhr Stoneware.

78

of the shed and probably relates to the reuse of the building as an ordinary after its earlier repurposing as the Print House

Ceramic Vessel Analysis

Less than half of the overall sherd count, (46.19%), could be attributed to a total of 137 specific vessels. The average number of ceramic sherds per vessel is 8.9. Quantities of sherds per vessel ranged from 1 (32 vessels) to 60 (a Staffordshire Slipware drinking pot, ST1-14-582K/AS) and 61 (a Glassy Brown bowl, ST1-14-643J/AT). The most common ceramic type was tin glazed, representing 44 vessels (Table 12).

TABLE 12

Ceramic Vessel Assemblage.

Type Form Count BLACK GLAZED BOWL 2 BUTTER POT 2 HOLLOW FORM 1 PITCHER 1 POT 1 BROWN GLAZED MICACEOUS BOWL 1 CHALLIS-LIKE HOLLOW FORM 1 PITCHER 1 DONYATT BOWL 1 ENGLISH BROWN JUG 2 MUG 1 FLEMISH PIPKIN 1 GLASSY BROWN BOWL 1 HÖHRWARE SMALL JUG 3 MANGANESE MOTTLED HOLLOW FORM 2 MUG 7 PORTUGUESE MICACEOUS REDWARE BOWL 1 MORGAN JONES BOTTLE 1 BOWL 3 BUTTER POT 3 DISH 1 HOLLOW FORM 1 MILK PAN 1 PEDESTAL CUP 3 PITCHER 1 POT 3 MORGAN JONES BANDED MILK PAN 1 UNKNOWN 1 N. D. GRAVEL FREE TALL POT 2 N. D. GRAVEL TEMPERED BOWL 1 HOLLOW FORM 1 MILK PAN 2 UNKNOWN 1

79

N. D. SGRAFFITO BOWL 2 CUP 1 DISH 6 FLAT FORM 1 N. ITALIAN SLIPWARE HOLLOW FORM 1 RED PASTED BOWL 3 CUP 1 RED SANDY BOWL 1 HOLLOW FORM 1 MILK PAN 2 RHENISH BLUE & GRAY JUG 3 MUG 5 RHENISH BROWN BOTTLE 2 STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP BOWL 1 DRINKING POT 2 DRINKING POT OR CUP 1 MUG 3 TIN GLAZED BASIN 3 BOWL 7 CUP 4 DISH 2 DRINKING POT 1 FLAT FORM 2 GALLEY POT 2 HOLLOW FORM 4 LID 1 PITCHER 1 PLATE 13 PUNCH BOWL 2 TIN GLAZED, LEAD BACKED FLAT FORM 1 PORRINGER 1 UNKNOWN PATTY PAN 1 VAN SWERINGEN BUTTER POT 1

There were several kinds of vessel forms at the Print House site, which can be

broken down into seven categories: beverage service, beverage storage, food preparation, food service, food storage, hygiene, and generic (Figure 42 and Table 13). Of course, it must be noted that these functional attributions are not set in stone. Vessels can be used for functions not generally assumed. The largest group was for service, both beverage and food. Service was split almost down the middle with 26.28% for food (n=36) and 31.39% for beverage (n=43). The smallest group was that of hygiene, at 3.65% (n=5). The most common forms were, not surprisingly, all service related, including bowls (n=24), mugs (n=16), and plates (n=13).

Due to the long production periods of some of the ceramics, the vessels’ mean dates stretch a full century: 1630 to 1730. There are however, some things that can be seen from charting the mean dates (Figure 43). Two noticeable spikes occur during the 17th century. The first occurs in 1660, this mostly being tin glazed earthenware painted in the wet, and the second occurs between 1672.5 and 1680. This spike is made up mostly of Morgan Jones and North Devon sgraffito. When these mean dates are grouped by

80

Vessel Mean Dates

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

1630.0

1645.0

1650.0

1652.5

1655.0

1660.0

1662.5

1665.0

1672.5

1680.0

1685.0

1687.5

1695.0

1697.5

1700.0

1710.0

1712.5

1727.5

1730.0

1737.5

Figure 42.— Ceramic Vessel Functions.

Figure 43.— Vessel Mean Dates.

Print House Site

31%

2%

15%26%

6%

16%

4%

BEVERAGE SERVICE

BEVERAGE STORAGE

FOOD PREPARATION

FOOD SERVICE

FOOD STORAGE

GENERIC

HYGIENE

81

TABLE 13 Functional Groups and Forms

Functional Groups Form Total Beverage Service Total 43 Cup 6 Drinking Pot 3 Drinking Pot or Cup 1 Jug 5 Mug 16 Pedestal Cup 3 Pitcher 4 Punch Bowl 2 Small Jug 3 Beverage Storage Bottle 3 Food Preparation Total 20 Bowl 12 Milk Pan 6 Patty Pan 1 Pipkin 1 Food Service Total 36 Bowl 12 Dish 9 Lid 1 Plate 13 Porringer 1 Food Storage Total 8 Butter Pot 6 Tall Pot 2 Generic Total 22 Flat Form 4 Hollow Form 12 Pot 4 Unknown 2 Hygiene Total 5 Basin 3 Galley Pot 2 Total 137

82

decade (Figure 44), there is a curve that is at its highest in the 1660s, 1670s, and 1680s. There is a second spike in the 1700s, but this appears to be largely due to the mean date of undecorated Tin Glazed earthenware being 1700. Tin glazed vessels could have been manufactured any time during the 1600s or 1700s. The earliest vessels appear to be food related, storage, service, or preparation. Based on use dates, ceramics attributable to either before 1660 or after 1720 were excluded from the functional analysis so that the assemblages represented only material directly related to the Print House occupation.

Ceramics excluded from the analysis included two North Devon gravel-free tall pots (1600-1660), one North Italian slipware hollow form vessel (1610-1660), one Brown Glazed Micaceous bowl (1640-1665), one Flemish earthenware Pipkin (1640-1665), and three Red Sandy earthenware vessels (a bowl, a hollow form, and a milk pan) (1635-1675). Additionally, one tin glazed vessel with the Fazackerly palette (1760-1770) was eliminated. The earlier vessels are indicative of activity at this site prior to the Print House structure’s occupation, while the Fazackerly vessel indicates later activity.

Vessel ware types at the print house were pretty varied (Figure 45). As mentioned before, tin glazed earthenware vessels made up the largest group, with Morgan Jones coming in second. After these two vessel ware types, the following four largest quantities tend to be table wares: North Devon Sgraffito, Manganese Mottled, Staffordshire Slipware and Rhenish Blue and Gray. Although Rhenish Blue and Gray can be used as storage, the vessels at the Print House site were all service vessels. Overall, table wares outnumbered utility wares.

Figure 44. — Vessel Mean Dates Grouped by Decade.

Vessel Numbers by Decades

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s

83

Vessel Ware Types

17%

12%

14%

9%2%

31%

7%

1%

1%

5% 1%

Utility Wares

North Devon

Morgan Jones

Rhenish Stonewares

English Stonewares

Tin Glazed

Manganese Mottled

Merida Micaceous

N. Italian

Staffordshire

Unknown

Figure 45. — Vessel Ware Types.

Individual Vessels

Some of the vessels had sufficient unique traits to warrant further investigation. One such vessel was a tin glazed octagonal plate (ST1-14-462P/AG), decorated with a Wan Li style edge pattern in blue, and an interior decoration of a seated figure on a rock (Figures 46 and 47). Pieces of this plate were found in the pit under the slave quarter duplex, which also contained large quantities of print type, and over the 17th-century structure focused on in this analysis. The edge pattern on this vessel appeared very similar to Wan Li edge patterns dated to the 1680s and 90s (Lange 2001:113; Lipski and Archer 1984:54, #162; Austin 1994:144). In 1989, Ellen Schlasko did a study of the dated tin glazed earthenware vessels listed in Dated English Delftware by Lipski and Archer, observing the apparent popularity of several decorations, including this seated figure motif. According to her study, this interior decoration of a seated figure dates from 1669 to 1699 (Schlasko 1989:46).

Figure 46. — Profile View of ST1-14-462P/AG.

84

Figure 47. — Wan Li Plate Sherds (ST1-14-462P/AG).

Two tin glazed cups (ST1-14-579M/AC and ST1-14-581N/BT) had an overall robin’s egg blue color to the glaze, with additional hand painted decorations (one in blue, and one in purple). According to the aforementioned work by Schlasko (1989:39) this color was popular for only 16 years, between 1687 and 1703.

Another tin glazed earthenware octagonal plate was recovered from the Print House (ST1-14-550T/AA). The light blue ground of this vessel, similar to that of the previous vessels mentioned, was popular from 1687 to 1703. During the seventeenth century, octagonal plates appeared to be popular during or around the 1680s. Dated wheel thrown examples range from 1679 to 1691, and two other molded examples are dated 1661 and 1687 (Lipski and Archer 1984:43, 51-59).

Another style of decoration, seen on a tin glazed drinking pot at the Print House site was powdered decoration. This decoration style, when used alone, was popular for nearly 50 years, from 1628 to 1673 (Schlasko 1989:39). The Print House example (ST1-14-611K/GM) was decorated on the exterior with powdered manganese, and no other form of decoration.

Sherds making up a nearly complete tin glazed, lead backed porringer (ST1-14-462N/AJ) were found in a pit under the slave quarter duplex. This porringer exhibits only one handle (Figures 48 and 49). The handle resembles that of an example pictured in English Delftware Pottery (Ray 1968) which is dated between 1670 and 1690. Two

85

Figure 48. —Sherds from Porringer (ST1-14-462N/AJ).

Figure 49. — Profile Drawing of ST1-14-462N/AJ.

two-handled examples with similarly shaped handles are shown in Nederlandse Majolica (Korf, 1963:30, #39 and plate #27). These examples are both dated to the first quarter of the 17th century. Although the handle also resembles earlier examples, it is likely a later 17th-century vessel.

Another tin glazed earthenware vessel was determined to possibly be of Portuguese origin (ST1-14-488F/AA). This plate was painted with dark manganese and shades of blue cobalt (Figure 50). The fragments are small, but it seems that there are some similarities to Portuguese vessels in Charlotte Wilcoxen’s “Seventeenth-Century Portuguese Faiança and Its Presence in Colonial America” (1999:11-12).

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Figure 50. — Possible Portuguese Tin Glazed (ST1-14-488F/AA).

There was one very oddly shaped tin glazed vessel (ST1-14-639P/AA). It was determined that it was probably a lid; however, there is no lid seat present (Figure 51). In addition, the vessel it was made for must have been large, as the rim diameter measures to 10 inches (Figure 52). The most similarly shaped lids depicted in books on tin glazed earthenware, were in Anthony Ray’s book (1968, plates 60 and 86), which contained two lids of much smaller diameter, but with somewhat similar shapes. These two vessels dated to 1770-1780 and 1750-1760, respectively. Another similar example is that of a lid to a butter dish, dated to circa 1730 (Britton 1987:142). Considering that lids do not often survive in museum collections, either from being broken or lost, the lack of similar examples may be because they did not survive, rather than because they did not exist.

Figure 51. — Possible Tin Glazed Lid (ST1-14-639P/AA).

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Figure 52. — Profile View of ST1-14-639P/AA.

