archaeological excavations at the water canyon

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS at theWATER CANYON PALEOINDIAN SITE

(LA134764), SOCORRO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

INTERIM REPORT for the2012 and 2013 FIELD SEASONSRobert D. Dello-Russo, Ph.D.

With Contributions and/or Appendices byDr. Ronald Goble, Dr. Stephen A. Hall, Dr. Vance T. Holliday, Pamela J. McBride,

Dr. M. Steven Shackley, Susan J. Smith and Patricia A. Walker

A Collaborative Effort by the UNM Office of Contract Archeology, the New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies, the Escondida Research Group, LLC and the

University of Arizona Departments of Anthropology and Geosciences

OCA Report No. 185-1174

2015

Archaeological Excavations at theWater Canyon Paleoindian Site (LA 134764),

Socorro County, New Mexico

Interim Report for the 2012 and 2013 Field Seasons

Robert D. Dello-Russo, Ph.D.

with contributions and/or appendices by

Dr. Ronald Goble, Dr. Stephen A. Hall, Dr. Vance T. Holliday, Pamela J. McBride,

Dr. M. Steven Shackley, Susan J. Smith and Patricia A. Walker

A Collaborative Effort by the UNM Office of Contract Archeology, the New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies, the Escondida Research Group, LLC,

and the University of Arizona Departments of Anthropology and Geosciences

Submitted to theNew Mexico Historic Preservation Division

Department of Cultural AffairsSanta Fe, NM

Submitted underState of New Mexico Archaeological Permit No. NM 12-027 & NM 13-027

(held by the Office of Archaeological Studies in 2012–2013, R. Dello-Russo as Principal Investigator)

Office of Contract Archeology Report No. 185-1174NMCRIS Activity No. 132823

March 2015

iii

NMCRIS INVESTIGATION ABSTRACT FORM (NIAF)

1. NMCRIS Activity No.:

132823

2a. Lead (Sponsoring) Agency:

NM Institute of Mining & Technology

2b. Other Permitting Agency(ies):

NM Historic Preservation Division

3. Lead Agency Report No.:

4. Title of Report: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS at the WATER CANYON PALEOINDIAN SITE (LA134764), SOCORRO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO: INTERIM REPORT for the 2012 and 2013 FIELD SEASONS

Author(s) Robert D. Dello-‐Russo, PhD

5. Type of Report

Negative X Positive

6.InvestigationType Research Design Survey/Inventory Test Excavation Excavation Collections/Non-‐Field Study

Overview/Lit Rev. Monitoring Ethnographic study Site specific visit Other

8. Dates of Investigation: from: Sept 5-‐16, 2012 and April-‐May and July 2013 (fieldwork); Analyses on-‐going

7. Description of Undertaking (what does the project entail?):

There is no formal undertaking – The archaeological testing and data recovery at this site has been, and continues to be, for research purposes only.

9. Report Date: March, 2015

11. Performing Agency/Consultant Report No.:

OCA Report No. 185-‐1174

10. Performing Agency/Consultant: Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of NM

Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert Dello-‐Russo

Field Supervisors: Patricia Walker, Dr. Russell Greaves, Dr. Vance Holliday, Susie Smith, Dr. Steve Hall, Dr. C. Vance Haynes

Field Personnel:: Nancy Akins, Leslie Aragon, Dr. Jesse Ballenger, Matt Barbour, Stacey Bennett, George Cline, George Crawford, Dr. James Dello-‐Russo, Eric Heffter, Tom Ireland, Jennifer Kielhofer, Dr. David Kilby, Sheila Martin, Dr. Tim Maxwell, Chris Merriman, Jill Onken, Ethan Ortega, Beth Parisi, Steve Post, Judi Powell, Andy Richard, John Schelburg, and Lise Spargo.

12. Applicable Cultural Resource Permit No(s):

NM State Permit 12-‐027-‐T and 13-‐027-‐T

13. Client/Customer (project proponent): N/A

Contact:

Address:

Phone: (

)

14. Client/Customer Project No.: N/A

15. Land Ownership Status (Must be indicated on project map):

Land Owner Acres Surveyed Acres in APE

NM Institute of Mining & Technology (NMIMT)

17

TOTALS

17

16 Records Search(es):

Date(s) of A MS File Review: n/a Name of Reviewer(s)

Date(s) of NR/SR File Review: n/a Name of Reviewer(s)

Date(s) of Other Agency File Review

Name of Reviewer(s)

Agency

iv Archaeological Excavations at LA 134764, Interim Report for Field Seasons 2012 and 2013

17. Survey Data:

a. Source Graphics NAD 27 X NAD 83

X USGS 7.5’ (1:24,000) topo map Other topo map, Scale:

X GPS Unit Accuracy <1.0m X 1-‐10m 10-‐100m >100m

USGS 7.5' Topographic Map Name USGS Quad Code

Water Canyon, NM, 1985 34107-‐A1-‐TF-‐024

c. County(ies): Socorro

d. Nearest City or Town: Socorro, NM

e. Legal Description:

Township (N/S) Range (E/W) Section ¼ ¼ ¼ 3 South 2 West 3

SE, NE.

3 South 2 West

NE, SE.

Projected legal description? Yes [ ] , No X Unplatted [ ]

f. Other Description (e.g. well pad footages, mile markers, plats, land grant name, etc.):

18. Survey Field Methods: N/A Crew Size: Time in Field: 19. Environmental Setting (NRCS soil designation; vegetative community; elevation; etc.): The Water Canyon site is located in a juniper savannah setting at approximately 5780 ft elevation.

20. a. Percent Ground Visibility: ca. 45-‐85% b. Condition of Survey Area (grazed, bladed, undisturbed, etc.): heavily grazed; no explosive testing in or in near vicinity of site

21. CULTURAL RESOURCE FINDINGS X Yes, See Page 3 No, Discuss Why:

22. Required Attachments (check all appropriate boxes):

X USGS 7.5 Topographic Map with sites, isolates, and survey area clearly drawn

Copy of NMCRIS Mapserver Map Check

LA Site Forms -‐ new sites (with sketch map & topographic map)

X LA Site Forms (update) -‐ previously recorded sites (first 2 pages minimum)

Historic Cultural Property Inventory Forms

List and Description of isolates, if applicable

X List and Description of Collections, if applicable (see 2012-‐ 2013 interim report)

23. Other Attachments:

Photographs and Log

X Other Attachments

(Describe): Archaeological Interim Report for 2012 & 2013 Field Seasons

24. I certify the information provided above is correct and accurate and meets all applicable agency standards.

Principal Investigator/Responsible Archaeologist: Robert Dello-‐Russo, PhD

Signature ___ ___________________ Date _ March 15, 2015___

Title (if not PI):

NIAF v

25. Reviewing Agency:

Reviewer’s Name/Date

Accepted ( ) Rejected ( )

Tribal Consultation: Yes No

26. SHPO

Reviewer’s Name/Date:

HPD Log #:

SHPO File Location: Date sent to ARMS:

CULTURAL RESOURCE FINDINGS [fill in appropriate section(s)]

1. NMCRIS Activity

No.: 132823

2. Lead (Sponsoring) Agency:

NM Institute of Mining & Technology (Energetic Materials Research & Testing Center)

3. Lead Agency Report No.:

N/A

SURVEY RESULTS:

Sites discovered and registered:

Sites discovered and NOT registered:

Previously recorded sites revisited (site update form required):

Previously recorded sites not relocated (site update form required):

TOTAL SITES VISITED:

Total isolates recorded:

Non-‐selective isolate recording?

Total structures recorded (new and previously recorded, including acequias):

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY: This site should be nominated for both the State of NM and the National Register of Historic Places.

IF REPORT IS NEGATIVE YOU ARE DONE AT THIS POINT.

SURVEY LA NUMBER LOG

Sites Discovered:

LA No. Field/Agency No. Eligible? (Y/N, applicable criteria)

Previously recorded revisited sites:

LA No. Field/Agency No. Eligible? (Y/N, applicable criteria)

134764

Proposed as Eligible by Criterion “d”

TESTING & EXCAVATION LA NUMBER LOG (site form required)

Tested LA number(s) Excavated LA number(s)

134764

vii

This report provides descriptions of the interdisciplinary research efforts completed during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons at the Water Canyon Paleoindian site (LA 134764), including discussions of the manual and mechanical excavation methods in the field and tabulations of the samples recovered. Some analytical results are also included. The classes of samples recovered during the 2012–2013 field seasons include chronometrics (charcoal, bulk soil, OSL); bulk sediment for macrobotanical, pollen, mollusk and phytolith analyses; flaked stone artifacts; faunal remains; and other ancillary materials. These are followed by a reference section and a series of 17 appendices.

The Water Canyon site now comprises a minimum of two Late Paleoindian components at two tem-porally distinct bison kill/butchering locales and a potential Clovis component. The former, in Locus 1, primarily on the south bank of No Name Arroyo, and in Locus 5 along a deeply buried possible ancient drainage meander, are represented by butchered bison bone beds with associated flaked stone artifacts. An additional Late Paleoindian component—perhaps associated with Locus 5 materials—is thought to exist at Locus 4. A Clovis component may exist in Locus 3, based on the recovery of a Clovis point base from the surface and the results of OSL dating in Backhoe Trench 4. The robust late Pleistocene—early Holocene paleoenvironmental archive in the “Black Mat,” from which we have recovered additional macrobotanical, pollen and phytolith samples, is allowing us to more thoroughly reconstruct the paleoecology of the site and its environs. While many chronometric samples have been processed and their dates reported in this volume, additional environmental and analytical data will be presented in future reports after all labora-tory analyses have been completed.

The results of our most recent field seasons have further underscored the site’s potential to serve as a long-term laboratory for interdisciplinary scientific research. A conceptual schedule for this longer-term research is available in a five-year research plan submitted to the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center (EMRTC) at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (Dello-Russo 2014). The plan, when approved by EMRTC, will also be submitted to the New Mexico Cultural Properties Review Committee (CPRC), if requested.

abstract

viii Archaeological Excavations at LA 134764, Interim Report for Field Seasons 2012 and 2013

Research efforts at the Water Canyon site during 2012 and 2013, and during the 2014–2015 analytical phase, have been generously underwritten, with financial and/or in-kind donations, by the following insti-tutions, organizations and individuals:

• The University of New Mexico Office of Contract Archeology (OCA) and the OCA Archaeological Research Fund

• Museum of New Mexico/Office of Archaeological Studies (OAS)• The Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, University of Arizona • The University of Arizona (U of A) Departments of Anthropology & Geology• Escondida Research Group, LLC• Primary Water Canyon Research Donors: Gary Grief and Dorothy Wells, Roland and Martha

Mace, Art Hurley, Steve Matthews, and Dennis Zeunert• Museum of New Mexico—Friends of Archaeology (various individuals)• Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center (EMRTC)

Principal Investigator for research was, and continues to be, Dr. Robert Dello-Russo, and the senior crew at the site consisted of Patricia Walker, Dr. Russell Greaves, Dr. Vance Holliday, Susie Smith, Dr. Steve Hall, and Dr. C. Vance Haynes, while additional project contributions of time, information, advice, exper-tise and/or conversation were made by Nancy Akins, Leslie Aragon, Dr. Jesse Ballenger, Matt Barbour, Stacey Bennett, George Cline, George Crawford, Dr. James Dello-Russo, Eric Heffter, Tom Ireland, Jennifer Kielhofer, Dr. David Kilby, Sheila Martin, Dr. Tim Maxwell, Chris Merriman, Jill Onken, Ethan Ortega, Beth Parisi, Steve Post, Judi Powell, Andy Richard, John Schelberg, Lise Spargo, Jessy Taylor and Robert Vega.

Staff at the OCA who have assisted with the subsequent processing of samples and oversight of project donations include Robin Cordero, Donna Lasusky and Hannah Van Vlack, while those at OAS include Ly-nette Etsitty and Judi Powell. Report editing and proofreading were completed by Patrice Walker from Escondida Research Group, LLC, and InDesign formatting and layout were completed by Lynne Arany.

The field work described in this report was accomplished while I was Deputy Director at the Office of Archaeological Studies (Department of Cultural Affairs), in Santa Fe, NM. While I subsequently (as of December 2013) moved on to the position of Director at the Office of Contract Archeology (division of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology) at the University of New Mexico, I thank all of the above organizations and individuals for their kind assistance, without which our current understanding of the Water Canyon site would not be possible. —Robert Dello-Russo

acknowledgments

ix

Contents

abstract .....................................................................................................................................................................vii

acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................viii

one | Research Background .............................................................................................................................. 1

two | Data Recovery Efforts and Results for 2012 and 2013 Seasons .................................................. 7

three | Laboratory Analyses—Brief Reporting and Interpretation of Results ............................... 33

four | Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 61

five | Suggestions for Future Research at the Water Canyon Site ...................................................... 63

References Cited ................................................................................................................................................... 65

AppendixesAppendix A. Locus 1—Radiocarbon Samples—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Fall 2012 Field Season .........................................69Appendix B. Locus 1—Flaked Stone Artifacts—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Fall 2012 Field Season .........................................72Appendix C. Locus 1—Bone Samples—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Fall 2012 Field Season .....................................................75Appendix D. Locus 1—Bulk Sediment, Pollen, Phytolith & OSL Samples—FS Log: Fall 2012 Field Season ..........................80Appendix E. Locus 1 – Mineral and Fire-Cracked Rock (FCR) Samples—FS Log: Fall 2012 Field Season ...............................84Appendix F. Locus 5—Radiocarbon Samples—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Spring 2013 Field Season .....................................85Appendix G. Locus 5 – Flaked Stone Artifacts—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Spring 2013 Field Season ....................................88Appendix H. Locus 5—Bone Samples—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Spring 2013 Field Season ................................................90Appendix I. Locus 5—Bulk Sediment and OSL Samples—Field Specimen (FS) Log: Spring 2013 Field Season .....................96Appendix J. Mechanical Soil Core Descriptions for 2012 ....................................................................................................100Appendix K. Data for 2013 Water Canyon Macrobotanical Analysis ..................................................................................102Appendix L. Water Canyon 2012 Charcoal Sample Species Analysis ..................................................................................104Appendix M. Pollen Analysis Data for Samples Collected in 2012 ......................................................................................105Appendix N. Radiocarbon Dating Results and Reports for Samples Collected in 2012–2013 .............................................111Appendix O. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating Report for Samples Collected in 2012–2013 ..............................122Appendix P. Report for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Samples Recovered in 2013 ..........................................129Appendix Q. Protein Residue Analysis of a Single Projectile Point......................................................................................131

Figures List

1.1. Location of Water Canyon Site. ........................................................................................................................................21.2. Topographic Plan View of Water Canyon Site. ..................................................................................................................32.1. View of 2012 Excavations in Locus 1. ...............................................................................................................................82.2. 2012 Locus 1 Field Crew. ..................................................................................................................................................82.3. Bison Bone in Giddings Core 12-06. ...............................................................................................................................102.4. Plan Map of 2012 Excavation Units in Locus 1 Along No-Name Arroyo. ........................................................................122.5a. 2013 First Locus 5 Crew. ...............................................................................................................................................202.5b. 2013 Second Locus 5 Crew. ..........................................................................................................................................202.5c. 2013 Third Locus 5 Crew. ..............................................................................................................................................212.6a. View of 2013 Excavations in Locus 5, looking southwest. ............................................................................................212.6b. View of 2013 Excavations in Locus 5, looking southeast. .............................................................................................222.7. Plan Map of 2013 Excavation Units in Locus 5. ..............................................................................................................23

x Archaeological Excavations at LA 134764, Interim Report for Field Seasons 2012 and 2013

2.8. View of In Situ Resharpened Eden Point (FS 5081) in Study Unit 5-1. ............................................................................262.9. Close-up of In Situ Resharpened Eden Point (FS 5081) in Study Unit 5-1. ......................................................................262.10. Illustration of Cobble Line in Unit 5-7. ..........................................................................................................................303.1. Water Canyon Site, View Northwest Across No-Name Arroyo. ......................................................................................363.2a. View of Locus 1, No-Name Arroyo, View Upstream. ....................................................................................................383.2b. View of Locus 1, No-Name Arroyo, View Downstream. ...............................................................................................383.3. Contour Map Detail with Pollen Sample Locations. .......................................................................................................393.4. Pollen and 14C Sample Locations in Unit 1-9 Viewed from Unit 1-6. ...............................................................................393.5. Pollen Sample Locations and 14C Dates in Unit 1-12. ....................................................................................................403.6. Pollen/14C Sample Locations in Big Wash Cut Bank. .......................................................................................................413.7. Plan View of Hand-Excavated Units in Locus 1 Along No-Name Arroyo.. .......................................................................423.8. Summary of Pollen Analysis Results from 2012 Field Samples and Unit 1-12. ...............................................................463.9. OSL Dates from Backhoe Trench 4. .................................................................................................................................543.10. OSL Dates from Backhoe Trench 5. ...............................................................................................................................553.11. OSL Dates from Backhoe Trench 6. ...............................................................................................................................563.12. Paleochannel in Locus 5. ..............................................................................................................................................563.13[a,b]. Eden Points from Locus 4 and Locus 5. ................................................................................................................583.15[a,b]. Articulating Late Paleoindian Artifacts from Locus 1. ...........................................................................................593.14. Scottsbluff Point from Blackwater Draw Site. ...............................................................................................................59

Tables List

2.1. Grid Coordinates for 2012 Mechanical Soil Cores. .........................................................................................................102.2. Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 1, Fall 2012 Field Season. ....................................................................................132.3. Giddings Cores and Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season. ...............................................242.4. Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season. ...............................................................................253.1. Grid Elevations for Charcoal Recovered In Situ, 2012–2013...........................................................................................343.2. Identification of Charcoal Wood Species for Samples Collected in 2012. ......................................................................353.3. Modern Vegetation at LA 134764 from June 2010 and September 2012 Surveys. ........................................................373.4. 2012 Field Season Analyzed Pollen Samples. .................................................................................................................433.5. Indicator Pollen Type Summary Values. .........................................................................................................................443.6. Snail Fauna from Loci 1 and 3, Water Canyon Site, Socorro Co., New Mexico. ..............................................................483.7. Snail Fauna from Locus 5, Water Canyon Site, Socorro Co., New Mexico. .....................................................................503.8. Provenience Data and Dates for Radiocarbon Samples, 2012 and 2013. .......................................................................523.9. Provenience Data and Dates for OSL Samples Collected in 2012 and 2013. ..................................................................533.10. Base Metrics for Cody Complex (Eden) Projectile Points in Loci 4 and 5. .....................................................................583.11. XRF Source Data for Obsidian Artifacts from Water Canyon. .......................................................................................60

1

Archaeological research at the Water Canyon Pa-leoindian site began with the initial documentation of the site in 2001 by Escondida Research Group, LLC (Dello-Russo 2002). Subsequent, and more sus-tained, investigations began in the spring of 2008, continued during both the spring and the fall of 2009 (Dello-Russo 2010), followed by field ses-sions in spring 2010 (Dello-Russo 2012), fall 2012 and spring 2013. The current document presents short reviews of the earlier field sessions and a more in-depth review of the activities completed and samples recovered during the 2012 and 2013 field sessions.

The Water Canyon site (LA134764) is located on lands managed by the Energetic Materials Testing and Research Center (EMRTC), a division of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), Socorro, New Mexico (Figure 1.1). More specifically, the site is located in Township 3 South, Range 2 West, Section 3, NMPM.

The site is found along the east edge of the Water Canyon basin, among a series of dissected ridges formed by short tributaries of Water Canyon. The main branch of Water Canyon heads in the Magdalena Mountains to the west. As the waters issuing along the Water Canyon drainage move eastward, they encounter the flanks of the Socorro Mountains and turn abruptly to the north, meeting Nogal (Walnut) Canyon which then drains eastward through the Socorro Mountains to the Rio Grande. The Water Canyon site is one of a series of middle and early Holocene age ar-chaeological sites eroding out of sediments along the first big bend in the Water Canyon drainage as it truncates the distal end of a large alluvial fan (bajada). The Water Canyon site covers an area of approximately 7.2 hectares (17.8 acres), and is located along and around several intermittent drainages that generally trend from the west–northwest to the east–southeast (Figure 1.2). The site is found at an elevation of approximately

1760 m (5780 ft) in a juniper savannah vegetation community.

As originally documented and interpreted (Dello-Russo 2002), the site consisted of a small, open, flaked stone artifact scatter representing the remains of both a Late Paleoindian (Scottsbluff/Cody Complex) occupation (8000–6000 BC) and a possible Middle Archaic (San Jose) occupation (3000–1800 BC). The flaked stone artifact assem-blage documented on the surface of the site was small and diverse, numbering around 35 artifacts (other artifacts were presumed to have been in subsurface contexts) and included flakes, some re-touched and utilized flake tools (e.g., scraper/knife, possible scraper), biface thinning flakes, sharpening flakes, at least two bifaces, a white chert projectile point preform, a shale or schist knife, a red silicified rhyolite San Jose style projectile point base and a yellow jasper (or silicified rhyolite) late Paleoin-dian projectile point base (identified originally as a Scottsbluff type). Lithic raw materials in the ar-tifact assemblage were dominated by red silicified rhyolites but also included white cherts and basalt. The preform may have been associated with the Late Paleoindian component, as it was lanceolate in outline, with a shallow concave base. The width of the preform base was slightly larger than that of the Scottsbluff point base. The two projectile point bases and the point preform are currently curated at the Museum of New Mexico. No ground stone or ceramic artifacts were noted and no surface cul-tural features were identified.

Documented to the north and west of the original site boundary was a large lens of organi-cally enriched sediment exposed in an arroyo wall, which we now refer to as the “black mat.” Based on the geomorphic attributes of the site setting, it was thought possible that portions of the site were partially buried and somewhat intact. The site was recommended as eligible for inclusion in the Na-tional Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

one

Research Background

2 Archaeological Excavations at LA 134764, Interim Report for Field Seasons 2012 and 2013

The Buried Wet Meadow Deposit (or “Black Mat”)

The buried wet meadow deposit was first tenta-tively identified at the base of the arroyo just to the north of the original Water Canyon site boundary. It was described by Dello-Russo (2002:12, 50) as dark sediments of probable high organic content, with a depth of burial that suggested a possible early Ho-locene age. The suggested age of the deposit was based on an extrapolation of geomorphological work reported by Machette (1988) in a portion of the Water Canyon basin adjacent to the Magda-lena Mountains (along the Magdalena Fault). Due to the discovery, in 2008, of additional artifacts

in the deposit and on an adjacent slope (see dis-cussion below), it became clear that the buried deposit should be considered part of the Water Canyon site. At the start of the 2009 field season, small outcrops of the deposit and iron-stained sed-iments were noted both downstream and slightly upstream of the original exposure, indicating that the highly organic sediment lens was, in fact, part of an extensive buried wet meadow deposit (David Love, NM Bureau of Mines, personal communica-tion). At present, the buried wet meadow deposit has come to be referred to as the “black mat,” par-tially as a short-hand referent, and largely in defer-ence to the significant background research on the subject completed by C. Vance Haynes (2008).

Figure 1.1. Location of Water Canyon Site.

one | Research Background 3

Figure 1.2. Topographic Plan View of Water Canyon Site.


2008 Field Season

In the early summer of 2008, a small crew of ar-chaeologists returned to the Water Canyon site to re-examine the buried wet meadow deposit. During the course of our investigation, we discov-ered a bone protruding from a portion of the black mat exposed along the south-facing arroyo profile. The bone diameter appeared to have been about 5 cm, but the species of the bone could not be deter-mined at the time. Ultimately, we collected three bulk sediment samples and one apparent char-coal sample from the same exposed portion of the black mat. The samples were subsequently dated by the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) labo-ratory at the University of Arizona. While the dates suggested that the wet meadow had been in place during the late Pleistocene–early Holocene interval (see discussion in Dello-Russo 2010), it was unclear at the time whether the bone in the black mat was related to the other artifacts.

2009 Field Seasons

During both the spring and fall of 2009, researchers returned to the Water Canyon site to pursue ad-ditional investigations. Their work was guided by a testing plan (Dello-Russo et al. 2009) and a testing plan amendment (Dello-Russo 2009) that had been submitted to the NM Historic Preservation Division. The results were documented in the first interim testing report (Dello-Russo 2010) and in a peer-reviewed journal (Dello-Russo et al. 2010). During the spring 2009 season, the surface artifacts in Loci 1–4 were analyzed in the field. These artifacts and topographic points were mapped with a total sta-tion and a plan view contour map of the site was created (refer to Figure 1.2).

Summary of 2008—2009 Field Seasons

The 2008–2009 testing efforts generated a number of provocative findings, including:

1. The site (as defined by the mapped extent of the surface artifacts) now encompassed approxi-mately 72,000 sq m or 7.2 hectares (17.8 acres).

2. Four artifact concentrations were identified at the site, including Loci 1, 2, 3 and 4. Locus 4 represents the site as it was originally recorded.

3. Additional diagnostic artifacts have been re-covered from the surface of the site, including the base of a Clovis point in Locus 3 and the mid-section of a late Paleoindian point (or pos-sible knife?) in Locus 1.

4. The black mat was revealed to be a landscape-scale feature that extends well beyond the current boundaries of the site. Radiocarbon dates on organics, primarily from bulk sed-iment samples, indicate Clovis, Folsom and late Paleoindian ages for the black mat, but also in-dicate that at least a small portion of it (near the so-called “Windmill Pit”) dates to the early-to-middle Archaic period.

5. The bones recovered from the wet meadow deposit were thought to have come from a juvenile Bison antiquus and to date stratigraph-ically to the late Paleoindian period. The bones were recovered from both sides of the arroyo (now known as “No Name Arroyo”) in Locus 1. Both preservation of the bones and access to the bone-bearing black mat were superior on the south side of the arroyo. It was unclear, at the time, whether multiple individuals were represented by the recovered bone assem-blage.

6. The bones in the wet meadow deposit were found to be spatially associated with lithic arti-facts, thus reaffirming that the wet meadow is part of the site, and that the bones were most likely culturally derived.

7. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the three obsidian artifacts associated with a Bison sp. distal femur fragment indicated that the ob-sidian raw materials are derived from the Mt. Taylor source near Grants, NM (two sharp-ening flakes) and the Mule Creek source near Reserve, NM (one biface thinning flake). XRF sourcing of the material from which the Clovis point base is made indicated that it may be a dacite or a rhyodacite of unknown origin. There are some rhyodacite exposures around nearby Strawberry Peak (north of the site) that should be investigated. Previous XRF sourcing of the

one | Research Background 5

Scottsbluff base suggested a possible match with the Socorro Mountain Group of silicified rhyolite materials.

8. Pollen from the late Paleoindian portion of the black mat represented species of a sagebrush steppe environment (consistent with other regional pollen and woodrat midden studies) along with a possible riparian gallery of birch and maple trees. The present-day occurrence of bog birch at mountain elevations above 8000 ft (in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico) suggests that rainfall at the Water Canyon site during the terminal Pleistocene may have been as much as 28 inches (71 cm) per year (3X present-day rainfall at the site).

9. A suite of 16 radiocarbon dates on charcoal and organic bulk sediment samples revealed that the black mat was extant, seemingly continu-ously, from the late Pleistocene into the middle Holocene geological epochs and spanned the Clovis period (11,030 radiocarbon years ago) through the Folsom, late Paleoindian and early Archaic periods (6385 radiocarbon years ago). It was unknown, at that time, if portions of the deposit were older than Clovis.

2010 Field Season

During the 2010 field season, excavations were expanded in Locus 1 and new excavations were opened in Locus 3 to investigate the potential for an intact Clovis camp in that area. Additional backhoe trenches were completed and profiled in Loci 1, 2 and 3. The methods and results of the week-long season are described in a second interim report (Dello-Russo 2012).

Mechanical Excavations During 2010 Field Season

At the start of 2010 field work, we utilized a backhoe with a 36 inch wide bucket (provided, along with its operator, by EMRTC) to remove a 5-by-7-by-0.70 m block of culturally sterile over-burden in Locus 1, along the south edge of “No Name Arroyo” (arroyo with exposure of black mat). This allowed hand excavations to begin 10-to-20 cm above the black mat. Utilizing the same backhoe

and operator, we excavated three (3) new backhoe trenches—BHT 4, 5 and 6, in Loci 3, 2 and 1, re-spectively. The trench lengths were 30 m, 48 m and 20 m, respectively. Each trench was an average of 1.0 to 1.5 m deep. Stratigraphic profile illustrations and sediment/soil descriptions were completed for each trench. Four profiles were documented in BHT 4, while two profiles were documented in both BHT 5 and BHT 6. Backhoe trenches BHT1, 2 and 3 were dug, sampled and profiled in November 2009 and were documented in the first interim report (Dello-Russo 2010). Some of the sediment particle size and chemistry analyses from those trenches were reported in Dello-Russo (2012).

Mechanical Sediment Coring During the 2010 Field Season

Utilizing a mechanical soil corer (Giddings rig), we dug 29 additional sediment cores in Locus 1, south-east of Locus 1, and in Locus 3. These augmented the 20 sediment cores excavated in the spring of 2009. Sediment descriptions for all 49 sediment cores were created in the field. Three sediment cores in Locus 1 (10-1, 10-2 and 10-3) had bone in them at elevations ca. 3.70 m below the surface. As mentioned previously, two bulk sediment radio-carbon assays, split from the matrix surrounding the bone in FS 63a (Core 10-1), returned radiocarbon dates of 9640 ± 40 (11,180–10,790 cal yr BP; Beta no. 317339) and 9887 ± 59 (11,198–11,412 cal yr BP; AA-95610). These dates are not statistically the same but they are stratigraphically consistent (i.e., the upper elevation half of the split is younger and the lower elevation half of the split is older). Their mean 14C date is 9717.78 ± 33.1 (11,096–11,225 cal yr BP), which, nevertheless, supports an argument for a second, earlier (post Folsom-era) Paleoindian occupation at the site.

Summary of the 2010 Field Season

In 2010 we made important strides in the following domains:

1. We continued to augment our understanding of the chronology at the site, both in terms of the age range of the black mat and in terms of the Paleoindian occupation(s) in evidence


at the site. However, the issue of whether the late Paleoindian occupation inferred for Locus 4 should be assigned to the Cody Complex was unclear at the time. The base of the lanceolate, shallow concave-based point recovered from the surface of Locus 4 was originally called a Scottsbluff point base. This artifact represents the “stem” of the point, but is longer (prox-imal-to-distal) than it is wide (side-to-side). This contrasts with the morphology of many other Scottsbluff point stems, which are typi-cally wider than long.

2. The pooled mean date for the relatively dense distribution of charcoal fragments in Locus 1 (initially inferred to be a possible hearth and designated as Feature 1) is approximately 8300 14C yr BP, which is too recent to be a Cody Complex manifestation. Since this so-called “hearth” may, in fact, represent charcoal from upslope forest fires and not from a cultural oc-cupation, we dated a section of the bison femur (FS 1037). The collagen in this sample dated to a 14C age of 8200 ± 40 BP. Thus, these findings suggest the presence of a different late Paleo-indian occupation (Angostura?) at Locus 1 of Water Canyon.

3. The discovery, from mechanical coring during the 2010 field season, of faunal material buried deeply in the area now defined as Locus 5 (at ca. 3.7 m below the surface) led us to believe that a second, deeply buried, Paleoindian oc-cupation existed at the Water Canyon site. The mean 14C date from Core 10-01 of 9717.78 ± 33.1 (11,096–11,225 cal yr BP) for two sediment samples surrounding the bone, coupled with the fact that faunal material was recovered in three closely spaced cores, supported the idea that a second kill and processing event exists at the site—this one during the post-Folsom period. Since research on the northern Plains suggests that the Cody Complex dates from

10,000 to 8600 14C yr BP (Knell and Hill 2012), it is entirely possible that the deposit in Locus 5 is from an early Cody Complex occupation.

4. As for the landform evolution and hydrology at the site, we believe that, since the late Pleis-tocene, the site has undergone an alternating series of geomorphological periods of erosion (where older terrain was incised and paleo-channels were created) and periods of de-position (where sediments filled those same channels). These events were likely controlled by changing hydrological regimes (rainfall, snowfall on the Magdalena Mountains and snowmelt run-off). These hydrological regimes also controlled the rising and falling water table at the site and, ultimately, the development of the wet meadow deposit (black mat).

5. As for the paleobiotic-paleoclimatic setting at the site, we see the early Holocene at the Water Canyon site as much cooler and wetter than present, and characterized by a patchwork quilt vegetation community made up of many now-extinct or extirpated species. The wet-to-moist setting, in which the wet meadow was a dominant element, experi-enced a gradual trend of drying and warming (from 11,000 years ago until about 8500 years ago), and the present-day Chihuahuan desert community became established between 8500 and 5500 years ago. This climatic trend was re-flected in the changing lake levels of regional paleo-lakes and, perhaps, in the shifting domi-nance of moisture regimes from the Pacific to the more southerly monsoonal flows. By the end of the late Paleoindian period, the region had witnessed the arrival of cheno-am species, perhaps dominated by four-wing saltbush, and the ultimate desiccation of the wet meadow environment. It’s possible that the water table may have risen briefly again at some point around the early-to-middle Archaic.

7

two

Data Recovery Efforts and Results for 2012 and 2013 Seasons

Our primary research goal is to investigate the potential of the Water Canyon site to reveal, with fine-grained temporal resolution, changes in the paleo-hydrologic regime, paleoecological com-munities and, perhaps, human adaptations (as seen in the archaeological record), across the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition. In addition, we hope to further clarify the nature of the various Paleoindian occupations at the site.

The data recovery plan for the fall 2012 and the spring 2013 field seasons at the Water Canyon site was provided to the NMHPD within the interim re-port for the 2010 field season (Dello-Russo 2012). Our three research objectives included: 1) Con-tinued geomorphological, stratigraphic, and chro-nometric assessments; 2) Recovery and analyses of proxy paleoenvironmental data and faunal remains from the black mat to serve as foundations of an enlarged paleobiotic-paleoclimatic reconstruction for the Water Canyon basin, in general, and provi-sion of a paleoenvironmental context for the Water Canyon archaeological site, in particular; and 3) Continuation of archaeological excavations in the prehistoric bison bone beds and in the surface ar-tifact loci to further assess the site’s potential to contain intact and buried cultural deposits, and to help verify this site’s position within a temporal framework.

2012 Fall Field Season— Crew and Methods

In 2012, the focus of our efforts in Locus 1 (Figure 2.1) was to further examine the potential for early Holocene charcoal (thermal features or upslope forest fires?) and for other lithic tools and diagnos-tics in possible association with bison bones. Adult Bison antiquus bones, in a relatively high density, were discovered in the more eastern units of the excavation block. Although some of the bones

were removed intact, even when they exhibited green bone fractures, others were quite fragile and required plaster jacketing. We continued to sys-tematically recover pollen samples at the site from mechanical cores and/or from hand-excavated ex-posures of early Holocene–late Pleistocene sedi-ments at and below the level of the active channel in No Name Arroyo (Locus 1).

Crew Roster and Visitors to the Site

The Principal Investigator for the Water Canyon Research Project in 2012 was Dr. Robert Dello-Russo (OAS). The field director at Locus 1 was Dr. Russell (Rusty) Greaves (Harvard University) and the crew included Dr. Jesse Ballenger (Desert Ar-chaeology, AZ), Chris Merriman (University of New Mexico), Beth Parisi (MNM Friends of Archae-ology), and Dr. Tim Maxwell, Matt Barbour, Steven Post, Tom Ireland, Sheila Martin, and Judi Powell (OAS). Dr. Vance Holliday (University of Arizona) conducted soil coring and soil profiles with the as-sistance of Andy Richard, Jill Onken, Eric Heffter, Jennifer Kielhofer, and Leslie Aragon (U of A stu-dents). Susie Smith (independent consulting paly-nologist) collected pollen samples. The backhoe operator was George Cline (EMRTC). Visitors to the site included Gary Grief, Dr. C. Vance Haynes, Art Hurley, and Martha and Roland Mace. The 2012 crew is pictured in Figure 2.2.

Continued Hand Excavations in Locus 1

The discovery of a relatively high frequency of charcoal fragments in Locus 1 during the 2010 field season was initially interpreted as an ephem-eral thermal feature (Feature 1 hearth) and later as evidence for early Holocene forest fires in settings upstream of the Water Canyon site (the latter in-terpretation is supported by paleo-environmental data at bog sites in the Jemez Mountains [Brunner-


Figure 2.1. View of 2012 Excavations in Locus 1.

Figure 2.2. 2012 Locus 1 Field Crew. Left to right: R. Greaves, M. Barbour, T. Maxwell, R. Dello-Russo, J. Ballenger, S. Post, B. Parisi. Missing: T. Ireland, J. Powell, S. Martin, V. Holliday, A. Richard, J. Onken, E. Heffter, J. Kielhofer, L. Aragon, S. Smith, G. Cline.

two | Data Recovery Efforts and Results: 2012 and 2013 Seasons 9

Jass 1999]). The hearth interpretation would sug-gest that the archaeological materials in Locus 1 represented evidence for intact site structure. Thus, the focus of the 2102 effort in Locus 1 was to further examine the potential for additional early Holocene thermal features and for other lithic tools and diagnostics in possible association with bison bones. The faunal analysis of previously re-covered materials also suggested the possibility of finding other non-bison mammal remains, as some recovered faunal materials could not be unambigu-ously attributed to Bison spp (N. Akins, personal communication). Field Sample (FS) logs for collec-tions from the 2012 season are provided in Appen-dices A through E.

OSL Dating of Holocene and Pleistocene Sedi-ment Units

We completed a systematic optically stimu-lated luminescence (OSL) dating effort in three sep-arate backhoe trenches (BHT) to continue to clarify the tempo of sediment deposition across the site. The stratigraphic profiles in BHT 6 (Locus 1), BHT 5 (Locus 2) and BHT 4 (Locus 3) each provided intact soil units suitable for chronometric dating, and the locations of OSL samples taken from these trenches are illustrated later in this report. BHT 6 exhibited a number of stratigraphic unconformities that may help explain why two utility ware ceramic sherds were found in a flotation sample taken from only slightly above the early Holocene cultural deposits in Locus 1. BHT 5 revealed that the landform on which Locus 2 cultural materials were located was not simply a Pleistocene-aged, cobble-armored ridge, but contained a deep channel filled with fine-grained sediments. Finally, BHT 4 suggested that late Pleistocene age sediments might be pre-served in the abandoned floodplain landform of Locus 3. As such, it seemed prudent to undertake a systematic OSL dating effort to clarify these mat-ters and to continue to clarify the tempo of sedi-ment deposition across Loci 1, 2 and 3. Dates for these OSL samples are provided later in this report and the data and report for the OSL dating are pro-vided in Appendix O.

Continued Pollen Sampling and Analysis

While our current pollen-based environ-

mental reconstruction for the site covers the pe-riod from about 11,000 years BP to about 5500 years BP (earliest to middle Holocene), a number of samples exhibited low levels of preservation. As a consequence, a new sampling effort sought to recover additional early Holocene pollen and phytolith samples as well as pollen samples from stratigraphically deeper contexts and thus provide environmental data for the late Pleistocene epoch (including the Younger Dryas geochronological pe-riod). Toward the goal of a more robust reconstruc-tion of past floral communities and a more refined model of climatic change over the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, we systematically recovered micro-botanical samples at the site, either from mechanical cores and/or from hand-excavated ex-posures. Sample locations were slated to focus on early Holocene sediments surrounding the cultural materials in Locus 1 to late Pleistocene sediments below the level of the active channel in No Name Arroyo. Results of the pollen analysis are discussed later in this report and data from the analysis are provided in Appendix M.

Additional Mechanical Coring

Eight (8) new mechanical soil cores were com-pleted in 2012. From these, we continued to collect bulk sediment samples for chronometric dating and to test for the presence of paleo-environmental proxy materials [pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, os-tracods, mollusks, fossil insects, macrobotanical specimens and faunal elements, including tooth enamel (for stable isotopes)]. During the course of the coring effort for Cores 12-06 and 12-08, we again encountered mammal bone fragments at about 3.8 m below the surface in the area to the northeast of Locus 1 (Figure 2.3) (see Table 2.1). This area is now designated as Locus 5. Sediment data for the 8 mechanical cores completed in 2012 are provided in Appendix J, together with a profile description for the west wall of Unit 1-6 in Locus 1.

Recovery of Samples from Big Wash

During the late afternoon of 9/10/2012, an in-tense thunderstorm hit the project area, forcing the crew to abandon the site. As a consequence of the storm, a flash flood ran through both “No Name Ar-royo” and the “Big Wash” that course through the


Table 2.1 Grid Coordinates for 2012 Mechanical Soil Cores.

Soil Core No.

North (m) East (m) Start Elevation (m)

End Elevation (m)

Total Depth Below Surface (m)

12-‐01 549.224 435.714 53.741 53.501 0.24

12-‐02 553.691 436.862 53.868 53.868 0.00

12-‐03 556.830 438.776 53.897 53.897 0.00

12-‐04 539.618 433.381 53.419 53.419 0.00

12-‐05 527.259 512.154 49.331 47.031 2.30

12-‐06 1 521.337 525.095 48.999 45.069 3.93

12-‐07 522.837 529.643 48.775 46.375 2.40

12-‐08 1 523.532 528.157 48.768 44.968 3.80 1 Core with bone fragments identified at ca. 3.7 or 3.8 m below the surface.

Table 2.1. Grid Coordinates for 2012 Mechanical Soil Cores.

Figure 2.3. Bison Bone in Giddings Core 12-06.


site. The flash flood in the “Big Wash” eroded a cut-bank on its southwest side, revealing a fresh expo-sure of the “black mat” deposit. Dr. Dello-Russo and Tom Ireland recovered three pollen samples and three companion 14C bulk sediment samples (FS 1278, FS 1279 and FS 1280) from that exposure. The elevations of the FS 1278 and FS 1279—at 44.994 and 45.197 respectively—roughly coincided with the elevations of the bones recovered in the Locus 5 soil cores (see discussion below). The bulk sediment samples were submitted to the NSF AMS laboratory at the University of Arizona for dating and the dates associated with these samples are reported later in this volume.

Backfilling Excavated Areas During 2012 Field Season

All hand-excavated test units in Locus 1 along with the three backhoe trenches (4, 5 and 6) were backfilled on the final day of field work (09/16/12). At the completion of the study unit excavations, all of the units were lined with black plastic and back-filled by hand. Once the five study units were back-filled, the entire excavation grid block was covered with a large sheet of black plastic and mechanically buried to the level of the adjacent ground surface. A “sea wall” was bermed along the northern edge of the excavation grid block along the southern edge of No Name Arroyo, to help funnel sheetwash and arroyo flow away from the excavation area.

Descriptions of Hand-Excavated Units in Locus 1—2012 Fall Field Season

Patricia A. Walker

The 2012 fall field season at Locus 1 along the southern edge of No Name Arroyo included the ex-pansion of excavations in the previously established grid block as well as the re-opening of three previ-ously excavated backhoe trenches, BHT 4, 5 and 6 (see Figures 2.4 and 1.2). The previously screened overburden deposits across the grid block were mechanically removed to the level of the previous excavations. The area excavated in 2010 was lined with black plastic and the 2012 mechanical excava-tions terminated upon reaching the black plastic. Following the mechanical block excavation of over-

burden sediments from Locus 1, hand excavations commenced. Previously excavated Study Unit (SU) 1-6 was expanded in depth and four additional units were newly opened (SU 1-10, 1-14, 1-15, 1-17). The focus of the 2012 effort was to further investigate the nature of the relatively dense charcoal distribu-tion within Locus 1 (such as found previously in SU 1-11) and to search for diagnostic artifacts or tools in possible association with bison bones known to be present in the locus deposits. Five 1-by-1 m test units were hand-excavated to grid depths ranging from 48.23 to 47.10 m (Table 2.2).

The test units were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels, with each of these levels separated into two 5 cm levels designated A and B (e.g., Level 1A = 48.00–47.95, Level 1B = 47.95–47.90, etc.). To establish uniform elevations for each of the exca-vated levels within Locus 1, starting elevations for each unit were established across the grid, and the high point within each unit was then used to deter-mine the elevation measurements for each level. Thus, Level 1 elevations were designated between 48.800 and 48.700 m, Level 2 at 48.700–48.600 m, Level 3 at 48.600–48.500 m, etc. Grid elevations within Locus 1 were referenced to the central site datum at 500 m grid north and 500 m grid east with an arbitrary control elevation at 50 m. Bulk soil samples were retrieved from each complete level in the excavated study units once the level was com-pletely below the backfilled overburden. All exca-vated sediments were screened through 1/8-inch hardware cloth. All three-dimensional provenience data (north coordinates, east coordinates, and ele-vations) were controlled by the use of a Nikon total station. The proximal and distal ends of identifi-able bones were mapped with the total station and mini-prism to determine provenience, orientation and inclination. In-situ bone, charcoal, and flaked stone artifacts, along with bulk sediment samples (for flotation and radiocarbon studies) were recov-ered from the Locus 1 excavations during the 2012 field season (Appendices A through E). Bone, snail, and flaked stone artifacts were also recovered from the 1/8-inch dry screening of Locus 1 excavated sediments.

Unit 1-6 (509E/509N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located at the south wall of No Name Arroyo, was initially excavated during the


Figure 2.4. Plan Map of 2012 Excavation Units in Locus 1 Along No-Name Arroyo.


2010 field season. Unit excavation in 2010 began with Level 3 (48.60–48.50 m) and terminated at 48.00 m within Level 8 (48.10–48.00 m). Following the 2010 field season, the unit was mechanically backfilled. For the 2012 field season, these backfilled overburden deposits were mechanically removed to just above the level of the previously exposed black mat at the base of Level 8. The objective of further excavations in the unit was to facilitate ex-posure of a fresh profile wall from which a pollen sample column and companion 14C samples could be extracted. Thus, the 2012 excavation in this unit began with Level 9 (48.00–47.90 m) at 48.04 m grid elevation and terminated at 47.10 m at the base of Level 17 (47.20–47.10 m). Each of the levels in this unit was excavated as a 10 cm level without the 5 cm A and B level subdivisions. The unit excava-tions began with Level 9, in consolidated, compact soils at the contact between the active channel sediments of No Name Arroyo and the black mat, which was exposed in the southern margins of the unit. A cobble line was present along the edge of the black mat, with cobbles ranging in size from 1.5 to 6.0 cm. By Level 12 (47.70–47.60 m), the black mat encompassed the entire unit with very hard, compact and consolidated sediments. At the base of this level, fine, compact grey gleyed clay sedi-ments were in evidence. Levels 13 through 15 were within this gleyed clay stratum which became more grey-brown with depth. At Level 16 (47.30–47.20 m), gravels and elongated charcoal smears were encountered within the gleyed clays. Several in situ charcoal flecks and/or smears were collected (FS 1230, 1231, 1232, 1240) between 47.293–47.217 m. Samples FS 1231 and FS 1232 were sent to Beta

Analytic, Inc. for radiocarbon dating to corroborate a Clovis-era date that was gleaned from a sample taken from the base of “No Name Arroyo,” at ap-proximately the same elevation, in 2008.

Nodules of ferrous oxide (redoximorphic fea-tures) were scattered throughout the level along with rock fragments ranging from 5–20 cm in size. Both Levels 16 and 17 were in sandier sediments with numerous gravels. Since Level 9 (48.00–47.90 m) was the last level that held cultural/biological materials, Level 17 (47.20–47.10 m) was excavated with a pick in order to more quickly reach a greater depth for evaluating the unit deposits. Seven pollen samples were collected from the vertical south wall of the unit (FS 1256–1262). Paired with these pollen samples was a column of six samples collected for 14C analyses (FS 1269–1274). All of these samples were sent to the University of Ari-zona NSF AMS laboratory for dating. Elevations for these paired samples ranged from 48.030–47.280 m. Additional field samples collected from the unit included bulk sediment for flotation and/or black mat analysis from Levels 9–17 (FS 1190, 1195, 1197, 1202, 1203, 1211, 1217, 1219, 1229, 1249, respectively), a red ochre (hematite) sample from Level 9 (FS 1177), bone fragments recovered in the 1/8” dry screen from Level 9 (FS 1183) and bone recovered in situ from Level 9 (FS 1173). The unit was terminated at 47.10 m at the base of Level 17.

Unit 1-10 (510E/508N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located one m south of the south edge of No Name Arroyo, was newly opened during the 2012 excavation season. The unit is im-

Table 2.2. Hand-‐Excavated Study Units in Locus 1, Fall 2012 Field Season.

1-‐by-‐1m Study Unit No.

SW Corner Grid Coordinates

(Easting / Northing)

Beginning Grid Elevation (m)

Ending Grid Elevation (m)

Levels Excavated

SU 1-‐6 509E / 509N 48.04 47.10 9–17 SU 1-‐10 510E / 508N 48.60 47.90 3A–9B SU 1-‐14 510E / 507N 48.60 48.23 3A–6A SU 1-‐15 511E / 507N 48.53 47.90 3B–9B SU 1-‐17 508E / 506N 48.89 48.10 0A–7B

Table 2.2. Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 1, Fall 2012 Field Season.


mediately south of Unit 1-5, east of Unit 1-9, and west of Unit 1-11, all three of which were exca-vated during the 2010 field season (see Figure 2.4).

Excavations in Unit 1-10 began with Level 3A (48.60–48.55 m) and terminated with Level 9B at 47.90 m. The sediments within Level 3 (48.60–48.50 m) were consolidated and compact sands with sparse gravels (3–5 cm in size). A rodent burrow was noted in the upper few cm of Level 4A (48.50–48.45 m) in both the SE corner and the NW quadrant, filled with loose reddish sands and fine gravels which contrasted with the gray-tinged soils with sparse gravels throughout the rest of the unit. From Level 4B (48.45–48.40 m), an 8 cm long fire-cracked rock clast (FS 1105), a flaked lithic pos-sibly of Pedernal chert (FS 1099) and a possible red ochre sample (FS 1095) were all collected in situ. Several cobbles (5–10 cm) were noted in the SW corner of the unit. Within Levels 5A and 5B, which extended from 48.40–48.30 m, in situ collections included a lithic tool (possible scraper, FS 1121), several charcoal flecks (FS 1122, 1127, 1130) and several fire-cracked rock clasts (FS 1110, 1113, 1114). The FCR clasts were located amongst gravels which may have been part of the same gravel lens which was evident in the north wall of previously excavated Unit 1-12 at approximately the same depth (48.38 m; 2–4 cm gravel sizes). In Levels 6A and 6B (48.30–48.20 m), numerous flecks of char-coal were found in the south-central portion of the unit, with seven collected samples (FS 1137, 1145–1147, 1156, 1162, 1163), along with three more samples of possible red ochre (FS 1143, 1154, 1160), and an in situ obsidian flake (FS 1159). Sedi-ments in Level 6 were dark brown and compacted with small micro-lenses of sand (less than 2 mm in thickness) present, along with pockets of CaCO3 and several clusters of small CaCO3 coated gravels (3–5 cm in size). In levels 7 and 8 (48.20–48.00 m), sediments were similarly consolidated and compacted, with 5% fine gravels and occasional 3–8 cm gravels coated with CaCO3, along with thin layers of sediment mixed with CaCO3. A single lithic was found in situ (FS 1226) near the base of Level 8, and a fleck of charcoal was collected from the lower few cm of Level 7 (FS 1187, 48.136 m). Gravel content increased in Level 8A (48.10–48.05 m) and what was thought to be the black mat was revealed in the western portion of the unit. In Level 9 (48.00–47.90 m), the final excavated level, soils

graded into a dark brown-black color, possibly in-dicating the black mat stratum. Gravels and small rock fragments (ca. 5% of volume) were present throughout the level. Additional collections from the unit included bulk sediment samples from Levels 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, and 9B (FS 1088h, 1090, 1100, 1108, 1119, 1136, 1139, 1171, 1188, 1199, 1215, 1251, respectively), lithics from dry screen recovery from Levels 3A, 3B, 4A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B, 8A, and 9A (FS 1088b, 1089, 1093, 1126 and 1129, 1151, 1180, 1191, 1201, 1237 and 1243, respectively), bone fragments from dry screen recovery from Level 6B (FS 1155), tooth enamel from dry screen recovery from Levels 7B and 8A (FS 1194 and 1198, respectively), and one piece of fire-cracked rock from dry screen recovery from Level 8A (FS 1206). The unit excavations ter-minated at the base of Level 9 (47.90 m).

Since charcoal was collected in 2010 from a suspected thermal feature in adjacent Unit 1-11 (to E), attention was given to the potential in Unit 1-10 for similar occurrences (Unit 1-11 char-coal collected between elevations 48.36–48.15 m [Levels 5–7]). For Unit 1-10, charcoal flecks were collected from Levels 5B and 6A (FS 1122, 48.326 m; FS 1127 48.301 m; FS 1130, 48.297 m; in Level 5B; and FS 1137, 48.249 m, in Level 6A;). Charcoal collections increased in Level 6B with six samples (FS 1145 48.220 m; FS 1146, 48.209 m; FS 1147, 48.208 m; FS 1156, 48.197 m; FS 1162, 48.195 m; FS 1163, 48.198 m). The final sample was from Level 7B (FS 1187, 48.136 m). With the exception of the lowest sample from Level 7B, these charcoal samples collected from Unit 1-10 were all within the bracketed elevation for anticipated charcoal, with the densest quantities occurring in mid-Level 6 to upper-Level 7, between 48.25–48.19 m, con-sistent with the charcoal from adjacent Unit 1-11. Possible fire-cracked rock (FCR) was also collected in Unit 1-10 from Level 4B (FS1105, 48.378 m), Level 5A (FS 1110, 48.367 m; FS 1113, 48.345 m; FS 1114, 48.340 m) and from the dry screen in Level 8A (FS 1206, 48.10–48.05 m). These observed and collected charcoal samples, along with the pres-ence of the FCR, suggest a potential for an ex-panded area for the thermal feature, or it may be representative of environmentally derived charcoal (possibly from forest fires in the upper reaches of the Water Canyon basin to the west of the site).


Unit 1-14 (510E/507N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located three m south of the south wall of No Name Arroyo, was newly ex-cavated with the 2012 field season. Due to the me-chanical scraping of overburden, the excavation in this unit began in Level 3, with a grid elevation of 48.60 m, and terminated at 48.23 m within Level 6 (48.30–48.20 m). Level 3A (48.60–48.55 m) began in the brownish-tan soils of the Bk horizon, just above the sediments of the gray mat. The Bk ho-rizon continued partly into Level 3B (48.55–48.50 m) and possibly into Level 4A (48.50–48.45 m) where soils became darker and likely comprised the upper portion of the gray mat. A few gravels were present, most of which were smaller than 0.5 cm with some in the 1–4 cm range. No cultural ma-terials were present in the upper margins of Level 3, and a single flaked lithic (FS 1223) was recovered in the dry screen from Level 3B. The SW quadrant of Level 4A contained intact gray mat soils, while the NW quadrant may represent the base of the Bk overlying the gray mat. Reddish soil was ap-parent in the NE quadrant, but appeared distinctly unstructured. Extensive parallel runs of biotur-bation were present in the eastern ½ of Level 4A and either represented krotovinas or bucket tooth marks from the backhoe. Level 4B (48.45–48.40 m) had evidence of a krotovina in the NE corner, but the disturbance only extended 2-3 cm into the level. Although two other krotovinas were present in the west and south walls at the floor margins, the majority of the level was within the gray mat soil. Some reddish-brown soil was present in the level and either represented the lower portion of the Bk Horizon or was the result of possible distur-bance. Two flaked lithics (FS 1228), one of which was obsidian, were recovered in the dry screen and a charcoal fleck was found in situ (FS 1233, 48.453 m) in Level 4A, and bone fragments (FS 1242) were recovered from the screen from Level 4B. Level 5A (48.40–48.35 m) was entirely within the gray mat and the only indication of disturbance was a kro-tovina in the south wall, which extended WNW toward the krotovina in the W wall of the upper excavation levels. Level 5B (48.35–48.30 m) had minor disturbance in the south wall from a kroto-vina, although it was smaller than in the previous level. A few gravels were present, 2–5 cm in size, with several less than 1 cm in size. Two unidenti-

fied flat bones (FS 1246 and 1250) were found in situ in Level 5A, and one small bone was encoun-tered in the eastern margin of the unit, near the base of Level 5B and extending into the next level (Level 6). Dry screen recovery from Level 5 in-cluded bone and a single obsidian flake (FS 1245) from the upper portion of the level and bone frag-ments (FS 1276) from the lower 5 cm of the level. One in situ charcoal fragment (FS 1267, 48.298 m) was collected from Level 5B, but was technically part of the next level (Level 6A). The final level ex-cavated within this unit, Level 6A (48.30–48.23 m), exhibited an increase in clasts in the SW quadrant, especially right along the west wall. A krotovina extended through the central portion of the unit from south to east. Darker soils were apparent in areas within the NE quadrant and north ½ of the unit. Two unidentified flat bones were found in situ and collected (FS 1281 and 1294) from Level 6. Bulk sediment samples were recovered from Levels 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, and 6A (FS 1227, 1235, 1242, 1265, and 1277, respectively). The unit was terminated near the base of Level 6 at 48.23 m.

Due to the charcoal collected in 2010 from a suspected thermal feature in adjacent Unit 1-11 (to NE), attention was given to the potential in Unit 1-14 for similar occurrences (Unit 1-11 char-coal collected between elevations 48.36–48.15 m [Levels 5–7]). Two charcoal flecks (FS 1233, 48.453 m, Level 4; and FS 1267, 48.298 m, Level 6) were collected from Unit 1-14, one of which was above the bracketed elevation for anticipated charcoal, and one within. However, within the elevations where the most abundant charcoal was found in Unit 1-11 (mid-Level 6 to upper-Level 7, between 48.25–48.19 m), the soils in Unit 1-14 contained no observed charcoal, although darker soils were noted in the NE quadrant and in the N portion of the unit in Level 6, and might possibly be inferred as sediments enriched from the adjacent feature deposits. This unit was also terminated before it reached the base level at which charcoal was re-covered in adjacent Unit 1-11.

Unit 1-15 (511E/507N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located three m south of the south wall of No Name Arroyo, was newly excavated with the 2012 field season. This unit is immediately south of previously excavated Unit


1-11, which exhibited a concentration of charcoal thought to represent a thermal feature. Due to the mechanical scraping of overburden, the exca-vation in Unit 1-15 began within Level 3B, with a grid elevation of 48.53 m, and terminated at 48.00 m at the base of Level 8B. Levels 3B and 4A were levels with an uneven surface, resulting in partial excavation across the unit, while Level 4B was a complete level within which the gray mat was ex-posed at 48.45 m. Soils in the partial levels above the gray mat were reddish brown silty loams with 10% small gravels and several rock clasts, and soils within the gray mat were dark brown organic-rich silty loams with some rock (3–4 cm in size) and very few gravels. Disturbance from a rodent burrow and krotovinas was noted in northeast corner of the unit beginning in Level 4B (48.45–48.40 m) and continuing down through Level 7B (48.15–48.10 m) where it extended through much of the north half of the unit. Red-hued sediments were found within these disturbances and, for Levels 6 and 7, the rodent burrow sediments were screened sepa-rately. One small charcoal fleck was found in Level 5B (FS 1120, 48.311 m) but it was suspected that it may have been associated with disturbed sedi-ments. In Level 6A (48.30–48.25 m), charcoal was fairly common, with only the largest fleck being collected (FS 1142, 48.25 m). Charcoal flecks were also fairly abundant in Level 6B (48.25–48.20 m) and five samples were collected (FS 1144, 1149, 1150, 1152, 1170). Charcoal content continued to be fairly abundant through the upper 3 cm of Level 7A (48.20–48.15 m), with four additional samples collected (FS 1174, 1175, 1176, 1186). By Level 7B (48.15–48.10 m), charcoal flecking was very sparse but increased again in low quantities in Level 8A (48.10–48.05 m), with nine collected samples from Level 8A (FS 1212, 1213, 1214, 1221, 1224, 1225, 1236, 1244, 1248). Three nodules of possible red ochre (hematite) were also collected from Levels 7A (FS 1181) and 8A (FS 1222 and 1234). Gravel content (<2 cm in size) increased in the gray mat by Level 7 (48.20–48.10 m) and into Level 8, then di-minished by the base of Level 8B (48.05–48.00 m). A significant increase in bone was also noted begin-ning in Level 6B and again in Level 8A, continuing through Level 8B and into Level 9A. A possible vertebra (FS 1200) was collected from Level 7B, a humerus (FS 1216) from Level 8A, and numerous bones (n = 14) were recovered from Level 8B in-

cluding carpals (FS 1277 and 1303), a possible rib fragment (FS 1301), vertebral epiphysis (FS 1302), a second phalanx (FS 1304), and a right metacarpal (FS 1305). Level 9B revealed a humerus (FS 1306) and a possible rib fragment (FS 1309). In Levels 8B and 9A, it was noted that gravels (1-8 cm in size) were mixed in with the bones. Other samples col-lected from the Unit 1-15 included bulk sediment flotation samples from Level 4A, 4B, 5A, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B (FS 1088f, 1102, 1116, 1134, 1166, 1189, 1204, 1220 and 1239, 1266, respectively), lithics from dry screen recovery in Level 3B, 4A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 8A (FS 1088c, 1088f, which includes one obsidian, 1107, 1125, 1133 and 1140, 1158 and 1164, 1263, respectively), in situ lithics from Level 4B and 5A (FS 1096 and 1097, 1117, respectively), bone from dry screen recovery in Level 4A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 8A (FS 1088f, which includes one burned bone, 1125, 1158 which included one burned bone and two enamel fragments, 1192, 1218 and 1264, re-spectively), along with unidentified bone recov-ered in situ from Level 6A (FS 1131), Level 6B (FS 1148, 1153, 1168, 1169), Level 7A (FS 1185), Level 8A (FS 1208, 1209, 1210, 1238), and Level 8B (FS 1298, 1299, 1300, 1307, 1308, 1310). Excavation in Unit 1-15 was terminated at 48.00 m, at the base of Level 8B.

Unit 1-15 was a highly productive unit in terms of bone recovery, with 26 bones found in situ in the lower levels of the unit (Levels 6-8, 48.25–48.00 m). When combined with dry screen recovery, bone was found in all levels except for Level 3, and lithics were found in all levels except for Level 7. Also no-table is the abundance of charcoal, both observed and recovered, within the elevations bracketed (48.36–48.15 m) for anticipated charcoal based upon the previous excavations of adjacent Unit 1-11 (to N) where a possible thermal feature was identified. From the Unit 1-11 feature, charcoal samples were collected mostly between 48.25–48.19 m (primarily mid-Level 6 and into upper Level 7). When comparing the charcoal recovered from Unit 1-15 to the Unit 1-11 possible thermal feature, Unit 1-15 had abundant charcoal at the same elevations as well as a second fluorescence of charcoal slightly deeper. Charcoal from Unit 1-15 was abundant in Level 6, with six samples collected in situ between 48.250–48.201 m, common in upper Level 7 with four collected samples from the upper 4 cm of level (between 48.200–48.162 m),


but then became sparse in lower 6 cm, only to pick up again, however in low quantities, in upper Level 8 with nine samples collected (between 48.085 and 4.046 m). As with Unit 1-11, charcoal from Unit 1-15 was most common between 48.25–48.17 m, with a second occurrence between 48.09 to 48.05 m, suggesting potential for an expanded area for the feature, or possibly an environmental deriva-tion (such as upstream forest fires).

Unit 1-17 (508E/506N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located four m south of the south wall of No Name Arroyo, was newly excavated with the 2012 field season. This unit is immediately south of previously excavated Unit 1-12, which was excavated during the 2010 field season. Unit 1-17 began in B Horizon soils at 48.849 m within Level 0-A and terminated in the black mat sediments of Level 7B at 48.10 m. Due to the slope of the soils in the unit, the upper four levels (Levels 0-A, 0-B, 1A and 1B) were all par-tial levels. Levels 0-A through 1A (48.849–48.75 m) were B Horizon soils with abundant clasts (relatively angular to slightly rounded, and up to 2 cm in size). Near the base of Level 1A, there was evidence of fluvial/colluvial deposition in the NW quadrant, evidenced by mottled sediment and im-bricated clasts up to 8 cm in size which appeared to be water rounded, whereas clasts in the ma-jority of the level did not show water rounding. The gray mat was exposed in patches in Level 1B (48.75–48.70 m; still a partial level), with sedi-ments in much of the level (as well as the above levels) likely mixed with back dirt from backfilling over the units in 2010, since a unit corner nail from an adjacent unit was found 3 cm above the base of this level. One flaked lithic (FS 1092) was recov-ered in the 1/8-inch dry screen. Level 2A (48.70–48.65 m) was the first complete level across the unit and was entirely in the “gray mat 2” (Ab Ho-rizon) soil which exhibited a dramatic decrease in gravels. A fragment of cancellous bone was noted protruding slightly from the south wall at 48.510 m, but was not removed, a rodent sized bone was found in the dry screen (FS 1103), and a 5 mm long in situ charcoal fleck was collected from the NW quadrant (FS 1098, 48.657 m). Level 2B (48.65–48.60 m), also in the gray mat 2 soil, had very few clasts, most of which were less than 1 cm in size

with a mix of minimally water-rolled gravels, and a few clasts up to 3 cm in size. This evidence of poor size sorting and dispersed clasts suggest a collu-vial source and a minor role for fluvial transport. One krotovina was exposed along the south wall in the SW quadrant. Level 3A (48.60–48.55 m), in gray mat soils, exhibited an increase in clasts (2–4 cm in size) and in CaCO3 filaments and coatings, all on the undersides of clasts. A higher density of clasts was noted in the western margin of the unit. A possible FCR clast (FS 1111) was collected from the NW corner of the unit, in an area with other larger clasts, and a single in situ flake (FS 1109) was collected from the eastern edge of the unit. Level 3B (48.55–48.50 m), in gray mat soils, had similar frequencies of CaCO3 filaments as Level 3A above, along with some browner-colored sediment along the western 1/4 of the unit. These browner sediments were associated with a mod-erate density of clasts, possibly indicating a strati-graphic break from a colluvial episode. Also noted were smaller gravels along the north edge of the unit, in comparison with the previous three levels, suggesting a thicker area and potential source di-rection of colluvium. A single fragment of burned bone fragment (FS 1115) was found in the 1/8-inch dry screen recovery. Level 4A (48.50–48.45 m) was still in gray mat soils that were mostly gray with some browner mottling. Disturbance in the level included one krotovina in the south wall and a moderate amount of insect bioturbation. Clasts were present in about 10% of soil volume and were mostly less than 1 cm in size, with a few ranging from 1–4 cm in size. The western 1/4 and the northern 1/4 of the unit contained most of the clasts. Two bone fragments (FS 1123) were found in 1/8-inch dry screen recovery. Level 4B (48.45–48.40 m) was in the gray mat soil and mixed with a colluvial wedge in the northwestern 1/2 of the unit, as indicated by a significant increase in gravels, and overlying what may be a contact with sediment lower in the unit. This colluvial wedge contrasted with the gray mat in the remainder of the unit, which contained very few gravels. An in-crease in bone (FS 1128, including one fragment of tooth enamel) recovered from the 1/8-inch dry screen suggests that these may have been brought upward by insects from probable sources in lower levels. Level 5A (48.40–48.35 m) was still in the gray mat, with a high density of gravel in the


northern 1/3 of the unit and a moderate gravel density in the west-central portion of the unit, compared with a low gravel density in the south portion of the unit, especially in the SE quadrant. Some sand was exposed in the SW corner of the unit. One bone (FS 1135) was found in situ within the gravel lens in the far NE corner of the unit, and one fragment of burned and calcined bone (FS 1141) was found in situ in the southern portion of the unit in an area with low quantities of small (less than 2 cm) clasts. Two small bone fragments (FS 1138) were recovered in the dry screen but were likely associated with FS 1135 bone. The next level, Level 5B (48.35–48.30 m), was in soil indica-tive of the top of the black mat. There was a dra-matic decrease in gravel frequency, indicating the base of the gravel-rich colluvial sediment. A sandy sediment was still present in the SW quarter of the unit, a few larger (2–4 cm) gravels were scattered throughout the unit, and a krotovina was in the SW quadrant. One indeterminate bone fragment (FS 1165) was found in situ at the base of the grav-elly colluvium in the NE corner of the unit. Level 6A (48.30–48.35 m) was entirely in the black mat, although the NE quadrant and eastern margins of the unit also contained a lighter tan, sandier-textured, soil mixed with the black mat. A light tan sediment was noted in the SW corner of the unit, and the NW quadrant still contained moderately common gravels. The ongoing krotovina along the south wall expanded a bit in this level but was still confined to the SW quadrant. An in situ lithic (FS 1179) was found in the SE portion of the unit and two lithic flakes were recovered in the dry screen (FS 1178). Level 6B (48.35–48.30 m), in the black mat deposit, still exhibited interruptions of the black mat in the SW corner where a bit of tan soil was present, and in the SE quadrant where some tan sediments were mixed with the black mat. One possible red ochre sample (FS 1184) was collected. Level 7A (48.20–48.15 m) was entirely black mat sediment with generally few gravels and a few larger gravels ranging from 4–9 cm in size in the northeastern quadrant, several of which were associated with the diminished krotovina in the south-central portion of the unit. One lithic (FS 1196) was recovered from the dry screen. Level 7B (48.15–48.10 m) was the final level of the unit, still entirely within the black mat, with some tanner sediment in the SW quadrant, and a few gravels

present in NW quadrant and southern 1/2 of unit. The krotovina was much smaller and less exten-sive in this level, although there was also evidence of moderate insect bioturbation throughout the unit. No cultural materials were found although one possible FCR was collected (FS 1207) in the level. Other samples collected from the unit in-cluded bulk soil samples from Levels 0-A, 0-B, 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B (FS 1088d, 1088c, 1088g, 1091, 1094, 1104, 1106, 1112, 1118, 1124, 1132, 1157, 1172, 1182, 1193, 1205, respectively). Excavation in the unit was terminated at the base of Level 7B at 48.10 m.