A single small sherd recovered was distinct enough to identify a whole set of

plates (ST1-14-583P/AA). This tin glazed earthenware sherd exhibited the word “what” on one side (Figure 53), and was found to be part of one plate in a Merryman plate set. This style of decoration had two phases of popularity, the first of which occurred between 1680 and 1710, the second between 1720 and 1740 (Hurry 2005:221). The earlier Merryman plates had a Mannerist arabesque motif surrounding the verse, while the later style incorporated a simpler wreath or garland design (Hurry 2005:221; Britton 1987:143). The style of script used on the Print House Site’s “what” sherd most resembles that of examples dating to the first phase of popularity.

Figure 53. —Tin Glazed (ST1-14-583P/AA), “what” Sherd.

Two vessels tied the Print House structure to the refuse pit discovered under the

duplex quarter moved in 1994. This pit contained numerous pieces of print type as well as other 17th-century artifacts. One of these vessels was the Wan Li octagonal plate, mentioned above. This vessel had two sherds from the pit, though no mends could be made between them and the sherds from over the house. The other vessel is a plate, decorated with blue cobalt (ST1-14-609L/AE). This plate contained two sherds from the pit, one of which mended to a sherd from the plow zone over the house (Figure 54).

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Figure 54. —Tin Glazed Vessel (ST1-14-609L/AE).

One red pasted earthenware vessel (ST1-14-640L/AD) with a distinct heavy base

was found to be similar to a St. John’s vessel from Phase III (ST1-23-51/DW). Phase III at the St. John’s site lasted from 1685 to 1715 and the house was used as an ordinary and a records office during this period.

One very interesting and unique vessel recovered from the Print House site was a North Devon Sgraffito cup rim fragment (ST1-14-615K/AA). This vessel had a distinctive rickrack style scratched along the rim (Figure 55). No similar examples were seen in the published literature. Consultation with Alison Grant, author of North Devon Pottery in the 17th Century (1983) suggests a late 17th- or early 18th-century date (Alison Grant, elec. comm. 2006).

Figure 55. — North Devon Sgraffito (ST1-14-615K/AA).

Morgan Jones was the single most represented potter in the Print House

assemblage. Jones’ transportation to America was paid in 1661 by Robert Slye. Archaeological excavations, and historical records, suggest that Jones produced pottery

89

on Slye’s property at Bushwood, 20 miles north of St. Mary’s City in Maryland, prior to Slye’s death in 1671 (Miller 1981). As early as 1669, Jones was producing pottery in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was in Lower Norfolk County by 1681 (Straube 1995:24-25). Seventeen Morgan Jones made vessels were found at the Print House site. At other sites, Morgan Jones’ vessels have been recovered from contexts dating to the second half of the 17th century (Straube 1995:25). Morgan Jones pottery is commonly found on sites in St. Mary’s City dating to 1660 to the early 1680s (Miller 1986:41). In Figure 56, two Morgan Jones sherds from the Print House (right) are compared to Morgan Jones sherds from vessels at St. John’s (left).

Figure 56. — Morgan Jones Comparisons, Print House Examples on Right. Other Site Comparisons

So that the Print House site’s ceramic vessel assemblage could be put into perspective, data from a range of other sites where vessel analysis was undertaken were collected. The group of comparative sites spanned the 17th century into the 18th century. Site uses included urban ordinaries, urban and rural domestic sites, and a storehouse (Table 14). Several of these sites are from elsewhere in St. Mary’s City, and all are from the Chesapeake region. The two ordinaries included were Smith’s Ordinary and St. John’s Phase III (Historic St. Mary’s City Research Files). The domestic sites included The Maine (1618-1626) (Outlaw 1990), Chapel Field Phase I (1635-1645) (HSMC Research Files), St. John’s Phase I (1638-1665) (HSMC Research Files), Compton (1651-1684)

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TABLE 14 Comparative sites

Site Name Dates Use Reference Location The Maine 1618-1626 Domestic Rural Outlaw 1990 VA Chapel Field Phase I 1635-1645 Domestic Urban HSMC files MD St. John's Phase I 1638-1665 Domestic Urban HSMC files MD Compton 1651-1684 Domestic Rural Outlaw 1989 MD Smith's Ordinary 1666-1677 Ordinary Urban HSMC files MD St. John's Phase II 1665-1685 Domestic Urban HSMC files MD Patuxent Point 1658-1700 Domestic Rural Gibb 1994 MD Print House 1670-1700 Ordinary Urban HSMC files MD Drummond 1680-1710 Domestic Rural Outlaw 1990 VA Cordea's Hope 1675-1700 Storehouse Urban HSMC files MD Chapel Field Phase III 1680-1720 Domestic Urban HSMC files MD

St. John's Phase III 1685-1715 Ordinary Urban and Records Office HSMC files MD

Calvert Site 1727-1735 Domestic Urban Yentsch 1991 MD

(Outlaw 1989:60), St John’s Phase II (1665-1685) (HSMC Research Files), Patuxent Point (1658-1700) (Gibb 1994: 243), Drummond (1680-1710) (Outlaw 1990), Chapel Field Phase III (1680-1720) (HSMC Research Files), and the Calvert Site in Annapolis (1727-1735) (Yentsch 1991). Another site included was Cordea’s Hope (1675-1700)), which was used as a storehouse (HSMC Research Files). St. John’s was also used as a Records Office in the latter portion of Phase III, but it seems unlikely that this would have produced many domestic vessels.

When the ceramic vessel usages at the comparative sites were ordered by median

date, two sites stood out as having similarities to the Print House site (Figure 57). Smith’s Ordinary, an ordinary occupied from 1666 to 1677, had a slightly lower percentage of beverage service, significantly more beverage and food storage, and slightly more food preparation. The Drummond site, a domestic site occupied from 1680 to 1710, had very similar percentages of beverage service and storage, slightly more food preparation and significantly less food service. The meaning of these similarities is difficult to determine due to the fact that the two sites most similar to the Print House Site are very different in nature. Drummond is a rural domestic site occupied 1680 to 1710, and Smith’s Ordinary is an urban ordinary occupied 1666 to1677. Drummond’s similarity likely stems from it being a contemporary of the Print House site, while Smith’s Ordinary represents functional similarity.

In order to try to find a clearer pattern, the Print House site’s vessel usage break down was ordered by percentage, highest to lowest. The order was found to be beverage service, food service (together at approximately ¾ of the assemblage), food preparation, food storage, beverage storage (storage altogether at less than 10%). Smith’s ordinary was the only other site to follow this pattern (Figure 58).

91

Figure 57. — Vessel Usage at Comparative Sites, by Median Date.

Figure 58. — Vessel Usage at the Ordinaries.

Comparative Sites

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

The M

ain

e

Chapel F

ield

I

St. J

ohn's

Phase I

Com

pto

n

Sm

ith's

Ord

inary

St. J

ohn' P

hase II

Patu

xent P

oin

t

Print H

ouse

Dru

mm

ond

Cord

ea's

Hope

Chapel F

ield

III

St. J

ohn's

Phase III

Calv

ert

Site

Annapolis

food storage

food service

food preparation

beverage storage

beverage service

Ordinary Vessels

30.43%

41.75%

29.57%

34.95%

20.43%

14.56%13.48%

5.83%6.09% 2.91%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Smith's Ordinary Print House

beverage storage

food storage

food preparation

food service

beverage service

92

Beverage and Food

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

The M

aine

Cha

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beverage

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Although Smith’s Ordinary had less beverage service and St. John’s III had much more, this can be accounted for by Smith’s being earlier than the Print House, and St. John’s being inhabited slightly later (though occupation periods somewhat overlap). Drummond, as mentioned earlier, has a similar pattern, but it is closer to Smith’s than to Print House.

This difference might be due to it being a different use at a later time than Smith’s. Drummond was occupied at approximately the same time as St. John’s Phase III and the usage percentages are very dissimilar to that site. The rise in percentage of beverage service can be attributed to the rise in individualized consumption habits during the 17th century. Prior to this time, food and drink consumption was more communal, and so fewer vessels would have been needed.

In a comparison of the food and beverage percentages, it was found that four sites were similar to the Print House site. In this comparison, food service, storage, and preparation were lumped together, and beverage service and storage were lumped together. Drummond, St. John’s Phase II, and Smith’s Ordinary all had percentages of food and beverage vessels most similar to that of the Print House site, though slightly higher (Figure 59). In another comparison, food and drink vessels were split up by service, and storage and preparation. In this comparison, St. John’s Phase III was most similar to the Print House site (Figure 60).

When the percentages of hygiene, food, and beverage vessels were compared, other similarities were found. For this study, the percentages of hygiene vessels were multiplied by a factor of ten because they were otherwise so small that they were difficult to compare (Figure 61). This is a common statistical operation to compare widely disparate data sets. The Print House site was found to have very similar percentages of hygiene vessels to two other sites, St. John’s Phase I and Patuxent Point.

Figure 59. — Food and Beverage Vessel Percentages.

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Figure 60. — Service and Storage/Prep Vessel Percentages.

Figure 61. — Beverage, Food and Hygiene (x10) Vessels.

Form Usage

0%

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Beverage, Food, Hygiene

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Hygiene (x10)

Food

Beverage

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Conclusion from Ceramic Vessel Analysis

Several factors contribute to the conclusion that the Print House site was used as an ordinary. The abnormally large quantity of tin glazed earthenware, and the large quantity of beverage service vessels, suggests that the building on this site was used as a place where large quantities of food and drink were served, rather than as a domestic site where there would have been fewer individualized services vessels. The levels of storage and preparation vessels are quite low, but this could be explained by the existence of a separate structure used for storing and preparing food. Later excavations at the Print House site, towards the ravine north of the 17th-century building, found evidence of remains of another building at the Print House site, although this area has not been studied in full yet. It is known that Smith’s Ordinary, located a short distance from the Print House Site, made use of a separate kitchen which did not burn down when Smith’s Ordinary did. It seems possible that this kitchen could have also been used for the Print House site’s ordinary. Taken together, the overall assemblage seems to point to a place where food and drink were consumed, rather than prepared or stored. An ordinary or a similar type of site is indicated.

Other archaeological evidence at the Print House site has suggested some sort of earlier occupation at or near this site, including plaster found in architectural features and very early pipe bowls. The plaster in the major architectural features suggests that there was a structure at this site prior to the Print House. The earlier ceramic types recovered from the Print House Site probably relate to this earlier occupation.

White Clay Pipes Equally temporally diagnostic are the white clay tobacco pipes recovered from the excavations. A total of 989 measurable pipe stems were recovered associated with the Print House. The bore holes of these pipes were measured in both 64ths of an inch and .20 mm increments (Harrington 1954, and Stone 1977).

The measurements in 64ths of an inch follow the system proposed by Harrington in the 1950s and suggest a date 1650 to 1680 with a minimal occupation before this principal mode and a small trailing off of occupation after this mode (Table 15 and Figure 62). Utilizing the Binford formula, one receives a date of 1668.63 which is relatively congruent with the Harrington date (Binford 1961). Both of these dates agree with the ceramic dating.

Additional insights into the site’s occupation can be gleaned by examining the pipe bores in .20 mm increments (Table 16). These divisions are roughly comparable to being twice as sensitive as 64ths of an inch (Stone 1977). This stretches the curve out and allows for insights into the nature of the deposition. Our curve seems to suggest that there was minor occupation/deposition in or near the site followed by rapid deposition and then a very gradual, measured decline (Figure 63). This suggests most of the pipes are directly related to the Print House occupation with only minimal deposition before and a gradual decline in deposition after the peak, Print House period.