As with the other units excavated in 2012, Unit 1-17 was closely monitored for the presence of charcoal flecking or other evidence suggesting the possible presence of a thermal feature, in par-ticular at elevations between 48.35 m and 48.15 m. One sample was collected from Level 2A (FS 1098, 48.657 m); one possible FCR was found in Level 3A (FS 1111, 48.539 m); and one burned bone frag-ment was collected from the dry screen from Level 3B (FS 1115, 48.55–48.50 m), all much higher than the anticipated elevations for samples related to the thermal feature. Burned bone was also found in Level 5A (FS1141, 48.381 m) and a possible FCR in Level 7B (FS1207, 48.122 m). These latter mani-festations were found at elevations more similar to those for charcoal in Unit 1-11.

Summary of 2012 Field Work

The 2012 field effort ran from September 5 to September 16. In all, 242 new field samples were collected, including 42 lithics (none diagnostic); 56 bison bone elements, fragments, or tooth enamel; 9 “ochre” samples; 54 bulk sediment flotation sam-ples; 11 pollen samples; 14 bulk sediment 14C sam-ples; 39 charcoal 14C samples; 10 OSL samples; and 7 possible fire-cracked rock (FCR) elements. These samples were recovered from 5 hand-excavated units in Locus 1, including Units 1-6, 1-10, 1-14, 1-15, and 1-17. Pollen and 14C samples were col-lected from the north wall of Unit 1-9 (coincides with south wall of Unit 1-6). Previously excavated backhoe trenches BHT-4, BHT-5 and BHT-6 were re-opened for the collection of the OSL samples, and an additional 8 mechanical sediment cores (12-01 through 12-08) were completed, sampled and de-scribed (see Appendix J).


2013 Spring Field Season— Crew and Methods

Crew Roster

The Principal Investigator for the Water Canyon Research Project in 2013 was Dr. Robert Dello-Russo (OAS) and Field Director for 2013 was Patrice Walker (Escondida Research Group, LLC). The on-site geoarchaeologists included Dr. Stephen Hall, Dr. C. Vance Haynes, and Dr. Vance Holliday. The crew included George Crawford (Blackwater Draw site, Eastern New Mexico University), Dr. David Kilby (Eastern New Mexico University), Stacey Ben-nett, Ethan Ortega, Chris Merriman (graduate stu-dents from Eastern New Mexico University and the University of New Mexico) and Nancy Akins (OAS), along with four independent volunteers including Beth Parisi, Lise Spargo, Dr. James Dello-Russo, and Dr. John Schelberg (retired ACOE archaeologist). The track excavator and backhoe operators in-cluded George Cline and Daniel Gallegos (EMRTC). Three crew photographs are provided in Figures 2.5a, 2.5b and 2.5c.

Excavations in the Area of Deep Bone (Locus 5)

During the 2010 field season, Cores 10-01, 10-02 and 10-03 revealed the presence of bone in the area of the site to the northeast of Locus 1. The bone in these cores suggested the presence of a second deposit of mammal bones, at depths about 3.70 m below the current ground surface. While the three cores were each spaced about 2 m apart, the fact that all three brought up bone samples was very encouraging. During the 2012 field season, additional mechanical cores—Cores 12-06 and 12-08—were found to contain bone as well. These bone samples were found at depths of 3.93 and 3.80 m below the surface, respectively. To expose the bone bed, a program of mechanical ex-cavation was designed to remove a large block of overburden (> 500 cu m).

Thus, in 2013, we focused our efforts in Locus 5 (Figure 2.6a) primarily to expose the deeply buried bison bone bed suggested by mechanical coring in previous field seasons. A stepped excavation area, measuring 12-by-12-m, and an access “driveway” in the northeast corner of the excavation, were

laid out with a total station and largely completed with a mechanical track hoe. Additional refinement and clean-up were completed with a mechanical backhoe and hand-excavations. The stepped con-figuration followed OSHA guidelines, stopped at about 3.7 m below the surface when bone frag-ments were encountered, and resulted—at the base of the mechanical excavation—in a surface where a 6-by-6-m hand-excavation grid could be established (Figure 2.6b). Bison antiquus bones were immediately encountered in the southwest corner of the grid. The track hoe, back hoe and op-erator were supplied by EMRTC.

Backfilling Excavations in Locus 5— 2013 Spring Season

All hand-excavated test units were backfilled on the final day of field work (05/13/13) by R. Dello-Russo, J. Dello-Russo, B. Parisi and P. Walker. At the completion of the study unit excavations, all exposed bones left in situ were carefully covered with brown, screened overburden sands, for protection and to reduce the chance of moisture build-up, and then covered with small squares of black plastic. Each of the hand-excavated units was then lined with black plastic sheets and hand-filled with screened sedi-ment. Once the six study units were backfilled, the entire excavation grid block was covered with a large sheet of black plastic, and mechanically buried with roughly 0.6 m (2 ft) of overburden and or screened sediment. The fill was gently contoured and sloped by hand from south to north, to allow for drainage out of the excavation pit and into the trenched driveway to the northeast. In addition, the corners of the two level tiers, or stepped benches, of the pit were bermed with sediment to trap and/or slow water which might enter the excavation block along the sides of the pit.

Descriptions of Hand-Excavated Units in Locus 5, 2013 Spring Field Season

Patricia A. Walker

Following the mechanical block excavation of deep overburden sediments from Locus 5, a 6-by-6 m grid was laid out at the base of the tiered pit north of No-Name Arroyo. The purpose of this excavation


Figure 2.5b. 2013 Second Locus 5 Crew. Left to right: V. Holliday, L. Spargo, G. Crawford, B. Parisi, R. Dello-Russo, P. Walker. Missing: D. Kilby.

Figure 2.5a. 2013 First Locus 5 Crew. Left to right: G. Klein, E. Ortega, S. Bennett, C. Merriman, R. Dello-Russo.


Figure 2.5c. 2013 Third Locus 5 Crew. Left to right: R. Dello-Russo, P. Walker, J. Dello-Russo, B. Parisi, N. Akins, J. Schelberg, C. Merriman. Missing: S. Hall.

Figure 2.6a. View of 2013 Excavations in Locus 5, looking southwest.


block was to investigate the potential for buried bone as suggested by the bone fragments exposed in a series of previously excavated (2010 and 2012 field seasons) mechanical cores in the area of Locus 5 (Figure 2.7). The mechanical cores contained bones at depths ranging from 45.45 to 45.20 m, which were roughly 3.5 m below the 2013 ground surface prior to excavation. Mechanical excava-tions terminated immediately upon encountering bones in the southwest corner of the unit. The bones were encountered within the sediments of the wet meadow, or black mat, deposit. Thirty-six 1-by-1 m study units were laid out within the grid block. Of these, five 1-by-1 m test units and one par-tial 1-by-0.50 m test unit were hand-excavated to depths ranging from 45.82 to 45.40 m. Four of these study units contained the previously drilled core holes (Table 2.3). Excavations within three of the five study units reached the level of the anticipated bone, each revealing bone at or within 10–15cm of the level of the bone from the mechanical cores.

Study Unit 5-1 and partial Study Unit 5-6 did

not contain a previously drilled core hole but were excavated because bone was exposed during the mechanical excavation of the grid block. The par-tial nature of Unit 5-6 was necessary due to the constraints of the tiered pit, the west wall of which formed the west edge of the partial study unit. An-other 1-by-1 m study unit, Unit 5-7, was assigned solely for the purpose of exposing, mapping and photographing a channel of alluvial cobbles that extended in a north-east to south-west alignment across the mechanically excavated “surface” of the northern half of the grid block.

Study Units 5-1 through 5-6 (Table 2.4) were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels. To estab-lish uniform elevations for each of the excavated study units, starting surface elevations for each unit were calculated across the grid, and the high point within each unit was then used to deter-mine the elevation measurements for each level within the individual study units. In order to have levels beginning and ending with even 10 cm in-crements, (e.g., 10, 20, 30, etc.), the initial exca-

Figure 2.6b. View of 2013 Excavations in Locus 5, looking southeast.


Figure 2.7. Plan Map of 2013 Excavation Units in Locus 5.


vation level for each unit, Level 1, was generally slightly greater than 10 cm. Grid elevations within Locus 5 were referenced to Sub-datum 13A with a control elevation at 49.005 m and grid coordinates of 520.006E/529.017N. This sub-datum is located on the surface at the northwest corner of the large excavation pit in Locus 5.

In-situ bone, charcoal, and flaked stone arti-facts, as well as bone, snail, and flaked stone arti-facts collected from 1/8-inch dry screen, and bulk sediment samples (for flotation and radiocarbon studies) were recovered from the Locus 5 excava-tions. Bulk sediment samples were retrieved within each complete level, beginning with designated Level 2 in the excavated study units. All excavated sediments were screened through 1/8-inch hard-ware cloth. All three-dimensional provenience data (north coordinates, east coordinates, and eleva-tions) were controlled by the use of a Nikon total station. The proximal and distal ends of identifiable bones were mapped with the total station and mini-prism to determine provenience, orientation and inclination. Field Sample (FS) logs for the 2013 field season are provided in Appendices F through I.

Unit 5-1 (524E/519N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located in the southwestern corner of the excavation block and adjacent to the west and south walls of the tiered excavation pit, did not contain a previously drilled mechanical core but was excavated because numerous bone fragments were exposed during the mechanical excavation of the grid block. Due to the mechanical scraping of overburden, the excavation in this unit began with Level 1 at 46.03 m grid elevation and terminated at 45.70 m within Level 3 (45.80–45.70 m). The upper 5 cm of Level consisted of loose sediment from the mechanical excavation, and backhoe bucket “tooth marks” were evident in places down to 45.90 m (Level 2). Within the southern edge of the unit, the channel sands from an old arroyo fill were clearly delineated and extended laterally 20 cm into the unit (at the 45.70 m grid elevation), paralleling and abutting the dark, organically enriched black mat, which was exposed throughout the remainder of the unit. The channel sands were loose, tan sands with gravels, and formed an abrupt contact with the black mat. The channel tapered downward and southward, and was only marginally evident in the

Table 2.3. Giddings Cores and Hand-‐Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season.


Core Hole No.

Grid Elevation of Bone in Core (m)

Grid Elevations of Intact Bone in Study Unit (m)

SU 5-‐1 n/a n/a 45.90–45.80 m (Level 2): innominate, carpal, femur, possible mandible, incisor & indeterminate bone fragments

SU 5-‐2 12-‐06 45.45 m 45.50–45.40 m (Level 6): indeterminate long bone, molar, mandible and numerous bone fragments

SU 5-‐3 10-‐02 45.27 m 45.52 m (near bottom of Level 5): molar; level of bone from core not yet encountered (unit terminated at 45.50m)

SU 5-‐4 10-‐03 45.40 m 45.60–45.55 m (top of Level 5): 2nd phalange, possible calcaneous, metatarsal, astragalus & indeterminate frags

SU 5-‐5 12-‐08 45.20 m Bone not yet encountered (unit terminated at 45.40 m)

SU 5-‐6 n/a n/a 45.98–45.83 m (Level 1): mandible, molars, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, carpal, tarsal, ribs

SU 5-‐7 n/a n/a 45.03 (Level 1): Surface mapping of alluvial cobble deposit (see Figure 2.3)

Table 2.3. Giddings Cores and Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season.


lower few centimeters of Level 2 (45.90-45.80 m). The sediments within the black mat were markedly compact. Sporadic gravels and pebbles are incorpo-rated into the rich, dark sediments of the black mat (7.5 YR 2.5/1—black). In terms of recovered bones and lithics, this was the most productive of all the excavated study units. Within Level 1 (46.06–45.90 m), a bulk sediment sample was retrieved from the NE ¼ of the unit for flotation (FS 5010), and several small bone fragments and tooth enamel were recov-ered in the screen (FS 5004), primarily from the SW quadrant of the unit at the contact of the channel sand and black mat. In addition, a small 2 mm snail shell was noted. In Level 2 (45.90–45.80 m), bone was exposed in the upper few centimeters, primarily from the southern and western halves of the unit, and included bone and enamel from the screen (FS 5013 and 5023), along with in situ recovery of bone fragments (FS 5017), a tooth fragment (FS 5015), and a possible mandible (FS 5018). Several additional bones were exposed in situ but extended down into the next level. Small decomposing bone fragments were found throughout the unit, and gravels (3–5cm in size) were noted, mostly on the east side of the unit. A sediment sample was also collected (FS 5021). Level 3 (45.80–45.70 m) proved to be fairly dense with bone, with 13 collected samples including screen bone (FS 5029), and in situ tooth or bone elements including molars (FS 5052 and 5080), an incisor (FS 5043), indeterminate bone (FS 5067), a fragmented carpal or metatarsal (FS 5047), a sesamoid (FS 5042), an innominate (FS 5051), vertebrae (FS 5057 and

5062), rib fragments (FS 5061), a very fragmentary scapula (FS 5064), and a femur (FS 5132). Numerous bones had no structural integrity and were basically unidentifiable and thin, often decomposed during excavation and identified only by staining. Nearly all of the identifiable bone was in a poor state of pres-ervation. Paleobond, a type of viscous adhesive, was used on several of the larger, more intact bones, to assist in their stabilization for transport and labora-tory analyses. Gravels and pebbles (a number of which were larger than 5 cm in size) were noted in the west ½ of the unit, in and around the bones, and extending into the west wall of the unit.

The single diagnostic artifact recovered from the excavation grid block was recovered in situ (see Figures 2.8 and 2.9) from this unit at 45.698 m (Level 3), 524.341E/519.089N, within the black mat, and consisted of a late Paleoindian Eden style projectile point manufactured from a dark gray fos-siliferous oolitic chert (FS 5081). The point blade appears to have been resharpened and the tip is missing. Further discussion about this point can be found in Section 3.4.

Additional collections from this unit level include bulk sediment samples for 14C (FS 5030) and flotation (FS 5028), screen gravels/lithics (FS 5068), a charcoal fleck (FS 5035), and a lithic cobble (FS 5065). Several additional bison bone fragments were exposed at the base of Level 3 and were left in situ in the W ½ of the unit. The unit was terminated at the base of Level 3 at 45.70 m, due to time constraints. Additional ex-cavations in this unit should be considered.

Table 2.4. Hand-‐Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season.


SW Corner Grid Coordinates

(Easting / Northing)

Beginning Grid Elevation (m)

Ending Grid Elevation (m)

Levels Excavated

SU 5-‐1 524E / 519N 46.03 45.70 1–3

SU 5-‐2 525E / 521N 46.04 45.40 1–6

SU 5-‐3 527E / 521N 46.07 45.40 1–6

SU 5-‐4 528E / 520N 46.07 45.52 1–5

SU 5-‐5 528E / 523N 46.07 45.40 1–6

SU 5-‐6 523E / 519N 45.98 45.82 1 (see discussion)

SU 5-‐7 527E / 523N n/a n/a Mapping of cobbles only

Table 2.4. Hand-Excavated Study Units in Locus 5, Spring 2013 Field Season.


Figure 2.9. Close-up of In Situ Resharpened Eden Point (FS 5081) in Study Unit 5-1.

Figure 2.8. View of In Situ Resharpened Eden Point (FS 5081) in Study Unit 5-1.


Unit 5-2 (525E/521N)

Study Unit 5-2, a 1-by-1 m unit, was situ-ated in the west-central portion of the excava-tion block, and 2 m northeast of Study Unit 5-1. Previously drilled mechanical core 12-06, which included bone at 45.45 m, was in this unit. Exca-vations began with Level 1 at 46.04 m and termi-nated with Level 6 at 45.40 m. With the exception of the top few centimeters of sediment which were disturbed by the mechanical excavator, sedi-ments were highly compact throughout and were entirely within the organically enriched silty loams of the black mat. Level 1 (46.04–45.90 m) re-covery consisted of screen bone and tooth enamel (FS 5011) and screen lithics (FS 5012) as well as a bulk sediment sample for flotation (FS 5006). Bone from Level 2 (45.90–45.80 m) was limited to dry screen recovery (FS 5014) and a bulk sediment flotation sample was collected (FS 5016), with similar results for Level 3 (45.80–45.70 m), with dry screen recovery (FS 5019) and a bulk flotation sample (FS 5020). Levels 4, 5 and 6 (45.70–45.40 m) were excavated in the southern 1/2 of the unit only in order to expedite excavation to determine if the bone deposit was at 45.45 m as indicated by the mechanical core. Levels 4 and 5 both revealed bone in the form of indeterminate fragments and bone crumbs from the screen (FS 5022 and 5024, respectively), and a bulk sediment sample for 14C analysis was collected (FS 5031). It was in Level 6 (45.50–45.40 m) that larger, more intact bone was encountered, including a metacarpal (FS 5084), a molar (FS 5055), a possible crushed scapula (FS 5048), and indeterminate long bone fragments (FS 5040 and 5049). Of note was a calcined bone frag-ment found in the dry screen recovery (FS 5033). Small (<2mm), sub-rounded deposits of calcium carbonate were noted in the SE quadrant of the unit, and small pebbles (0.5–1.5 cm in size) ap-peared in the lower 3-4 cm of the SW quarter of the unit (ca. 45.45–45.40 m). Two bones were left in situ: a metacarpal, which protruded from the southwest corner of the unit and extended into adjacent units to both the south and west, and a molar and mandible fragment within the south wall at the base of the level. A bulk sediment sample for flotation analysis was also collected from this level (FS 5032). The unit was terminated with the completion of Level 6 at 45.40 m.

Unit 5-3 (527E/521N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located 2 m east of Unit 5-2, encompassed previously drilled mechanical core 10-02 which revealed bone at 45.27 m. For this unit, excavations began at 46.07 m with Level 1 and terminated at 45.40 m in Level 6. Sediments in this unit consisted of very hard-packed black mat loam with sporadic medium gravels up to 5 cm in size. Within Level 1, speckles of decomposing yellow mineral (limonite?) were noted in the western half of the unit within the lower 5 cm of the level. A filled krotovina was noted in the eastern half of the unit within the lower margins of Level 2 (45.90–45.80 m) and loose sediment from collapsed insect and rodent burrows was noted in several places in the eastern half of the unit within Level 3 (45.80–45.70 m) and near the northeast corner of the unit in Level 4 (45.70–45.60 m), with Levels 5 and 6 free of krotovinas and burrowing. Sediments remained dense and compact throughout the excavation with sparse gravels (<1 cm in size) and a single cobble (6.5 cm in size) noted in Level 3. Flecks of in situ charcoal were collected from Levels 1, 2 and 3 (FS 5007, FS 5071, FS 5088; at 46.02 m, 45.81 m, and 45.721 m grid elevation, respectively). Several lithic flakes were collected from Levels 1 through 5 (46.03 m–45.50 m) during dry screen recovery (FS 5009, 5036, 5066, 5078, 5106), one of which (FS 5078) was a small obsidian pressure flake collected from Level 3. The obsidian artifact was tested using XRF and found to be from the Cerro Toledo source in the Jemez Mountains (Appendix P). Bone frag-ments were collected from every level through dry screen recovery (FS 5008, 5058, 5079, 5097, 5103, 5134) along with tooth enamel (FS 5087; Level 3, 45.721 m) and a single molar (FS 5125; top of Level 6, 45.50 m) which were located in situ. Additional collections included a hackberry seed found in dry screen recovery from Level 1 (FS 5008), and bulk sediment samples for flotation (FS 5005, 5059, 5076, 5095, 5104, 5123) and 14C analysis (FS 5007, 5060, 5077, 5096, 5105, 5124). The unit was termi-nated with the completion of Level 6 at 45.40 m.

Unit 5-4 (528E/520N)

This 1-by-1 m unit, located in the southeastern portion of the excavation grid, was located over previously drilled mechanical core 10-03 which


revealed bone at 45.40 m elevation. Excavations began with Level 1 (46.07–45.90 m) and termi-nated near the base of Level 5 (45.52 m). Within this unit, which was entirely within the black mat matrix with sporadic pebbles and small cobbles, small fragments of bone were found during dry screen recovery from Levels 1 through 4 (FS 5037, 5041, 5046, 5056), and included a possible bird bone fragment (FS 5041) and an incisor (FS 5046). Flaked lithics, including a small obsidian pressure flake, were encountered only in Level 1 (46.07–45.90 m) and recovered from the dry screen (FS 5036). The obsidian artifact was also from the Cerro Toledo source in the Jemez Mountains (refer to Appendix P). A filled krotovina was found in the center of the vertical south wall at the end of Level 2 and expanded about 12 cm into the southern end of the unit in Level 3 (45.80–45.70 m) and re-ceded to about 4 cm in Level 4 (45.70–45.60 m). A gradual increase in the frequency of small bone and enamel fragments was noted in Level 4, but it was within Level 5 (45.60–45.52 m) that there was a clear increase in the frequency of bone fragments and small pebbles, with sediments noticeably more porous, resulting from small (1–3 mm) pores—pos-sibly insect burrows—which appeared to increase in frequency in proximity to bone. Intact bone was poorly preserved and appeared to be overlapping, with a possible calcaneous (FS 5089), astragalus and metatarsal (FS 5090), 2nd phalange (FS 5129), a series of unidentified bone fragments aligned NW-SE in the east half of the unit (FS 5063, 5069, 5070, 5082), and an additional unidentified bone fragment from the NE portion of the unit (FS 5091). Bone fragments from this level were also found during dry screen recovery (FS 5073). Bulk sedi-ment samples from the unit were taken for flota-tion (FS 5038, 5044, 5053, 5074) and 14C analysis (FS 5039, 5045, 5054, 5075). Several unidentified bones at the base of Level 5 were left in situ in the southeast corner and in the northwest quadrant of the unit. The unit was terminated near the base of Level 5 at 45.52 m.

Unit 5-5 (528E/523N)

Unit 5-5 was a 1-by-1 m unit located in the northeastern portion of the excavation grid block, with previously drilled core 12-08, which revealed bone at 45.20 m, located at the western edge of the

unit. Excavations began with Level 1 at 46.07 m in the hard packed grey sediments just above the black mat and terminated at the base of Level 6 at 45.40 m, still 20 cm above the expected level of bone. In the northern half of the unit, numerous cobbles were exposed and were observed to be a continu-ation of a cobble alignment that extended through the northern portion of the excavation grid block in a southwest–northeast alignment. This cobble align-ment was evident on the excavation grid “surface” in adjacent Unit 5-7 to the west. These cobbles, which were rounded to subangular in shape and mostly between 5 and 14 cm in size, were mapped in place and their base elevations documented. Small cob-bles and pebbles were present in low frequencies within the upper two levels of the unit (46.07–45.80 m). Near the base of Level 4 and within the upper few cm of Level 5, fairly abundant flecks of charcoal were encountered in a roughly 6 cm layer (45.64–45.58 m), primarily in the southern portion of the unit, but also lightly scattered in the northern portion of the unit. Six of these charcoal flecks were collected (FS 5112–5117). Small calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nodules and filaments were noted in the southeast quadrant of the unit in Level 4 (45.70–45.60 m) and throughout the unit in Level 5 (45.60–45.50 m), with sediments exhibiting a strong reaction to an HCl test.

Two flaked lithics were encountered in the unit, with one in Level 1 at 45.885 m (FS 5072) and the other, an obsidian flake, recovered from Level 5 at 45.588 m (FS 5111). The obsidian artifact was matched to the McDaniel Tank source area, a newly discovered and unpublished area of out-cropping obsidian cobbles on the southwest side of the Magdalena Mountains, in west-central New Mexico. The only other artifact matched to that source, to date, is a Late Paleoindian point found at site LA 149129 (AR-03-03-03-862) on the same side of the Magdalena Mountains as the source location and approximately 16 to 20 km due west of the Water Canyon site (Walker and Dello-Russo 2005). Without going directly over the mountains, the distance between the site and the source would be closer to 35 km.

Bone fragments from dry screen recovery came from Levels 1 through 5 (46.07–45.50 m) and included FS 5050, 5094, 5098, 5102, and 5126. A single snail shell (likely Hawaiia miniscula) was re-covered from the dry screen in Level 1 (FS 5050). Bulk sediment samples were collected for flotation


(FS 5085, 5092, 5100, 5107, 5109) and 14C analysis (FS 5086, 5093, 5101, 5108, 5110). No intact bone was encountered, and the bone identified in the mechanical core at 45.20 m was not reached during this field season. Excavation in the unit was termi-nated with the completion of Level 6 at 45.40 m. Continued excavations in this unit are warranted.

Unit 5-6 (523E/519N)

Unit 5-6, a 1-by-0.50 m unit, was excavated for the purposes of exposing and collecting bison bone which extended into the unit from adjacent Unit 5-1 to the east, and to recover bone exposed during the mechanical excavation of the unit grid block. The position of this unit just outside the southwest corner of the grid block, and contiguous with the west wall of the tiered excavation pit, al-lowed only for a partial (0.50 m) unit E-W, with the lowest tier along the west wall of the excavation pit forming the western edge of this partial unit. Due to the mechanical scraping of overburden, the ex-cavation in this unit began with Level 1 at 45.98 m grid elevation and terminated at 45.82 m. Because the purpose of this unit excavation was to retrieve the intact bison bone, the bone was treated as a feature and excavated as such, rather than in de-fined 10 cm levels. Thus, Level 1 was designated between 45.98–45.80 m. The upper 4-5 cm of Level 1 consisted of loose sediment from the mechanical backhoe excavation along with wall slump from both the south and west walls of the tiered excava-tion pit. The southern portion of the unit contained pebbles and cobbles which were a continuation of the clasts from adjacent Unit 5-1 to the east. The frequency of the pebble/cobble mass rose signifi-cantly to the west. Cobbles surrounded some of the bone, and were located both over and under bone elements. At the west tiered wall of the pit, which formed the western edge of this partial unit, very little bone was found in association with the larger cobbles. Of the bison bone that was recovered were several indeterminate fragments collected during the mechanical excavation (FS 5003) along with bone from the hand excavation, including mo-lars (FS 5118, 5121), a near complete mandible (FS 5130), thoracic vertebrae (FS 5119, 5120), a lumbar or lower thoracic vertebra (FS 5127), ribs (FS 5128, 5131), carpal/tarsal elements (FS 5122, 5133), tooth enamel (FS 5125), and bone fragments from

dry screen recovery (FS 5083). A single lithic, a limestone (?) flake, was recovered from the dry screen (FS 5099). Numerous intact bones were left in situ, including several ribs and other long bone shafts, as additional bone recovery within the unit was not possible due to the time limits at the end of this field season. The unit was terminated near the base of Level 1 at 45.82 m.

Unit 5-7 (527E/523N)

Study Unit 5-7 was unexcavated and assigned solely for the purposes of documenting the cobble alignment which extended in a southwest to north-east direction through the northern half of the unit. The cobbles were likely part of a lag deposit, thought to be indicative of a former paleo-channel or arroyo (see Figure 2.10).

Summary of 2013 Field Work

The 2013 field effort ran from April 29 to May 13, and on July 12.

Charcoal Radiocarbon Samples from Hand Excavations

Hand excavations in Locus 5 recovered a suite of ten dateable charcoal samples, six of which came from Study Unit 5-5 in an area approximately 5 cm deep (FS 5112–5117). Additional charcoal samples came from different levels in Study Unit 5-3 (FS 5007, 5071, 5088) and adjacent to bone in Study Unit 5-1 (FS 5035). Samples FS 5007 and FS 5071 (from Study Unit 5-3) were sent to the University of Arizona NSF AMS laboratory for dating. Dates for these samples are reported later in the volume.

Bulk Sediment Radiocarbon Samples from Hand Excavations

Sixteen bulk sediment samples were recovered from the Locus 5 hand excavations for AMS dating, including samples from Study Unit 5-1 (FS 5030, 5035), Study Unit 5-2 (FS 5031), Study Unit 5-3 (FS 5007, 5059, 5060, 5076, 5077, 5096, 5105, 5124), Study Unit 5-4 (FS 5039, 5045, 5054, 5075) and Study Unit 5-5 (FS 5086, 5093, 5101, 5108, 5110). Because they represented a stratigraphic column from Unit 5-3, samples FS 5007, 5071, 5096, 5105 and 5124 were sent to the University of Arizona


Figure 2.10. Illustration of Cobble Line in Unit 5-7.

NSF AMS laboratory for dating. Dates for these samples are reported later in the volume.

Bulk Sediment Samples for Flotation

A total of 23 bulk sediment flotation samples were recovered from the Locus 5 excavations. These in-clude a combined sediment sample for both flota-tion and 14C analyses which was collected from the upper south wall tier of the excavation pit, in the southwest corner at an elevation of 49.582 m (FS 5025), along with samples collected from the five

individual study units in Locus 5, including Study Unit 5-1 (FS 5010, 5021, 5028), Study Unit 5-2 (FS 5006, 5016, 5020, 5032), Study Unit 5-3 (FS 5005, 5059, 5076, 5095, 5104, 5123), Study Unit 5-4 (FS 5038, 5044, 5053, 5074) and Study Unit 5-5 (FS 5085, 5092, 5100, 5107, 5109). Sub-samples—to serve as samples for phytolith analysis—were split off of each of the samples listed above. Analysis of these samples is pending the results of a grant proposal for funding. Portions of bulk sediment samples FS 5005, 5059, 5076, 5095, 5104 and


5123 (from Study Unit 5-3) were split off and deliv-ered to Susie Smith, consulting palynologist. These results are also discussed later in the volume.

Bulk Sediment Samples for OSL Dating

An OSL sample (FS 5027) was collected by R. Dello-Russo and V. Holliday on 5/6/2013 from the south-west corner of the excavation pit, in the south wall profile on the top stepped tier at 48.675 m grid elevation. An additional four (4) OSL samples (FS 5136–5139) were collected by R. Dello-Russo and S. Hall on 7/12/2013. These were also recovered in the southwest corner of the excavation pit, at elevations of 48.802 m, 47.932 m, 46.761 m, and 46.116 m, respectively. These five (5) OSL samples, together with an additional six (6) collected in 2012 by J. Onken and C. Merriman, were sent to Dr. Ron Goble at the University of Nebraska for dating. The six OSL date samples collected in 2012 included FS 1285 (from BHT-5), FS 1286 (BHT-5), FS 1288 (BHT-6), FS 1289 (BHT-4), FS 1290 (BHT-4) and FS 1291 (BHT-4). Dates for these samples are reported later in the volume.

Faunal Remains

As is apparent from the preceding study unit de-scriptions, abundant bones, bone fragments, teeth and pieces of tooth enamel were recovered during the 2013 excavations in Locus 5. All of the exca-vated test units (Units 5-1 through 5-6) yielded bone fragments in the dry screen recovery. Most of the identifiable and intact bone was recovered from Units 5-1 and 5-6 in the southwest corner of the excavation block. Units 5-2 and 5-4 also yielded intact bone, and a single molar was recovered from Unit 5-3. No intact bone bed was encountered in Unit 5-5, and it is likely that excavations need to continue for at least 20 cm depth to do so. Based on excavations from several of the Study Units, the bone bed appears to slope down from southwest to northeast.

Land Snails

In addition to the bison faunal remains noted above, small land snails and land snail eggs were recovered from Locus 1, Locus 3 and from Locus 3. These were sent to Dr. Stephen Hall at Red Rock Geological Enterprises in Santa Fe, NM, for analysis and interpretation. Results of this analysis are pro-vided later in this volume.

Flaked Stone Artifacts

Fifteen lithic (flaked stone) artifacts and one pos-sibly modified cobble were recovered from the hand excavations in Locus 5 during the spring 2013 field season. The majority of the flaked stone arti-facts were debitage, but also included a single diag-nostic projectile point. Ten of these lithic artifacts were found during 1/8-inch dry screen recovery, in-cluding lithics from Study Unit 5-1 (FS 5068), Study Unit 5-2 (FS 5012), Study Unit 5-3 (FS 5066, 5078, 5106), Study Unit 5-4 (FS 5036), and Study Unit 5-6 (FS 5099). Five of the lithics artifacts were found in situ, including a Late Paleoindian Eden point of dark gray fossiliferous chert from Study Unit 5-1 (FS 5081) and a potentially modified cobble (FS 5065) from the same unit, a rhyolite flake from Study Unit 5-3 (FS 5009), and both a rhyolite flake and a Mc-Daniel Tank obsidian pressure flake from Study Unit 5-5 (FS 5072 and 5111, respectively). Several ad-ditional flaked lithic artifacts, including potentially diagnostic artifacts and debitage, were collected during the 2013 field season, both in association with the excavation but outside of the study units, and on the present ground surface away from, and unassociated with, the hand excavations. Of these two lithic artifacts were found in the upper levels of the mechanical excavation and include an obsidian biface flake (FS 5001) found in the south-eastern portion of the excavation pit at an eleva-tion of 47.086 m, along with a rhyolite flake (FS 5002) found in the southwest corner of the excava-tion pit in the upper tier at an elevation of 48.364 m. Two other rhyolite artifacts, one pink rhyolite biface flake and one red rhyolite flake (FS 5135), were found on the present-day ground surface of Locus 5, several meters to the northwest of the ex-cavation pit at an elevation of 49.057 m. Also on the surface, in Locus 3, two potentially diagnostic artifacts were found, including a flake fragment [or possible blade edge fragment from a Folsom point (FS 3035)] manufactured from a yellow Sedillo Hill (or M Mountain Group) silicified rhyolite, and a fragment from a possible Archaic point base (FS 3036) manufactured from a black chert. Both arti-fact identifications are not conclusive.

33

three

Laboratory Analyses—Brief Reporting and Interpretation of Results

Analysis of the 2012 and 2013 Flotation and Carbonized Wood Samples

Pamela J. McBride, Consulting Ethnobotanist, Albuquerque, NM

Introduction

Twenty (20) flotation samples from five 1-by-1-m excavation units within Locus 5 and thirty-three (33) samples from five units within Locus 1 were examined for the recovery of plant remains. Thirty-nine (39) carbonized wood samples were also analyzed from Locus 1. Locus 1 is in the central portion of LA 134764 where a possible hearth was previously thought to have been located and stone tools and bone were recovered. This locus com-prises the remains of a Late Paleoindian-age bison kill bone bed. Locus 5 is an area of the site—east of Locus 1—where a Cody Complex-age bison kill bone bed was found in a possible paleo-channel. Samples in both loci were recovered from a thick layer of organic-rich sediment or a “black mat.”

Results of Flotation Analysis

Carbonized goosefoot was the most common seed taxon (Appendix K), identified in 66% of sam-ples. A possible aster family seed was present in Level 15 of Locus 1, Unit 1-6, and a single instance of carpetweed was recovered in Level 2 of Locus 5, Unit 5-2. Level 2 of Unit 5-3 produced a possible vervain seed, while cheno-am seeds were present in Level 4 of the same unit and seed fragments that resembled cheno-ams were recovered in Levels 7A and 7B of Unit 1-15 of Locus 1. Possible pine bark in Level 4 of Unit 5-4 suggests the use of pine wood for fuel or the bark for tinder. Unburned plant material, that is most likely not associated

with cultural activity at the site, included annual seeds, grass seeds and other parts, juniper twigs, one fragment of unknown non-conifer wood, and aster, evening primrose, plantain, purslane family, wild buckwheat, bean family, sedge family, rag-weed, vervain, pincushion cactus, globemallow, and borage family seeds.

Results of Charcoal Wood Species Identification

Six of the 33 carbonized wood samples were identified as cf. oak or possible oak, seven as ju-niper, cf. juniper, or possible juniper, three as un-known conifer, three as unknown non-conifer, three as unknown wood, and one as cf. saltbush (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). The remaining ten samples contained wood fragments that were too small for identification or burned material that was not iden-tifiable at all. Data for the charcoal species analysis are provided in Appendix L.

Summary

Fifty-three (53) flotation samples were exam-ined from the site. These samples were recovered during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons. Carbon-ized (or perhaps, in some cases, blackened from highly organic deposits) plant remains consisted of weedy annual seeds, a possible aster family seed, and possible pine bark fragments. Site occupants could have been parching goosefoot and other an-nual seeds during food preparation and using pine wood for fuel or bark for tinder. Oak, saltbush, and juniper wood identified in the wood sample assem-blage may represent fuel wood residue. An alter-native explanation is that the carbonized materials were washed into the site from forest fire activity further upslope, closer to or in the Magdalena Mountains west of the Water Canyon site.


Table 3.1. Grid Elevations for Charcoal Recovered In Situ, 2012–2013.

Locus Study Unit

Field Sample Number (FS) Grid Elevations for In Situ Charcoal (m)

1 1-‐6 1230,1231, 1232, 1240 47.286, .293, .291, .217 1 1269, 1274 47.280, 48.030

1 1-‐10 1122, 1127, 1130 48.326, .301, .297

1137 48.249

1145, 1146, 1147, 1156, 1162, 1163 48.220, .209, .208, .197, .195, .198

1187 48.136

1 1-‐14 1233 48.453

1267 48.298

1-‐15 1120 48.311

1142 48.250

1144, 1149, 1150, 1152, 1170 48.250, .236, .240, .235, .201

1174, 1175, 1176, 1186 48.199, .196, .200, .162

1212, 1213, 1214, 1221, 1224, 1225, 1236, 1244, 1248

48.046, .053, .046, .085, .075, .079, .058, .082, .092

1 1-‐17 1098 48.657 5 5-‐1 5035 45.702 5 5-‐3 5007 46.017

5071 45.814

5088 45.721

5 5-‐5 5114, 5115, 5116, 5117 45.640, .620, .624, .619

5112, 5113 45.594, .588

Table 3.1. Grid Elevations for Charcoal Recovered In Situ, 2012–2013.

Pollen Results from the 2012 Water Canyon Field Season

Susan J. Smith, Consulting Palynologist, Flagstaff, AZ

Introduction

Archaeological and paleoecological research from 2009 through 2013 at the Water Canyon site (LA 134764) west of Socorro, New Mexico have con-tributed an important late Pleistocene/early Holo-

cene record of human history and paleoecology from a relatively unknown region in west central New Mexico. At the site, buried beneath one to greater than three meters of sediment, lies a se-quence of “black mat” sediments dating between 9000 and 11,100 calendar years before the present (cal yr BP) that has preserved evidence of extinct environments, bison (Bison antiquus), and Paleo-indian hunters (Dello-Russo 2012; Dello-Russo and Smith 2013). Diagnostic artifacts document at least three temporal archaeological components—Clovis (ca. 13k years) and two later Paleoindian

three | Laboratory Analyses 35

(Cody Complex and late Paleoindian) approxi-mately 11,000 and 9,200 years old, respectively. Although the Clovis point base was recovered from the surface, there are intact, late Pleistocene and Younger Dryas age sediments in Locus 1 and else-where at the site (as per soil core and OSL data).

Previous pollen research at Water Canyon (Smith 2012) was based on 31 samples from three cores and three excavation units. However, pollen spectra from the interesting early Holocene levels were preserved in only four samples from one core (Core 10-06). A goal for the 2012 field investigation was to collect and analyze additional black mat samples to reconstruct more details about the cli-mate and environment during the Paleoindian pe-riod ca. 9,000 to 13,000 cal yr BP.

Modern Environment

Modern vegetation in the project area is Semi-desert Grassland, but Great Basin Conifer Wood-land grows nearby in the Socorro Mountains (Brown 1994; Figure 3.1). Dry arroyo tributaries of Water Canyon cut through the site and shelter shrubby species, such as Apache plume (Fallugia), sumac (Rhus), and occasional juniper trees. Modern plant species observed at the site are listed in Table 3.3.

Samples Collected

During the September 2012 field season, the author collected seven samples from the exposed north face of hand-excavated Unit 1-9 (Locus 1),

Table 3.2. Identification of Charcoal Wood Species for Samples Collected in 2012.

FS No. Taxon Count Weight Test Unit / Level

*1098 cf. Quercus 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐17/Lev. 2A 1101 Unknown plant part 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 4B 1120 Unknown conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 5B 1122 Unknown non-‐conifer 3 .01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A 1127 poss. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A *1130 cf. Juniperus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A 1137 cf. Quercus 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6A 1142 Unknown wood 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6A 1144 cf. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 1145 cf. Juniperus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B *1146 Juniperus 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 1147 Unknown non-‐conifer 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 1149 Unknown non-‐conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 1150 Unknown conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B *1152 cf. Quercus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 1156 poss. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 1162 poss. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 1163 Unknown wood 1 (crumbs) <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 1170 cf. Atriplex 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 1186 cf. Unknown conifer 3 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 7A *1187 Juniperus 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐10, Lev. 7B 1213 cf. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 1214 poss. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 1267 Unknown conifer 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐14, Lev. 5B

Table 3.2. Identification of Charcoal Wood Species for Samples Collected in 2012.


which faces No-Name Arroyo (Figures 3.2a and 3.2b). In December 2012, Robert Dello-Russo sub-mitted an additional four samples, three taken from material excavated from the southeast cutbank of the large wash to the east of Locus 5 (Figure 3.3). The cutbank samples correspond to levels where deeply buried bone was found and are tentatively correlated to a date of 11,100 cal yr BP. The fourth sample is from gleyed sediment exposed in Unit 1-6 suggesting a high water table environment (Figure 3.4). The gleyed sediment is estimated to correspond with the terminal Pleis-tocene-to-early Holocene, with the lowest eleva-tion of the gleyed deposit encountered in 2013 corresponding with Clovis era dates from the site (ca. 13,200 cal yr BP). Results from another two samples collected in 2010 from Unit 1-12 (Figure 3.5) are integrated with the Unit 1-9 and Unit 1-6 samples to form a pollen profile. In Figure 3.6, the locations of combined pollen and 14C samples re-covered from the Big Wash cut bank are illustrated. In Figure 3.7, a plan map shows the locations of the hand-excavated units in Locus 1 and in Table 3.4, a list of the pollen samples evaluated in this report is presented. The estimated age of each sample level

(Table 3.5) is based on previous radiocarbon dating of buried soil horizons at the site, specifically black mat sediments and levels where bison bone and/or artifacts were recovered. Future radiocarbon dating of other field samples will undoubtedly re-fine the results presented here. Figures 3.2a, 3.2b and 3.3 are photographs taken to show No-Name Arroyo and the excavated units in Locus 1.

Laboratory Methods

The sediment samples were extracted for pollen at the Laboratory of Paleoecology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, by the procedure recommended by Smith (1998) amended by ad-ditional protocols described below. Subsamples (20 cc volume) were taken from the sample bags, weighed, and spiked with a known concentration (41,696 grains) of exotic club moss spores (Lyco-podium) to monitor degradation from the extrac-tion procedure and to enable pollen concentration calculations. Samples were pretreated with warm hydrochloric acid (10% solution) to dissolve caliche and sieved through stainless steel screen (180 µm mesh) to remove coarse material (rocks, roots,

Figure 3.1. Water Canyon Site, View Northwest Across No-Name Arroyo (photo: S. Smith).


Table 3.3. Modern Vegetation at LA 134764 from June 2010 and September 2012 Surveys.

Family Genus Common Name

Grassland and Interfluves: Common Plants Agavaceae Yucca yucca Asteraceae Asteraceae composites, sunflower family Boraginaceae Cryptantha scorpion weed Boraginaceae Lappula stickseed Fabaceae Astragalus locoweed Fabaceae Other Fabaceae pea family Poaceae Aristida sp. three awn Poaceae Elymus sp. squirrel tail Poaceae Hilaria sp. galleta Poaceae Muhlenbergia sp. ring muhly Poaceae Other Poaceae other grasses Solanaceae Solanum cf. elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade

Grassland and Interfluves: Occasional to Rare Plants Amaranthaceae Amaranthus pigweed Apiaceae cf. Cymopteris sp. umbel family Asclepiaceae Asclepias milkweed Asteraceae Asteraceae composites, sunflower family Asteraceae Cirsium thistle Asteraceae Gaillardia blanket flower Asteraceae Gutierrezia snakeweed Asteraceae Psilostrophe sp. paper flower Asteraceae Senecio groundsel Cactaceae Mammillaria fishhook or pincushion cactus Cactaceae Opuntia prickly pear Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium goosefoot Chenopodiaceae Kracsheninninkovia winterfat Chenopodiaceae Salsola tumbleweed, Russian thistle Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita foetidissima buffalo gourd Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae spurge family Loasaceae Mentzelia stickleaf Malvaceae Sphaeralcea globemallow Onagraceae Oenothera evening primrose Plantaginaceae Plantago Indian wheat Polemoniaceae Phlox phlox Polygonaceae Eriogonum buckwheat Portulacaceae Portulaca purslane Scropulariaceae Penstemon penstemon

Alluvial Substrates in Arroyos Anacardiaceae Rhus trilobata skunk bush, lemonade berry Asclepiaceae Asclepias milkweed Asteraceae Asteraceae composites, sunflower family; thistle Chenopodiaceae Atriplex shadscale (rare) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium goosefoot Cupressaceae Juniperus juniper Fabaceae Hoffmanseggia hogpotato Poaceae Poaceae grass family Rosaceae Fallugia paradoxa Apache plume Solanaceae Lycium wolfberry

Table 3.3. Modern Vegetation at LA 134764 from June 2010 and September 2012 Surveys.


Figure 3.2b. View of Locus 1, No-Name Arroyo, View Downstream (photo: R. Dello-Russo).

Figure 3.2a. View of Locus 1, No-Name Arroyo, View Upstream (photo: R. Dello-Russo).


Figure 3.4. Pollen and 14C Sample Locations in Unit 1-9 Viewed from Unit 1-6 (photo: R. Dello-Russo).

Figure 3.3. Contour Map Detail with Pollen Sample Locations.

This image illus-trates boundary between black mat (dark grey; 14C sample above boundary dated to ca. 11,200 cal yr BP) and light green-tan gleyed sediment (14C sample below boundary also dated to ca. 11,200 cal yr BP).


Figure 3.5. Pollen Sample Locations and 14C Dates in Unit 1-12.


charcoal, etc.). The fine fractions were mixed with 20 ml of warm sodium hexametaphosphate (less than 2% solution) and 1 L of hot distilled water and allowed to settle for 8 hours. After 8 hours, the muddy liquids were decanted and beakers re-filled with distilled water. The timed decants were repeated approximately 10 times until liquids were clear after 8 hours settling time. The technique is an efficient, non-toxic method to concentrate pollen by removing clay-sized organic and inorganic parti-cles. After the settling cycles, samples were treated for approximately 12 hours with hydrofluoric acid (49% solution), followed by a density separation in lithium polytungstate (1.9 specific gravity) and acetolysis, which reduces plant lignin and other organic materials. The recovered residues were rinsed in alcohol, transferred to one dram vials, and stored in glycerol.

Pollen grains were identified and counted at 400x magnification to a sum of 200 grains or greater, if possible. Aggregates (clumps of the same pollen type) were counted as one grain per occur-

rence, and the taxon and number of grains tallied separately. Three samples were evaluated sterile (Appendix M), defined as containing too few pollen grains to reliably represent the sample pollen population. Pollen identifications were made to the lowest taxonomic level possible based on pub-lished keys (Kapp et al. 2000) and the Laboratory of Paleoecology pollen reference collection.

Three numerical measures were calculated from the data, pollen percentages, taxon rich-ness, and pollen concentration. Pollen percentages represent the relative importance of each taxon in a sample ([pollen counted/pollen sum]*100) and taxon richness is the number of pollen types identified per sample. Pollen concentration is an estimate of the absolute abundance or density of pollen contained in sample sediments. Concentra-tions are derived by taking the ratio of the pollen count to the tracer count and multiplying by the initial tracer concentration. Dividing this result by the sample weight yields the number of pollen grains per gram of sediment, abbreviated gr/gm.

Figure 3.6. Pollen/14C Sample Locations in Big Wash Cut Bank.


Figure 3.7. Plan View of Hand-Excavated Units in Locus 1 Along No-Name Arroyo. Pollen Samples Recovered from Units 1-6 and 1-9.


Table 3.4. 2012 Field Season Analyzed Pollen Samples.

Sample FS No.

Grid Elevation

(m)

Strat Description and/or Grid Coordinates (m)

Estimated Age (cal yr

BP)

Description Sterile Pollen

Samples

Locus 1, Unit 1-‐9 Samples (Collected by S. Smith September 14, 2012)

1262 48.153a above black mat, in west wall profile of Unit 1-‐9 (same as extreme eastern edge of Unit 1-‐8)

<10,000 7–10 cm below top surface of

Unit 1-‐9

1261 48.019 black mat (hard unit) 10,500 17–20 cm

1260 47.819 black mat 10,700-‐11,000

36–39 cm

1259 47.695 black mat 11,200 50–53 cm

1258 47.566 black mat, near boundary with grey/green sandy clay below

11,200 64–67 cm

1257 47.397 grey/green sandy clay 11,200 76–80 cm Sterile

1256 47.277 grey/green sandy clay 11,200 90–94 cm Sterile

Locus 1, Unit 1-‐6 sample (Submitted by R. Dello-‐Russo December 28, 2012)

1249 47.20 47.10

gleyed sediment estimated to correspond with the first Clovis era date recovered from the site

approx. 13,000

Unit 1-‐6

Locus 1, Unit 1-‐12 Samples Collected and Analyzed June 2010b

1079 48.256 gray mat above black mat; contained bone and cultural artifacts

N 508.880, E508.970

9370 Unit 1-‐12 / Level 6

1080 48.171 black mat

N508.820, E508.940

10,681 Unit 1-‐12 / Level 7

Samples Collected from Sediment Excavated from Cutbank of Large Wash East of Locus 5 (Submitted by R. Dello-‐Russo December 28, 2012)

1280 45.406 N 536.594

E 556.962

8064

1279 45.197 N 536.602

E 556.974

9619

1278 44.994 N 536.575

E 556.974

9820 Sterile

a. Top surface of Unit 1-‐9 is at grid elevation of 48.20 m. b. Unit 1-‐12 samples are combined with adjacent Units 1-‐9 and 1-‐6 samples into a stratigraphic pollen profile discussed

in the Results section.

Table 3.4. 2012 Field Season Analyzed Pollen Samples.


Table 3.5. Indicator Pollen Type Summary Values.

These are used to define Water Canyon Pollen Zones and Subzones (Smith 2012) and to compare to 2012 black mat samples from Unit 1-‐09.

Location Unit 1-‐09 (this report)

Core 10-‐06a (Smith 2012:50)

Pollen Zone Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Middle Holocene Cheno-‐am Zone

Subzone Microfossil and Birch

Microfossil and Birch

Marshelder

Age cal yr BP 10,500–11,200 10,000–11,000 9300–10,000 8939–9280 Sample FS Numbers

1258–1261 (n=4) 89–93 (n=5) 85–88 (n=4) 80–84 (n=5)

Parameter Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Percentages Grass 15 12–19 7 7–10 4 3–5 3 3–5 Sage 7 4–12 10 5–13 8 6–9 6 <1–12 poss. Marshelder

1 <1–3 12 7–17 4 2–6

Birch 2 1–3 <1 0–0.9 0 0 Cheno-‐am 9 6–15 9 5–17 18 11–29 38 28–58 Counts Botryococcus (aquatic Algae)

present in two samples

Microfossil 1b 8 2–15 32 3–97 <1 0–1 Microfossil 2 3 0–5 12 3–31 2 0–5 2 0–6 Microfossil 3 0 0 19 0–74 <1 0–1 <1 0–1

a. Core 10-‐06 is the best dated record from Water Canyon with the best preserved pollen assemblages. b. Microfossil 1 is Concentricystes/ Pseudoschizaea.

Table 3.5. Indicator Pollen Type Summary Values.

These values are used to define Water Canyon Pollen Zones and Subzones (Smith 2012) and to compare to 2012 black mat samples from Unit 1-09.

Results

A master database is documented in Appendix M that brings together in one document the pollen data from the 42 samples analyzed as of January 2014. The database includes specimen numbers, location, and descriptive information, sample ages from direct radiocarbon dates or interpolated be-tween dated levels (see Smith 2012:49), labora-tory information including sample size and tracers, summary pollen parameters (sample concentra-tions and taxon richness), and the raw counts for all pollen and microfossil types identified.

Previous research at the site (Smith 2012) de-fined an early Holocene (ca. 10,000 to 11,000 cal yr BP) pollen signature composed of birch and three microfossils. However, the origin, and there-fore the ecology, of the Water Canyon microfossils is unknown and speculations about similar fossils vary widely from algal remains and fungal spores to cysts and other biological phenomenon. The most diagnostic microfossil is Concentricystes/ Pseudos-chizaea (Microfossil 1), a spherical form imprinted with a spiral pattern (Christopher 1976; Scott 1992). In a comparison of Concentricystes/ Pseudos-chizaea fossil records from around the world, Scott


(1992) recognized common habitats composed of generally warm, wet terrestrial environments with strong seasonal fluctuations, such as marshes and swamps. In this analysis, the Water Canyon micro-fossils are interpreted to relate to aquatic, marsh, and/or wet meadow conditions and the Concentri-cystes/ Pseudoschizaea may indicate relatively hot and wet summers. The early Holocene pollen re-cord is also distinguished by higher percentages of sage and grass, and lower Cheno-am, compared to pollen samples dated to after approximately 9300 cal yr BP.

The 11 samples analyzed from the 2012 field season are, with one exception, stratigraphically within or below the black mat deposit, which in-dicates the samples are approximately 10,000 to 11,000 cal yr BP or older. The exception is sample FS 1262 from Unit 1-9, which was collected ap-proximately 5 cm below the top surface of Unit 1-9 and 10 cm above black mat sediments. Pollen preservation is relatively poor in the 2012 samples, but significant counts were completed for eight samples (Appendix M). Comparison of the results from Unit 1-9 black mat samples and the pollen zones and subzones interpreted from Core 10-6, located north of Locus 1 (Smith 2012:50) replicate the unique early Holocene pollen spectra, but also highlight differences (Table 3.5).

Compared to the oldest samples from Core 10-6, Unit 1-9 black mat levels have higher per-centages of grass and birch, but lower microfossil counts. These variations are inferred to reflect shifts in plant species composition related to the locations or microenvironments of Unit 1-9 and Core 10-6 on the early Holocene landscape. The 2012 pollen data and results from Unit 1-12 are summarized in Figure 3.8 with graphs of significant types by presence, counts, or percentages.

Birch stands out in the Unit 1-09 samples with relatively high values. In the previous pollen inves-tigations (Smith 2012), birch pollen was identified in five samples at low counts of one to two grains and in one sample at a higher count of four birch grains (Core 10-6, FS 92). Based on all pollen sam-ples analyzed to date (Appendix M), the youngest dated level with birch pollen is 9279 cal yr BP (Core 9-02, FS 33) and the oldest is 10,801 cal yr BP (Core 10-6, FS 93). Overall, pollen representation has been too low to represent on-site birch, but this interpretation is changed with the new 2012 field

samples. Birch pollen occurs in five of the eleven 2012 samples and the counts range from 2 to 8 grains. The frequency and abundance suggest birch grew at the site, but which species is represented?

There are two potential birch candidates, streamside trees (Betula occidentalis) or shrubs known as bog or swamp birch (Betula glandulosa), which thrive in seasonally wet marshy meadows, alpine tundra, and in riparian habitat bordering springs and streams (Tollesfson 2007). In New Mexico, there is one modern bog birch population growing in Alamo Bog, a small marshy meadow on the west slope of the Jemez Mountains, north of Jemez Springs (Brunner-Jass 1999).

At Alamo Bog, one of five modern surface samples preserved six grains of birch pollen, and a sediment core from the bog yielded birch in low numbers of one to three grains in the lower 22 samples (2000–8800 cal yr BP) and higher numbers of 10 to 2,786 birch grains in the upper 10 samples (after 2000 cal yr BP) (Brunner-Jass 1999:94-112).

The modern distribution of both Betula spe-cies in New Mexico is restricted to northern coun-ties, but there is a fossil presence of birch in the southern deserts. Pollen records from the So-noran Desert (Martin 1963:55) suggest that during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene transition, birch was probably growing in riparian habitats. The Water Canyon pollen record is the most con-vincing evidence to date for early Holocene birch in southern New Mexico. Given the emerging view of the early Holocene environment at Water Canyon as a wet meadow bordering wetter marsh or wet-land habitats, bog birch (Betula glandulosa) would be the logical species, and might be considered the source of fossil birch in the Sonoran Desert. It is also worth noting that studies of modern bog birch populations document that the shrubs are lightly to moderately browsed by most ungulates and livestock (Tollesfson 2007). At Water Canyon, birch, other woody shrubs, and wetland herbs and grasses might have attracted bison to the Water Canyon site during the Paleoindian Period.

A new taxon in the 2012 samples is Botryo-coccus, which occurs in three samples, two from Unit 1-9 (Figure 3.4) and in the top cutbank sample (Figure 3.3). Botryococcus is a colonial algae that occurs in a wide range of freshwater to brackish aquatic conditions. The presence of this form in-dicates pools, ponds, or some form of standing


or slow-moving water, but there is no information about water depth or whether the aquatic envi-ronment was perennial or ephemeral. The relative low representation indicates that during the time represented by the samples, pools were of limited size and perhaps filled only in wet seasons or after melting following frozen winter conditions.

Other wetland or wet meadow indicators in-clude low representation of marshelder and check-ermallow types, and lily family, which encompasses several meadow and wet-soil spring bulb plants such as wild onion (Allium), camas (Camassia), leopard lily (Fritillaria), hellebore or skunk cab-bage (Veratrum), and others. Three grains of alder

pollen were identified in Unit 1-9, sample FS 1259, and one alder grain was documented in the bottom cutbank sample, FS 1278 (Appendix M). Alder, like birch, is wind-pollinated and can disperse its pollen long-distances, and low pollen counts are often documented at sites far removed from any alder. However, the four alder grains documented in the 2012 samples are just enough to raise the possi-bility of local trees or shrubs, perhaps at the edge of their range where pollen production is typically suppressed.

Another interesting, rare type is the possible heather family (Ericaceae), which occurs in just one sample from the cutbank location (FS 1279). This

Figure 3.8. Summary of Pollen Analysis Results from 2012 Field Samples and Unit 1-12.


pollen type was identified in the previous studies in a single sample—the deepest productive level from Core 10-6 (FS 93), dated to 10,801 cal yr BP (Appendix M). Ericaceae is a plant family composed of primarily woody shrubs. In the Southwest, poten-tial genera are the chaparral shrub manzanita (Arc-tostaphylos), small herbaceous forest plants, such as pine drops (Pterospora) and pipsissewa (Chimaphila), and at high elevations in forests and subalpine habi-tats, blueberry (Vaccinium).

The oldest sample analyzed is from the late Pleis-tocene (ca. 11,000-to-13,000 cal yr BP) level of Unit 1-6 (FS 1249) from gleyed sediment (where saturated sediment from a high water table lead to reduction of iron; V. Holliday, personal communication). The recovered assemblage from this sample produced minimal pollen, but one grain of sedge family (Cy-peraceae) pollen was identified and grass is high at 21 percent. The results do not support the idea of any substantial standing water, and instead suggest a seasonal wetland.

Conclusions

The pollen samples from the 2012 field season were taken from deeper levels than previously investigated with the exception of basal samples from Core 10-6. The 2012 results support the in-terpretation of a distinct and unique paleoenviron-ment during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene transition and Paleoindian Period (ca. 13,000 to 9,000 cal yr BP). The lower chronological boundary is inadequately defined, but planned radiocarbon dating of samples collected during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons and future analyses of 2013 pollen samples from Locus 5 should extend the chronology and expand paleoecological recon-structions.

New insights from the 2012 field samples in-clude the occurrence of Botryococcus, an aquatic algae, in three samples and a more substantial presence of birch, which, based on other wetland and aquatic markers, could represent bog birch (Betula glandulosa). Birch is present at Water Canyon as late as 9279 cal yr BP, but is most abun-dant before 10,000 cal yr BP. The diagnostic early Holocene microfossils are also evident in the 2012 samples. Based on the master database (Appendix M), the microfossils occur primarily between 9700 and 11,000 cal yr BP. Research on one of the forms

(Concentricystes/ Pseudoschizaeae) indicates it is found in wetland and/or marsh environments with strong seasonal fluctuations (Scott 1992). Since all three microfossils occur only within the early Holo-cene black mat samples, the forms are interpreted to relate to wetland or aquatic environments.

The view of the early Holocene at Water Canyon approximately 11,000 to 10,000 cal yr BP is of a wet meadow bordering a creek or possibly a cienega-style stream characterized by intercon-nected pools interspersed with wetlands and marshy areas. Grasses were the dominant plant species, and sage, probably herbaceous meadow sages (see Smith 2012:56), were abundant. There is no evidence of pine or juniper trees, but there are glimpses of woody shrubs of birch and possibly alder and heather family (Ericaceae). The previous studies indicate members of the Rose family, such as cherry, may have been relatively common at the site. There is also evidence for a variety of flowering herbaceous plants that would have thrived in wet-land habitats, such as checkermallow and lily family genera. The composite record indicates a land-scape characterized by a mosaic of different veg-etation communities for which there is no modern analog. In addition to presence of water, the variety of shrubs, grasses, and herbs would have provided important forage resources for bison.

Fossil Snails from the Water Canyon Site, Preliminary Analysis

Stephen A. Hall, Red Rock Geological Enterprises, Santa Fe, NM

The shell material reported herein was recovered during flotation analysis of prehistoric sediment from various stratigraphic levels of the Water Canyon Site. All of the shell material was identified, although identification could not be assigned with certainty to a few fragments of broken shells.

Locus 1 and Locus 3

Thirty-six (36) snail shells and identifiable shell fragments are documented from Locus 1 and Locus 3. All of the shells are of one species, Hawaiia mi-nuscula (Binney 1840) with the common name “minute gem.” Also, in a rare occurrence, 32 fossil


snail eggs were recovered by the flotation process. The results of the identification of the recovered shell material from Locus 1 and Locus 3 are listed in Table 3.6.

H. minuscula is a land snail that and occurs throughout much of New Mexico as well as North America in general. The aragonitic shells from the Water Canyon site are well preserved and do not exhibit the chalky texture that is a result of the fos-silization process with the alteration of aragonite to calcite. The shells are 1.8 to 2.6 mm diameter. The shells occur sporadically in the alluvium at the site and are not concentrated in lenses or zones.

Today, the species occurs on the floodplains of the Rio Grande and Pecos valleys (Metcalf and Smartt 1997b). In a transect along the slopes of Si-erra Blanca, H. minuscula was collected at stations located at elevations from 6800 to 8800 feet (Dillon and Metcalf 1997). The molluscan fauna of the Water Canyon drainage and the Magdalena Moun-

tains has not been investigated although it is likely that H. minuscula occurs there in moist habitats.

The species is a common component of many Pleistocene and Holocene fossil assemblages in New Mexico and the surrounding region (Met-calf and Smartt 1997). H. minuscula occurs in the Scholle wet meadow deposit along Abo Arroyo (Hall et al. 2012). The species also occurs throughout the late Holocene alluvium along Abo Arroyo (Hall 2011) and at Chaco Canyon (Hall 1980). And, the species has been reported as a component of the four-species molluscan fauna of late Holocene al-luvium in semi-arid southeastern New Mexico (Hall 2015). The late Holocene alluvial records overall in-dicate slightly wetter conditions than seen today. Overall, the presence of H. minuscula at the Water Canyon site is also indicative of the presence of less dry conditions than occurring today.

The recovery of snail eggs from the deposits at the Water Canyon site is most unusual, at least

Table 3.6. Snail Fauna from Locus 1 and Locus 3, Water Canyon Site.

FS No. Recovery No. Elements Comments

1005 cf. Hawaiia minuscula 2 shell fragments Aragonitic 1025 Hawaiia minuscula 2 shells (+ 1 fragment) Well-‐preserved 1035 Hawaiia minuscula 1 shell (+ 1 fragment) Well-‐preserved 3031 Hawaiia minuscula 4 shells Well-‐preserved

3032 (Bundle #2) Hawaiia minuscula 3 shells Well-‐preserved

Snail eggs 8


Snail eggs 5 3033 (Bundle #1) Hawaiia minuscula 4 shells Well-‐preserved

Snail eggs 1 3033 (Bundle #2) Hawaiia minuscula 2 shells (+ 1 fragment) Well-‐preserved

Snail eggs 8

3033 (Bundle #3) Hawaiia minuscula 5 shells Well-‐preserved, 1 shell chalky

Snail eggs 10


Snail eggs 2


Snail eggs 3

Table 3.6. Snail Fauna from Loci 1 and 3, Water Canyon Site, Socorro Co., New Mexico.


with regard to what is reported in the literature. Snail eggs may be common in sedimentary deposits containing a molluscan fauna, but they are seldom recovered or recognized for what they are. Overall, the morphology of snail eggs is variable from genus to genus, and it might be possible one day to make a general identification of them, at least to genus. However, at this time, the literature on snail eggs is thin, and identifying them is not possible. In this particular case, however, the fact that only one species of snail has been recovered in the float samples, Hawaiia minuscula, it is possible that all of the eggs belong to that species.

The 32 snail eggs exhibit a variable morphology. They are all round with a slight elliptical shape. They range in size from 0.9 to 1.5 mm in diameter. The eggs have a hollow interior and the shell mate-rial of some eggs has a pearly luster, similar to that of the shells of unionid clams. The surface of the eggshells is smooth to bumpy as observed under a 10X binocular microscope. The shell material may be in part aragonite; it effervesces only slightly in 10% hydrochloric acid. The presence of fossilized snail eggs is seldom reported. The only published reference known to me is from a late Pleistocene molluscan fauna of 18 species from South Texas. In that record, the average size of three snail eggs is 4.5 mm, much larger than those from Water Canyon (Conkin et al. 1962).

Overall, the presence of the land snail Hawaiia minuscula in the sediments at the Water Canyon site indicates the dominance of slightly damp mi-crohabitats such as occurs along floodplains of small drainages. It is likely that the species occurs today farther upstream from the site where leaves scattered across the ground from local riparian trees and shrubs provide damp soil habitats that are not prone to continual desiccation.

Locus 5

The snail fauna from Locus 5 differs signifi-cantly from that of Locus 1 and Locus 3, although the paleoenvironments of the different Locus areas at the site may have been similar. In the Locus 1 and Locus 3 area, only one species, Hawaiia minuscula, was recovered from eleven large float samples. At Locus 5, shells from seven snail species were recov-ered, including H. minuscula. The snail fauna by FS No. is listed in Table 3.7.

All of the snails from Locus 5 (and Locus 1 and Locus 3) are terrestrial species; aquatic species were not recovered from the deposits at the Water Canyon site. The following is a summary of the oc-currences of these species in New Mexico, taken largely from Metcalf and Smartt (1997a).

Gastrocopta cristata. This species is the best ex-ample of a floodplain species, occurring along the Pecos River valley and its tributaries and along stream valleys in northeastern and east-central New Mexico where it is found under leaf litter, especially in cottonwood groves. It is generally re-stricted to lower elevations in New Mexico and has not been reported from montane valleys.

Gastrocopta pentodon. In the Southwest, the species Gastrocopta pentodon and G. tappaniana exhibit similar and overlapping shell morphology. Ashbaugh and Metcalf (1986) illustrate the range in shell morphology from the late Pleistocene Keen Spring deposits, Lincoln Co., New Mexico, in their Figure 13. The overlapping morphology of their shells has been discussed by others in the lit-erature. One of the observations made by all field workers is that the more slender pentodon and the more ovoid tappaniana tend to occur in different habitats: the form tappaniana more common in low, damp places and the form pentodon more common in drier, open areas. Because of the simi-larity in morphology, even though both forms occur as fossils in New Mexico, Metcalf and his students have reported the species as G. pentodon (Ash-baugh and Metcalf 1986).

The recent analysis of the morphology of nu-merous shells from the eastern U.S. using factor analysis and discriminant function analysis resulted in a clear distinction of the two forms, pentodon and tappaniana, supporting a view that they are separate species (Pearce et al. 2007). They further found that G. pentodon occurred in both dry and wet habitats, although more commonly in drier places, while G. tappaniana occurred primarily in wet habitats, confirming earlier field observations by others (discussed by Metcalf and Smartt 1997b, p. 29).

The Water Canyon shells are of the G. pentodon form of shell morphology, similar to the slender shells illustrated in Figure 13-6 in Ashbaugh and Metcalf (1986), indicating a dry to damp, but not wet, habitat.


Hawaiia minuscula. This species occurs throughout New Mexico at low and high elevation. It has been collected between 7200 and 9200 feet elevation on Mount Taylor. It is commonly found in late Holo-cene alluvium, indicating a response to the slightly damper late Holocene environment.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni. It is found throughout New Mexico at low elevations in the mountains and under leaf litter. It has been collected from 6400 to 10,400 feet elevation on Sierra Blanca although it is not common.

Nesovitrea hammonis. This species is not common in New Mexico. It occurs predominantly in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and on Mount Taylor in the northern region of the state. It has been found between 6800 and 10,000 feet elevation. It occurs in leaf litter and around and under stones and logs, where the soil is damp.

Pupoides hordaceus. This species is found in pinyon-juniper woodlands and at other compara-tively dry habitats under leaf litter in shrub grass-lands.

Vallonia gracilicosta. This species is one of the more common land snails in the prairie region of northeastern New Mexico. It is less common in the western part of the state and is found in lower el-evations around 5400 feet where it is dry.