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TABLE 15 White Clay Pipe Bores (64ths inch)

Bore in 64ths of an inch number percentage 4 0 0.00% 5 60 6.07% 6 234 23.66% 7 479 48.43% 8 197 19.92% 9 19 1.92%

Figure 62. — Pipe Bore Diameter Distribution.

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

4 5 6 7 8 9

White Clay pipe bores: 64ths inch

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TABLE 16 White Clay Pipe Bores (.20 mm)

Bore in .20 mm increments. number percentage

1.40 0 0.00% 1.60 0 0.00% 1.80 22 2.22% 2.00 38 3.84% 2.20 98 9.91% 2.40 136 13.75% 2.60 188 19.01% 2.80 291 29.42% 3.00 92 9.30% 3.20 105 10.62% 3.40 8 0.81% 3.60 11 1.11% 3.80 0 0.00% 4.00 0 0.00%

Figure 63. — Pipe Bore Diameter Distribution (.20 mm).

0.00%

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35.00%

White Clay pipe bores: .20 mm

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Bowl Chronology

At the Print House site there were approximately thirty pipe fragments of a size from which pipe bowl form could be discerned. All pipe bowl, mark, and decoration sketches are actual size.

Eight examples of small bulbous bowls were recovered from the plow zone at the Print House site. Four of these are of the size of the smallest bulbous bowl type recovered from the St. John’s site (approx. 1.2 inches tall), but the other four examples are of a much smaller size (approx. 1.1 inches tall) (Figure 64 a). One of the smaller bowls greatly resembles small bulbous bowls with spurs in the Chester Bowl Form Typology (Rutter and Davey 1980:219), which date between 1640 and 1680 (Figure 64 b). These bowls are likely to date to the early occupation in Maryland, 1640s-1660s. The two more complete bowls of the larger size are most similar to the Hull Pipe Type II, or “Yorkshire bulbous” (Figure 64 c) (Watkins 1979:86-87). No fragments of small bulbous bowls were recovered from feature context.

Five pipe fragments recovered contained spurs (Figure 64 d). A significant amount of the bowl remains on only one of these specimens, and its shape suggests a 1660 to 1680 time period (Oswald 1975:41). There are signs of rim rouletting on this pipe.

Two pipes of an elongated bulbous shape were recovered from the plow zone. These two bowls are mostly complete, and have beveled rims (Figure 64 e). Their flat heels are parallel with the angle of the rim. According to Noel Hume’s typology (1969) these pipes are probably from the very late 17th century, or possibly from the very early 18th century. One of these pipes has a rouletted rim, which suggests a pre-1700 date.

Ten examples of export style pipes were recovered from the Print House Site. Export pipes are spurless, heel-less pipes with the bowls curving up sharply from the stem (Figure 64 f). The export style of pipe dates from the late 17th century to the early 18th century, approx. 1680-1740 (Hurry and Keeler 1991:44-53). Two export pipe forms were found in features 609 T (NW Chimney corner post hole) and 611 P (square brick feature). The fragment recovered from feature 609 T (Figure 64 g) exhibited a particularly large bore size, 3.4 millimeters or 9/64 inches; this fragment could be from a Dutch funnel angle trade pipe, which could have been present on the site earlier (production of this type began 1660s or earlier) (McCashion 1979:128, 129).

There were four examples of stem/bowl fragments with small non-prominent heels that appear to be similar to Type G, from the St. John’s pipe bowl typology (Figure 64 h). This bowl type is described as a “forward leaning, very slightly bulbous bowl, with a flat heel and a rouletted rim” (Hurry and Keeler 1991:44). This bowl type appears to date to roughly the late 17th century or the early 18th century; 1680-1710 according to Oswald (1975:37, 39), and 1650-1680 according to Noel Hume (1969:303).

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a b c

d e f

g h

Figure 64.—Pipe Bowl Shapes: a, Small Bulbous; b, Small Bulbous with Spur; c, “Yorkshire Bulbous”; d, Spurred Pipe; e, Elongated Bulbous; f, Possible Export Style; g, Possible Export Style or Dutch Funnel; h, Slightly Bulbous, with Small Heel.

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Marks

There was not a large quantity of marks found at the Print House site; only twelve fragments exhibit makers’ marks. Of these twelve marks, three are located on bowl fragments, three are located on stem fragments, and six are located on a heel or spur.

Of the three bowl fragments, two can be identified. One fragmentary mark contains an E surrounded by looped lines on the front of the bowl (Figure 65 a). This can either be attributed to William Evans (I or II) or Llewellin Evans. All of these makers worked out of Bristol during the 17th century: William Evans between 1667 and 1682 and in 1697, and Llewellin Evans from 1661 to 1688 or 1689 (Walker 1979). This marked fragment was recovered from plow zone. A complete mark bearing the initials of Llewellin Evans was also recovered from plow zone (Figure 65 b). This, a more simple mark, bears only the initials on the front of the bowl. A third fragmentary unidentifiable mark was recovered from plow zone. This mark contains the letter “F,” which probably followed another letter (Figure 65 c). There is no decoration surrounding the initials on this mark.

All three stem markings are recognizable and have been identified at other sites. One stem, found in feature context, contains the initials “IS” raised within impressed rectangles and surrounded by Bristol style rouletting (Figure 65 d) (Walker 1979). This mark probably belongs to John Sinderling of Bristol (ca. 1666-1699). Other examples of this mark have been found at the St. John’s site. This pipe fragment was recovered from feature 579 P (Fireback). Another stem has the initials “IP” also surrounded by the Bristol style of rouletting (Figure 65 e). A similar pipe has been found at the St. John’s site. The maker associated with this mark is unknown, however the style of the mark suggests that it was made in Bristol. Sharpe, Luckenbach, and Kille (2002:33-34) associate this mark with either Jacob Prosser of Bristol (ca. 1662-1680) or John Prosser of Bristol (ca. 1673). The third stem mark reads “A A X •” (Figure 65 f). Examples have been recovered from the St. John’s site (Hurry and Keeler 1991:52-53) and the Buck Site on the Eastern Shore (Alexander 1979:52, 55). Three examples of a similar mark have also been recovered from Burle’s Town Land in Anne Arundel County and have been associated with pipe maker Ambrose Ambler of Leeds, ca. 1669 (Sharpe, Luckenbach, and Kille 2002:33-34).

Among the six marked heel or spur fragments, only three separate marks have

been identified. One of these marks is stamped on the bottom of a flat round heel. This mark contains an “A” capped by a crown (Figure 65 g). Examples of this mark have been found at both Smith’s Town Land (Riordan 1991:94, 96) and the St. John’s Site (Hurry and Keeler 1991:52, 53). Similar marks of crowned initials have been attributed to Dutch makers (McCashion 1979; Duco 1981). There is one mark on a spur: a small “L” on the side of the spur, with no letter on the other side (Figure 65 h). The other four marked heel fragments appear to have the same mark. This mark is a square stamp on a circular heel (Figure 65 i), the mark is not clear enough to show what is inside the square, but the four marks are clearly of a type. The presence of a square stamp on a circular heel is distinctive.

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a b c

d e f

g h i

Figure 65.—Pipe Marks.

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Decorations

The most common type of decoration is the rouletted rim. Out of the 241 bowl fragments with rims identified on the site, 133 fragments contained some sort of rim rouletting; approximately 55% of the rims are rouletted. Rim rouletting was a common feature of 17th-century pipes.

Other than rim rouletting, the most frequent decoration recovered from the Print House site is a stem decoration: a series diamonds stamped in a row along the stem, each diamond containing only one fleur-de-lis (Figure 66 a). There are six fragments containing this type of decoration. Two of these examples appear to have slightly smaller diamonds than the other four fragments. These two, plus two of the fragments with the slightly larger diamonds, have a 6/64 bore diameter, while the other two fragments have 7/64 bore diameters. This type of decoration has been seen at the St. John’s site and is probably a Dutch decoration (Hurry and Keeler 1991:66, 67). Similar decorations have also been found at the Mohawk Indian “Castle” Caughnawaga in New York, occupied from 1667 through 1693 (McCashion 1979:140), Smith’s Townland in St. Mary’s City, occupied from the 1660s to around the 1690s, and at the Compton Site in Calvert County, Maryland, which was occupied from 1651 until 1685 (Cavallo 2004:8).

A single fragment contains rouletting along the bowl stem junction (Figure 66 b).

At least three individual rouletted lines can be identified. This decoration type has been identified at two sites in Maryland: Pope’s Fort and St. John’s. However this decoration is not as neat as either of those examples; the lines cross over each other in a disorganized fashion. The bore diameter for this mark is 7/64ths of an inch.

There are two stem varieties of Bristol rouletting. Both seem to have lines of dentate milling, and a line of scrolled diamonds; one stem has raised central dots (Figure 66 c), and the other does not (Figure 66 d). A third stem fragment has two lines of dentate milling along the broken end. This third stem’s decoration may or may not be associated with a mark or with Bristol or Dutch style rouletting, but this cannot be ascertained by what is left of the decoration.

There are two examples of another kind of stem rouletting decoration (Figure 66

e). These have a band of diamonds with raised central dots and triangles flanked by lines of dentate milling, and are described by Hurry and Keeler as being of Dutch origin. The two fragments to not appear to mend, although they are both fragmentary, and are of the same type.

There are several small fragments of bowls that exhibit molded designs. One

fragment has a horse head and a leafy vine. The other five fragmentary bowl marks are too small to discern the type of decoration. Two of these mend together and are somewhat deteriorated. One of the most clear shows what might be a small fleur-de-lis and a leaf, but the fragment is too small to see anything more than this.

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a b

c d

e

Figure 66.—Pipe Decoration.

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One particularly elaborate molded pipe fragment recovered from the Print House

site is from a pipe called a ‘Sir Walter Raleigh Pipe’ or a ‘Jonah and the Whale Pipe.’ This pipe depicts a man being swallowed by an animal. The story behind the ‘Sir Walter Pipe’ has Sir Walter Raleigh falling overboard during one of his South American trips. A hungry crocodile caught him, but ultimately spit him back out because he smelled so strongly of tobacco (Duco 1981:380). The more likely basis of this decoration is the story of Jonah and the Whale from the Bible (Duco 1981:381).

Of the marked or decorated fragments and complete or partially complete pipe

bowls, few are located away from the building. One spurred stem/bowl fragment is located north of the building, in unit 700 G, and a fragment with a stamped fleur-de-lis within a diamond is located in 701 E. A cluster of these separated pipes is to the south and west of the house. Two export style (or Dutch Funnel) pipe fragments, a pipe with a square heel marking, an unidentifiable stem marking, and a stem mouth with usage wear are all located in this area.

To summarize, this site was certainly occupied during the second half of the 17th

century. The earliest deposition was light, and occurred possibly before the 1660s. Deposition peaked at around the mid-1660s, or later based on overall bore distributions and bowl shape. Space usage changed over time as well. Earliest occupation shows most pipe fragments deposited on the western side of the building; concentration for the middle time of occupation appears to be in the shed (this period beginning with the peak in occupation), moving around to the east side of the building, and the latest occupation appears to have concentrations to the east. It can be hypothesized that this functional shift could have been the change from the building’s earlier usage as an ordinary to a later usage as a print shop.

Window Leads

As part of this project, 168 window leads were cleaned and examined for marks.

The marked examples provide rather fine-grained temporal divisions. Of this sample, 31 (18%) had inscriptions of some kind. Three of the 31 were completely illegible, but the remaining 28 have some type of distinct phrase or symbol. The inscriptions that were discovered generally fall into one of three types, with a possible fourth type that is discussed with the Type III marks. Type I Window Leads

Type I inscriptions start with a symbol that resembles an asterisk, followed by a capital “WM” followed by another asterisk, the number eleven or Roman numeral II, another asterisk, the year 1671, and a final asterisk. This type of window lead has also been discovered at the Chapel Field, the Van Sweringen site, and St. John’s (Hanna 1986:4).

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Two leads have whole Type I marks. One of these (ST1-14-582L/AA) is also attached to a join (solder point) in the window. Another seven leads have Type I marks that are only partially present because of breaks in the leads or illegible areas obscured by corrosion. Table 17 shows the complete list of Type I marks found during this project. Type II Window Leads Type II marks consist of five “petal” dots surrounding a central dot to make a dot flower, followed by the letter E, another dot flower, W, another dot flower, the year 1689, dot flower, H, dot flower, A, and a final dot flower. Type II marks were the most common mark found. Only one lead contained a whole mark (ST1-14-582N/AT) and it was pulled from the ground tied in a knot and broken into two pieces that were corroded together. The remaining marks are partial because of breaks or corrosion that obscures them. These marks are presented in Table 18.

TABLE 17

Type I Marked Window Leads PROVENIENCE MARK PRESENT ST1-14-582N/AO WM I I I 6 7 I ST1-14-582N/BH I I I 6 ? I ST1-14-582N/BP WM ? ST1-14-582L/AA WM I I I 6 7 I ST1-14-582K/HQ WM I I I 6 7 I ST1-14-582K/HV I 6 7 I ST1-14-582K/IG WM I I ST1-14-582K/IM ? I 6 7 I ST1-14-582K/JK ? 6 7 I

Type III-A and Type III-B Window Leads

Type III leads most likely exhibit two separate phrases. Type III-A consists of four dots arranged in a diamond shape, followed by the letters EW, another dot diamond, the year 1677, another dot diamond, the number 8, the letter B, and a final dot diamond. The first dot diamond and EW are not present on any of the leads in this assemblage, but at least three window leads from the St. John’s and Van Sweringen sites have Type II marks, and these helped to reconstruct the whole phrase. These leads are summarized in Table 19.

A Type III lead previously treated at HSMC serves as the connection between the

Type III-A phrase and Type III-B phrase, which consists of a dot diamond, MH20, and

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TABLE 18 Type II Marked Window Leads

PROVENIENCE MARK PRESENT ST1-14-582N/AY EW1689 ST1-14-582N/BB E ST1-14-582N/BN HA (long branch on join) ST1-14-582N/BN 689 (short branch on join) ST1-14-582N/BX A ST1-14-582N/CB ? W168 ST1-14-582N/AT EW1689HA ST1-14-582L/AC ? ? ST1-14-582L/BP ?W168 ST1-14-582K/JE 1689H (top of mark only) ST1-14-582K/JM 689H (bottom of mark only) ST1-14-582J/CM ? ST1-14-582J/CN E W168

TABLE 19 Type III Marked Window Leads

PROVENIENCE MARK PRESENT ST1-14-582N/AZ ? ST1-14-582N/BE 16778B ST1-14-582N/BL MH20 ST1-14-582N/BR ? ST1-14-582L/AE 16778B ST1-14-582K/IX 8B

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another dot diamond. The lead ST1-19-440/CY was a soldered window joint that broke into three pieces during treatment. Two of the pieces that would have mended had phrase Type III-A. The third piece was connected to another part of the joint, and it had phrase Type III-B. Unless two different vices created the leads for this one window, these two phrases were found on the same leads.

Further support for this hypothesis is found in the example set by numerous 1678

leads from the St. John’s and Van Sweringen sites. On the 1678 leads, the phrase EW appears on the same lead as the name “WILLIAM” and the phrase “PVRYOUR:1678:” but all three of these phrases are separated by mill marks, rather than being consecutive (Hanna 1993). It is therefore entirely conceivable that the leads made the year before with the similar EW mark, also had two non-consecutive phrases in the vice wheel.

To summarize the dating, 29 turned window leads with decipherable marks were

identified in association with the Print House structure. Nine of these can be attributed to a date of 1671, 6 to a date of 1677, and 13 to a date of 1689. These dates are generally consistent with the ceramic and pipe dating, but are more nuanced in that they indicate at least two phases of renovation after the initial construction phase. It would appear that the Print House was built shortly after 1671, renovated sometime after 1677 and again sometime after 1689. This is an unusual amount of change for a single building and may relate to adding a shed after slightly more than a decade in existence, followed by yet an additional phase of renovation. Perhaps the first phase of renovation relates to creating more space within the building and then repurposing the structure for use by Nuthead after his arrival in 1684 while the last phase indicates perhaps a return to the earlier purpose, most likely as an ordinary.

Printing Type

Excavations at the Print House site in St. Mary’s City recovered 48 pieces of printing type. Most were highly battered and deteriorated. In order to better identify specimens, the type was conserved. However, this did little to clarify identification of

specific characters. The relevant measurements taken are depicted in Figure 67. These correspond to the standard terminology used by printers and bibliographers (Hope Mayo, 2015, elec. comm,, Gaskell 1972:9). These dimensions are length to paper, body size, and width.

Figure 67.— Type Measurement Locations.

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The printing type were scattered across the site with the largest concentration related to the feature complex under the duplex slave quarter. This concentration consists of 40 of the 48 specimens. The rest of the examples are widely scattered between the two quarters and the river bank. Their distribution is presented in Figure 68.

Figure 68.—Distribution of Recovered Printing Type.

The specimens are summarized in Table 20. This table provides the specimen’s provenience, and metrical data concerning each specimen’s body size, height to paper, and width in decimal inches, and includes any observations about the character represented. The characters present include 6 upper case letters represented by two examples of a “C,” two “W,”s one “I,” and one “O”. The lower case examples include one “c”, and three “d”s.” Four spaces and one hyphen are also present.

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TABLE 20 Printing Type Measurements in Inches

specimen Body size Height to paper Width notes

ST1-14-339-K/BK 0.1985 0.9170 0.0705 ST1-14-370-F/CJ 0.1940 0.9070 0.0600 ST1-14-403-R/AZ 0.2320 0.9010 0.0705

ST1-14-404-P/EQ 0.1800 0.9090 0.0820 ST1-14-429-B/BA 0.2370 0.9240 0.0980

ST1-14-433-J/GR 0.2130 0.9370 0.1460 ST1-14-462-K/BW 0.1875 0.9210 0.0950 upper case C?

ST1-14-462-K/BX 0.1850 0.9135 0.0720 upper case I?

ST1-14-462-M/DU 0.1840 0.9220 0.0725 ST1-14-462-M/DV 0.1740 0.9280 0.0970 ST1-14-462-M/DW 0.2390 0.9090 0.0815 ST1-14-462-M/DX 0.1955 0.9100 0.0851 ST1-14-462-M/DY 0.1645 0.7365 0.0805 space?

ST1-14-462-M/DZ 0.1645 0.7440 0.0470 space?

ST1-14-462-M/EA 0.2320 0.9220 0.0675 upper case C?

ST1-14-462-R/CZ 0.2250 0.9240 0.1500 ST1-14-462-W/CO 0.2470 0.9335 0.0970 ST1-14-520-C/AY 0.2850 0.9410 0.1520 ST1-14-546-F/DG 0.1770 0.9215 0.0365 ST1-14-553-L/EQ 0.1670 0.9230 0.0850 lower case d ?

ST1-14-580-S/AE 0.4675 0.7765 0.2405 space?

ST1-14-582-M/DH 0.1990 0.9250 0.1480 upper case W ?

ST1-14-726-F/ER 0.2160 0.9180 0.1080 ST1-14-1433-F/AC 0.1735 0.9410 0.1005 ST1-14-1463-G/AO 0.1965 0.7410 0.0680 ST1-14-1463-H/AC 0.2190 0.8450 0.0910 ST1-14-1463-J/AF 0.1890 0.7890 0.0510 ST1-14-1463-J/AG 0.1680 0.9150 0.0800 ST1-14-1463-K/AA 0.1820 0.7210 0.0910 ST1-14-1463-L/AF 0.5865 0.7635 0.1760 ST1-14-1463-M/AV 0.5350 0.7450 0.2310 ST1-14-1463-M/AW 0.1940 0.8410 0.0940 ST1-14-1463-M/AX 0.2280 0.7530 0.1190 ST1-14-1463-N/AB 0.1880 0.9150 0.0610 ST1-14-1463-P/BH 0.2210 0.9160 0.0810 hyphen ?

ST1-14-1463-P/BI 0.2240 0.9130 0.0850 ST1-14-1463-P/BJ 0.1800 0.8070 0.0880 ST1-14-1463-P/BK 0.1665 0.9130 0.0715 lower case c?

ST1-14-1463-P/BL 0.2310 0.9050 0.0840 ST1-14-1463-P/BM 0.3690 0.9130 0.2045 space?

ST1-14-1463-P/BN 0.1890 0.9180 0.0850 upper case O

ST1-14-1463-P/BO 0.2085 0.9110 0.0850 ST1-14-1463-P/BP 0.1660 0.9090 0.0820 lower case d ?

ST1-14-1463-P/BQ 0.1630 0.9140 0.0800 lower case d ?

ST1-14-1463-P/BR 0.2240 0.9115 0.0850 ST1-14-1463-R/CU 0.1590 0.9160 0.0410 ST1-14-1494-H/AC 0.1850 0.6910 0.1070 ST1-14-1494-H/BI 0.1840 0.9150 0.1320 upper case W ?

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In order to place the printing type into some sort of size typology (c.f. Little 1987 and Loren et al 2014), we have utilized the type sizes specified by Joseph Moxon in 1683 (De Vinne 1896). Moxon lays out ten specific sizes of type and expresses their sizes in terms of the number present in a foot. He summarizes this in a table (Figure 69). Table 21 repeats Moxon’s size specification, expressed in English (decimal inches) equivalent.

Figure 69.—Sizes of Printing Type According to Moxon (1683).

TABLE 21

Printing Type Sizes (Moxon 1683) font size Moxon per foot decimal inches

Pearl 184 0.0652

Nonpareil 150 0.0800

Brevier 112 0.1071

Long Primer 92 0.1304

Pica 75 0.1600

English 66 0.1818

Great Primer 50 0.2400

Double Pica 38 0.3158

Double English 33 0.3636

Great Cannon 17.5 0.6857

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Figure 70 shows a scatterplot of type height to paper versus body size. What initially appears to be one major cluster is on closer inspection two adjacent clusters (see detail, Figure 71). This seems to suggest that the principal type sizes represented are “Pica,” “English,” and “Great Primer.”

Figure 70.—Scatterplot, Height to Paper versus Body size of Printing Type.

0.6000

0.6500

0.7000

0.7500

0.8000

0.8500

0.9000

0.9500

1.0000

0.0000 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000

Height to

paper

Body size

Height to paper versus body size

111

Figure 71.—Detail of Major Cluster. By removing all specimens greater than .25 inches body size, 43 of the 48 specimens fall between .16 inches and .25 inches. Only three of Moxon’s sizes fall in this range: “Pica” at .16, “English” at .1818, and “Great Primer” at .24 inches. Perhaps our sample represents a little Pica, mostly “English,” and maybe a bit of Great Primer, but the sizes seem much more variable. Moxon does comment that Dutch type sizes are much more varied, so perhaps Nuthead’s type represents these “Dutch” improvements, or possibly a greater lack of standardization than Moxon implies.