Discussion and Conclusions

The presence of only one species Hawaiia mi-nuscula in the samples from Locus 1 and Locus 3 is unusual. In other studies of deposits where snail shells are present, it is uncommon to have just one species, even in the driest of habitats. One pos-sible explanation is that the H. minuscula shells at Locus 1 and Locus 3 may represent a local, in situ population of that species on the narrow flood-plain of the small waterways. Sediment deposition would occur sporadically and slowly if the stream discharge was low. Low discharge would also be less likely to transport shells of other species from other habitats and places higher in the watershed. In contrast, the fauna of seven species of land snails recovered from Locus 5 may represent a mix of damp and dry habitats, suggesting that many (or all) of the shells may have been transported from upstream habitats by greater stream discharge and deposited together in Locus 5 alluvium.

Another noteworthy aspect of the Water Canyon snail record is the absence of Succinea sp. or the Family Succineidae. Species in this group are difficult to identify by shell alone. However, Succin-eids are one of the more common land snails found in dry regions, such as in southeastern New Mexico. Succineids are reported from dry the floodplain and canyon walls along Peñasco Canyon in the Sac-ramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico (Dillon and Metcalf 1997). However, they are not

Table 3.7. Snail Fauna from Locus 5, Water Canyon Site.

Species FS No. 5059

FS No. 5076

FS No. 5085

FS No. 5092

FS No. 5100

FS No. 5107

FS No. 5109

Gastrocopta cristata 3

Gastrocopta pentodon 1 4 2

Hawaiia minuscula 2 1 7 7 4 1

Helicodiscus eigenmanni 2 25 13 3 8 4

Nesovitrea electrina 1

Pupoides hordaceous 1 1 1

Vallonia gracilicosta 1 1 5 2

No. of shells 7 2 46 25 7 8 5

Note: total number of shells is 100.

Table 3.7. Snail Fauna from Locus 5, Water Canyon Site, Socorro Co., New Mexico.


reported from transects in the wetter, cooler moun-tains of northern New Mexico (Dillon and Metcalf 1997). The absence of succineids at Water Canyon supports an interpretation of a damp environment for that place and for that time of deposition of the sampled sediments.

The small fauna of seven species of land snails appears to represent a mix of both damp and dry habitats. The species Hawaiia minuscula and Nesovitrea hammonis are the more indicative of damp and perhaps cooler habitats and environ-ments. The species Gastrocopta cristata, Pupoides hordaceus, and Vallonia gracilicosta are gener-ally common in dry habitats. The species Gas-trocopta pentodon and Helicodiscus eigenmanni occur in a wide range of damp and dry places. The overall paleoecology of this assemblage of land snails suggests that the fauna represents a mix of damp and dry places. This interpretation is com-patible with a diverse landscape similar to that of today but with an overall slightly wetter, cooler climate, resulting in damp habitats along narrow floodplains, damp cool habitats on the adjacent mountain slopes, and dry habitats on the broad piedmont valley surrounding the Water Canyon site. Unfortunately, the modern molluscan fauna of the nearby Magdalena Mountains and adjacent piedmont slopes is unstudied. An understanding of the modern fauna and distribution of species would assist the interpretation of the fossil fauna at the Water Canyon site.

Summary of Chronometric (14C and OSL) Dates and Temporal Diagnostics

As mentioned previously in this report, our pri-mary research goal at Water Canyon, for the 2012 and 2013 field seasons, was to continue to “in-vestigate the potential of the site to reveal, with fine-grained temporal resolution, changes in the paleo-hydrologic regime, paleo-ecological commu-nities and, perhaps, human adaptations (as seen in the archaeological record), across the late Pleisto-cene-early Holocene transition.” Clearly then, the recovery and chronometric analysis of dateable samples are critical for additional temporal resolu-tion at the site. The 14C and OSL chronometric dates that are discussed below provide temporal frame-works for our on-going paleoenvironmental recon-

struction and for our model of landform evolution at the site, respectively.

Radiocarbon Dates for Samples Collected in 2012 and 2013

Of the radiocarbon samples recovered for anal-ysis during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons, a suite of 16 radiocarbon samples were sent to either Beta Analytic, Inc., in Miami, FL, or to the University of Arizona NSF AMS facility in Tucson, AZ. (see Ap-pendices A and F; Table 3.8). The 11 samples from excavation Units 1-6 and 1-9 in Locus 1, and from the Big Wash cut-bank, provided additional tem-poral resolution to our pollen-based paleoenviron-mental reconstruction. Please see Susan Smith’s contribution earlier in this chapter for an in-depth discussion. The dates from Units 1-6 and 1-9 also shed some additional light on our understanding of the late Pleistocene-early Holocene deposits in Locus 1. As illustrated previously in Figure 3.4, the dates from Unit 1-6 of Locus 1 revealed that the sediment unit containing both black mat sedi-ments and gleyed sediments extend from 10,516 cal yr BP back to 13,185 cal yr BP. Previous work in Locus 1 (during 2009 and 2010) demonstrated that the black mat sediments continued on in time until about 9,400 cal yr BP.

The gleyed sediment most likely represents the iron reducing effects of a high water table (Vance Holliday, Mike Waters, Les McFadden, personal communications) and, while it appears that the dis-tinct upper limit of the gleyed sediments (between the black mat and gleyed sediments) occurred around 11,200 cal yr BP, the high water table could have occurred at about that time or later. The upper limit of the gleyed sediments has no strati-graphic implications.

The radiocarbon samples from excavation unit 5-3 in Locus 5, along with those from the Big Wash cut-bank, provide bracketing dates for that portion of the fossil wet meadow deposit (black mat) ob-served in Locus 5, ranging from ca. 8064 cal yr BP back to ca. 10,182 cal yr BP. This demonstrates that the black mat deposits seen in Locus 1, Locus 5 and in the Big Wash cut-bank are all part of the same manifestation. In addition, the bulk sediment dates that bracketed the bone in Core 12-06 in Locus 5 (at ca. 11,200 cal yr BP) mirror the earliest date for the high water table, seen as gleyed sediment, in Unit


1-6 of Locus 1. This suggests the possibility that one of the wettest periods at Water Canyon may have been during the Cody occupation. All radiocarbon laboratory reports are provided in Appendix N.

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dates for Samples Collected in 2012 and 2013

Fifteen OSL samples were collected in the field during the 2012 (n = 10) and 2013 (n = 5) seasons

(see Table 3.9), although only 11 were submitted for dating. The 2012 samples all came from backhoe trenches (BHT) 4, 5 and 6 in Loci 3, 2 and 1, respec-tively, and the 2013 samples came from Locus 5. All of these samples were collected with the goal of building a temporal framework for the development of the landforms in each of those loci. The analysis of OSL samples was completed by Dr. Ron Goble at the University of Nebraska, and his report and data are provided in Appendix O.

Table 3.8. Provenience Data and Dates for Radiocarbon Samples, 2012 and 2013.

FS No.

Lab No. Prov. Grid E

(m) Grid N

(m)

Grid Elev (m)

Conventional 14C Date

2-‐sigma Cal yr BP

Notes

1274 AA103849 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

8B 508.978 509.347 48.03 9310 ± 52 10,516 ± 146 in strat order

1273 AA103848 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

10B 508.975 509.346 47.823 9482 ± 62

10,727 ± 155 (0.73)

11,005 ± 78 (0.27)

in strat order

1272 AA103847 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

11B 508.991 509.348 47.7 9776 ± 61 11,199 ± 114

statistically the same as FS 1270 & 1271

1271 AA103815 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

13A 508.994 509.347 47.571 9815 ± 48 11,242 ± 69


1270 AA103814 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

14B 508.999 509.349 47.406 9752 ± 47 11,122 ± 127


1269 AA103813 Unit 1-‐9, Lev.

16A 509.004 509.351 47.28 9010 ± 55

10,185 ± 67 (0.77) 9996 ±

71 (0.23)

out of stratigraphic order

1280 AA103852 SE wall, big

wash 536.594 556.962 45.406 7228 ± 46 8064 ± 97 in strat order





5007 AA103920 Unit 5-‐3 / Level 1

527.864 521.068 46.017 8394 ± 45 9442 ± 40 in strat order

5071 AA103921 Unit 5-‐3 / Level 2

527.329 521.341 45.814 8776 ± 62 9786 ± 124 in strat order

5096 AA104050 Unit 5-‐3 / Level 4

527.581 521.774 45.673 8955 ± 57 10,070 ± 158 in strat order

5105 AA104051 Unit 5-‐3 / Level 5

527.527 521.883 45.574 8623 ± 89 9681 ± 209 out of stratigraphic order

5124 AA104111 Unit 5-‐3 / Level 6

527.580 521.886 45.483 8997 ± 53

10,181.5 ± 64.5 (0.71)

9995.5 ± 72.5 (0.29)

in strat order

1231 373606 Unit 1-‐6, Lev.

16A 509.344 509.955 47.293 11310 ± 50 13185 ± 95 in strat order

1232 373607 Unit 1-‐6, Lev.

16A 509.270 509.953 47.291 11310 ± 50 13185 ± 95 in strat order

Table 3.8. Provenience Data and Dates for Radiocarbon Samples, 2012 and 2013.


The three dated OSL samples from BHT 4 (FS 1289–1291) in Locus 3, were recovered from Profile 2 (see Figure 3.9) at 28 cm, 80 cm and 120 cm below the surface which, respectively, represent the 2Btb1, 4Bk2b2 and 5Coxk soil units. The dates returned for these sample locations are 8070 ± 380 cal yr BP (early Archaic), 12,300 ± 500 cal yr BP (late Folsom) and 18,000 ± 700 cal yr BP (just after the Last Glacial Maximum [LGM]). This is quite provocative because it suggests that sediment units exist in Locus 3 that could contain intact Paleoindian deposits (Late Pa-leoindian, Folsom, Clovis and pre-Clovis).

The OSL sample FS 1286 taken from Profile 1 of BHT 5, Locus 2 (2-4Btkb1-2), reveals that the cobble-laden Pleistocene landform dates to about 36,500 ± 450 cal yr BP (Figure 3.10). The OSL

sample FS 1285, taken from Profile 2 of the same trench (Coxk), reveals that the sediments filling the paleochannel inset into this Pleistocene landform date to 30,800 ± 170 cal yr BP. Clearly, the process of channel incision and filling that is apparent at the Water Canyon site even today, was on-going during the Pleistocene geological epoch. It is addi-tionally possible that the paleochannel seen in the BHT 5 profile is a pre-cursor to the Big Wash we see coursing through the site today.

The single OSL sample (FS 1288) recovered at 47 cm below the surface from Profile 2 of BHT 6, Locus 1 (4Bk1b3), provides an age of 18,000 ± 800 (Figure 3.11). This sediment unit was also appar-ently deposited slightly after the LGM. Thus, we see two similar age sediment units occurring on both

Table 3.9. Provenience Data and Dates for OSL Samples Collected in 2012 and 2013.

FS No.

Sample Name Location North Grid Coordinate

(m)

East Grid Coordinate

(m)

Base of Sample Grid

Elevation (m)

Depth Below

Surface (m)

Date (Cal kyrs BP)

1283 WC-‐12/OSL-‐1 BHT-‐5/Profile 2 553.485 424.711 54.134 -‐-‐-‐ n/a


1285 WC-‐12/OSL-‐3 1 BHT-‐5/Profile 2 553.661 424.914 53.243 1.03 30.8 ± 1.70




1289 WC-‐12/OSL 1 BHT-‐4/Profile 2 639.191 484.505 50.799 0.28 8.07 ± 0.38




5136 OSL 5-‐2 1

Locus 5: In West wall below well-‐developed soil at top / Highest in channel aggrading

sediments

521.273 520.821 48.802 0.33 6.48 ± 0.25

5027 OSL 5-‐1 1

Locus 5: Upper South wall, top stepped tier, in S wall profile, SW

corner of Excavation Pit

516.131 521.472 48.675 0.57 6.56 ± 0.26

5137 OSL 5-‐3 1 Locus 5: In west wall / 3rd lowest in channel aggrading sediments

518.862 522.030 47.932 1.28 8.54 ± 0.39

5138 OSL 5-‐4 1 Locus 5: South wall

opposite Unit 5-‐1 /2nd lowest in channel fill

518.491 524.149 46.761 2.33 9.21 ± 0.44 (MAM=6.20 ± 0.57)

5139 OSL 5-‐5 1 Locus 5: South wall opposite Unit 5-‐1 / Lowest in channel fill

518.589 524.099 46.116 2.98 9.02 ± 0.49

1 Recommended by geoarchaeologist for chronometric analysis

Table 3.9. Provenience Data and Dates for OSL Samples Collected in 2012 and 2013.


the north and south sides of the Water Canyon site, at the base of Pleistocene age landforms. These latter landforms, which are at least 36,000 years old, represent the distal end of the large alluvial fan (bajada) emanating from the west side of the Magdalena Mountains. The black mat sediments (fossil wet meadow), which were documented in BHT 3 during the 2009 field season in Locus 1, are not visible in the profile of the BHT 6 in the same locus as they pinched out further to the north. So, a portion of the surface artifact scatter documented previously in Locus 1 rests beyond the edge of the black mat, suggesting that the late Paleoindian oc-cupants of Locus 1 were utilizing the drier surface at the edge of the wet meadow deposit. The FS 61 and FS 62 samples illustrated in or near the BHT 6 Profile 2 (Figure 3.11) were collected as 14C samples but were undateable (no organic content).

Finally, we dated a suite of five OSL samples (FS 5027, 5136-5139) recovered during the 2013 field season from the fine alluvial sediment deposited in the paleochannel observed at the southern por-tion and southwest corner of the Locus 5 pit ex-cavation (see Figure 3.12). These dates provide an

instructive chronological framework for part of the landform evolution at Water Canyon. We currently believe that the Pleistocene age fan deposit in the center of the site, was truncated by a paleochannel that probably represents an ancient meander of the Big Wash. This meander may have represented an earlier configuration of the Big Wash during a period of lower flow velocity that cut from north-to-south across the distal end of the fan, creating a possible cut bank over which the Cody Complex hunters drove the Bison antiquus herd. Based on our current evidence, this bison kill scenario oc-curred around 11,200 cal yr BP.

Following that, perhaps during a period of higher velocity channel flows and greater sedi-ment movement between 11,200 and 9,200 cal yr BP, the Big Wash assumed its current configura-tion and the alluvial fan buried the Cody bone bed. Beginning around 9,200 cal yr BP, an older version of No Name Arroyo cut through the south end of the buried bone bed and began refilling sometime around 9200 cal yr BP (FS 5138 and FS 5139). The deposition of alluvial sediment in the ancient No Name Arroyo channel continued until about 6,480

Figure 3.9. OSL Dates from Backhoe Trench 4.


cal yr BP (FS 5136), at which point the entire pa-leochannel had filled. Another soil subsequently developed, covering the top of the paleochannel and the original fan landform.

Temporally Diagnostic Artifacts in Locus 4 and Locus 5

As mentioned previously in this report, a re-sharpened Eden point was recovered from the

bison bone bed (Unit 5-1 of Locus 5) during the 2013 field season. This point was nearly complete (tip missing; see Figure 3.13a) and was found in-situ (at 45.70 m grid elevation). It is worth noting, how-ever, that the point was recovered from a location extremely close to intrusive arroyo fill deposits. The excavator’s notes suggest that the point was found approximately 3 cm north of, and approximately 10 cm below, the alluvial sediments. While bulk sedi-ment calibrated radiocarbon dates in Locus 5 (re-



Figure 3.12. Paleochannel in Locus 5.



ported previously in Dello-Russo 2012) suggest a date of 11,099 cal yr BP for the bone bed deposit in which the Eden point was found, that date falls on the older end of the date range (ca. 9,560–11,200 cal yr BP) for the Cody Complex (of which the Eden point is a part; Knell and Muñiz 2013). As such, it is possible that the bison bone bed in Locus 5 repre-sents an early Cody Complex manifestation in the American West, certainly the only well-dated Cody Complex occupation in the Rio Grande Valley and perhaps the earliest dated Cody Complex occupa-tion in New Mexico. Alternately, it is possible that the Eden point was not actually recovered in situ and had been redeposited by the actions of the in-trusive arroyo (paleochannel).

The OSL dates discussed above for the intru-sive paleochannel in Locus 5 suggest that the fill started being deposited around 9000 cal yr BP, which is too recent for the Cody Complex. Given this, we lean toward accepting that the point was found in situ within the bone bed, until other chro-nometric dates from the bone bed become avail-able. Finally, it is possible that the bison bones uncovered in Locus 5 are younger than 11,200 cal yr BP and were pushed down into older black mat sediments. These issues thus underscore the need to date the bone bed. Because the bones excavated in 2013 from Locus 5 are poorly preserved, efforts are currently underway to date some of the better preserved Bison antiquus teeth.

In addition, the metrics of the resharpened Eden point recovered in Locus 5 are of interest. As is ap-parent in Table 3.10, the metrics of the Locus 5 Eden point’s base are strikingly similar to the base metrics for the yellow silicified rhyolite Eden base (Figure 3.13b) recovered previously in nearby Locus 4.

The Eden point base found in Locus 4 was origi-nally typed as a Scottsbluff point. In comparing this base, which is taller than it is wide, to a Scottsbluff point recovered from the Blackwater Draw site (Figure 3.14) (which has a base that is wider than it is tall), it seems probable that the Locus 4 artifact is actually the base of an Eden point, given its strong similarity to the Eden point in Locus 5.

Thus, the metric similarities suggest a temporal, and perhaps a functional, relationship between the Locus 5 bison bone bed and the Locus 4 possible campsite. These potential associations point to the need for test excavations in Locus 4, in order to re-cover additional diagnostics and chronometrics.

Temporally Diagnostic Artifacts in Locus 1

During a surface inventory during the Spring 2009 field season (Dello-Russo 2010) a biface mid-section (FS 61) was recovered in Locus 1 (Figure 3.15a) at 478.65N/483.12E grid coordinates. The artifact is made of a tan-colored siltstone with an orange linear inclusion trending through the arti-fact from its distal to its proximal end. The flakes on the artifact appear to have been removed in a par-allel diagonal pattern, suggestive of a late Paleoin-dian type. The artifact was interpreted as a portion of a project point or hafted knife fragment.

During the a second surface inventory during the 2012 field season, subsequent to an intense thunderstorm that sent a large volume of sheet-wash across Locus 1, a second tan siltstone arti-fact (FS 1296) with bright orange linear inclusions (Figure 3.15b) was discovered at 479.90N/486.87E grid coordinates. Both faces of this artifact also ex-hibit a parallel diagonal flaking pattern. This artifact articulates with the previously discovered biface mid-section and represents the base of the late Pa-leoindian projectile point or hafted knife.

Given that the parallel, diagonal flaking pattern on the Locus 1 projectile point (or hafted knife) is considered to be diagnostic of the late Paleoindian period (Pitblado 2003:79-124), and given that the femur excavated in Locus 1 was dated to the late Paleoindian period (cal BP 9300), it is possible that the surface artifact scatter in Locus 1 is tempo-rally and functionally associated with the adjacent buried Bison antiquus bone bed in the portion of Locus 1 adjacent to No-Name Arroyo. This would suggest a possible Angostura phase for this compo-nent (Pitblado 2003:112–116).

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts Recovered in 2012 and 2013

A small number of obsidian flakes were recovered in 2012 and 2013 from Locus 1 (n = 2) and Locus 5 (n = 4) and submitted to Dr. Steven Shackley for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The results of this analysis are fully reported in Appendix P of this report. They indicated that the two flakes re-covered in Locus 1 (Fs Nos. 1050 and 1293) were originally from the Horace Mesa source area at Mt. Taylor in northwestern New Mexico. One of


the obsidian flakes from Locus 5 (FS 5001) was also sourced to Mt. Taylor but, due to its small sample size, could not specifically be sourced to the Horace Mesa or Grants Ridge location.

As indicated in Table 3.11, the majority (n = 16) of obsidian flakes recovered to date at Water Canyon are sourced to Mt. Taylor locations (Grants Ridge, Horace Mesa or Mt. Taylor in general) and only eight are sourced to Jemez Mountain locations (Valles Rhyolite [or Cerro del Medio] and Cerro To-ledo Rhyolite). All of these Mt. Taylor and Jemez Mountain obsidians, except those from the Cerro del Medio location, could have been retrieved from Rio Grande Quaternary alluvium. In contrast, the Cerro del Medio obsidians and the two rares (Mule

Creek location [in southwest New Mexico] and the McDaniel Tank location [on the west side of the Magdalena Mountains]) would have required di-rect access to the source.

Residue Analysis of Eden Projectile Point from Locus 5

Since the Eden projectile point (FS 581) was recov-ered in situ at the edge of the Locus 5 bone bed, the point was submitted to the Laboratory of Ar-chaeological Sciences in Bakersfield, CA for protein residue analysis. Unfortunately, the laboratory re-sults (provided in Appendix Q) were negative.

Figure 3.13[a,b]. Eden Points from Locus 4 and Locus 5. Figure 3.13a (left): Resharpened Eden point (FS 5081) re-covered in situ from Study Unit 5-1; Figure 3.13b (right): Eden point base (FS 63) recovered in situ from Locus 4.

Table 3.10. Base Metrics for Cody Complex Projectile Points in Loci 4 and 5.

FS Number / Locus

Point Type Max. Stem Width (mm)

Max. Basal Thick (mm)

Depth Basal Concavity (mm)

FS 63 / 4 Eden base 20.9 5.5 0.5 FS 5081 / 5 Resharpened Eden 18.9 5.5 0.5

Table 3.10. Base Metrics for Cody Complex (Eden) Projectile Points in Loci 4 and 5.


Figure 3.14. Scottsbluff Point from Blackwater Draw Site (photo: G. Crawford).

Figure 3.15[a,b]. Articulating Late Paleoindian Artifacts from Locus 1. Figure 3.15a (left): a. mid-section siltstone projectile point or hafted knife (FS 61); Figure 3.15b (right): b. Base siltstone projectile point or hafted knife (FS 1296).


Table 3.11. XRF Source Data for Obsidian Artifacts from Water Canyon.

Field Sample No. Source

39A Mule Cr/AC-‐MM 39B Mount Taylor 40 Mount Taylor 1006 Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) 1017 Mount Taylor 1020 Mount Taylor 1026-‐3 Mount Taylor 1026-‐5 Valles Rhy (Cerro del Medio) 1041 Valles Rhy (Cerro del Medio) 1044 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1030 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1057-‐6 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1057-‐7 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1075 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1078 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1088A Cerro Toledo Rhy 1088F Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) 1126 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1159 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1228 Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) 1050 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1293 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 5001 Mount Taylor 5111 McDaniel Tank (Magdalena Mts) 5036 Cerro Toledo Rhyolite 5078 Cerro Toledo Rhyolite

Table 3.11. XRF Source Data for Obsidian Artifacts from Water Canyon.

61

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Conclusions

The Water Canyon site resides near the intersec-tions of several geological provinces and biotic zones, including the Basin and Range province, the Chihuahuan Desert, the Rio Grande rift, and the Colorado Plateau where many faunal, insect and floral species exist at the limits of their biological ranges. Accordingly, some researchers argue that climatic changes in such settings should evince relatively rapid shifts in species representation and distribution within communities. For example, early Holocene drying trends in the Southwest are believed to have negatively affected the general productivity of regional biotic communities and led, in turn, to relatively rapid reductions in the numbers of hunter prey species, such as bison and other megafauna. However, such trajectories could have been buffered by biologically diverse and rela-tively moist wetland settings, such as those found during the early Holocene at the Water Canyon site. In such situations, the decline of high water ta-bles would have lagged behind the general climatic drying and thus allowed for the persistence of grass and shrub resources for perhaps as much as sev-eral thousand years during the early Holocene. As regional environmental productivity dropped over time in concert with increasing drought, these rela-tively rich wetlands would have become increas-ingly attractive to bison and, as a consequence, to human forager groups.

While there are other known Paleoindian sites in the surrounding region (Amick et al. 1998; Beckett 1980; Dello-Russo 2004; 2001, 1997; Dello-Russo and Walker 2008; Dello-Russo et al. 2004; Hill et al. 2007; Huckell 2002; Huckell and Kilby 2000; Huckell and Ruth 2004; Huckell et al. 2008; Hurt and McKnight 1949; Judge 1973; LeTourneau and Weber 2004; Weber and Agogino 1997), the co-occurrence of Paleoindian deposits, faunal re-mains and a high-resolution paleoenvironmental

record from the same era are rare. Stratigraphically intact deposits from multiple Paleoindian compo-nents are also rare in the Southwest. For the region of New Mexico west of the Pecos River, all of these are uniquely represented at the Water Canyon site.

The preceding characterization of the Water Canyon site continues to be supported by our find-ings during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons. This report provides the reader with a provocative new suite of research results where: 1) we review new faunal and lithic findings about the late Paleoindian Bison antiquus bone bed in Locus 1; 2) we review initial investigations into the newly discovered Cody Complex Bison antiquus bone bed in Locus 5; 3) through our efforts with pollen, macrobotanical and land snail analyses, we further develop the pa-leoecological reconstruction for the site; 4) with a new group of radiocarbon and OSL dates, we ex-pand our chronometric database to further refine the temporal frameworks for the development of the fossil wet meadow deposit (black mat), the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruc-tions for the site, and the evolution of the land-forms at the site; 5) through the XRF analysis of obsidian artifacts, we shed additional light on the scale of mobility and/or trade undertaken by the site’s Paleoindian occupants; and 6) we are refining our understanding of temporally diagnostic arti-facts at the site.

If, through our on-going interdisciplinary inves-tigations, the site continues to demonstrate its po-tential as a repository of multiple robust data sets, we will develop a fuller sense of the site as it was during the dynamic, late Pleistocene-early Holo-cene transition, and begin to understand the ways in which human and bison behaviors changed over that period as well. We will also clarify our under-standing of the paleoecology of west-central New Mexico.

63

five

Suggestions for Future Research at the Water Canyon Site

Additional Hand Excavations in Locus 1

There are likely to be additional Bison antiquus re-mains in Locus 1, particularly further east in the current excavation block. Given the high degree of faunal preservation in this part of the site, this block should be re-opened and additional excava-tions should be undertaken there. In addition, we believe that the artifact scatter located uphill of the bone bed represents the remains of a late Paleo-indian camp area associated with the bone bed. Accordingly, the surface artifact scatter should be re-mapped and collected for laboratory analysis, after which a new block of hand-excavated study units should be established uphill (to the south-west) of the current excavation block. These exca-vations can help establish the true nature of the uphill artifact scatter and further clarify its relation-ship with the bone bed.

Additional Hand Excavations in Locus 3

The OSL dates returned from BHT 4 indicate that there are sediments dating to the terminal Pleis-tocene in Locus 3 and there is an intact sediment unit that dates to the period just after the LGM, ca. 18,000 years ago. Accordingly, it is possible that sub-surface sediments in Locus 3 may contain in-tact Clovis age cultural deposits and sediments lower in the profile at Locus 3 may contain intact pre-Clovis age deposits. Excavations completed at Locus 3 in 2010 suggest that a broadly distributed lithic artifact scatter exists across the entire aban-doned flood plain landform. Possible evidence for the existence of a buried thermal feature in Locus 3 was recovered in 2010 in the form of thermally altered lithics and possible fire-cracked rock. These lines of geological, chronometric and artifact evi-

dence, together with the nearby presence of a Clovis point base, underscore the possibility of finding Clovis age, or even pre-Clovis age, cultural deposits at Locus 3. Thus, continued block excava-tions in Locus 3 should investigate the areas be-tween the 2010 excavations and BHT4.

New Hand and Mechanical Excavations in Locus 4

Given that we have observed possible fossil wet meadow (black mat) deposits in the cut bank of a small arroyo that courses from west-to-east across the north edge of Locus 4, that the artifact scatter in Locus 4 occupies a similar landscape position to that in Locus 1, and that the artifact scatter in Locus 1 (which we have interpreted as a possible camp location) exists slightly above and at the edge of the black mat deposit, we thought it possible that the Locus 4 scatter represents the remains of late Paleoindian (Cody Complex?) camp area, situated in a similar position relative to the black mat.

In addition, given the morphological and metric similarities of the Eden point base recovered in Locus 4 to that of the Eden point recovered in the Locus 5 bone bed, we also believe it possible that the Locus 4 scatter is temporally and functionally related to the Locus 5 bone bed.

Accordingly, we suggest that the surface arti-fact scatter in Locus 4 should first be re-mapped and then collected and analyzed in the laboratory. Following that, a trench should be mechanically ex-cavated in Locus 4 to allow for an investigation of the stratigraphy and the collection of chronometric, microbiological and sediment samples. Finally, at least 2 blocks of hand-excavated study units should be opened in Locus 4 to investigate the potential for buried, intact cultural deposits and to allow for the sampling of thermal features, if present.


Additional Hand and Mechanical Excavations in Locus 5

The previously completed mechanical cores and study unit hand-excavations in Locus 5 have dem-onstrated the presence of a Cody-age Bison anti-quus bone bed. This faunal assemblage appears to slope down from the southwest to the northeast, dropping almost 45 cm over a horizontal distance of 7 m, or at a slope of about 3.7 degrees. Cur-rently, the horizontal extent of the bone bed is un-known, the nature of sediments beneath the bone bed is unknown, and the presence of rounded, alluvial cobbles and a stone line in the southwest portion of the deposit are unexplained (although they are thought to represent the base of an al-luvial cut-bank and an alluvial manifestation of an ancient meander). In addition, the chronometric date of the bones in the deposit (as opposed to the sediment in the deposit) is unknown.

Accordingly, we suggest that additional hand-excavated study units be opened in the southern and southwestern portions of the bone bed (where the bones are currently most accessible) to continue to explore for the lower limits of the deposit and to search for additional diagnostic artifacts. Additional study units placed along the extreme southwestern edge of the deposit may inform us more about the nature of the land forms during Cody times. Finally, it is recommended that a mechanical trench be dug with a backhoe along the northern end of the bone bed to explore for the horizontal and lower limits of the deposit and to reveal the subsurface stratigraphy in that re-

gion of the site. A stratigraphic profile should be documented in that trench and chronometric, microbiological and sediment samples should be recovered.

Additional Mechanical Coring Between Locus 1 and Locus 4

During the 2013 field season, R. Dello-Russo and V. Holliday observed possible fossil wet meadow (black mat) deposits in the cut bank of a small ar-royo that courses from west-to-east across the north edge of Locus 4, suggesting that the artifact scatter documented in Locus 4 represents the re-mains of a late Paleoindian camp at the edge of the wet meadow (see discussion about Locus 4 above).

We also currently suspect that the bone de-posit in Locus 5 rests in an ancient meander of the site’s “Big Wash.” This, together with the cut bank exposure of the black mat near Locus 4 (observed in 2013), suggests that the ancient meander may have continued over into the lower elevation area between Locus 1, Locus 5 and Locus 4 and may contain additional black mat deposits and, pos-sibly, additional faunal or other cultural deposits.

Accordingly, we suggest that additional me-chanical coring efforts, using the Giddings rig, be undertaken in the relatively low-lying area between Locus 1, Locus 5 and Locus 4. Sediments from the mechanical cores should be examined for evidence of the black mat, cultural deposits and faunal re-mains, and sampled for chronometric and micro-botanical data.

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Appendixes 69

Appendix AApp

endix A. Locus 1 -‐ Ra

diocarbo

n Samples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (FS) Log

_Fall 20

12 field season

Fall 20

12 field season

FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e D

escr

iptio

n St

udy

Uni

t /

Leve

l N

orth

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

Grid

El

evat

ion

(m)

Dat

e C

omm

ents

1098

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐17/

Lev. 2A

506.86

0 50

8.24

9 Ƶ4

8.65

7 9/

6/20

12

P.L

1101

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 4B

507.64

1 51

1.35

9 48

.406

9/

6/20

12

P.L

1120

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 5B

507.20

7 51

1.10

9 48

.311

9/

7/20

12

SW cor

ner

1122

in-‐situ

Cha

rcoa

l Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 5B

508.04

7 51

0.23

2 48

.326

9/

7/20

12

P.L

1127

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 5B

508.26

3 51

0.85

2 48

.301

9/

8/20

12

P.L m

ay be from

red

epos

ited ar

ea

1130

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 5B

508.55

4 51

0.43

7 48

.297

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1137

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6A

508.28

8 51

0.24

9 48

.249

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1142

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6A

507.25

2 51

1.12

0 48

.250

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1144

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6B

507.32

0 51

1.18

9 48

.250

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1145

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.39

6 51

0.41

9 48

.220

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1146

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.41

4 51

0.40

5 48

.209

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1147

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.43

4 51

0.40

4 48

.208

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1149

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6B

507.19

9 51

1.19

2 48

.236

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1150

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6B

507.21

0 51

1.29

8 48

.240

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1152

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6B

507.31

3 51

1.18

6 48

.235

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1156

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.42

0 51

0.40

4 48

.197

9/

8/20

12

P.L. <2m

m in

size

1162

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.29

2 51

0.87

2 48

.195

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

App

endi

x A

. Loc

us 1

—Ra

dioc

arbo

n Sa

mpl

es—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: F

all 2

012

Fiel

d Se

ason


FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e D

escr

iptio

n St

udy

Uni

t /

Leve

l N

orth

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

Grid

El

evat

ion

(m)

Dat

e C

omm

ents

1163

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10/

Lev. 6B

508.26

1 51

0.67

9 48

.198

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1170

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15/

Lev. 6B

507.31

0 51

1.80

3 48

.201

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

1174

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 7A

507.23

0 51

1.17

7 48

.199

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

1175

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 7A

507.15

1 51

1.29

9 48

.196

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

1176

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 7A

507.08

2 51

1.71

5 48

.200

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

1186

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 7A

507.87

0 51

1.29

5 48

.162

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

1187

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐10, Lev

. 7B

508.38

9 51

0.71

9 48

.136

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

1212

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.19

0 51

1.29

1 48

.046

9/

10/2

012

P.L. nea

r hu

mer

us

1213

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.14

9 51

1.39

4 48

.053

9/

10/2

012

P.L. nea

r ar

ticular

of h

umer

us

1214

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.16

0 51

1.30

7 48

.046

9/

10/2

012

P.L. nea

r ar

ticular

of h

umer

us

1221

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.43

9 51

1.87

8 48

.085

9/

11/2

012

P.L.

1224

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.59

6 51

1.60

6 48

.075

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1225

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.66

1 51

1.64

5 48

.079

9/

11/2

012

P.L.

1230

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

6 50

9.57

3 50

9.80

1 47

.286

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1231

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

6 50

9.34

4 50

9.95

5 47

.293

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1232

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

6 50

9.27

0 50

9.95

3 47

.291

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1233

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐14, Lev

. 4A

507.09

6 51

0.39

7 48

.453

9/

12/2

012

from

und

istu

rbed

gra

y m

at soil

1236

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.95

4 51

1.27

6 48

.058

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1240

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

6 50

9.78

3 50

9.76

4 47

.217

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

1244

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.75

1 51

1.80

2 48

.082

9/

12/2

012

P.L.