The outliers (greater than .25 inches) appear to represent Double Pica and Double English. Two of these outliers are clearly spaces. Cofield suggests, based on measurements from printed documents by Louis Wroth that Nuthead had “Double Pica,” “Pica,” and “Great Primer.” To summarize, the principal sizes represented by the recovered printing type seem to suggest “Pica,” “English,” and “Great Primer,” while there is a suggestion of “Double Pica” and “Double English.” As part of this study, a select sample of type was submitted for elemental analysis using a scanning electron microscope. This work was undertaken by Dr. Bruce Pregger, Materials Engineer at the U. S. Navy’s Patuxent River facility. Scanning electron microscopy is a non-destructive method of testing for elemental analysis and is particularly suited for metallurgical alloy analysis. The hypothesis was that the printing type would include antimony in the alloy. Antimony is generally a key element in type metal. Antimony, unlike other metals actually expands as it goes from a liquid state to a

0.6000

0.6500

0.7000

0.7500

0.8000

0.8500

0.9000

0.9500

1.0000

112

solid state. This has a great advantage when casting printing type as the expansion better fills out the details of the type mold producing sharper characters. Figure 72 presents the results of this analysis (Lead values were factored by .10 to make the variation in the rest of the alloy more obvious) The results clearly demonstrate that almost all of the printing type tested had a considerable amount of antimony. The one extreme outlier represents a spacer where expansion into the mold would have been less an issue. Perhaps some spacers were molded out of almost pure lead as a cost saving measure, or perhaps this spacer is a “home-made” example.

Figure 72.—Lead Alloy Analysis. Looking at the overall makeup of the sample analyzed, there appears to be two somewhat distinct clusters, one with slightly more tin and one with slightly less tin. This could be the result of two different batches of alloy and would suggest that the printing

113

type recovered was produced in two different casting sessions. There does not seem to be any relationship between the size of the printing type and the alloy makeup. To summarize, the printing type appears to primarily represent two distinct sizes with some larger sizes represented. The alloy used in the printing type almost always includes antimony which has the characteristic of expanding when cooled to a solid state and thereby serves to better fill the mold. There is the suggestion of two distinct batches of alloy. Lower case “c” (1 specimen), and lower case “d” (3 specimens), upper case “C” (2 specimens of different sizes), upper case “I,” upper case “O,” and upper case “W” (2 specimens) and a hyphen round out the identifiable letters and symbols. Two of the better preserved specimens (lower case “d” and upper case “C”) are illustrated in Figure 73. Finally, four specimens appear to be spacers of two distinct sizes. The printing type recovered from the Printhouse site appears to mostly represent “Pica,” “English,” and “Great Primer” with some suggestion of “Double Pica” and “Double English.” The type was primarily cast of an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony.

Figure 73.—Printing type, lower case “d” and upper case “C”.

114

Section 5 – Artifactual Analysis of Structural Features

A series of contexts will be discussed in turn where all of the artifacts from related features which create an architectural/cultural complex will be combined. Specifically, we will look in turn at the principal structural posts from the Print House (contexts ST1-14-580 W, 611 P, 612 P, 612 S, 639 T, 641 W, and 672 P) and the related structural post molds (ST1-14-580 Y, 611 S, 611 W, 612 N, 641 T, and 672 N). This will be followed by a discussion of the features related to the shed addition to the Print House. These shed-related features are further divided into two phases of activity. The structural post relating to the Phase I shed includes ST1-550 AA, 581 CC and 582 Y. The post molds related to this grouping include ST1-14-550 T, 581 BB, 582 W, and 582 Y. The second and third phase structural posts include ST1-14-550 Y, 581 T, and 583 S, while the associated molds include ST1-14-550 W, 581 S, and 583 R. Two more feature complexes were identified which relate to the shed addition. These include the shed timber mold made up of ST1-14-550 S, 580 FF, 581 R, 582 S, 582 N, 582 AA, and 583 N and a shell-filled construction ditch (ST1-14-550 N, 551 N, 582 P, 582 R, and 582 BB). The final collection of contexts to be discussed will be those related to the wattle and daub chimney which provided heating and cooking facilities within the Print House. These include the chimney posts (ST1-14- 579 P, 579 S, 579 W, 579 Z, 579 BB, 580 EE, 580 HH, 609 T, 609 Y, 610 W, 610 Z, and 580 CC); chimney molds (ST1-14-579 R, 579 T, 579 Y, 579 AA, 580 BB, 580 DD, 580 GG, 609 S, 609 W, 610 T, and 610 Y ) and finally the fireback (ST1-14-579 P).

Artifacts in Structural Posts

The content of the seven contexts which represent the structural posts for the Print House is presented in Table 22. While a number of American Indian lithics are represented, they are clearly redeposited from the overall prehistoric occupation which occurs throughout the area of Site ST1-14. Historic material is dominated by architectural debris including colonial brick, two types of plaster, and mortar. There appears to be some contamination in the form of more modern brick, but that constitutes only eight fragments weighing 7 grams. Thirteen clearly wrought nails are present, and a further 23 highly corroded nails may well be wrought. Food debris is represented by a quantity of oyster shell (n=920, w=1374 gr) and animal bone (23 fragments). Only one white clay pipe fragment is present. Ceramics are represented by one fragment of early Staffordshire slipware and one fragment of tin glazed earthenware. Finally, one fragment of European gunflint debitage and assorted non-diagnostic debris complete out the assemblage.

While well dated materials are sparse in these contexts, the early style Staffordshire slipware points to a date sometime in the last quarter of the 17th century for the construction of this building.

Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Plaster

Examination of the distribution of plaster in the structural post holes for the original building indicates the presence of plaster in most of these contexts (Figures 73, 74, and 75). The central post on the south wall was excluded from this analysis since there was clear evidence of it having been redug and replaced subsequent to the original construction. The amount of

115

TABLE 22 Artifacts in Structural Posts

count

weight (gr) item description

27 29 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 8 7 BRICK MACHINE MADE

70 64 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 212 163 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER

60 102 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY PLASTER 7

COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES

13

WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S) 1 0 HARDWARE TURNED WINDOW LEAD 2 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED

21 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT,UNMEASURED 3

ARCHITECTURAL STONE SANDSTONE

1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN MATERIAL FIRE CRACKED ROCK 4 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE

23

FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 920 1374 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER

1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 2 4 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 1 4 MISC. MATERIALS FOSSIL SHELL 8 0 MISCELLANEOUS FERROUS SANDSTONE 1 0 EUROPEAN FLINT DEBITAGE 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 2.6 MM BORE

material, in some cases in excess of 40 fragments suggests the presence of an earlier structure nearby which had been demolished before the construction of this building, or contamination of the hole fills with material from the molds during excavation. It seems likely that the amount of material that occurs in Features 612 P and S are the result of contamination. Some material could have been introduced by bioturbation, but the quantity of white plaster, in particular, seems to be indicative of either feature contamination or inclusion of incidental surface debris from a building that had been built nearby and demolished before the construction of the structure under analysis. Evidence elsewhere on the site does suggest an earlier building to the south but actual structural features for this building have yet to be identified.

Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Daub

The distribution of daub in the structural postholes is most likely the result of bioturbation. Only a few fragments are present in any of the features and the greatest amount is directly adjacent to the location of the chimney for the structure (Figure 76). The other occurrence is in the 612 P and S complex which, as was noted above in the discussion of plaster, was most likely contaminated.

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Figure 74. — White Plaster in Initial Structural Post Holes.

Figure 75. — Brown Plaster in Initial Structural Post Holes.

117

Figure 76. — Brown Plaster with Finish Coat in Initial Structural Post Holes.

Figure 77. — Daub in Initial Structural Post Holes.

118

Architectural Debris in Structural Posts: Mortars

Like daub, both bedding mortar and a distinctive type of shell mortar with brick dust and loam seem to have been introduced into the post hole contexts by biological action. In all cases the amount of material is quite small and can be explained by root or rodent action. The bedding mortar occurs only in the 612 P and S complex which has been noted as most likely contaminated (Figure 77). The distinctive shell mortar occurs in only the post hole adjacent to the chimney (Figure 78). The chimney related context has only two small fragments which easily could have been transported from the mold by roots. This type of shell mortar is different than the material associated with the quarter chimney and may relate to a very different use. It appears to relate to the 17th-century deposits.

Artifacts in Structural Post Molds

The structural post molds from the Print House are represented by six distinct contexts. American Indian material includes a considerable quantity of debitage including quartz, quartzite, and chert and one quartzite tool and two fragments of quartz tempered ceramic which appear to be Accokeek. Like in the post features, this material was redeposited from the American Indian occupation observed throughout the site. The structural molds have a much greater quantity of architectural debris. We again have some contamination in the form of fairly modern brick. Mortar, daub, and two types of plaster are present. A considerable number of nails represent numerous size ranges with nails two to three inches the most common. However the range goes from 1.10 inches all the way to 5.50 inches. The nails also include numerous specialized nails (“L” and “T” headed) which are indicative of wooden floors. Also grouped here are two fragments of sandstone which may have been utilized as building stone. Domestic debris is rather limited: one fragment of tin glazed earthenware; one fragment of colonial round bottle glass; two white clay pipe fragments, and a quantity of oyster and clam shell, and animal bone (Table 23).

This collection of material, specifically the large quantity of nails, is indicative of demolition debris. This material would have filled the voids left by the rotting wooden post. Temporally diagnostic material is fairly scarce with the one fragment of tin glazed earthenware pointing to a general colonial date while the round bottle points to a post-1650s date. There is nothing specific that points to a post-1700 date.

Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Plaster

In examining the distributional patterns from the post molds, it is clear that these contexts served as catchment basins for considerable debris from the demolition of the structure. All of these features contain markedly more material than the structural post holes (Figures 79, 80, and 81). With the exception of the western-most post on the north wall and the central post on the east wall all the building post molds contain large quantities of plaster. It is possible that some of the plaster seen in the post holes results from the migration of material from these post molds into the post hole by root action. Since these features (post molds) date to the demolition and abandonment of the site, they serve as samples of the nature of how the building was interiorly

119

Figure 78. — Bedding Mortar in Initial Structural Post Holes.

Figure 79. — Total Shell Mortar in Initial Structural Post Holes.

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TABLE 23 Artifacts in Structural Post Molds

count Weight (gr) item description 572 1112 BRICK MACHINE MADE

198 269 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 651 688 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 272 378 MASONRY RUBBLE DAUB

781 1300 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY PLASTER 8


1

WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.10 INCHES 3

WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.20 INCHES

3


9



4



2



4


3



3



4


2



1



2



2


1


WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

1

WROUGHT L HEAD NAIL 1.60 INCHES 1

WROUGHT L HEAD NAIL 3.10 INCHES

1

WROUGHT T HEAD NAIL 2.60 INCHES

1

WROUGHT T HEAD NAIL 3.30 INCHES 78

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED

15

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED 2

ARCHITECTURAL STONE SANDSTONE

2 AMERICAN INDIAN CERAMIC QUARTZ TEMPERED 4

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE

4

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE

2

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT DEBITAGE 1

AMERICAN INDIAN MATERIAL FIRE CRACKED ROCK

3

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE

1

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE TOOL

121

28 28 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 1526 1962 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER

5 12 FAUNAL REMAINS CLAM 2

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED

1

COLONIAL GLASS ROUND BOTTLE

142

MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 9

MISCELLANEOUS IRON OBJECT

1

MISCELLANEOUS UNIDENTIFIABLE ROCK 1

TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE

1

TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 2.6 MM BORE

finished at the end of its use life. The critical information from these contexts will be in the form of qualitative data rather than quantitative. These individual specimens with distinctive traits will be discussed in a separate section below.

Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Daub

The distribution of daub in the structural post molds shows a very odd pattern. The greatest amount of daub occurs in the post mold that is the second farthest away from the chimney (Figure 82). A relatively small amount of daub is in the post mold adjacent to the chimney and in the other molds on the south wall of the main structure. One would logically have assumed a concentration in the post mold near the chimney but the pattern seems to mimic that of the daub in the overlying strata which indicated two clusters, one in the shed area and one near the northwest corner of the main structure. The distribution must reflect overall building demolition rather than renovations.

Architectural Debris in Structural Post Molds: Mortars

Three distinct varieties of oyster shell based mortar were identified from the post molds. The previously mentioned bedding mortar which seems associated with the tile floor in the shed occurs only in the extreme south east post mold and is only represented by 30 fragments constituting 35 g. (Figure 83). This suggests that most of the molds may have been filled by the time the tile was pulled up and reclaimed. The pattern of the shell mortar which we have previously related to the chimney of the later slave quarter is represented by only a few fragments (5 and 1 respectively) from the central mold on the south wall and the easternmost mold on the north wall (Figure 84). Both of these inclusions could easily be the result of bioturbation. The final type of shell mortar recognized in the post molds is a very distinctive mixture of loam, brick dust, and oyster shell lime. A small amount of this material was recovered from the central post mold on the southern wall, but a large quantity (132 fragments, 333 grams) was found in the post mold adjacent to the chimney (Figure 85). Arguably, this material represents part of the original mud and stick chimney and demonstrates an unusual blending of lime into the daub which would tend to make a more durable chimney.

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Figure 80. —White Plaster in Initial Structural Postmolds.

Figure 81. — Brown Plaster in Initial Structural Postmolds

123

Figure 82. — Brown Plaster with White Plaster in Initial Structural Postmolds.

Figure 83. — Daub in Initial Structural Postmolds.

124

Figure 84. — Bedding Mortar in Initial Structural Postmolds.

Figure 85. — Shell Mortar in Initial Structural Postmolds.

125

Figure 86. —Mortar with Brick Dust and Loam in Initial Structural Postmolds

In general, the structural post holes and post molds from the main building reflect elements of the architecture of the building. The distribution of these rubble classes in the structural post holes appears, in all cases, to be the result of either material from an earlier nearby building being on the surface of the ground at the time of construction, or feature contamination, most likely by bioturbation. This is logical given the nature of the construction features from a building reflecting previous occupation and construction waste rather than demolition waste. The material in the molds shows details about the demolition of the building. It seems likely that the central post on the north wall was pulled allowing considerable plaster to fall into the void. Similarly, the concentration of daub in the post molds is possibly the result of where the chimney collapsed while the distinctive mixture of loam, brick dust, and oyster shell lime concentrated in the corner post is associated with the mud and stick chimney.

Artifacts in the Chimney Features

Artifacts in Chimney Posts

The feature complex that makes up the chimney posts for the wattle and daub chimney includes 12 distinct contexts. The typical, small amount of American Indian material is present in the form of quartz and quartzite debitage. Architectural material consists of masonry rubble (brick, flat tile, mortar, plaster, daub, and some modern brick contamination). Nails are numerous and rather widely distributed in terms of length. Considerable window glass and numerous turned window leads were also found in these contexts. Domestic material included animal bone and oyster shell plus a fairly wide array of colonial ceramics. These include

126

manganese mottled earthenware, early Staffordshire slipware, tin glazed earthenware, North Italian slipware, Rhenish Brown stoneware, and Rhenish Blue and Grey stoneware. Additionally, there are four white clay tobacco pipe fragments, colonial round bottle glass, and one fragment of European flint debitage. Finally, post-colonial contamination includes both 19th century table glass and bottle glass.(Table 24).

This complex of features has a considerable number of dateable colonial ceramics. While the North Italian slipware and the tin glazed earthenware can date from the first half of the 17th century, the Staffordshire slipware points to the last quarter of the 17th century while the manganese mottled pushes this date to after 1680. Clearly the large number of turned window leads and colonial window glass points at the demolition of a well equipted domestic structure.

TABLE 24 Artifacts in Chimney Posts Holes

count Weight (gr) item description

109 8329 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 11 2284 BRICK MACHINE MADE 1 4 TILE FLAT

336 446 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 253 399 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER

93 64 MASONRY RUBBLE DAUB 189 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES

1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.30 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.40 INCHES 4 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.50 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.60 INCHES 4 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.80 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.90 INCHES 3 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.00 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.10 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.20 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.30 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.40 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.50 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.70 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.80 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 3.00 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 3.40 INCHES

12 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S) 54 0 HARDWARE TURNED WINDOW LEAD 32 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED

127

18 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED 2 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT DEBITAGE 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE

47 52 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 1200 2030 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER

1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE MANGANESE MOTTLED 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP 5 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE NORTH ITALIAN SLIPWARE 1 0 COLONIAL STONEWARE RHENISH BROWN 1 0 COLONIAL STONEWARE RHENISH BLUE AND GREY 2 0 TABLE GLASSWARE GENERAL 19TH - 20TH CENTURY 1 0 COLONIAL GLASS ROUND BOTTLE 1 0 19TH - 20TH C. BOTTLE GLASS CLEAR 2 4 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 1 0 EUROPEAN FLINT DEBITAGE 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 2.0 MM BORE 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 3.2 MM BORE 2 0 TOBACCO PIPE, BOWL FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE

Artifacts in Chimney Post Molds

The chimney molds are made up of 11 distinct contexts. American Indian material is represented by quartz, quartzite and chert debitage. Only a little architectural material was recovered in the form of brick, mortar, plaster, wrought nails and window glass. Some contamination in the form of more modern brick is also indicated. Domestic material includes oyster shell and three colonial earthenware fragmnets; two tin glazed and one North Devon sgraffito. No white clay tobacco pipes were recovered (Table 25).

TABLE 25 Artifacts in Chimney Postmolds


1 1279 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 2 4 BRICK MACHINE MADE

24 30 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 86 79 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 1 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.20 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S) 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

128

1 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 2 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE 2 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT FLAKE

171 273 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE SGRAFFITO 2 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 2 4 FLORAL WOOD 2 0 MISCELLANEOUS IRON OBJECT

This complex of cultural features contains more plaster than brick pointing to the fill being sources from a building demolition. The ceramics are in keeping with a last half of the 17th- century date.

Artifacts in Fireback

The fireback is made up of only one context. As with all contexts at this site, some American Indian material (quartz and quartzite debitage) is represented. Masonry rubble includes handmade brick, mortar, and plaster. Some more modern brick points to a bit of contamination. Only one nail was recovered. Oyster shell and bone make up most of the domestic debris. One white clay pipe stem fragment was recovered, but no ceramics were found (Table 26).

TABLE 26 Artifacts in Fireback

count Weight (gr) item description 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 3.0 MM BORE 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 4 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE 1 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 2 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED

68 975 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 10 442 BRICK MACHINE MADE 14 20 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 7 7 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 1 5 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE

151 272 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER

129

The fireback does not contain much in the way of temporally diagnostic material. One white clay tobacco pipe fragment supports a colonial date but the lack of other dateable cultural material greatly limits what can be said.

Artifacts in the South Shed Features

Artifacts in Shed Posts, Phase I

The posts holes and molds related to the shed addition have been divided into individual phases. The first phase shed posts are made up of four contexts. American Indian material is represented by fire cracked rock and quartz and quartzite debitage. Architectural material is represented with relatively small quantities of handmade brick, mortar, and plaster. The remaining architectural material is restricted to nails. Domestic debris includes animal bone and oyster shell. One white clay tobacco pipe was recovered. The only historic ceramics recovered were one fragment each of tin glazed earthenware and early Staffordshire slipware (Table 27).

TABLE 27 Artifacts in Shed Post Holes, Phase I

count Weight (gr) item description 5 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE

1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN MATERIAL FIRE CRACKED ROCK 1 0 ARCHITECTURAL STONE SANDSTONE 11 16 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 11 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 5 8 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 568 912 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 4 8 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY MORTAR 32 19 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 42 20 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 3 8 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 10 0 MISCELLANEOUS FERROUS SANDSTONE 2 0 MISCELLANEOUS IRON OBJECT 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 2.6 MM BORE 1 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.90 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

The material discovered in the Phase I shed posts clearly indicate that the shed was an addition to the Printhouse since they contain some architectural debris probably resulting from the earlier construction campaign that built the main structure. There is relatively little domestic debris intermixed supporting the suggestion that these posts are later than the main building. The historic ceramics point to a date in the third quarter of the 17th century.

130

Architectural Debris in Shed Phase I Post Holes

The contexts identified as relating to the first phase of the shed contain relatively little architectural debris. Close examination of these features revealed that while there was plaster found in most post holes, all quantities were small. The presence of white plaster could suggest that there had been an episode of plastering in the main building prior to the construction of the shed, or bioturbation could have moved some fragments into the features.

Daub was absent from the Shed Phase I post holes. Only a small amount of shell mortar is found in the Shed Phase I post holes. This small amount is likely due to bioturbation

The paucity of Daub, Brown Rough Coat Plaster, and White Rough Coat Plaster (and both rough coats with white finish) suggests that these wall finishes were either not applied until after the first shed was built, or were simply not affected by the addition of the shed.

Artifacts in Phase I Shed Post Molds

The Phase I shed post molds are represented by four contexts. Like all the other features associated with this structure, these molds contained a bit of redeposited American Indian material. This is represented by quartz, quartzite, and chert debitage and one fragment of shell tempered pottery. Architectural material is present in the form of brick, plaster, mortar, and one fragment of flat tile. In addition, some nails and window glass round out the architectural materials. Bone and oyster shell represent the principal domestic debris while ceramics are limited to one fragments of tin glazed earthenware and two fragments of manganese mottled earthenware. Both colonial table glass and round bottle glass are present as is one pipe bowl fragment (Table 28).

These contexts all date to the last quarter of the 17th century. The amount of architectural debris is consistent with demolition activities, probably related to the modification of the shed during a subsequent rebuilding campaign. The flat tile is interesting since its presence suggests the flat tile floor was instituted either at the end of Phase I or the beginning of Phase II.

Architectural Debris in Shed Phase I Post Molds.

In stark contrast to the Phase I shed post holes, the Phase I post molds contained relatively large quantities of all kinds of plaster. Features 550 T and 582 Z contained the most plaster by far. From feature 550 T were recovered 182 fragments of white finish plaster, 71 fragments of brown plaster, and 49 fragments of brown plaster with white finish coat (weighing 498 grams). Feature 582 Z contained 308 fragments of white finish plaster. There was no plaster in 582 W, and very little in 581 BB. This all seems to imply that plastering had occurred before this shed was renovated in Phase II.