App

endi

x A

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 71

FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e D

escr

iptio

n St

udy

Uni

t /

Leve

l N

orth

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

)

Grid

El

evat

ion

(m)

Dat

e C

omm

ents

1248

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐15, Lev

. 8A

507.97

4 51

1.67

1 48

.092

9/

14/2

012

P.L.

1252

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il

Core

12-‐

6 52

1.33

7 52

5.09

5 45

.500

9/

14/2

012

core

sam

ple with

bon

e / ta

ken from

abo

ve (n

ot bon

e)

1253

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il

Core

12-‐

6 52

1.33

7 52

5.09

5 45

.500

9/

14/2

012

core

sam

ple with

bon

e / ta

ken from

below

(not

bon

e)

1254

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il w/

bone

inta

ct

Core

12-‐

6 52

1.33

7 52

5.09

5 45

.450

9/

14/2

012

core

sam

ple with

bon

e / ta

ken from

abo

ve and

at t

he

bone

1255

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il

Core

12-‐

6 52

1.33

7 52

5.09

5 45

.450

9/

14/2

012

core

sam

ple with

bon

e / ta

ken from

below

and

at t

he

bone

1267

Ch

arco

al

Unit 1

-‐14, Lev

. 5B

507.83

2 51

0.41

2 48

.298

9/

14/2

012

1269

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

9.00

4 50

9.35

1 47

.280

9/

14/2

012

reco

rded

as FS

126

8 in to

tal s

tatio

n; fr

om sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1270

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

8.99

9 50

9.34

9 47

.406

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1271

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

8.99

4 50

9.34

7 47

.571

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1272

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

8.99

1 50

9.34

8 47

.700

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1273

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

8.97

5 50

9.34

6 47

.823

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1274

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 1

7 50

8.97

8 50

9.34

7 48

.030

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th w

all, TI/JK

1275

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il Co

re 12-‐

8

528.15

7 52

3.53

2 45

.198

9/

14/2

012

core

sam

ple with

bon

e / bo

ne and

sed

imen

t

1278

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il SE

wall, big was

h 53

6.57

5 55

6.97

4 44

.994

9/

15/2

012

base

eleva

tion of

sam

ple

1279

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il SE

wall, big was

h 53

6.60

2 55

6.97

4 45

.197

9/

15/2

012

base

eleva

tion of

sam

ple

1280

C-‐

14 Bulk So

il SE

wall, big was

h 53

6.59

4 55

6.96

2 45

.406

9/

15/2

012

base

eleva

tion of

sam

ple

App

endi

x A

(con

tinu

ed)

72 Archaeological Excavations�� at LA 134764, Interim Report for Field Seas��ons�� 2012 and 2013

Appendix BApp

endix B. Loc

us 1 -‐ Flak

ed Stone

Artifa

ct Sam

ples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (F

S) Log

_Fall 2

012 fie

ld sea

son

Fall 20

12 field season

FS No.

Sample

Description

Stud

y Unit /

Leve

l North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

1088

a Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐05/

2009

ba

se

top

of p

last

ic

9/5/

2012

ob

sidi

an, a

long

s. w

all a

top

plas

tic

in

back

fill

1088

b Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

3A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.60-‐

48.5

5 9/

6/20

12

in s

cree

n

1088

c Sp

all

Uni

t 1-‐1

5/Le

v.

3B

507.

000

511.

000

48.5

5-‐48

.50

9/6/

2012

1088

f Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

4A

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.50-‐

48.4

5 9/

6/20

12

1 ob

sidi

an a

nd 1

bro

wn

rhyo

lite

1089

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

3B

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.55-‐

48.5

0 9/

6/20

12

1092

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

1B

50

6.00

0 50

8.00

0 48

.75-‐

48.7

0 9/

6/20

12

in s

cree

n

1093

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

4A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.50-‐

48.4

5 9/

6/20

12

1096

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

4B

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.45-‐

48.4

0 9/

6/20

12

gree

n ch

ert f

lake

clo

se to

"in

-‐sit

u"-‐ s

ee

leve

l for

m

1097

in

-‐sit

u Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

4B

50

7.61

5 51

1.71

8 48

.454

9/

6/20

12

P.L.

flak

e

1099

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

4B

50

8.33

2 51

0.12

4 48

.408

9/

6/20

12

P.L.

lith

ic

1107

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

4B

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.45-‐

48.4

0 9/

7/20

12

in s

cree

n

1109

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

3A

50

6.58

1 50

8.85

4 48

.864

9/

7/20

12

P.L.

flak

e

1117

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

5A

50

7.89

8 51

1.94

9 48

.356

9/

7/20

12

P.L.

flak

e in

rod

ent r

un

1121

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

5A

508.

230

top/

50

8.20

9 bo

ttom

510.

390

top/

51

0.39

3 bo

ttom

48.3

59 to

p/

48

.310

bot

tom

9/

7/20

12

P.L

scra

per-‐

pho

to

App

endi

x B

. Loc

us 1

—Fl

aked

Sto

ne A

rtifa

cts—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: F

all 2

012

Fiel

d Se

ason

Appendixes�� 73

FS No.

Sample

Description

Stud

y Unit /

Leve

l North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

1125

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

5B

50

8.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.35-‐

48.3

0 9/

7/20

12

1126

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

5A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.35-‐

48.3

0 9/

7/20

12

obsi

dian

, in

scre

en

1129

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

5A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.35-‐

48.3

0 9/

8/20

12

in s

cree

n

1133

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

6A

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.30-‐

48.2

5 9/

8/20

12

scre

en/P

.L.?

1140

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

6A

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.30-‐

48.2

5 9/

8/20

12

from

rod

ent b

urro

w

1151

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

6B

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.25-‐

48.2

0 9/

8/20

12

in s

cree

n

1158

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

6B

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.25-‐

48.2

0 9/

8/20

12

in s

cree

n

1159

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

6B

50

8.24

0 51

0.33

1 48

.220

9/

8/20

12

P.L.

obs

idia

n fla

ke

1161

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

5B

50

6.00

0 50

8.00

0 48

.35-‐

48.3

0 9/

8/20

12

in s

cree

n

1164

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

6B

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.25-‐

48.2

0 9/

8/20

12

in s

cree

n, r

oden

t bur

row

1178

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

6A

50

6.00

0 50

8.00

0 48

.30-‐

48.2

5 9/

9/20

12

in s

cree

n

1179

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

6A

50

6.35

7 50

8.68

4 48

.257

9/

9/20

12

P.L.

pos

sibl

e fla

ke

1180

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

7A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.20-‐

48.1

5 9/

9/20

12

in s

cree

n

1191

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

7B

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.15-‐

48.1

0 9/

9/20

12

in s

cree

n

1196

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐17/

Lev.

7A

50

6.00

0 50

8.00

0 48

.20-‐

48.1

5 9/

10/2

012

in s

cree

n

1201

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

8A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.10-‐

48.0

5 9/

10/2

012

in s

cree

n

App

endi

x B (con

tinu

ed)


FS No.

Sample

Description

Stud

y Unit /

Leve

l North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

1223

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐14/

Lev.

3B

50

7.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.55-‐

48.5

0 9/

11/2

012

in s

cree

n

1226

in

-‐sit

u Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

8B

508.

277(

wes

t en

d)/5

08.2

81

(eas

t end

)

510.

626

(wes

t en

d)/5

10.6

45

(eas

t end

)

48.0

01 (w

est

end)

/47.

999

(eas

t end

) 9/

11/2

012

P.L.

lith

ic

1228

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐14/

Lev.

4A

50

7.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.50-‐

48.4

5 9/

12/2

012

obsi

dian

flak

e in

scr

een

1237

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

9A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.00-‐

47.9

5 9/

12/2

012

red

flake

in s

cree

n

1243

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐10/

Lev.

9A

50

8.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.00-‐

47.9

5 9/

12/2

012

in s

cree

n

1245

Li

thic

s U

nit 1

-‐14/

Lev.

5A

50

7.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.40-‐

48.3

5 9/

12/2

012

in s

cree

n

1263

Li

thic

U

nit 1

-‐15/

Lev.

8A

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0 48

.10-‐

48.0

5 9/

14/2

012

in s

cree

n

1293

Li

thic

su

rfac

e 49

3.46

8 50

7.00

6 49

.743

9/

15/2

012

obsi

dian

poi

nt

1295

Li

thic

su

rfac

e 36

8.19

3 61

9.20

1 50

.914

9/

15/2

012

rhyo

lite

bifa

ce, L

ocus

4

1296

Li

thic

su

rfac

e 47

9.90

4 48

6.87

4 51

.377

9/

15/2

012

Late

Pal

eo p

oint

bas

e fr

agm

ent

1297

Li

thic

su

rfac

e 65

6.02

5 46

9.71

2 52

.235

9/

15/2

012

flake

App

endi

x B (con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 75

App

endix C. Locus 1 -‐ Bo

ne Sam

ples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (FS) Log

_Fall 20

12 field season

Fall 20

12 field season

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Stud

y U

nit /

Le

vel

Nor

th G

rid

Coo

rdin

ate

(m)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

) G

rid

Elev

atio

n (m

) D

ate

Com

men

ts

1088

f B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

4A

507.

000

511.

000

48.5

0-48

.45

9/6/

2012

1103

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

2A

506.

000

508.

000

48.7

0-48

.65

9/6/

2012

in

scr

een

1115

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

3B

506.

000

508.

000

48.5

5-48

.50

9/7/

2012

bu

rned

1123

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

4A

506.

000

508.

000

48.4

9-48

.45

9/7/

2012

in

scr

een

1125

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

5B

508.

000

511.

000

48.3

5-48

.30

9/7/

2012

1128

B

one

float

er

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

4B

506.

000

508.

000

48.4

5-48

.40

9/8/

2012

in

scr

een

1131

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6A

507.

144

511.

352

Ƶ48.

264

9/8/

2012

P

.L.

1135

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5A

507.

007

508.

988

48.3

70

9/8/

2012

P

P1

1135

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5A

507.

005

508.

970

48.3

62

9/8/

2012

P

P2

1138

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5A

506.

000

508.

000

48.4

0-48

.35

9/8/

2012

sc

reen

ed fr

agm

ents

of F

S 1

135

1141

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5A

506.

226

508.

606

48.3

92

9/8/

2012

bu

rned

, PP

1

1141

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5A

506.

228

508.

566

48.3

81

9/8/

2012

bu

rned

, PP

2

1148

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6B

507.

294

511.

144

48.2

42

9/8/

2012

P

.L.

1153

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6B

507.

219

511.

308

48.2

27

9/8/

2012

P

.L.

App

endi

x C.

Loc

us 1

—Bo

ne S

ampl

es—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: F

all 2

012

Fiel

d Se

ason

Appendix C


FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Stud

y U

nit /

Le

vel

Nor

th G

rid

Coo

rdin

ate

(m)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

) G

rid

Elev

atio

n (m

) D

ate

Com

men

ts

1155

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

0/Le

v.

6B

508.

000

510.

000

48.2

5-48

.20

9/8/

2012

in

scr

een

(pro

babl

y bu

rned

rode

nt b

one)

1158

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6B

507.

000

511.

000

48.2

5-48

.20

9/8/

2012

in

scr

een

1161

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5B

506.

000

508.

000

48.3

5-48

.30

9/8/

2012

in

scr

een

1165

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5B

506.

943

508.

996

48.3

38

9/8/

2012

P

P1

1165

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

7/Le

v.

5B

506.

941

508.

987

48.3

22

9/8/

2012

P

P2

1168

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6B

507.

271

511.

777

48.2

02

9/8/

2012

P

.L.

1169

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

6B

507.

102

511.

813

48.1

92

9/8/

2012

P

.L.

1173

in

-situ

Bon

e U

nit 1

-6/L

ev. 9

50

9.64

9 50

9.58

8 47

.918

9/

9/20

12

PP

1

1173

in

-situ

Bon

e U

nit 1

-6/L

ev. 9

50

9.67

4 50

9.58

4 47

.907

9/

9/20

12

PP

2

1183

B

one

Uni

t 1-6

/Lev

. 9

509.

000

509.

000

48.0

0-47

.90

9/9/

2012

in

scr

een

1185

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

7A

507.

775

511.

344

48.1

66

9/9/

2012

P

.L.

1192

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

7A

507.

000

511.

000

48.2

0-48

.15

9/9/

2012

in

scr

een,

rode

nt b

urro

w

1194

To

oth

enam

el

Uni

t 1-1

0/Le

v.

7B

508.

000

510.

000

48.1

5-48

.10

9/9/

2012

in

scr

een

1198

To

oth

enam

el

Uni

t 1-1

0/Le

v.

8A

508.

480

510.

460

48.0

72

9/10

/201

2 in

scr

een,

cen

ter a

nd e

leva

tion

are

appr

oxim

ate

1200

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

7B

507.

844

511.

879

48.1

26

9/10

/201

2 P

.L.

1208

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

367

511.

216

48.1

02

9/10

/201

2 P

.L.

1209

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

368

511.

197

48.1

03

9/10

/201

2 P

.L.

App

endi

x C (con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 77

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Stud

y U

nit /

Le

vel

Nor

th G

rid

Coo

rdin

ate

(m)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

) G

rid

Elev

atio

n (m

) D

ate

Com

men

ts

1210

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

383

511.

191

48.1

00

9/10

/201

2 P

.L.

1216

H

umer

us

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A a

nd 8

B

507.

372

50

7.40

2 (o

ffset

) 51

1.10

2 48

.089

9/

10/2

012

P.L

. / in

pla

ster

cas

t

1218

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

000

511.

000

48.1

0-48

.05

9/10

/201

2 in

scr

een

1238

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

931

511.

097

48.0

72

9/12

/201

2 P

.L.

1241

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

4B

507.

000

510.

000

48.4

5-48

.40

9/12

/201

2 in

scr

een

1245

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

5A

507.

000

510.

000

48.4

0-48

.35

9/12

/201

2 in

scr

een

1246

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

5A

507.

602

510.

224

48.3

55-4

8.35

3 9/

14/2

012

P.L

.

1250

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

5A

507.

367

510.

730

48.3

55

9/14

/201

2 P

P1

1250

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

5A

507.

379

510.

759

48.3

53

9/14

/201

2 P

P2

1264

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8A

507.

000

511.

000

48.1

0-48

.05

9/14

/201

2 in

scr

een

1276

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

5B

507.

000

510.

000

48.3

5-48

.30

9/14

/201

2 in

scr

een

1277

A

Bis

on-s

ize

carp

al

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

390

511.

362

48.0

51

9/14

/201

2 P

P1

1277

A

Bis

on-s

ize

carp

al

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

393

511.

311

48.0

29

9/14

/201

2 P

P2

1281

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

6A

507.

462

510.

963

48.2

93

9/15

/201

2 P

.L.

1282

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

6A

507.

000

510.

000

48.3

0-48

.25

9/15

/201

2 in

scr

een

App

endi

x C (con

tinu

ed)


FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Stud

y U

nit /

Le

vel

Nor

th G

rid

Coo

rdin

ate

(m)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

) G

rid

Elev

atio

n (m

) D

ate

Com

men

ts

1294

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

6A

507.

570

510.

969

48.2

57

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1294

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

4/Le

v.

6A

507.

582

511.

021

48.2

58

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

1298

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

685

511.

912

48.0

43

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1298

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

942

511.

678

48.0

25

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

1299

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

121

511.

541

48.0

43

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1299

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

186

511.

624

48.0

33

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

1300

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

090

511.

666

48.0

92

9/15

/201

2 P

P1,

top

of b

one

1300

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

067

511.

452

48.0

48

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast

1301

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

823

511.

429

48.0

42

9/15

/201

2

1302

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

836

511.

399

48.0

22

9/15

/201

2

1303

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

395

511.

527

48.0

34

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1303

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

390

511.

500

48.0

18

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast

1304

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

425

511.

500

48.0

36

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1304

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

401

511.

567

48.0

10

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast

1305

M

etac

arpa

l U

nit 1

-15/

Lev.

8B

50

7.36

7 51

1.61

3 48

.019

9/

15/2

012

PP

1

1305

M

etac

arpa

l U

nit 1

-15/

Lev.

8B

50

7.55

0 51

1.59

5 47

.985

9/

15/2

012

PP

2

App

endi

x C (con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 79

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Stud

y U

nit /

Le

vel

Nor

th G

rid

Coo

rdin

ate

(m)

East

Grid

C

oord

inat

e (m

) G

rid

Elev

atio

n (m

) D

ate

Com

men

ts

1306

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

929

511.

683

48.0

60

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1306

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

671

511.

744

48.0

57

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast

1306

H

umer

us

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

9A

507.

678

511.

751

47.9

61

9/16

/201

2 P

P1

1306

H

umer

us

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

9B

507.

929

511.

709

47.9

45

9/16

/201

2 P

P2

1307

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

355

511.

624

47.9

93

9/15

/201

2 P

P1

1307

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

255

511.

721

47.9

57

9/15

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast

1308

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

8B

507.

000

511.

000

48.0

5-48

.00

9/15

/201

2 in

scr

een

1308

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/

Lev.

8B

, 9A

, 9B

50

7.00

0 51

1.00

0

48.0

5-48

.00

(8B

) 48

.00-

47.9

0 (9

A)

47.9

0-47

.80

(9B

)

9/16

/201

2 in

scr

een

1309

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

9B

507.

278

511.

733

47.9

25

9/16

/201

2 P

P1

1309

B

one

Uni

t 1-1

5/Le

v.

9B

507.

325

511.

666

47.9

25

9/16

/201

2 P

P2

/ in

plas

ter c

ast?

1310

Lo

ng b

one

flake

U

nit 1

-15/

Lev.

9A

50

7.28

6 51

1.58

3 47

.961

9/

16/2

012

PP

1

1310

Lo

ng b

one

flake

U

nit 1

-15/

Lev.

9B

50

7.24

5 51

1.64

7 47

.929

9/

16/2

012

PP

2 / i

n pl

aste

r cas

t

App

endi

x C (con

tinu

ed)


App

endi

x D. L

ocus

1 -‐

Bulk

Sed

imen

t, P

olle

n, P

hyto

lith

& O

SL S

ampl

es -‐

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) Log

_ Fa

ll 20

12 fi

eld

seas

on

Fall

2012

fiel

d se

ason

FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit /

Leve

l

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

East

Grid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

Not

es

1088d

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.0A

506.000

508.000

48.89-‐

48.84

9/6/2012

SW corner no

NE corner

in th

is level

Flotation

1088e

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.0B

506.000

508.000

48.84-‐

48.80

9/6/2012

SW corner no

NE corner

in th

is level

Flotation / split fo

r ph

ytolith

s

1088f

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev. 4A

507.000

511.000

48.50-‐

48.45

9/6/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1088g

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.1A

506.000

508.000

48.80-‐

48.75

9/6/2012

SW corner no

NE corner

in th

is level


r ph

ytolith

s

1088h

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.3B

508.000

510.000

48.55-‐

48.50

9/6/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1090

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.4A

508.000

510.000

48.50-‐

48.45

9/6/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1091

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.1B

506.000

508.000

48.75-‐

48.70

9/6/2012

SW corner no

NE corner

in th

is level


r ph

ytolith

s

1094

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.2A

506.000

508.000

48.70-‐

48.65

9/6/2012

NE corner= shallow and

po

tentially con

taminated


r ph

ytolith

s

1100

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.4B

508.000

510.000

48.45-‐

48.40

9/6/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

1102

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.4B

507.000

511.000

48.45-‐

48.40

9/6/2012

NW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1104

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.2B

506.000

508.000

48.65-‐

48.60

9/6/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1106

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.3A

506.000

508.000

48.60-‐

48.55

9/7/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1108

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.5A

508.000

510.000

48.45-‐

48.40

9/7/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1112

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.3B

506.000

508.000

48.55-‐

48.50

9/7/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1116

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.5A

507.000

511.000

48.40-‐

48.35

9/7/2012

NW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1118

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.4A

506.000

508.000

48.49-‐

48.45

9/7/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1119

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.5B

508.000

510.000

48.35-‐

48.30

9/7/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1124

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.4B

506.000

508.000

48.45-‐

48.40

9/7/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

App

endi

x D

. Loc

us 1

—Bu

lk S

edim

ent,

Pol

len,

Phy

tolit

h &

OSL

Sam

ples

—Fi

eld

Spec

imen

(FS)

Log

: Fal

l 201

2 Fi

eld

Seas

on

Appendix D

Appendixes�� 81

FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit /

Leve

l

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

East

Grid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

Not

es

1132

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.5A

506.000

508.000

48.40-‐

48.35

9/8/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1134

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.6A

507.000

511.000

48.30-‐

48.25

9/8/2012

NE 1/4


r ph

ytolith

s

1136

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.6A

508.000

510.000

48.30-‐

48.25

9/8/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1139

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.6B

508.000

510.000

48.25-‐

48.20

9/8/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1157

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.5B

506.000

508.000

48.35-‐

48.30

9/8/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1166

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.6B

507.000

511.000

48.25-‐

48.20

9/8/2012

NE


r ph

ytolith

s

1171

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.7A

508.000

510.000

48.19-‐

48.15

9/8/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1172

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.6A

506.000

508.000

48.30-‐

48.25

9/9/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1182

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.6B

506.000

508.000

48.25-‐

48.20

9/9/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1188

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.7B

508.000

510.000

48.15-‐

48.10

9/9/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1189

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.7A

507.000

511.000

48.20-‐

48.15

9/9/2012

NE corner (o

ffset)


r ph

ytolith

s

1190

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.9

509.000

509.000

48.00-‐

47.90

9/9/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1193

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.7A

506.000

508.000

48.20-‐

48.15

9/9/2012

SE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1195

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.9

509.000

509.000

48.00-‐

47.90

9/10/2012

Black mat


r ph

ytolith

s

1197

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.10

509.000

509.000

47.90-‐

47.80

9/10/2012

Black mat


r ph

ytolith

s

1199

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.8A

508.000

510.000

48.10-‐

48.05

9/10/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1202

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.11

509.000

509.000

47.80-‐

47.70

9/10/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

1203

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.12

509.000

509.000

47.70-‐

47.60

9/10/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

1204

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.7B

507.000

511.00

48.15-‐

48.10

9/10/2012

NE corner (o

ffset to west)


r ph

ytolith

s

1205

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev.7B

506.000

508.00

48.15-‐

48.10

9/10/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1211

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.13

508.000

509.00

47.60-‐

47.50

9/10/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

App

endi

x D

(con

tinu

ed)


FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit /

Leve

l

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

East

Grid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

Not

es

1215

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev.8B

508.000

510.00

48.05-‐

48.00

9/10/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1217

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.14

508.000

509.00

47.50-‐

47.40

9/10/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

1219

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.15

508.000

509.00

47.40-‐

47.30

9/11/2012

after rain


r ph

ytolith

s

1220

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.8A

507.000

511.00

48.10-‐

48.05

9/11/2012

SE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1227

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐14/Lev.4A

507.000

510.00

48.50-‐

48.45

9/11/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1229

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.15

509.000

509.00

47.30-‐

47.20

9/12/2012


r ph

ytolith

s

1235

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐14/Lev.4B

507.000

510.00

48.45-‐

48.40

9/12/2012

SW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1239

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.8A

507.000

511.00

48.10-‐

48.05

9/12/2012

North central edge of unit


r ph

ytolith

s

1242

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐14/Lev.5A

507.000

510.00

48.40-‐

48.35

9/12/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1247

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.15

509.000

509.00

47.30-‐

47.20

9/14/2012

for charcoal lens


r ph

ytolith

s

1249

Bulk Soil Sam

ple (3

bags)

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev.17

509.000

509.00

47.20-‐

47.10

9/14/2012

NW corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1251

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit T

-‐10/Lev.9A

508.000

510.00

47.95-‐

47.90

9/14/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1256

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

509.038

509.533

47.277

9/14/2012

90-‐94, sam

ple height 2.5

cm base of unit 1

09

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1257

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

509.025

509.524

47.397

9/14/2012

76-‐80, sam

ple height 2.5

cm.

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1258

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

509.005

509.516

47.566

9/14/2012

64-‐67, sam

ple height 2.9

cm

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1259

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

509.005

509.530

47.695

9/14/2012

50-‐53, sam

ple height 3.2

cm

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1260

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

509.001

509.547

47.819

9/14/2012

36-‐39, sam

ple height 4.0

cm

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1261

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

508.965

509.562

48.019

9/14/2012

17-‐20, sam

ple height 5.0

cm

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1262

Pollen sample

Unit 1

-‐9

508.750

510.084

48.153

9/14/2012

7-‐10, sample

height 5.3

cm

Collected and

Analyzed by SJS

1265

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐14/Lev.5B

507.00

508.00

48.35-‐

48.30

9/14/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

App

endi

x D

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 83

FS

No.

Sa

mpl

e Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit /

Leve

l

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

East

Grid

Coor

dina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

Not

es

1266

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev.8B

507.00

511.00

48.05-‐

48.00

9/14/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1277B

Bulk Soil Sam

ple

Unit 1

-‐14/Lev.6A

507.00

510.00

48.30-‐

48.25

9/15/2012

NE corner


r ph

ytolith

s

1278

C-‐14 Bulk Soil

SE wall, big

wash

536.575

556.974

44.994

9/15/2012

base elevatio

n of sam

ple

split fo

r po

llen & phytolith analyses

1279

C-‐14 Bulk Soil

SE wall, big

wash

536.602

556.974

45.197

9/15/2012

base elevatio

n of sam

ple

split fo

r po


1280

C-‐14 Bulk Soil

SE wall, big

wash

536.594

556.962

45.406

9/15/2012

base elevatio

n of sam

ple

split fo

r po


1283

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐1 Sam

ple

BHT-‐

5/Profile 2

553.485

424.711

54.134

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=21 cm

OSL

1284

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐2 Sam

ple

BHT-‐

5/Profile 2

553.434

424.770

53.906

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=43 cm

OSL

1285

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐3 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

5/Profile 2

553.661

424.914

53.243

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=103 cm

OSL

1286

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐4 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

5/Profile 1

571.929

426.152

53.681

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=67 cm

OSL

1287

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐5 Sam

ple

BHT-‐

6/Profile 2

486.281

508.891

49.465

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=25 cm

OSL

1288

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐6 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

6/Profile 2

486.252

508.943

49.205

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=47 cm

OSL

1289

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐7 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

4/Profile 2

639.191

484.505

50.799

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=28 cm

OSL

1290

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐8 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

4/Profile 2

640.986

484.594

50.456

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=80 cm

OSL

1291

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐9 Sam

ple

(recom

mended)

BHT-‐

4/Profile 2

640.978

484.615

50.994

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=120 cm

OSL

1292

WC-‐12/O

SL-‐10 Sample

BHT-‐

4/Profile 2

639.422

484.529

50.936

base of

sample

9/14/2012

Depth bs=15 cm

OSL

App

endi

x D

(con

tinu

ed)


App

endix E. Loc

us 1 – M

ineral and

FCR

Sam

ples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (F

S) Log

_Fall 2

012 fie

ld sea

son

Fall 20

12 field season

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

East Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

1095

red ochre?

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 4B

508.80

8 51

0.38

5 48

.457

9/6/20

12

foun

d in N 1/3 of u

nit, in-‐situ

1105

FCR

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 4B

508.73

2 51

0.60

2 48

.738

9/7/20

12

2 PP

s

1110

FCR

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 5A

508.24

9 51

0.14

3 48

.367

9/7/20

12

P.L.

1111

po

ssible FCR

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev. 3A

506.88

3 50

8.21

0 48

.558

9/7/20

12

P.L.

1113

FCR

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 5A

508.37

8 51

0.74

4 48

.345

9/7/20

12

P.L. cen

ter po

int

1114

FCR

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 5A

508.37

7 51

0.60

1 48

.340

9/7/20

12

P.L. cen

ter po

int

1143

ochre

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 6A

508.69

9 51

0.24

7 48

.211

9/8/20

12

P.L.

1154

ochre

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 6B

508.58

3 51

0.64

4 48

.240

9/8/20

12

P.L.

1160

ochre

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 6B

508.13

0 51

0.36

2 48

.203

9/8/20

12

P.L.

1177

ochre

Unit 1

-‐6/Lev. 9A

509.18

8 50

9.58

4 47

.982

9/9/20

12

P.L.

1181

ochre

Unit 1

-‐15/Lev. 7A

507.24

0 51

1.87

1 48

.157

9/9/20

12

P.L.

1184

ochre

Unit 1

-‐17/ Lev. 6B

506.47

0 50

8.70

0 48

.229

9/9/20

12

P.L.

1206

po

ssible FCR

Unit 1

-‐10/Lev. 8A

508.00

0 51

0.00

0 48

.10-‐48

.05

9/10

/201

2 in screen

1207

po

ssible FCR

Unit 1

-‐17/Lev. 7B

506.93

3 50

8.53

6 48

.126

-‐48.12

2 9/12

/201

2 P.L.

1222

red ochre

Unit 1

-‐15/ Lev. 8A

507.36

8 51

1.71

4 48

.078

9/11

/201

2 P.L.

1234

ochre

Unit 1

-‐15/ Lev. 8A

507.76

8 51

1.08

8 48

.090

9/12

/201

2 P.L.

App

endi

x E

. Loc

us 1

– M

iner

al a

nd F

ire-

Crac

ked

Rock

(FCR

) Sam

ples

—Fi

eld

Spec

imen

(FS)

Log

: Fal

l 201

2 Fi

eld

Seas

onAppendix E

Appendixes�� 85

Appendix FApp

endix F. Loc

us 5 -‐ Ra

dioc

arbo

n Sa

mples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (F

S) Log

_ Sp

ring

201

3 fie

ld sea

son

Spring

201

3 fie

ld sea

son

FS

No.

Sample Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

ation (m

) Date

Commen

ts

5007

Ch

arco

al fr

agm

ent

Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 1

52

7.86

4 52

1.06

8 46

.017

5/

2/20

13

In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SE

1/4

of u

nit

5025

Com

bine

d Se

dim

ent

Sam

ple

for

14C

and

Flot

atio

n / an

d ph

ytol

ith?

/ p

olle

n?

Upp

er Sou

th W

all

Tier

at S

W cor

ner

of E

xcav

atio

n Pi

t 52

0.96

2 5

16.1

41

49.5

82

5/6/

2013

Sam

ple

retrie

ved

from

firs

t tier

(Tie

r 1;

SW

cor

ner of

S

wal

l) of

mec

hani

cal

exca

vation

(sa

mpl

e size

10

cm h

igh

x 18

cm

wid

e) to

co

rrel

ate

date

with

OSL

sa

mpl

e FS

5027

5030

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e

Uni

t 5-‐1

/ Lev

el 3

52

4.50

6

519.

516

45.7

85

5/6/

2013

Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (50

cm N

-‐S x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

cen

ter of

uni

t

5031

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐2

/ Lev

el 5

52

5.69

5 52

1.37

7 45

.513

5/

7/20

13

Cent

er p

oint

for sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 3

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5035

Ch

arco

al fl

eck

Uni

t 5-‐1

/ Lev

el 3

52

4.71

5 51

9.88

8 45

.702

5/

7/20

13

In situ

cha

rcoa

l fle

ck fr

om

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t, a

djac

ent t

o bo

ne / p

re-‐p

roce

ssed

at B

eta

/ no

t eno

ugh

carb

on to

dat

e

5039

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐4

/ Lev

el 2

52

8.63

1 52

0.77

8

45.8

88

5/8/

2013

Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (3

5cm

N-‐S

x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5045

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐4

/ Lev

el 3

52

8.62

9 52

0.85

8

45.7

47

5/8/

2013

Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5054

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐4

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.69

3 52

0.80

8

45.6

73

5/9/

2013

Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (1

5cm

N-‐S

x 1

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

App

endi

x F

. Loc

us 5

—Ra

dioc

arbo

n Sa

mpl

es—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: S

prin

g 20

13 F

ield

Sea

son


FS No.

Sample Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

ation (m

) Date

Commen

ts

5060

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 2

52

7.60

2 52

1.90

2

45.8

72

5/9/

2013

Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (1

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5071

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 2

52

7.32

9 52

1.34

1 45

.814

5/

9/20

13

In situ

cha

rcoa

l fle

ck fr

om

SW1/

4 of

uni

t

5075

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐4

/ Lev

el 5

52

8.67

3 52

0.84

3

45.5

76

5/10

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (1

5cm

N-‐S

x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5077

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 3

52

7.56

5 52

1.89

3 45

.750

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er p

oint

for sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (1

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5086

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 2

52

8.68

6 52

3.77

7

45.8

33

5/10

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5088

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 3

52

7.55

0 52

1.36

3 45

.721

5/

10/2

013

In situ

flec

ks o

f cha

rcoa

l in

5cm

are

a from

SE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5093

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 3

52

8.58

9 52

3.86

1

45.7

48

5/10

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 u

nit

5096

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 4

52

7.58

1 52

1.77

4

45.6

73

5/10

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 u

nit

5101

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.64

3 52

3.85

8

45.6

69

5/11

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (3

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

App

endi

x F

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 87

FS No.

Sample Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te (m

) North Grid

Coordina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

ation (m

) Date

Commen

ts

5108

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 5

52

8.63

4 52

3.73

6

45.5

52

5/12

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5110

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 6

52

8.65

8 52

3.73

8

45.4

55

5/12

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

5cm

N-‐S

x 1

5cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

5112

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 5

52

8.24

4 52

3.18

7

45.5

94

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SW

1/4

of u

nit

5113

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 5

52

8.05

1 52

3.97

5

45.5

88

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

NW

1/4

of u

nit

5114

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.70

0 52

3.39

5

45.6

40

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SE

1/4

of u

nit

5115

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.76

4 52

3.20

0

45.6

20

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SE

1/4

of u

nit

5116

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.74

5 52

3.17

1

45.6

24

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SE

1/4

of u

nit

5117

Ch

arco

al

Uni

t 5-‐5

/ Lev

el 4

52

8.63

3 52

3.10

2

45.6

19

5/12

/201

3 In situ

frag

of c

harc

oal f

rom

SE

1/4

of u

nit

5124

14C

Bulk Sed

imen

t Sa

mpl

e Uni

t 5-‐3

/ Lev

el 6

52

7.58

0 52

1.88

6

45.4

83

5/12

/201

3 Ce

nter

poi

nt fo

r sm

all b

lock

of

soi

l (2

0cm

N-‐S

x 2

0cm

E-‐

W) f

rom

NE1

/4 o

f uni

t

END

2013

SE

ASO

N

App

endi

x F

(con

tinu

ed)


App

endix G. L

ocus

5 – Flake

d Ston

e artifacts -‐ F

ield Spe

cimen

(FS) Log

_Spring 20

13 field season

Spring

201

3 fie

ld sea

son

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Le

vel

East Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

ation (m

) Date

Commen

ts

5001

Lithic – obsidian

biface flake

na

528.489

521.343

47.086

4/30/2013

Obsidian biface flake foun

d du

ring

mechanical excavation of Locus 5 Grid

Block (ca. 2m below

original 2013 Locus 5

grou

nd surface)

5002

Lithic – rhyolite

flake

na

521.367

516.552

48.364

5/1/2013

Rhyolite flake fo

und in pit wall during

mechanical excavation of Locus 5 Grid

Block (ca. 2.5m below

original 2013

Locus 5 grou

nd surface)

5009

Lithic

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 1

527.122

521.190

45.986

5/2/2013

point located

5012

Screen bon

e Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 1

525.000

521.000

46.04 – 45.90

5/2/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery. n=3

5036

Screen Lithic

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 1

528.000

520.000

46.07 – 45.90

5/7/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery. n=2??