131

TABLE 28 Artifacts in Shed Post Molds, Phase I

count Weight (gr) item description 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN CERAMIC SHELL TEMPERED 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE 179 412 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 2 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE MANGANESE MOTTLED 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 3 0 COLONIAL GLASS ROUND BOTTLE 2 0 COLONIAL GLASS TABLE 46 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 21 14 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 733 539 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 142 730 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY MORTAR 2 4 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 412 439 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 14 4 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 1 4 TILE FLAT 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, BOWL FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE 1 0 UNID. COLONIAL EARTHENWARE RED PASTE, BROWN GLAZE 27 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.30 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.40 INCHES 3 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.60 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.70 INCHES

No daub was found in the post molds for the shed’s Phase I. Mortar was found only sparingly. Thirty-five fragments of the distinctive shell mortar with brick dust and loam were recovered from Feature 550 T. No bedding mortar was found in the post molds.

The contents of the Phase I shed post molds suggest that a plastering phase prior to the first renovation of the shed, involving both white and brown rough coats with a white finish plaster. A fair amount of plaster was recovered from several of the post molds. However, in the two post molds furthest from the suspected site of a doorway there was little plaster. Feature 582 W is distinctly smaller in diameter than the other shed Phase I post molds, which could be a reason for the overall smaller amount of artifacts.

Artifacts in Shed Posts Phase II/III

The rebuilding of the shed during phases II and III are represented by only three contexts. These deposits also demonstrate redeposited American Indian materials in the form of quartz and quartzite debitage. A small amount of relatively modern brick appears to represent

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contamination. Other architecturally related material includes handmade brick, two types of plaster, nails, window glass and turned window leads. Domestic material is limited to oyster shell, animal bone, one fragment of early Staffordshire slipware, and a single white clay tobacco pipes stem fragment (Table 29).

TABLE 29 Artifacts in Shed Posts Phase II/III


4 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE 2 0 ARCHITECTURAL STONE SANDSTONE 25 23 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 8 7 BRICK MACHINE MADE 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP 5 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 1 0 EUROPEAN FLINT DEBITAGE 18 7 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 1075 1786 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 1 0 HARDWARE TURNED WINDOW LEAD 56 94 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY MORTAR 79 60 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 8 7 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 1 4 MISC. MATERIALS FOSSIL SHELL 1 4 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 3.6 MM BORE 21 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED 6 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 1 0 WINDOW GLASS, 19TH - 20TH C. UNMEASURED 14 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

Unfortunately there is nothing particularly diagnostic about this assemblage. The early Staffordshire slipware, and white clay pipe are the most dateable, but other than indicating the last quarter of the 17th century little can be forwarded. The presence of the window lead is informative and clearly supports glazed windows as does the window glass, while the fragment of machine made brick indicates some disturbance.

Architectural Debris in Shed Phase II/III Post Holes

Relatively little plaster was found in the post holes of the second and third phases of the shed. A small amount of white plaster was recovered from feature 550 Y (eight fragments).

No daub was found in the Shed Phase II/III post holes. Because there was also very little daub in the shed’s Phase I features, it seems likely that the chimney did not undergo renovation during the modifications to the shed.

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There was a small amount of shell mortar recovered from the shed Phase II/III post holes. Twenty-three fragments (11 grams) of shell mortar were excavated from feature 550 Y and one fragment was excavated from feature 583 S.

The shed’s Phase II/III features were very shallow and small compared to the Phase I features, with post molds usually measuring .5 to .9 foot across, and all of the features no deeper than six inches. This small size would have severely limited how much could have collected in the holes as they were dug during the renovation. Besides the architectural rubble, there were few other artifacts found in these features, suggesting that the lack of artifacts is mostly due to the small size of the catchment basin, and not due to any lack of plaster, daub, mortar, or other debris on the site.

Artifacts in Shed Molds Phase II/III

This context is represented by three discrete proveniences. These deposits include American Indian materials (quartz and quartzite debitage, and fire cracked rock). Architectural material includes handmade red brick, mortar, plaster, and daub. This group of contexts includes an unusual amount and variety of nail sizes. Domestic material includes bone and oyster shell. The ceramics are not particularly diagnostic with only one tin glazed earthenware present. Three bottle glass represent simple round bottle fragments. The pipes are represented by one stem fragment and one small bowl fragment (Table 30).

These contexts show a fair amount of architectural debris as would be expected in the demolition of the shed and/or the Print House proper. The lack of clear diagnostic material minimizes the interpretive potential of this group of contexts.

Architectural Debris in Shed Phase II/III Post Molds

Closely examining the post molds from the Phase II/III shed shows that there is a substantial amount of architectural rubble included. Brick, mortar, and plaster are abundant as are nails in a variety of sizes.

These later two phases of the shed addition seem to reflect the demolition of the building rather than giving insights into the construction. The demolition signature is so strong, and the post holes so insignificant that few additional insights can be gleaned.

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TABLE 30 Artifacts in Shed Postmolds Phase II/III

count Weight (gr) item description 3 0 AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 1 0 AMERICAN INDIAN MATERIAL FIRE CRACKED ROCK 180 1020 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 4 441 BRICK MACHINE MADE 1 0 COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 3 0 COLONIAL GLASS ROUND BOTTLE 10 0 COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 46 21 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 22 20 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 364 558 FLORAL WOOD 52 110 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY MORTAR 46 102 MASONRY RUBBLE DAUB 248 225 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 546 608 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 124 21 MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, BOWL FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE 1 0 TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 2.6 MM BORE 2 0 UNID. COLONIAL EARTHENWARE RED PASTE, CLEAR GLAZE 14 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED 30 0 UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.30 INCHES 3 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.40 INCHES 4 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.50 INCHES 4 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.60 INCHES 2 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.70 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 1.80 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.40 INCHES 3 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.50 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.60 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.70 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 2.80 INCHES 1 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL 3.20 INCHES 28 0 WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

Artifacts in Timber Molds

The timber mold complex included seven distinct contexts. Again, we have a suite of American Indian artifacts including quartz, chert, and jasper debitage. The prehistoric ceramics includes a fragment of steatite tempered ceramic which would date to the very Early Woodland period, and a fragment of quartz tempered ceramic which appears to be Accokeek. Architectural material includes handmade brick, flat tile, mortar, plaster, daub, and a specific type of

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handmade brick which has fine sand inclusions. This brick has previously been linked to construction at the Van Sweringen site. Perhaps most impressive is the amount of window glazing related artifacts, 191 window glass fragments and 55 turned window leads. Wrought nails range in size from one inch up to 3.40 inches in length. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of contamination and intermixture in these contexts. Cut nails and 19th-century window glass are present in fair numbers. In terms of domestic material, we have some oyster shell and bone and a number of white clay tobacco pipe fragments. In terms of ceramics, we have the widest range of 17th-century pottery of any of the structural features. However, we also have the largest amount of 19th-century contamination including Rockingham, white ware, and yellow ware. These contexts also included a considerable amount of 19th- and 20th-century bottle glass, hurricane lamp globe fragments, a rimfire cartridge, and a metal crown cap that cannot date before 1892 (Table 31).

TABLE 31 Artifacts in Timber Molds


356 8724 BRICK HANDMADE (RED) 11 2284 BRICK MACHINE MADE 1 4 TILE FLAT

13 11 BRICK HANDMADE, FINE SAND PASTED 374 479 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 267 404 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 100 72 MASONRY RUBBLE DAUB

3

WINDOW GLASS, 19TH - 20TH C. UNMEASURED 191


1



5



4



3



1



2



1



1



29

WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S) 1

WIRE COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

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1

CUT NAILS 1.40 INCHES 1

CUT NAILS 2.00 INCHES

2

CUT NAILS 2.20 INCHES 8

CUT NAILS UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S)

1

FASTENERS SPIKE 55

HARDWARE TURNED WINDOW LEAD

32

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED 19

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED

1

OTHER GLASS BEADS 2

AMERICAN INDIAN CERAMIC QUARTZ TEMPERED

1

AMERICAN INDIAN CERAMIC STEATITE TEMPERED 7

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE

7

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE 7

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT DEBITAGE

1

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC JASPER DEBITAGE 13

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE

2

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE 3

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT FLAKE

53 52 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 26 26 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 1 4 FAUNAL REMAINS CLAM 7

WHITE WARE PLAIN

1

WHITE WARE UNDERGLAZE PAINTED 2

YELLOW WARE ROCKINGHAM/BENNINGTON

1

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE MANGANESE MOTTLED 4

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE EARLY STAFFORDSHIRE SLIP

8

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 1

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE NORTH ITALIAN SLIPWARE

2

COLONIAL STONEWARE RHENISH BROWN 1

COLONIAL STONEWARE RHENISH BLUE AND GREY

2

UNID. COLONIAL EARTHENWARE RED PASTE, BROWN GLAZE 1

UNID. COLONIAL EARTHENWARE RED PASTE, GREEN GLAZE

2

TABLE GLASSWARE GENERAL 19TH - 20TH CENTURY 2

COLONIAL GLASS ROUND BOTTLE

24

19TH - 20TH C. BOTTLE GLASS CLEAR 4

MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL

6

MISCELLANEOUS IRON OBJECT 40

UNIDENTIFIABLE METAL UNIDENTIFIABLE IRON/STEEL

1

UNIDENTIFIABLE METAL UNIDENTIFIABLE WHITE METAL 2 5 MISCELLANEOUS COAL 1

AMMUNITION PARTS RIMFIRE CARTRIDGE

1

EUROPEAN FLINT DEBITAGE 1


1

TOBACCO PIPE, STEM FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, 3.2 MM BORE 5

TOBACCO PIPE, BOWL FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE

3

OTHER GLASS LAMP GLASS 1 0 STORAGE CROWN BOTTLE CAP

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These contexts show considerable admixture and contamination with 19th-century debris. The large number of colonial window glass and turned lead fragments clearly indicate that the fill was in part derived from the demolition of a building which was well-lit with glass windows. These include 14 dated window leads, from the early 1670s through the late 1680s. This may indicate a major renovation or demolition phase sometime after. These contexts, while disturbed, do offer clear evidence of a major renovation phase involving the shed in the middle of the last quarter of the 17th century.

Architectural Debris in Shed Timber Molds

The largest quantity of rubble in the east timber mold was plaster. In feature 582 AA, 166 grams of white plaster were found, and 256 grams of white plaster were recovered from feature 582 N. There was also a large quantity of white rough coat plaster (137 grams in 582 N) and a smaller amount of white rough coat with a finish coat (three fragments in 582 N and three fragments in 582 AA). Only a very small amount, two fragments, of brown plaster with finish was found in 582 N. In the west timber mold, plaster was found in significant quantity. Eighty fragments of white plaster were recovered from 581 R. Small amounts of white rough coat, and white rough coat with finish coat were also recovered from 581 R, one fragment of each. In addition 18 fragments of brown plaster were recovered.

Only a small amount of mortar was found in the east timber mold: twelve fragments of bedding mortar were recovered from feature 582 AA. A large quantity of bedding mortar was found in the west timber mold, in feature 581 R: 88 fragments weighing 173 grams.

Due to the amount of all kinds of plaster found in earlier features, the amount of plaster recovered from the timber molds is not surprising. However, presumably the tile floor was set in place after the timber was removed, so the bedding mortar found in feature 582 AA is likely due to bioturbation. The quantity of bedding mortar in 581 R, however, seems to be too great to entirely attribute to bioturbation. The west timber mold was located directly under the bedding mortar and tile floor, and later disturbances would have likely brought some of the bedding mortar down into the feature.