5065

Lithic -‐ cobb

le

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.229

519.190

45.736

5/9/2013

Cobb

le recovered in situ for lab exam

for

mod

ification

or use wear as to

ol

5066

Screen Lithic

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 2

527.000

521.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/9/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery.

5068

Screen Lithic

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.000

519.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/9/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery – gravels from

gravel/cob

ble lens surroun

ding bon

e 5072

Lithic

Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 1

528.245

523.070

45.885

5/9/2013

Lithic displaced but in proximity of PL

5078

Screen Lithic

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 3

527.000

521.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/10/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery. n=2 (one is

obsidian)

5081

Lithic – projectile

point C

ody

Complex – Eden

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.341

519.089

45.698

5/10/2013

In situ – Late Paleoindian, Cod

y Co

mplex,

Eden type projectile point fo

und

amon

gst b

ison

bon

e

5099

Screen Lith

ic

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.000

519.000

45.98 – 45.90

5/10/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery.

5106

Screen Lith

ic

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 5

527.000

521.000

45.60 – 45.50

5/11/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery. n=1

5111

Lithic – obsidian

flake

Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 5

528.110

523.384

45.596

5/12/2013

Obsidian flake recovered in situ

5135

Surface Lithic

Locus 5 – Surface

collection

513.399

540.643

49.057

5/12/2013

Surface lithics fo

und no

rthw

est o

f Locus

5 grid block: 1) p

ink rhyolite biface frag;

2) red rhyolite flake

App

endi

x G

. Loc

us 5

– F

lake

d St

one

Arti

fact

s—Fi

eld

Spec

imen

(FS)

Log

: Spr

ing

2013

Fie

ld S

easo

nAppendix G

Appendixes�� 89

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Le

vel

East Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid

Elev

ation (m

) Date

Commen

ts

3035

Surface Lithic –

Folsom

edge

fragment?

Locus 3 – Surface

collection

462.830

640.368

51.323 cm

bds

5/13/2013

Locus 3 surface artifact: possible Folsom

edge fragment o

f yellow Sedillo Hill

rhyolite

3036

Surface Lithic –

Archaic base

fragment

Locus 3 – Surface

collection

458.522

632.993

50.648 cm

bds

5/13/2013

Locus 3 surface artifact: Late Paleo/early

Archaic? projectile point base fragment

of black chert

3037

Locus 3-‐ Surface

collection

5/13/2013

Zuni chert flake / no

t refou

nd / or

possible yellow silicified rhyolite flk

END

2013

SEASO

N

App

endi

x G

(con

tinu

ed)


App

endix H. Loc

us 5 -‐ Bo

ne Sam

ples -‐ Field Sp

ecim

en (F

S) Log

_Spring 20

13 field season

Spring

201

3 fie

ld sea

son

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5003

Bone – to

oth,

phalanx, small bon

e fragments

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.780

519.134

45.908

5/1/2013

Multip

le bon

e frags recovered du

ring

mechanical excavation and profile facing

in sediments just abo

ve black mat / grid

block un

its; fragm

ents includ

e tooth and

1 ph

alanx

5004

Screen Bon

e, to

oth

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 1

524.000

519.000

46.03 – 45.90

5/2/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth enam

el

recovered from

1/8” dry screen but

noted as mostly occurring in SW

corner

of unit at con

tact of b

lack mat and

channel sand

5008

(A) Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 1

527.000

521.000

46.07 – 45.90

5/2/2013

Bone fragments and

hackberry seed

recovered from

1/8” dry screen

(B) H

ackberry seed

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 1

527.000

521.000

46.07 – 45.90

5/2/2013

Hackberry seed recovered from

1/8” dry

screen (in same paper bag w/bon

e)

5011

Screen Bon

e, to

oth

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 1

525.000

521.000

46.04 – 45.90

5/2/2013

Trabecular bon

e fragments and

tooth

enam

el recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5012

Screen bon

e Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 1

525.000

521.000

46.04 – 45.90

5/2/2013

1/8" Dry Screen Re

covery. n=3

5013

Screen Bo

ne, too

th

fragments

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.000

519.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/2/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth fragments

recovered from

1/8” dry screen –

separated into 2 bags (too

th vs bo

ne)

5014

Screen Bon

e, to

oth

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 2

525.000

521.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/2/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth enam

el

recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5015

Tooth

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.874

519.596

45.887

5/3/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – tooth

recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.935

519.578

45.875

5/3/2013

B) provenience point #2 – tooth

recovered in situ

5017

Bone fragments

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.365

519.383

45.878

5/3/2013

Bone fragments recovered in situ

5018

Long bon

e fragments

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.535

519.946

45.882

5/3/2013

Possible mandible fragments recovered

in situ

5019

Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 3

525.000

521.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/3/2013

Bone fragments recovered from

1/8” dry

screen

5022

Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 4 –

South ½ only

525.000

521.000

45.70 – 45.60

5/3/2013


1/8” dry

screen– S ½ Unit o

nly (N½ unexc)

App

endi

x H

. Loc

us 5

—Bo

ne S

ampl

es—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: S

prin

g 20

13 F

ield

Sea

son

Appendix H

Appendixes�� 91

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5023

Screen Bo

ne, too

th

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 2

524.000

519.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/6/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth enam

el

recovered from

1/8” dry screen – from

wall slump and clean-‐up

along sou

thern

edge of u

nit

5024

Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 5 –

South ½ only

525.000

521.000

45.60 – 45.50

5/6/2013


1/8” dry

screen– S ½ Unit o

nly (N½ unexc)

5029

Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.000

519.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/6/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth fragments

recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5033

Screen Bo

ne

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6 –

South ½ only

525.000

521.000

45.50 – 45.40

5/7/2013


1/8” dry

screen – S½ Unit o

nly (N½ unexc);

includ

es calcined bo

ne frag

5034

Screen Bo

ne

South edge of P

it,

adj to south edge

SU 5-‐1

525.000

518.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/7/2013


1/8” dry

screen – Slump and clean-‐up

along “Pit”

edge adjacent to and south of Sou

th

edge Unit 5

-‐1

5037

Screen Bon

e, to

oth

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 1

528.000

520.000

46.07 – 45.90

5/7/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth enam

el

recovered from

dry screen

5040

Bone fragments

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.346

521.100

45.444

5/8/2013

Indeterm

inate bo

ne frags recovered in

situ – S½ Unit o

nly (N½ unexc)

5041

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 2

528.000

520.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/8/2013

Bone fragments and

possible bird bon

e recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5042

Bone -‐ Sesamoid

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.218

519.625

45.768

5/8/2013

Sesamoid recovered in situ

5043

Tooth -‐ Incisor

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.226

519.526

45.779

5/8/2013

Incisor recovered in situ

5046

Screen Bon

e, to

oth

enam

el, incisor

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 3

528.000

520.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/8/2013

Bone fragments, too

th enamel, w

ell-‐

preserved incisor (near bo

ttom

of level)

recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5047

Bone -‐ metatarsal

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.043

519.486

45.799

5/8/2013

Metatarsal recovered in situ

; bon

e set

with

paleobo

nd & cast in foam

for

removal & preservation

App

endi

x H

(con

tinu

ed)


FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5048

Bone – Scapu

la

fragments

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.300

521.228

45.432

5/8/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – scapula

fragments recovered in situ

; paleobo

nd

applied to bon

e frags

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.201

521.139

45.436

5/8/2013

B) provenience point #2 – scapula


5049

Long bon

e fragments

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.441

521.221

45.401

5/8/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – indeterm

inate

long bon

e fragments recovered in situ

; paleob

ond applied to bon

e frags, bon

e in

multip

le bags

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.333

521.062

45.391

5/8/2013

B) provenience point #2 – indeterm

inate

long bon

e fragments recovered in situ

5050

Screen Bon

e, snail

shell

Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 1

528.000

523.000

46.07 – 45.90

5/9/2013

Bone fragments, snail shell (Haw

aiia

miniscula) recovered from

1/8” dry

screen

5051

Bone -‐ inno

minate

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.347

519.633

45.792

5/9/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – inno

minate


; paleobo

nd

applied to bon

e frags

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.190

519.351

45.818

5/9/2013

B) provenience point #2 – inno

minate


; paleobo

nd

applied to bon

e frags

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.271

519.289

45.811

5/9/2013

C) provenience point #3 – inno

minate


; paleobo

nd

applied to bon

e frags

5052

Tooth

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.552

519.909

45.719

5/9/2013

Incisor recovered in situ

– 2 frags

5055

Tooth -‐ m

olar

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.410

521.060

45.413

5/9/2013

molar recovered in situ

– poo

r integrity

5056

Screen bon

e, to

oth

enam

el

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 4

528.000

520.000

45.70 – 45.60

5/9/2013

Bone fragments and

tooth enam

el

recovered from

1/8” dry screen

5057

Bone -‐ vertebra

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.079

519.614

45.771

5/9/2013

vertebra recovered in situ

; bon

e set w

ith

paleob

ond & cast in foam

for removal &

preservatio

n

5058

Screen bon

e Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 2

527.000

521.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/9/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5061

Bone -‐ rib

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.214

519.446

45.759

5/9/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – po

ssible rib

recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.296

519.329

45.741

5/9/2013

B) provenience point #2 – po

ssible rib


App

endi

x H

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 93

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5062

Bone -‐ vertebra

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.332

519.906

45.717

5/9/2013

Vertebra recovered in situ

; bon

e set w

ith

paleob

ond

5063

Bone

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.812

520.331

45.586

5/9/2013

Unidentified bon

e fragments recovered

in situ

5064

Bone -‐ scapula

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.144

519.666

45.790

5/9/2013

Scapula recovered in situ

; bon

e set w

ith

paleob

ond, very fragmentary

5067

Bone

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.173

519.765

45.733

5/9/2013

Bone recovered in situ

; bon

e set w

ith

paleob

ond

5069

Bone

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.615

520.487

45.603

5/9/2013

Unidentified bon

e fragment recovered in

situ

5070

Bone

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.714

520.416

45.594

5/9/2013

Unidentified bon


situ

5073

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.000

520.000

45.60 – 45.50

5/9/2013


1/8” dry

screen (2 separate bags)

5079

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 3

527.000

521.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/10/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5080

Tooth

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.376

519.649

45.706

5/10/2013

Tooth recovered in situ

5082

Bone

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.594

520.513

45.566

5/10/2013

Unidentified bon


situ

5083

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.000

519.000

45.98 – 45.90

5/10/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5084

Bone -‐ metacarpal

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.152

521.379

45.469

5/10/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – metacarpal

recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐2 / Level 6

525.047

521.237

45.461

5/10/2013

B) provenience point #2 – metacarpal

recovered in situ

5087

Tooth enam

el

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 3

527.060

521.368

45.721

5/10/2013

Tooth enam

el recovered in situ

5089

Bone – calcaneou

s?

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.646

520.796

45.537

5/10/2013

A) p


ssible

calcaneous recovered in situ

; bon

e set

with

paleobo

nd

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.741

520.755

45.534

5/10/2013


ssible

calcaneous recovered in situ

; bon

e set

with

paleobo

nd

App

endi

x H

(con

tinu

ed)


FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5090

Bone – metatarsal

or astragalus?

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.834

520.751

45.533

5/10/2013

A) p


ssible

metatarsal or astragalus recovered in

situ; bon

e set w

ith paleobo

nd

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.977

520.772

45.534

5/10/2013


ssible

metatarsal or astragalus recovered in

situ; bon

e set w

ith paleobo

nd

5091

Bone

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.613

520.711

45.530

5/10/2013

Indeterm

inate bo

ne recovered in situ

; bo

ne set with

paleobo

nd

5094

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 2

528.000

523.000

45.90 – 45.80

5/10/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5097

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 4

527.000

521.000

45.70 – 45.60

5/10/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5098

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 3

528.000

523.000

45.80 – 45.70

5/10/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5102

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 4

528.000

523.000

45.70 – 45.60

5/11/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5103

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 5

527.000

521.000

45.60 – 45.50

5/11/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5118

Tooth – molar

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.566

519.843

45.953

5/12/2013

Molar recovered in situ

5119

Bone – vertebra –

thoracic?

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.950

519.724

45.829

5/12/2013

Vertebra – thoracic? recovered in situ

5120

Bone – th

oracic

vertebra

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.955

519.940

45.809

5/12/2013

Thoracic vertebra recovered in situ

5121

Tooth – molar

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.848

519.435

45.852

5/12/2013


5122

Bone –

tarsal/carpal?

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.735

519.651

45.875

5/12/2013

Tarsal or carpal recovered in situ

5125

Tooth -‐ m

olar

Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 6

527.733

521.150

45.500

5/12/2013


5126

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐5 / Level 5

528.000

523.000

45.60 – 45.50

5/12/2013


1/8” dry

screen

5127

Bone – lumbar or

lower th

oracic

vertebra

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.946

519.793

45.793

5/12/2013

Vertebra – lumbar or lower th

oracic

recovered in situ

App

endi

x H

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendixes�� 95

FS No.

Sample

Description

Te

st Unit / Leve

l Ea

st Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

North Grid

Coordina

te

(m)

Grid Elev

ation

(m)

Date

Commen

ts

5128

Bone – rib(s)

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.982

519.489

45.828

5/12/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – rib or ribs – (in

2 pieces) recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.985

519.494

45.830

5/12/2013

B) provenience point #2 – rib or ribs -‐ (in

2 pieces) recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.919

519.591

45.821

5/12/2013

C) provenience point #3 – rib or ribs -‐(in 2

pieces) recovered in situ

5129

Bone – 2

nd phalange

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.440

520.079

45.589

5/12/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – 2n

d ph

alange (2


Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.437

520.069

45.592

5/12/2013

B) provenience point #2 – 2n

d ph

alange

(in 2 pieces) recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐4 / Level 5

528.434

520.058

45.579

5/12/2013

C) provenience point #3 – ph

alange (in 2


5130

Bone -‐ mandible

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.920

519.865

45.809

5/12/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – mandible (in

4


Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.961

519.856

45.793

5/12/2013

B) provenience point #2 – mandible (in

4


Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.802

519.819

45.846

5/12/2013

C) provenience point #3 – mandible (in

4


Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.824

519.487

45.841

5/12/2013

D) p

rovenience point #4 – mandible (in

4


5131

Bone – rib + one un-‐

ID fragment

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.959

519.428

45.818

5/12/2013

Rib + on

e indeterm

inate fragment

recovered in situ

5132

Bone -‐ femur

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.184

519.408

45.740

5/12/2013

A) p

rovenience point #1 – femur

recovered in situ

Unit 5

-‐1 / Level 3

524.020

519.377

45.753

5/12/2013

B) provenience point #2 – femur

recovered in situ

5133

Bone – tarsal/carpal

Unit 5

-‐6 / Level 1

523.939

519.421

45.817

5/12/2013

Carpal or tarsal recovered in situ

5134

Screen Bon

e Unit 5

-‐3 / Level 6

527.000

521.000

45.50 – 45.40

5/12/2013

Bone fragments from

1/8” dry screen

App

endi

x H

(con

tinu

ed)


App

endi

x I.

Locu

s 5

-‐ Bul

k Se

dim

ent &

OSL

Sam

ples

-‐ Fi

eld

Spec

imen

(FS)

Log

_Spr

ing

2013

fiel

d se

ason

Spring

201

3 fie

ld sea

son

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit / Le

vel

East

Grid

Co

ordi

nate

(m)

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

5005

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 1

527.91

52

1.93

45

.98

5/2/

2013

Bone

also in bag

-‐ Ce

nter

point

for

small b

lock

of s

oil

(10c

m N

-‐S x 10c

m E-‐

W x 5cm

dee

p) fr

om

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

unit

5006

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐2 / Lev

el 1

525.89

52

1.91

45

.99

5/2/

2013

Cent

er point

for

small b

lock

of s

oil

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

un

it

5010

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐1 / Lev

el 1

524.00

0 51

9.00

0 46

.01 – 45

.95

5/2/

2013

No pr

oven

ienc

e co

ordina

tes ta

ken;

so

il bloc

k sa

mple

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

un

it

5016

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐2 / Lev

el 2

525.86

3 52

1.87

2 45

.857

5/

3/20

13

Cent

er point

for

small b

lock

of s

oil

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

un

it

5020

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐2 / Lev

el 3

525.87

52

1.87

45

.78

5/3/

2013

Cent

er point

for

small b

lock

of s

oil

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

un

it

5021

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐1 / Lev

el 2

524.79

7 51

9.74

3 45

.858

5/

3/20

13

Cent

er point

for

small b

lock

of s

oil

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

un

it

5025

Co

mbine

d Se

dim

ent

Sam

ple fo

r Flot

ation

and

14C

Upp

er Sou

th W

all Tier

at

SW cor

ner of

Exc

avat

ion

Pit

520.96

2 51

6.14

1 49

.582

5/

6/20

13

Sam

ple fo

r bo

th

flota

tion

and

14C

an

alys

es and

to

correlat

e da

tes with

OSL

sam

ple FS

5027

App

endi

x I.

Loc

us 5

—Bu

lk S

edim

ent a

nd O

SL S

ampl

es—

Fiel

d Sp

ecim

en (F

S) L

og: S

prin

g 20

13 F

ield

Sea

son

Appendix I

Appendixes�� 97

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit / Le

vel

East

Grid

Co

ordi

nate

(m)

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

5027

OSL

sam

ple 5-‐

1

Upp

er Sou

th W

all, to

p step

ped tier

, in S wall

prof

ile, S

W cor

ner of

Ex

cava

tion

Pit

521. 472

51

6.13

1 48

.675

5/

6/20

13

Sam

ple to

dat

e se

dim

ent a

djac

ent

to but

out

side

of

youn

ger ar

royo

cut

5028

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐1 / Lev

el 3

524.00

0 51

9.00

0 45

.80 – 45

.775

5/

6/20

13

No pr

oven

ienc

e co

ordina

tes ta

ken;

sm

all s

oil b

lock

from

NE1

/4 of s

tudy

unit,

uppe

r 3c

m of lev

el

5032

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐2 / Lev

el 6 S ½

un

it only

525.81

3 52

1.36

7 45

.464

5/

7/20

13

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of S

½ unit

(N½ une

xcav

ated

)

5038

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐4 / Lev

el 2

528.85

8 52

0.82

3 45

.866

5/

7/20

13

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

2cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5044

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐4 / Lev

el 3

528.85

1 52

0.87

3 45

.754

5/

8/20

13

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

4cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5053

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐4 / Lev

el 4

528.85

0 52

0.79

7 45

.653

5/

9/20

13

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

5cm

N-‐S x

15cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5059

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 2

527.84

3 52

1.90

3 45

.871

5/

9/20

13

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (1

0m N

-‐S x

30cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 unit

5074

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐4 / Lev

el 5

528.86

0 52

0.81

8 45

.581

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

15cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

App

endi

x I (conti

nued

)


FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit / Le

vel

East

Grid

Co

ordi

nate

(m)

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

5076

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 3

527.90

4 52

1.89

6 45

.767

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5085

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐5 / Lev

el 2

528.88

5 52

3.83

2 45

.852

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5092

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐5 / Lev

el 3

528.83

6 52

3.87

4 45

.741

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

25cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5095

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 4

527.83

8 52

1.77

8 45

.696

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5100

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐5 / Lev

el 4

528.80

5 52

3.86

0 45

.680

5/

11/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5104

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 5

527.83

4 52

1.87

7 45

.592

5/

11/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

30cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5107

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐5 / Lev

el 5

528.80

9 52

3.74

2 45

.549

5/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (1

5cm

N-‐S x

15cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5109

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐5 / Lev

el 6

528.85

0 52

3.73

8 45

.459

5/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

15cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

App

endi

x I (conti

nued

)

Appendixes�� 99

FS N

o.

Sam

ple

Des

crip

tion

Te

st U

nit / Le

vel

East

Grid

Co

ordi

nate

(m)

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

te (m

) Grid

Elev

atio

n (m

) Dat

e Co

mm

ents

5123

Bu

lk Sed

imen

t Sam

ple

for Flot

ation

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 6

527.84

1 52

1.90

0 45

.479

5/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

for so

il bloc

k (2

0cm

N-‐S x

30cm

E-‐W

) fro

m

NE1

/4 of u

nit

5136

OSL

Sam

ple 5-‐

2 So

uth wall o

ppos

ite U

nit

5-‐1 / Lo

wes

t in ch

anne

l fill

524.09

9 51

8.58

9 46

.116

7/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

of

sam

ple at

face

of

prof

ile

5137

OSL

Sam

ple 5-‐

3 So

uth wall o

ppos

ite U

nit

5-‐1 /2

nd L

owes

t in

chan

nel fill

524.14

9 51

8.49

1 46

.761

7/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

of

sam

ple at

face

of

prof

ile

5138

OSL

Sam

ple 5-‐

4 3rd

lowes

t in ch

anne

l ag

grad

ing se

dim

ents / in

wes

t wall

522.03

0 51

8.86

2 47

.932

7/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

of

sam

ple at

face

of

prof

ile

5139

OSL

Sam

ple 5-‐

5

Highe

st in

cha

nnel

aggr

ading se

dim

ents / in

wes

t wall b

elow

well-‐

deve

lope

d so

il at

top

520.82

1 52

1.27

3 48

.802

7/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

of

sam

ple at

face

of

prof

ile

App

endi

x I (conti

nued

)


Appendix J | Vance T. Holliday, University of ArizonaAppendix J. Mechanical Soil Core Descriptions for 2012

Vance T. Holliday, University of Arizona Water Canyon, Season III / Core and Pit Descriptions, September 2012 (revised Feb, 2015)

Core 12-‐1 (core 12-‐1 -‐ 12-‐4 are parallel to and E of Trench 5) Strats Depth, cm Soil

Horizon Description

0-‐24 A-‐Bw Gravelly sandy loam 24+ dense, coarse gravel

Core 12-‐2 (based on drilling anchors)

Strats Depth, cm Soil Horizon

Description

0+ dense, coarse gravel



Description

dense, coarse gravel



Description

dense, coarse gravel

Core 12-‐5 (Locus 1; for descriptive details, see core 10-‐1)


Description

0-‐35 A-‐Bw abrupt boundary 35-‐88 loose f sand w some gravel; abrupt boundary 88-‐100 Bwb Dense pink-‐gray SiL; clear boundary 100~120 upper gray mat w common fine carb films & thr on ped faces; gradual

boundary ~120~135 medium gray mat; gradual boundary ~135~167 black mat w common fine carb films on ped faces ~167-‐230+ coarse gravel of x-‐talline rx

Appendix J. Mechanical Soil Core Descriptions for 2012

Appendixes�� 101

Core 12-‐6 (Locus 1; ~2m W of 10-‐1; for descriptive details, see core 10-‐1)


Description

0-‐55 A-‐Bt abrupt boundary 55-‐120 sandy gravel; abrupt boundary 120~230 Bwb? Dense pink-‐gray SiL; clear boundary ~230~285 dark gray mat w few rx; gradual boundary ~285~355 black mat w bone at 355cm; abrupt boundary ~355-‐390 black mat w gravel 390-‐393+ black mat w common Fe-‐ox mottles & rx

Core 12-‐7 (Locus 1; ~2m N of 10-‐2; for descriptive details, see core 10-‐1) Strats Depth, cm Soil

Horizon Description

0-‐38 A-‐Bt abrupt boundary 38-‐40 gravel lens 40-‐90 Bwb Dense pink-‐gray SiL; abrupt boundary 90-‐230 sandy gravel; abrupt boundary 230-‐240 gray mat w pebbles dropped core barrel; recovered w backhoe; reset for core 12-‐8

Core 12-‐8 (Locus 1; ~2m N of 10-‐1; for descriptive details, see core 10-‐1) Strats Depth, cm Soil

Horizon Description

0-‐31 A-‐Bt abrupt boundary 31-‐33 gravel lens 33-‐64 Bwb Dense pink-‐gray SiL; abrupt boundary 64-‐240 sandy gravel; abrupt boundary 240-‐270 gray mat; gradual boundary 270-‐315 dark gray mat; gradual boundary 315-‐378 black mat w bone at 357; abrupt boundary 378-‐380 black mat w gravel

Core 12-‐9 Arroyo/Locus 1 excavation exposure (south arroyo wall), adjacent to west corner of Loc 1 excavations

Depth, cm Soil Horizon

Description+

12-‐9a++ 0-‐50 A-‐Btw? SL w common rx; 7.5YR 3/3m; wk pr & wk sbk; clear boundary 50-‐65 Bk As above w few films & thr carbonate; abrupt, wavy boundary

65-‐160 loose sand and gravel w some rock rubble; abrupt, wavy boundary 12-‐9b++ 160-‐180 dark gray brown SCL; 2.5Y 3/2m; clear, smooth boundary

180-‐185 black SCL; 2.5Y 3/1m; faint bedding; wavy, abrupt boundary

185-‐191 medium gray SCL; 2.5Y 4/2m; wavy, abrupt boundary

191-‐205 black SCL; 2.5Y 3/1m; faint bedding; v wavy, abrupt boundary

205-‐215+ dark olive SCL; 2.5Y 3/3m; + upper part of the exposure was very damp owing to rains; this made the soil structure difficult to recognize in upper 50-‐60cm. ++ 12-‐9a is south arroyo wall adjacent to west corner of Loc 1 excavations; 12-‐9b is deep excavation block along south arroyo wall exposing the black mat; top of exposure and black mat is 160cm below datum.

Appendix J (continued)


Appendix K. Data for 2013 Water Canyon Macrobotanical Analysis

Pamela J. McBride

Unit 5-‐1 Unit 5-‐1 Unit 5-‐1 Unit 5-‐2 Unit 5-‐2 Unit 5-‐2 Unit 5-‐3 Unit 5-‐3

Provenience Level 1 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 6, S 1/2 Level 1 Level 2

FS 5010 5028 5006 5016 5020 5032 5005 5059

Cultural Annuals: Carpetweed 1.0

Goosefoot 1.0, 2.0 f* 2.0, 3.0 f 3.0 f 5.0 f 1.0, 4.0 f

Other: possible Vervain 1.0

Unknown taxon 1.0 f 2.0 f

Non-‐Cultural Annuals: Goosefoot + f + + + +

Purslane + +

Spurge + +

Grasses: Grass family + floret + + floret + floret

Perennials: Juniper + twig

Unit 5-‐3 Unit 5-‐3 Unit 5-‐3 Unit 5-‐3 Unit 5-‐4 Unit 5-‐4 Unit 5-‐4

Provenience Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

FS 5076 5095 5104 5123 5038 5044 5053

Cultural Annuals: Cheno-‐Am 1.0

Goosefoot 2.0 f* 4.0 f 2.0 f* 3.0 f* 1.0, 2.0 f 1.0

Other: Unknown taxon 1.0 f

Perennials cf. Pine + bark f

Non-‐Cultural Annuals: Goosefoot + f + f + f

Wood, Unknown non-‐conifer 1/<.01

Appendix K. Data for 2013 Water Canyon Macrobotanical Analysis

Appendix K | Pamela J. McBride


Unit 5-‐5 Unit 5-‐5 Unit 5-‐5 Unit 5-‐5 Unit 5-‐5

Provenience Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6

FS 5085 5092 5100 5107 5109

Cultural Annuals: Goosefoot 5.0 f 2.0, 4.0 f

Non-‐Cultural Annuals: Goosefoot + +

Mustard + + +

Purslane +

Spurge + + + + +

White-‐stemmed stickleaf + + +

Grasses: Dropseed grass +

Grass family +

Other: cf. Aster family +

Borage family + + +

*= probably charred, += 1-‐10/sample, cf.= resembles taxon, f= fragment.

Appendix K (continued)


Appendix L. Water Canyon 2012 Charcoal Sample Species Analysis

Pamela J. McBride

FS No. Taxon Count Weight Test Unit / Level

North Grid Coordinate

(m)

East Grid Coordinate

(m)

Grid Elevation

(m) *1098 cf. Quercus 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐17/Lev. 2A 506.860 508.249 48.657

1101 Unknown plant part 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 4B 507.641 511.359 48.406

1120 Unknown conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 5B 507.207 511.109 48.311

1122 Unknown non-‐conifer 3 .01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A 508.047 510.232 48.326

1127 poss. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A 508.263 510.852 48.301

*1130 cf. Juniperus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 5A 508.554 510.437 48.297

1137 cf. Quercus 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6A 508.288 510.249 48.249

1142 Unknown wood 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6A 507.252 511.120 48.250

1144 cf. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 507.320 511.189 48.250

1145 cf. Juniperus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.396 510.419 48.220

*1146 Juniperus 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.414 510.405 48.209

1147 Unknown non-‐conifer 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.434 510.404 48.208

1149 Unknown non-‐conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 507.199 511.192 48.236

1150 Unknown conifer 1 .01 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 507.210 511.298 48.240

*1152 cf. Quercus 1 .02 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 507.313 511.186 48.235

1156 poss. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.420 510.404 48.197

1162 poss. Juniperus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.292 510.872 48.195

1163 Unknown wood 1

(crumbs) <.01 g Unit 1-‐10/Lev. 6B 508.261 510.679 48.198

1170 cf. Atriplex 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐15/Lev. 6B 507.310 511.803 48.201

1174 no discernable charcoal Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 7A 507.23 511.177 48.199


1176 charcoal dust in dirt clods Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 7A 507.082 511.715 48.200

1186 cf. Unknown conifer 3 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 7A 507.870 511.295 48.162

*1187 Juniperus 1 .03 g Unit 1-‐10, Lev. 7B 508.389 510.719 48.136

1212 bits of unidentifiable charcoal Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 507.190 511.291 48.046

1213 cf. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 507.149 511.394 48.053

1214 poss. Quercus 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 507.160 511.307 48.046

1221 unidentifiable bits embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐15, Lev. 8A 507.439 511.878 48.085



1230 charcoal embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐6, Lev. 16 509.573 509.801 47.286

1231 unidentifiable bits embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐6, Lev. 16 509.344 509.955 47.293

1232 unidentifiable bits embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐6, Lev. 16 509.270 509.953 47.291

1233 unidentifiable bits embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐14, Lev. 4A 507.096 510.397 48.453


1240 charcoal embedded in dirt clods Unit 1-‐6, Lev. 16 509.783 509.764 47.217



1267 Unknown conifer 1 <.01 g Unit 1-‐14, Lev. 5B 507.832 510.412 48.298

Appendix L. Water Canyon 2012 Charcoal Sample Species Analysis

Appendix L | Pamela J. McBride


App

endix M. Pollen Analysis DATA

for Samples Collected in 2012

Susan J. Smith

Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Dat

e Co

llect

ed

Se

pt

12,

2012

Sept

12

, 20

12

Sept

12

, 20

12

Sept

12,

20

12

Sept

12,

20

12

Sept

12,

20

12

Sept

12

, 20

12

Sept

. 15,

20

12

Sept

. 15,

20

12

Sept

. 15,

20

12

Sept

. 14,

20

12

Stra

t Des

crip

tion

ab

ove

blac

k m

at

from

ea

st

edge

of

Uni

t 1-‐

8, W

. of

Uni

t 1-‐

9

blac

k m

at

(har

d un

it)

blac

k m

at

blac

k m

at

blac

k m

at,

near

co

ntac

t w

ith

grey

/g

reen

sa

ndy

clay

be

low

grey

/g

reen

sa

ndy

clay

grey

/g

reen

sa

ndy

clay

grey

uni

t ab

ove

blac

k m

at;

cont

ains

bo

ne

and

cultu

ral

artif

acts

blac

k m

at; S

E co

rner

of

Uni

t 11

2

gl

eyed

se

dim

ent

est.

to

corr

espo

nd

to C

lovi

s er

a

Est.

age

(cal

yr

BP)

?

≥100

00

≥100

00

≥100

00

≥100

00

>100

00

>100

00

9373

10

681

1110

0 11

100

1110

0 13

000

Gri

d El

evat

ion

48

.153

48

.019

47

.819

47

.695

47

.566

47

.397

47

.277

48

.256

48

.171

44

.994

45

.197

45

.406

47

.20

– 47

.10

Nor

th G

rid

Coor

dina

tes

(m)

50

8

50

8.88

50

8.82

53

6.57

5 53

6.60

2 53

6.59

4 50

9

East

Gri

d Co

ordi

nate

s (m

)

509

508.

97

508.

94

556.

974

556.

974

556.

962

509

Com

men

ts

Uni

t 1-‐

12, S

w

all

near

E

corn

er

Dep

th c

m b

elow

gr

ound

sur

face

or

belo

w U

nit/

Core

Su

rfac

e

7-‐

10

17-‐2

0 36

-‐39

50-‐5

3 64

-‐67

76-‐8

0 90

-‐94

118.

3 cm

(L

evel

6)

130.

7 cm

(L

evel

7)

Sam

ple

Vol

ume

cc

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

App

endi

x M

. Pol

len

Ana

lysi

s D

ata

for

Sam

ples

Col

lect

ed in

201

2Appendix M | Susan J. Smith


Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Sam

ple

Wei

ght g

m

22

.8

23

21.8

26

.8

27.4

25

.3

26.5

29

.3

26.1

31

.4

25.6

22

.9

27.4

Initi

al T

race

r Co

ncen

trat

ion

41

696

4169

6 41

696

4169

6 41

696

4169

6 41

696

3716

8 37

168

4169

6 41

696

4169

6 41

696

Trac

ers

Coun

ted

42

4 46

4 65

9 86

6 52

5 11

6 87

34

32

10

3 34

4 71

83

0

Polle

n Su

m

21

8 22

4 21

8 23

2 10

9 12

5

366

356

4 20

5 35

3 10

2

Polle

n Co

ncen

trat

ion

gr/g

m

94

0.3

875.

2 63

2.7

416.

8 31

5.9

170.

5 90

.4

1365

5.4

1584

2.7

51.6

97

0.6

9052

.6

187.