Artifacts in Shell and Construction Ditch

This collection of deposits is composed of five separate contexts. We again have the admixture of some American Indian material represented by quartz, quartzite, and chert debitage, fire cracked rock, and one sherd of shell tempered pottery. These contexts include the largest amount of flat tile of any so far analyzed. Handmade brick, and mortar and plaster are all present as are wrought nails, both common nails and specialized nails used with flooring. Numerous colonial window glass fragments and turned window leads again speak to the presence of a well-

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lit building having been demolished. These strata, however, seem to include a fair amount of 19th-century architectural debris including brick and at least one 19th-20th-century window glass fragment. Colonial domestic debris is present in the form of one fragment of tin glazed earthenware and two white clay pipe fragments. The most striking single artifact from these contexts was a Charles II silver half-groat or two pence coin which had been twice pierced to facilitate sowing it on to clothing (Figure 86). This specimen would date between 1660 and 1685. Also recovered from this context was a fragment of yellow ware which also indicates 19th-century admixture (Table 32).

The large number of flat tile fragments recovered are directly related to the flat tile floor paving in part of the shed. The specialized wrought flooring nails support the argument that this area had both wooden and tile flooring. The turned window leads and window glass again suggest that a building with numerous windows was either demolished or renovated nearby. The presence of the altered Charles II coin may speak to the political leanings of one of the site’s owners or occupants. It may as well served a perceived magical function as some sort of house blessing following British folk traditions. However, the amount of 19th century admixture somewhat restricts how heavily one can rely on these contexts contents.

Figure 87. —Pierced Half-Groat Coin

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TABLE 32 Artifacts in Chimney Posts Holes

count Weight (gr) item description 120 401 BRICK HANDMADE (RED)

12 143 BRICK MACHINE MADE 5 64 TILE FLAT 73 193 MASONRY RUBBLE MORTAR 163 268 MASONRY RUBBLE PLASTER 22 36 MASONRY RUBBLE BROWN CLAY PLASTER 1

WINDOW GLASS, 19TH - 20TH C. UNMEASURED

19

COLONIAL WINDOW GLASS ALL THICKNESSES 1


22

WROUGHT COMMON NAIL UNMEASURABLE FRAGMENT(S) 1


1

WROUGHT T HEAD NAIL 2.40 INCHES 1


18

HARDWARE TURNED WINDOW LEAD 15

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL SQUARE, UNMEASURED

2

UNIDENTIFIABLE NAIL NAIL FRAGMENT, UNMEASURED 2

AMERICAN INDIAN CERAMIC SHELL TEMPERED

6

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ DEBITAGE 4

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE DEBITAGE

4

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT DEBITAGE 1

AMERICAN INDIAN MATERIAL FIRE CRACKED ROCK

6

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZ FLAKE 1

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC QUARTZITE FLAKE

1

AMERICAN INDIAN LITHIC CHERT FLAKE 38 28 FAUNAL REMAINS BONE 2793 5585 FAUNAL REMAINS OYSTER 1

YELLOW WARE PLAIN

6

COLONIAL EARTHENWARE TIN GLAZED 1

TABLE GLASSWARE GENERAL 19TH - 20TH CENTURY

3

MISCELLANEOUS CHARCOAL 24

MISCELLANEOUS IRON OBJECT

1

MISCELLANEOUS COPPER ALLOY OBJECT 12

UNIDENTIFIABLE METAL UNIDENTIFIABLE IRON/STEEL

1

GOLD/SILVER COINS 1


1

TOBACCO PIPE, BOWL FRAGMENT WHITE CLAY, NO BORE

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Section 6 – Summary and Conclusions

The full extent of Colonial era occupation on the Slave Quarter site is still uncertain but this report addresses one aspect of that question. The discovery of a concentration of 17th-century printing type in 1993 lead to the discovery of a previously unknown structure on the site. Based on evidence from test excavations, the building was known to date to the last quarter of the 17th century. Review of the available documentation showed that the structure was located on a tract known as Smith’s Townland and was being leased to Garrett Van Sweringen. He was an innkeeper and entrepreneur who ran and then leased the nearby Smith’s Ordinary until it burned to the ground in 1678. After the building burned, Van Sweringen offered to rebuild it in brick if his lease was extended. It was hypothesized that the building discovered on the Slave Quarter site, built in the third quarter of the 17th century, on Van Sweringen’s property, was the replacement building. The significant amount of printing type found on the site suggested an association with William Nuthead, who ran the first printing press south of New England. Nuthead came to Maryland in 1684. While there was a property in St. Mary’s City known as the “Print House Lot” in 1694, that property was not on Smith’s Townland. The historical record suggests that the lot in question did not get its name until after Nuthead had been in St. Mary’s for some time. It was suggested that the building on Smith’s Townland was the first place that William Nuthead set up shop and is now referred to as the Print House. The current project was aimed at exploring both of these possibilities and of documenting the architecture, use, and history of the structure known as the Print House. As discussed in the Research Design, the investigation was guided by four research goals. The first of these was to define the temporal limits of the 17th-century occupation. The testing suggested that the structure was used in the last quarter of the 17th century, but could not define when the structure was built or when it was abandoned. During the present project, it was our hope to refine the dating of the site. The second goal was simply to understand and report on the architecture of the structure. Thirdly, the goal was to place the structure within the landscape and understand how the property was used. The final goal related to the use of the structure. Could the artifacts or the architecture show that the building was used as an ordinary? What other aspects could relate to the use of the structure by William Nuthead? The results of each of these goals are discussed below. Despite the relatively shallow nature of the site stratigraphy and the disturbance caused by the 19th-century use of the property, the excavations produced a remarkably rich and varied collection of 17th-century artifacts. The ceramics recovered pointed to an occupation from early in the third quarter of the 17th-century to the first decade of the 18th century. The pipes suggested a median date of c. 1670 for the occupation which is at odds with the historical record. This may reflect the problem of using a method designed for long occupied sites on a short term occupation. Alternately, there may have been an earlier occupation on the Slave Quarter site which we do not yet know about. It is possible that William Smith, the first lessee of Smith’s Townland, built some structure on the property which has not yet been located. The best that can still be said about the Print House is that it was constructed in the last quarter of the 17th century.

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The demise of the structure is somewhat better known. Based on the artifacts, the occupation ended around the beginning of the 18th century. Van Sweringen’s lease on the property ran out in 1697 and there is no mention of the property in his estate when he died in 1699. The 1704 rent roll for the Province lists the lessee of Smith’s Townland as unknown and it is likely that all occupation had ended by that time. The excavations were very successful in achieving the second goal of the project, the understanding of the architecture of the Print House. The main building was constructed of six posts and it measured 25 ft. long by 20 ft. wide. Unlike most earthfast structures, this one was built with asymmetrical bays, one 15 ft. long and the other 10 ft. long. The posts were square at the surface but remained rounded below ground. The squared portion at the top had a diameter of roughly 7 in. and at least one of the posts appeared to be burned. A portion of that post was preserved and was identified as black locust. By carefully observing the base of the post molds, it was seen that each pair of posts were set at the same elevation but that the pairs varied over the length of the building. This was clear evidence of the use of reverse framing in the erection of the main building. An important part of the architectural evidence was the features associated with the timber and daub chimney. This is likely the best preserved 17th-century wattle and daub chimney in the Chesapeake. The 11 molds and holes associated with this feature present the first detailed look at such a chimney. The chimney had a firebox that was a little over 7 ft. wide and 5.5 ft. deep. The placement of the molds of the walls to the molds of the corners suggested that the interior daub was 0.1 to 0.2 ft. thick. The location of the wall molds further suggested that they were tenoned into the plates rather than lapped. The posts were spaced consistently 2 ft. apart, showing a planned regularity in the construction. All of these observations demonstrate that while this was a mud and stick chimney, it was well thought out and carefully carpentered. A portion of one of the posts was recovered and identified as red cedar. The most surprising aspect of the building’s architecture was the south shed which went through three major changes over its short lifespan. It began as a 22.5 ft. long shed, 9 ft. deep. This was shorter than the main building and the shed walls were inset 1.5 – 2 ft. from the structure’s façades. Because the shed posts were inset, the rafters of the shed roof would not align with the posts of the main structure, perhaps requiring that the first phase shed posts were overbuilt, and all three were over 3 ft. deep. There was no archaeological evidence of a floor in the shed. The presence of a post adjacent to the east wall post might indicate a door in this location. Phase II of the shed was extended to line up with the main walls. It was 24.5 ft. long and 9 ft. deep. The post holes and molds were very different from those of Phase I, being both smaller and much shallower. This was possible because the main walls of the structure now helped to support the shed roof. After the new posts were erected, two timber sills were installed along the south wall. These do not appear to have been tied into the posts but rather laid in trenches. It is believed that these represent a wooden floor in the shed. There was no indication of a door at this time. The final phase of the shed represented a major upgrade to the structure. While the posts remained the same, the timber floor was taken up and a tile floor created in the shed. Preparation

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for the tile floor included taking up the timber sills along the south wall and placing rows of bricks, set on their sides, to contain a mortar bed. Based on the location of the the edge bricks, the tile floor was 22 ft. long and 8.5 ft. deep. It has been suggested that some type of fixture, perhaps a set of shelves, filled the 2.5 ft. of the eastern end. No flooring tile were found in situ, however, numerous molds of tiles were visible in the underlying mortar bed. Based on this evidence the tiles were 8.5” square. These are the same size tiles that had been in Smith’s ordinary when it burned. In the southwest corner of the shed, was a small brick pavement, 2.8 ft. deep and over 4.1 ft. long. The west end of the pavement was disturbed but it was probably 5 ft. long overall. There were six rows of brick with five being laid east-west. The final row, on the south side, was laid north-south. This pavement appears to mark a doorway in the south wall of the shed. Dating the changes in the shed is difficult because of the short time spans involved. However, the final phase is well dated because of the debris deposited in the the timber sill molds. These were removed to allow the creation of the tile floor and, when excavated, were found to contain window leads which bore dates of 1689. Allowing a few years for the windows to be created and shipped to Maryland and for their eventually being broken, it is likely that the timber sills were replaced sometime in the early 1690s. This coincides with the efforts of St. Mary’s City landowners to upgrade their properties in an effort to keep the capital from being moved. This suggests that the tile floor was created c. 1694. While the landscape surrounding the Print House was not a major research interest for this project, significant information was collected. Based on limited data regarding the fence layout, the Print House appears to be located on a lot that was square on three sides with the east side angling along the edge of the ridge. The lot may have been 70 ft. north to south and, at most 50 ft. wide. There were two, possibly three, large pit complexes that were dug as part of this occupation. Presumably, these were created to obtain clay for the chimney. All three were located outside the proposed lot fences. Much more needs to be done to fully understand the landscape of the Print House. The final research goal was to assess the use of the building during its timespan. Analysis of the ceramic sample, and comparison with other sites, demonstrated that the Print House was a place where food and drink were consumed, rather than prepared or stored. The sample suggested that the building was used as an Ordinary, at least part of the time that it was occupied. This is likely to have swamped any sample related to its use as a printing establishment. In many ways, the Print House structure is a paradox. It is remarkably well preserved yet there are many questions about its history and architecture that are not easily answered. The main structure appears to be a typical post-in-the-ground building at first glance. However, it is built with asymmetrical bays and must have had ground laid sills. Although it was built late in the 17th century, it was constructed using reverse assembly rather than wall frame construction. The archaeology suggests that it was an above average building (two kinds of fireplace tile, a tile floor, abundant evidence of windows) yet it had a mud chimney that was never replaced. The changes in the shed indicate a continuing concern for upgrading the building. Why did this not extend to the chimney?

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