0

Taxo

n Ri

chne

ss

12

13

14

15

10

2

4 16

13

3

13

15

9

Polle

n A

ggre

gate

s Ta

xon

Rich

ness

1

2

1

RAW COUNTS

Common

Nam

e Taxon Nam

e

Fir

Abies

Map

le ty

pe

Ace

r

Ald

er

Alnus

3

1

Ragw

eed

type

Ambros

ia

1 1

1 1

poss

. mar

shel

der

Ambros

ia ty

pe

2 (c

f. Iva)

3

Carr

ot F

amily

A

piac

eae

Mis

tleto

e Arceu

thob

ium

Sage

brus

h Artem

isia

16

20

10

8 13

23

20

3 16

5

Smal

l Sag

ebru

sh

smal

l Artem

isia

5

12

8 6

2

6 6

Sunf

low

er F

amily

A

ster

acea

e 46

66

48

47

14

1 10

5 77

1

53

139

23

Birc

h Be

tula

3

2 8

2

1

4

Mus

tard

Fam

ily

Bras

sica

ceae

1

1

1

App

endi

x M

(con

tinu

ed)


Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Broa

d Sp

ine

Com

posi

te

Broa

d Sp

ine

Ast

erac

eae

Hac

kber

ry

Celtis

Mou

ntai

n M

ahog

any

type

Ce

rcoc

arpu

s

Long

Spi

ne ty

pe (c

f. su

nflo

wer

) cf

. Helianthu

s

1

cf. B

uffa

lo B

erry

cf

. She

pherdia

cf. C

heck

erm

allo

w

type

cf

. Sidalce

a

1

1

Chen

o-‐A

m

Chen

o-‐A

m

36

34

12

20

9

1 46

34

2

39

80

8

poss

ible

Thi

stle

Cirsium

cf. S

edge

or

Bulr

ush

Cype

race

ae

4

Mor

mon

Tea

Ep

hedra

1

Buck

whe

at

Eriogo

num

Spur

ge F

amily

Eu

phor

biac

eae

4 6

3

2

5

2

1

Pea

Fam

ily

Faba

ceae

Wal

nut

Juglan

s

Juni

per

Junipe

rus

1 1

3 2

3

48

45

1

2

Min

t Fam

ily

Lam

iace

ae

1

Chic

ory

Trib

e Li

gulif

lora

e 5

3 4

5 2

1

1

5 8

Lily

Fam

ily c

oars

e ty

pe

Lilia

ceae

2

Four

O'C

lock

Typ

e Mirab

ilis/

Nyctagina

ceae

ty

pe

1

2

Even

ing

Prim

rose

O

nagr

acea

e

1

Spru

ce

Pice

a

App

endi

x M

(con

tinu

ed)


Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Larg

e Pi

ne

Pinu

s 1

1 1

9 1

10

9

2

6

Smal

l Pin

e Pinu

s ed

ulis

type

1

3

7 5

1 1

11

23

2 5

Gra

ss

Poac

eae

15

32

26

28

21

1

54

73

19

18

21

Larg

e G

rass

type

La

rge

Poac

eae

1

cf. K

notw

eed

Po

lygo

num

Oak

Que

rcus

8 9

1

Sum

ac F

amily

Rh

us

2

1

Rose

Fam

ily

Rosa

ceae

4 2

1

Gre

asew

ood

Sarcob

atus

Pens

tem

on F

amily

Sc

roph

ular

iac

eae

1

Nig

htsh

ade

Fam

ily

Sola

nace

ae

Glo

bem

allo

w

Spha

eralce

a 2

1

1 2

3

1

Unkno

wn Po

llen

Types

Unk

now

n tr

icol

pate

w

ith tr

ansv

erse

fu

rrow

s, p

rola

te

abou

t 35

um

Unk

now

n tin

y (<

15

um) r

ound

, tr

icol

pate

Unk

now

n sm

all (

<15

um) p

rola

te ty

pe

Unk

now

n di

amon

d sh

aped

tric

olpo

rate

, sm

all (

<25

µm),

poss

. Prunu

s (C

herr

y)

App

endi

x M

(con

tinu

ed)


Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Unk

now

n po

lyad

of

4, s

moo

th th

in

exin

e, p

oss.

Er

icac

eae

1

Exotic/Introdu

ced

Taxa

Cran

e's

Bill

Erod

ium

cf. T

umbl

ewee

d Sa

lsola

Unidentifiable

Det

erio

rate

d D

eter

iora

ted

84

36

95

79

36

7

32

47

71

67

16

Unk

now

n U

nkno

wn

1 5

3 3

1

9

11

2

7 4

2013 Lab

Contam

inant Large

Grass

1

1 1

1

Total A

ggregates

1

2

1

Gra

ss A

ggre

gate

s

1(12

)

1(

12)

Chen

o-‐A

m

Agg

rega

tes

1(8)

Sunf

low

er F

amily

A

ggre

gate

s

1(

8)

Glo

bem

allo

w

Agg

rega

tes

Ragw

eed/

Burs

age

Type

2 (M

arsh

elde

r)

Agg

rega

tes

Rose

Fam

ily

Agg

rega

tes

Smal

l Sag

ebru

sh

Agg

rega

tes

Sage

brus

h A

ggre

gate

s

Unk

now

n A

ggre

gate

s

App

endi

x M

(con

tinu

ed)


Sample List

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

Sample FS No.

1262

1261

1260

1259

1258

1257

1256

1079

1080

1278

1279

1280

1249

Location

/Core/Unit

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit 1-‐9

Unit

1-‐9

Unit

1-‐12

Unit

1-‐12

SE cutbank

wash, east

of Locus 5

(FN 1278-‐

1280)

Unit 1-‐6

Unk

now

n A

ggre

gate

sm

all r

ound

type

Algae

Botryo

coccus

1 1

1

Unkno

wn

Microfossils

Mic

rofo

ssil

1:

Spir

al F

orm

, Co

ncen

tric

yste

s/

Pseu

dosc

hiza

ea

3

6 15

9

2

3

Mic

rofo

ssil

2: C

lear

Sp

iny

Sphe

re

5 1

1

2

1 10

2

5

Mic

rofo

ssil

3: C

lub-‐

foot

Sph

ere

11

18

3

App

endi

x M

(con

tinu

ed)


App

endix N. R

adiocarbon

Dating Re

sults an

d Re

ports for Sa

mples Collected

in 201

2-‐20

13

FS No.

Lab No.

Sample

Material

Prov

enienc

e Grid E

(m)

Grid N

(m)

Grid Elev

(m

) Date

Colle

cted

Notes

Conv

ention

al

14C Date

2-‐sigm

a Ca

l yr BP

Co

mmen

ts

1231

Be

ta 373

606

Char

coal

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

16A

509.34

4 50

9.95

5 47

.293

9/

12/2

012

refe

rred

to

as "or

ganic

sedim

ent"

by la

b

1131

0 ± 50

13

,185

± 95

in strat

ord

er

1232

Be

ta 373

607

Char

coal

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

16A

509.27

0 50

9.95

3 47

.291

9/

12/2

012

refe

rred

to

as "or

ganic

sedim

ent"

by la

b

1131

0 ± 50

13

,185

± 95

in strat

ord

er

1274

AA10

3849

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev. 8

B 50

8.97

8 50

9.34

7 48

.03

9/14

/201

2 from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9310

± 52

10,516

± 146

in strat

ord

er

1273

AA10

3848

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

10B

508.97

5 50

9.34

6 47

.823

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9482

± 62

10,727

± 155

(0

.73)

11,005

± 78

(0.27)

in strat

ord

er

1272

AA10

3847

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

11B

508.99

1 50

9.34

8 47

.7

9/14

/201

2 from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9776

± 61

11,199

± 114

stat

istic

ally

the sa

me as

FS

127

0 &

1271

1271

AA10

3815

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

13A

508.99

4 50

9.34

7 47

.571

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9815

± 48

11,242

± 69

stat

istic

ally

the sa

me as

FS

127

0 &

1272

1270

AA10

3814

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

14B

508.99

9 50

9.34

9 47

.406

9/

14/2

012

from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9752

± 47

11,122

± 127

stat

istic

ally

the sa

me as

FS

127

1 &

1272

1269

AA10

3813

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 1

-‐6, L

ev.

16A

509.00

4 50

9.35

1 47

.28

9/14

/201

2

reco

rded

as

FS 126

8 in

tota

l sta

tion;

from

sou

th

wall, TI/JK

9010

± 55

10,185

± 67

(0.77)

99

96 ±

71 (0

.23)

out o

f stra

tigra

phic

orde

r

1280

AA10

3852

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

SE w

all, big was

h 53

6.59

4 55

6.96

2 45

.406

9/

15/2

012

base

elev

ation of

sa

mple

7228

± 46

8064

± 97

in strat

ord

er

App

endi

x N

. Rad

ioca

rbon

Dati

ng R

esul

ts a

nd R

epor

ts fo

r Sa

mpl

es C

olle

cted

in 2

012–

2013

Appendix N


FS No.

Lab No.

Sample

Material

Prov

enienc

e Grid E

(m)

Grid N

(m)

Grid Elev

(m

) Date

Colle

cted

Notes

Conv

ention

al

14C Date

2-‐sigm

a Ca

l yr BP

Co

mmen

ts

1279

AA10

3851

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

SE w

all, big was

h 53

6.60

2 55

6.97

4 45

.197

9/

15/2

012

base

elev

ation of

sa

mple

8653

± 47

9619

± 86

in strat

ord

er

1278

AA10

3850

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

SE w

all, big was

h 53

6.57

5 55

6.97

4 44

.994

9/

15/2

012

base

elev

ation of

sa

mple

8810

± 47

9820

± 144

in strat

ord

er

5007

AA10

3920

Ch

arco

al

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 1

527.86

4 52

1.06

8 46

.017

5/

2/20

13

In situ

frag

of

cha

rcoa

l from

SE1

/4

of unit

8394

± 45

9442

± 40

in strat

ord

er

5071

AA10

3921

Ch

arco

al

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 2

527.32

9 52

1.34

1 45

.814

5/

9/20

13

In situ

ch

arco

al

fleck

from

SW

1/4 of

un

it

8776

± 62

9786

± 124

in strat

ord

er

5096

AA10

4050

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 4

527.58

1 52

1.77

4 45

.673

5/

10/2

013

Cent

er point

fo

r sm

all

bloc

k of

soil

(20c

m N

-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) from

NE1

/4

unit

8955

± 57

10,070

± 158

in strat

ord

er

5105

AA10

4051

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 5

527.52

7 52

1.88

3 45

.574

5/

11/2

013

Cent

er point

fo

r sm

all

bloc

k of

soil

(20c

m N

-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) from

NE1

/4

of unit

8623

± 89

9681

± 209

ou

t of

stra

tigra

phic

orde

r

5124

AA10

4111

Bu

lk

Sedim

ent

Unit 5

-‐3 / Lev

el 6

527.58

52

1.88

6 45

.483

5/

12/2

013

Cent

er point

fo

r sm

all

bloc

k of

soil

(20c

m N

-‐S x

20cm

E-‐W

) from

NE1

/4

of unit

8997

± 53

10,181

.5 ±

64

.5 (0

.71)

99

95.5 ± 72.5

(0.29)

in strat

ord

er

App

endi

x N

(con

tinu

ed)


Digital signature on file

March 5, 2014

Dr. Robert Dello-RussoOffice of Contract Archeology1717 Lomas Blvd. NEAlbuquerque, NM 87131-1206USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Results For Samples WC2012FS1231, WC2012FS1232

Dear Dr. Dello-Russo:

Enclosed are the radiocarbon dating results for two samples recently sent to us. As usual, themethod of analysis is listed on the report with the results and calibration data is provided whereapplicable. The Conventional Radiocarbon Ages have all been corrected for total fractionation effectsand where applicable, calibration was performed using 2013 calibration databases (cited on the graphpages).

The web directory containing the table of results and PDF download also contains pictures, a cvsspreadsheet download option and a quality assurance report containing expected vs. measured values for3-5 working standards analyzed simultaneously with your samples.

Reported results are accredited to ISO-17025 standards and all chemistry was performed here inour laboratories and counted in our own accelerators here in Miami. Since Beta is not a teachinglaboratory, only graduates trained to strict protocols of the ISO-17025 program participated in theanalyses.

As always Conventional Radiocarbon Ages and sigmas are rounded to the nearest 10 years perthe conventions of the 1977 International Radiocarbon Conference. When counting statistics producesigmas lower than +/- 30 years, a conservative +/- 30 BP is cited for the result.

When interpreting the results, please consider any communications you may have had with usregarding the samples. As always, your inquiries are most welcome. If you have any questions or wouldlike further details of the analyses, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Our invoice has been sent separately. Thank you for your prior efforts in arranging payment. Asalways, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Page 1 of 4

Appendix N (continued)


Dr. Robert Dello-Russo Report Date: 3/5/2014

Office of Contract Archeology Material Received: 2/20/2014

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C ConventionalRadiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 373606 11330 +/- 50 BP -26.0 o/oo 11310 +/- 50 BPSAMPLE : WC2012FS1231ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard deliveryMATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (organic sediment): acid washes2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 11320 to 11130 (Cal BP 13270 to 13080)____________________________________________________________________________________

Beta - 373607 11320 +/- 50 BP -25.8 o/oo 11310 +/- 50 BPSAMPLE : WC2012FS1232ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard deliveryMATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (organic sediment): acid washes2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 11320 to 11130 (Cal BP 13270 to 13080)____________________________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 4



CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS

Database usedINTCAL13

ReferencesMathematics used for calibration scenario

A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates, Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2):317-322References to INTCAL13 database

Reimer PJ et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0– 50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869– 1887.

Beta Analytic Radiocabon Dating Laboratory4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 • Email: [email protected]

(Variables: C13/C12 = -26 o/oo : lab. mult = 1)

Laboratory number Beta-373606

Conventional radiocarbon age 11310 ± 50 BP

2 Sigma calibrated result95% probability

Cal BC 11320 to 11130 (Cal BP 13270 to 13080)

Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve Cal BC 11190 (Cal BP 13140)

1 Sigma calibrated results68% probability

Cal BC 11255 to 11150 (Cal BP 13205 to 13100)

11310 ± 50 BP ORGANIC SEDIMENT

11350 11325 11300 11275 11250 11225 11200 11175 11150 11125 1110011100

11150

11200

11250

11300

11350

11400

11450

11500

Cal BC

Rad

ioca

rbon

age

(BP

)

Page 3 of 4



CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS

Database usedINTCAL13

ReferencesMathematics used for calibration scenario

A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates, Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2):317-322References to INTCAL13 database

Reimer PJ et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0– 50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869– 1887.

Beta Analytic Radiocabon Dating Laboratory4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 • Email: [email protected]

(Variables: C13/C12 = -25.8 o/oo : lab. mult = 1)

Laboratory number Beta-373607

Conventional radiocarbon age 11310 ± 50 BP

2 Sigma calibrated result95% probability

Cal BC 11320 to 11130 (Cal BP 13270 to 13080)

Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve Cal BC 11190 (Cal BP 13140)

1 Sigma calibrated results68% probability

Cal BC 11255 to 11150 (Cal BP 13205 to 13100)

11310 ± 50 BP ORGANIC SEDIMENT

11350 11325 11300 11275 11250 11225 11200 11175 11150 11125 1110011100

11150

11200

11250

11300

11350

11400

11450

11500

Cal BC

Rad

ioca

rbon

age

(BP

)

Page 4 of 4



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Appendix O | Ronald Goble, University of Nebraska (Retired)

January 26, 2015

OSL Analysis and Sample Preparation

Sample Preparation/Dose-Rate Determination: Sample preparation was carried out under amber-light conditions. Samples were wet

sieved to extract the 90 – 150 m fraction, and then treated with HCl to remove carbonates and with hydrogen peroxide to remove organics. For quartz OSL, quartz and feldspar grains were extracted by flotation using a 2.7 gm cm-3 sodium polytungstate solution, then treated for 75 minutes in 48% HF, followed by 30 minutes in 47% HCl. The sample was then resieved and the <90 m fraction discarded to remove residual feldspar grains. For pIRIR290 feldspar OSL, feldspar grains were extracted by flotation using a 2.58 gm cm-3 sodium polytungstate solution, then treated for 40 minutes in 10% HF, followed by 30 minutes in 47% HCl. The etched grains were mounted on the innermost 2 mm or 5mm of 1 cm aluminum disks using Silkospray.

Chemical analyses were carried out using a high-resolution gamma spectrometer. Dose-rates were calculated using the method of Aitken (1998) and Adamiec and Aitken (1998). The cosmic contribution to the dose-rate was determined using the techniques of Prescott and Hutton (1994).

Optical Measurements: Optically stimulated luminescence analyses were carried out on Riso Automated OSL

Dating System Models TL/OSL-DA-15B/C and TL/OSL-DA-20, equipped with blue and infrared diodes, using the Single Aliquot Regenerative Dose (SAR) technique (Murray and Wintle 2000). Early background subtraction (Ballarini et al., 2007; Cunningham and Wallinga, 2010) was used for quartz OSL, late background subtraction for feldspar OSL. Preheat and cutheat temperatures for quartz OSL were based upon preheat plateau tests between 180º and 280ºC. Dose-recovery and thermal transfer tests were conducted (Murray and Wintle 2003). Growth curves were examined to determine whether the samples were below saturation (D/Do < 2; Wintle and Murray, 2006). Optical ages are based upon a minimum of 50 aliquots (Rodnight, 2008), with the exception of the feldspar determinations on UNL3854 and UNOL3855. Individual aliquots were monitored for insufficient count-rate, poor quality fits (i.e. large error in the equivalent dose, De), poor recycling ratio, strong medium vs fast component (Durcan and Duller 2011), and detectable feldspar in quartz samples. Aliquots deemed unacceptable based upon these criteria were discarded from the data set prior to averaging. Calculation of sample De values was carried out using the Central Age Model (Galbraith et al. 1999) unless the De distribution (asymmetric distribution; decision table of Bailey and Arnold 2006), indicated that the Minimum Age Model (Galbraith et al. 1999) was more appropriate.

Post-IR IRSL (pIRIR290) followed the protocol outlined by Thiel et al. (2011), with a preheat of 320°C/60s, an IR bleach at 50°C for 200s, and an IRSL measurement at 290°C for 200s. Fading rates and residual doses determined for both the 50°C IRSL and 290°C

Appendix O. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating Report for Samples Collected in 2012–2013


pIRIR data were used to correct the ages. 50°C IRSL and 290°C pIRIR ages overlap at 2-sigma. UNL3855 had larger fading rates than UNL3854, which is reflected in larger errors in the ages. Weaker signals associated with the 290°C pIRIR data versus the 50°C IRSL data result in larger errors for the 290°C pIRIR data.

Ronald J. Goble Professor & Director, Luminescence Geochronology Laboratory

Appendix O (continued)


References:Adamiec, G. & Aitken, M. (1998): Dose-rate conversion factors: update. Ancient TL,

16, 37-50.Aitken, M. J. (1998). Introduction to Optical Dating. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Bailey, R.M. & Arnold, L.J. (2006): Statistical modeling of single grain quartz Dedistributions and an assessment of procedures for estimating burial dose. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 2475-2502.

Ballarini, M., Wallinga, J., Wintle, A.G. & Bos, A.J.J. (2007): A modified SAR protocol for optical dating of individual grains from young quartz samples. Radiation Measurements, 42, 360-369.

Cunningham, A.C. and Wallinga, J. (2010): Selection of integration time intervals for quartz OSL decay curves. Quaternary Geochronology, 5, 657-666.

Durcan, J.A. and Duller, G.A.T. (2011): The fast ratio: A rapid measure for testing the dominance of the fast component in the initial OSL signal from quartz. Radiation Measurements, 46, 1065-1072.

Galbraith, R.F., Roberts, R.G., Laslett, G.M., Yoshida, H. and Olley, J.M. (1999):Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium Rock Shelter, Northern Australia: Part I, experimental design and statistical models. Archaeometry 41, 339-364.

Murray, A.S. & Wintle, A.G. (2000): Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements, 32, 57-73.

Murray, A.S. & Wintle, A.G. (2003): The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol:potential for improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements, 37, 377-381.

Prescott, J.R. & Hutton, J.T. (1994): Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements, 23, 497-500.

Rodnight, H. (2008): How many equivalent dose values are needed to obtain a reproducible distribution? Ancient TL, 26, 3-9.

Thiel, C., Buylaert, J.-P., Murray, A., Terhorst, B., Hofer, I., Tsukamoto, S. and Frechen, M. (2011): Luminescence dating of the Stratzing loess profile (Austria) – Testing the potential of an elevated temperature post-IR IRSL protocol. Quaternary International 234, 23-31.

Wintle, A.G. and Murray, A.S. (2006): A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 41, 369-391.

Appendix O (continued)


UN

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UN

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3.60

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3.34

0.18

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255.

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5075

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1999

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632

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UN

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2.28

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2.92

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Appendix P. Report for X-‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Samples Recovered in 2013

ARCHAEOLOGICAL X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY LABORATORY 8100 Wyoming Blvd., Ste M4-158 Albuquerque, NM 87113 USA

LETTER REPORT

AN ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS FROM THE WATER CANYON SITE (LA 134764),

SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO 26 May 2014 Dr. Robert Dello-Russo Office of Contract Archaeology Maxwell Museum of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM Dear Robert,

This is an updated report with the addition of four samples not analyzed in the previous report (Shackley 2013; Table 1 here). Cerro Toledo Rhyolite and the Mount Taylor sources are available in the Rio Grande Quaternary alluvium, but the rest of the sources do not erode into Rio Grande alluvial contexts or erode into stream basins a great distance from these sites (Shackley 2005, 2012). McDaniel Tank is a newly discovered source in the Magdalena Mountains, not yet published. Specific instrumental methods can be found at http://www.swxrflab.net/anlysis.htm, and Shackley (2005). Source assignment was made by comparison to source standard data in the laboratory. Analysis of the USGS RGM-1 standard indicates high machine precision for the elements of interest (Table 1 here). Sincerely, M. Steven Shackley, Ph.D. Director VOICE: 510-393-3931 INTERNET: [email protected] http://www.swxrflab.net/

Appendix P. Report for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Samples Recovered in 2013

Appendix P | M. Steven Shackley, University of California, Berkeley (Retired)


2

REFERENCES CITED M.K. Davis, T.L. Jackson, M.S. Shackley, T. Teague, and J.H. Hampel 2011 Factors Affecting the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Archaeological Obsidian, with a new

introduction by M.S. Shackley. In X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, edited by M.S. Shackley, pp. 45-64. Springer, New York.

Shackley, M.S. 2005 Obsidian: Geology and Archaeology in the North American Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

2012 The Secondary Distribution of Archaeological Obsidian in Rio Grande Quaternary Sediments, Jemez Mountains to San Antonito, New Mexico: Inferences for Prehistoric Procurement and the Age of Sediments. Poster presentation at the Society for American Archaeology, Annual Meeting, Memphis, Tennessee.

2013 An Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from the Water Canyon Site (LA

134764), South-Central New Mexico. Report prepared for the Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.

[Appendix P] Table 1. Elemental concentrations for the archaeological samples. All measurements in parts per million (ppm). Sample Ti Mn Fe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Source 1006 500 596 12259 502 12 79 127 208 Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) 1017 893 561 11621 427 13 68 103 164 Mt Taylor1 1020 661 670 12452 489 9 74 115 180 Mt Taylor 1026-3 878 847 13744 496 13 73 104 164 Mt Taylor 1026-5 1066 528 13668 168 11 41 133 41 Valles Rhy (Cerro del Medio) 1041 896 433 12851 159 11 36 136 40 Valles Rhy (Cerro del Medio) 1044 452 564 11680 499 13 89 123 221 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1030 364 681 12635 592 14 94 142 237 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1057-6 515 780 11222 556 10 83 107 184 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1057-7 561 450 11774 203 8 59 171 99 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1075 899 665 13756 239 10 59 169 86 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1078 489 626 11887 530 11 89 135 236 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1088A 716 546 12788 229 9 65 181 97 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1088F 741 639 12009 479 15 74 112 184 Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) 1126 459 717 12513 580 15 97 138 222 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor) 1159 844 583 12877 220 9 65 169 89 Cerro Toledo Rhy 1228 686 836 13281 548 14 78 117 188 Grants Ridge (Mt Taylor) RGM1-S4 1585 289 13750 151 108 23 215 7 standard 2014 samples

1050 440 647 9262 541 5 93 138 220 761 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor)

1293 510 634 9588 515 5 93 148 227 <1 Horace Mesa (Mt Taylor)

5001 560 779 10950 574 4 92 143 218 69 Mt Taylor1

5111 3633 940 19835 202 216 38 254 30 910 McDaniel Tank (San Mateo Mtns)

RGM1-S4 1535 312 13039 150 106 24 223 11 816 standard 1 Mainly due to sample size, some of the artifacts produced from Mount Taylor obsidian could not be parsed into one of the two localities (Davis et al. 2011).

Appendix P (continued)


Appendix Q

Appendix Q. Protein Residue Analysis of a Single Projectile Point

Protein Residue Analysis of a

Single Projectile Point from Site LA134764 in

West-‐Central New Mexico

Prepared For: Dr. Robert Dello-‐Russo

Office of Archaeological Studies/Museum of New Mexico Santa Fe, New Mexico

Prepared By:

Laboratory of Archaeological Sciences California State University 9001 Stockdale Highway

Bakersfield, CA 93311-‐1022 Director: Robert M. Yohe II, Ph.D., RPA

Associate Director: Carrie L. Stephens, B.A.

(LAS-‐345)

Appendix Q. Protein Residue Analysis of a Single Projectile Point


Introduction

The use of chemical and molecular biological techniques in the analysis of archaeological materials can provide significant new information for the interpretation of their use. The identification of organic residue from lithic and ceramics artifacts, coprolites and soils have provided archaeologists with specific data regarding prehistoric exploitation of animals and plants. Although ancient protein residues may not be preserved in their original form, linear epitopes are generally conserved which can be identified by immunological methods (Abbas et al. 1994). Immunological methods have been used to identify plant and animal residues on flaked and groundstone lithic artifacts (Allen et al. 1995; Gerlach et al. 1996; Henrikson et al. 1998; Hyland et al. 1990; Kooyman et al. 1992; Newman 1990, 1995; Petraglia et al. 1996; Shanks et al.1999; Yohe et al. 1991) and in Chumash paint pigment (Scott et al. 1996). Plant remains on artifacts also been identified through chemical (opal phytoliths), and morphological (use-‐wear), studies (Hardy and Garufi 1998; Jahren et al. 1997, Sobolik 1996). Plant and animal residues on ceramic artifacts have been identified through the use of gas-‐liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (Bonfield and Heron 1995; Evershed et al. 1992; Evershed and Tuross, 1996; Heron et al. 1991, Patrick et al. 1985). Serological methods have been used to determine blood groups in skeletal and soft tissue remains (Heglar 1972; Lee et al. 1989) and in the detection of hemoglobin from 4500-‐year-‐old bones (Ascenzi et al. 1985). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) determinations made on human and animal skeletal and soft tissue remains have demonstrated genetic relationships and molecular evolutionary distances (Hänni et al. 1995; Hansen and Gurtler 1983; Lowenstein 1985, 1986; Pääbo 1985, 1986, 1989; Pääbo et al. 1989). Successful identification of residues on stone tools, dated between 35-‐60,000 B.P., has been made by DNA analysis (Hardy et al. 1997), while recently, residues on surgical implements from the American Civil War were identified by immunological and DNA analysis (Newman et al. 1998). A recent study demonstrated the viability of identifiable immunoglobulin G in 1.6 million-‐year-‐old fossil bones from Venta Micena, Spain, (Torres et al. 2002). Horse exploitation was identified by immunological analysis of residues retained on Clovis points dated to ca. 11,200 B.P. (Kooyman et al. 2001). The use of forensic techniques in the investigation of archaeological materials is appropriate as both disciplines deal with residues that have undergone changes, either deliberate or natural. Criminals habitually endeavor to remove bloodstains by such means as laundering, scrubbing with bleach, etc. yet; such degraded samples are still identified by immunological methods (Lee and De Forest 1976; Milgrom and Campbell 1970; Shinomiya et al. 1978, among others). Similarly it has been shown that immunological methods can be successfully applied to ancient human cremations (Cattaneo et al. 1992). Forensic wildlife laboratories use immunological techniques in their investigation of hunting violations and illegal trade, often from contaminated evidence (Bartlett and Davidson 1992; Guglich et al. 1993; Mardini 1984; McClymont et al. 1982). Immunological methods are also used to test the purity of food products such as canned luncheon meat and sausage, products which have undergone considerable degradation (Ashoor et al. 1988; Berger et al. 1988; King 1984). Thus the age and degradation of protein does not preclude detection (Gaensslen 1983:225).

Materials and Methods

The method of analysis used in this study of archaeological residues is cross-‐over immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Prior to the introduction of DNA fingerprinting this test was used by forensic laboratories to identify trace residues from crime scenes. Minor adaptations to the original method were made following procedures used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Serology Laboratory, Ottawa (1983). The solution used to remove possible residues is five percent ammonium

Appendix Q (continued)


hydroxide which is the most effective extractant for old and denatured proteins without interfering with subsequent testing (Dorrill and Whitehead 1979; Kind and Cleevely 1969). Artifacts are placed in shallow plastic dishes and 0.5 ml of five percent ammonia solution applied directly to each. Initial disaggregation is carried out by floating the dish and contents in an ultrasonic cleaning bath for five minutes. Extraction is continued by placing the dish and contents on a rotating mixer for thirty minutes. For large ground stone items, such as metates, stone bowls, etc., the ammonium hydroxide is applied directly to the worked surface, agitated periodically with a sterile orangewood stick, and allowed to sit for one half hour. The resulting solution is drawn off, placed in a numbered, sterile plastic vial and stored at -‐20ºC prior to testing. In the case of soil samples, one gram is placed in a vial and 0.5 ml of 1 M Tris buffer solution (H2NC[CH2OH]3) is used instead of ammonium hydroxide. The vial is placed in a rotating mixer overnight. The resulting solution is drawn off, placed in a numbered, vial and stored at -‐20ºC prior to testing. A series of paired wells is punched into an agarose gel. Approximately 2 μl. of antiserum is placed into one well and the same amount of the unknown sample extract is placed in the other. An electric current is then passed through the gel. The antiserum and unknown sample migrate through the gel and come into contact. If there is protein in the unknown which corresponds with the antiserum, an antigen-‐antibody reaction occurs and the protein precipitates out in a specific pattern. The precipitant is detected when the gel is pressed, dried and stained. Control positives are run simultaneously with all the unknown samples. Sterile equipment and techniques are used throughout the analysis.

The Samples A single artifact and accompanying soil control sample were submitted for immunological analysis by the Office of Archaeological Studies at the Museum of New Mexico«Company_Name»«Client_City_»«Client_State». Residue was removed from the artifact as discussed above. The residue was tested against a suite of animal antisera (Table 1). Animal antisera provided by Cappel Research and Lampire Biomedical provide family level identification only. The relationship of antisera to some of the possible species identified is shown in Table 2.

Results

No positive reactions were registered for the projectile point or soil sample (Table 3). The absence of identifiable proteins on an artifact may be due to poor preservation of protein, insufficient protein, or that they were not in contact with any of the organisms included in the available antisera.

TABLE 1: ANTISERA USED IN ANALYSIS

Animal Antiserum Source Ursine “ Bovine “

Camelidae Lampire Biomedical Feline Cappel Research

Cervinae “ Elephantine Lampire Biomedical

Equine “ Hominini Cappel Research Canine “ Caprinae “



TABLE 2: POSSIBLE SPECIES IDENTIFIED

Antiserum to: Reacts with: Bear black, grizzly, etc Bovine bison, cow, musk ox Camel all camelids (New & Old world) Cat bobcat, cougar, lynx, etc.

Canine wolf, coyote, dog, etc. Deer deer, elk, moose

Elephantidae elephant, mammoth Horse horse, donkey, kiang, etc. Human human Sheep bighorn & other sheep

TABLE 3: RESULTS

Las # Site # FS or Cat. # Description Results

1 LA134764 5081 Projectile Point Negative

2 LA134764 5028 Control Soil Negative

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Pogo District, Oàhu Island. Asian Perspectives 34(2):283-‐302. Ascenzi, A., M. Brunori, G. Citro, and R. Zito 1985 Immunological Detection of Hemoglobin in Bones of Ancient Roman Times and of Iron and Eneolithic Ages.

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Biological Specimens. Biotechniques 12:408-‐411. Berger, R. G., R. P. Mageau, B. Schwab, and R.W. Johnson 1988 Detection of Poultry and Pork in Cooked and Canned Meats by Enzyme-‐linked Immunoabsorbent Assays. J.

Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem 71:406-‐409. Bonfield, K., and C. Heron 1995 The Identification of Plant Waxes in Neolithic Pottery: Evidence for "Invisible" Foods. Paper presented at

Archaeological Sciences Meeting, 1995, University of Liverpool, U.K. Cattaneo, C., K. Gelsthorpe, P. Phillips, and R. J. Cecal 1992 Reliable Identification of Human Albumin in Ancient Bone using ELIZA and Monoclonal Antibodies. American

Journal of Physical Anthropology 87:365-‐372. Dorrill, M., and P. H. Whitehead

1979 The Species Identification of Very Old Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science International 13:111-‐116.



Evershed, R. P., C. Heron, and L. J. Goad 1992 The Survival of Food Residues: New Methods of Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Proceedings of the

British Academy 77:187-‐208. Evershed, R. P., and N. Tuross 1996 Proteinaceous Material from Potsherds and Associated Soils. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:429-‐436. Gaensslen, R. E. 1983 Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry. U. S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Gerlach, S. C., M. E. Newman, E. J. Knell, and E. S. Hall 1996 Blood Protein Residues on Lithic Artifacts from Two Archaeological Sites in the De Long Mountains,

Northwestern Alaska. Arctic 49(1):1-‐10. Guglich, E. A., P. J. Wilson, and B. N. White 1993 Application of DNA Fingerprinting to Enforcement of Hunting Regulations in Ontario. Journal of Forensic Science

38:48-‐59. Hänni, C., A. Begue, V. Laudet, D. Stéhelin, T. Brousseau, and P. Amouyel 1995 Molecular Typing of Neolithic Human Bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 22 (5):649-‐658. Hansen, H. E., and H. Gurtler 1983 HLA Types of Mummified Eskimo Bodies from the 15th Century. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

61:447-‐452. Hardy, B. L., and T. Garufi 1998 Identification of Woodworking on Stone Tools through Residue and Use-‐Wear Analyses: Experimental Results.

Journal of Archaeological Science 25:177-‐184. Hardy, B. L., R. A. Raff, and V. Raman 1997 Recovery of Mammalian DNA from Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:601-‐

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Great Basin Anthropology 20:72-‐87. Heron, C. L., R. P. Evershed, L. J. Goad, and V. Denham 1991 New Approaches to the Analysis of Organic Residues from Archaeological Remains. In Archaeological Sciences

1989, edited by P. Budd, B. Chapman, R. Janaway and B. Ottaway, pp.332-‐339. Oxbow Monograph 9. Oxford. Hyland, D. C., J. M. Tersak, J. M. Adovasio, and M. I. Siegel 1990 Identification of the Species of Origin of Residual Blood on Lithic Material. American Antiquity 55:104-‐112. Jahren, A. H., N. Toth, K. Schick, J. D. Clark, and R. G. Amundsen 1997 Determining Stone Tool Use: Chemical and Morphological Analyses of Residues on Experimentally

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Office of Contract ArcheologyReport No. 185-1174

Maxwell Museum of AnthropologyUniversity of New Mexico

2015

archaeological excavations at the water canyon

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