aquatic ecosystems. characteristics of aquatic ecosystems fundamental division: freshwater vs....
TRANSCRIPT
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Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems
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Characteristics of Aquatic Characteristics of Aquatic EcosystemsEcosystems
• Fundamental Division: freshwater vs. saltwater– Salinity=amount of dissolved salts in water(*limiting
factor which restricts population growth, distribution, or abundance of an organism
• Dissolved oxygen• Light penetration• Temperature• pH• Presence/absence of currents/waves
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Three Main Categories of Three Main Categories of OrganismsOrganisms
• Plankton
• Nekton
• Benthos
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PlanktonPlankton
• Free-floating
• Small, microscopic
• At the mercy of the current (feeble swimmers)
• Daily vertical migration
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PlanktonPlankton
• 2 major categories– Phytoplankton-photosynthetic, algae,
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)• Producers that form the base of the food chain
– Zooplankton-non-photosynthetic, include protozoa, tiny crustaceans, larval forms of many organisms, feed on phytoplankton, eaten by newly hatched fish/small organisms
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• PhytoplanktonZooplankton
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NektonNekton
• Larger, stronger swimmers
• Fish, turtles, whales
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BenthosBenthos
• Bottom dwellers– Fixed in place (coral, sponges, barnacles)– Burrow in sand (worms, clams)– Walk on bottom (crayfish, brittle stars)
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BenthosBenthos
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Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater Ecosystems
• Rivers and Streams
• Lakes and Ponds
• Wetlands
• Estuaries
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Rivers and Streams (flowing water)Rivers and Streams (flowing water)
• Conditions vary from source (where it begins) to its mouth (the body of water it empties into)– Headwater streams– Downstream
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Headwater Streams CharacteristicsHeadwater Streams Characteristics
• Cold, fast-moving, shallow, highly oxygenated
• Blackfly larva (suckers to adhere to rocks), water-penny (flat to fit under rocks), and brown trout (muscular, streamlined bodies to swim against current)
• 99% of energy comes from detritus, leaves and debris that falls into water
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Headwater StreamHeadwater Stream
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Black Fly Larva and Water PennyBlack Fly Larva and Water Penny
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Downstream CharacteristicsDownstream Characteristics
• Wider, slower current, cloudy because suspended particles begin to fall out, deeper, less oxygenated
• Groundwater upwellings that moderate temperature
• Organisms are similar to lake/pond
• Depend less on detritus because more photosynthesis occurs here
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DownstreamDownstream
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Human Impact on Moving WaterHuman Impact on Moving Water
• Pollution-dumping raw sewage, PCB’s, mercury, lead, animal waste, medical waste
• Dams-upstream flooding damages terrestrial habitats; downstream becomes only a trickle of water damaging stream ecosystem
• Thermal pollution-water is used to cool factory machinery and then released back into the river increasing temperature and killing some organisms
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Lakes and Ponds (limnology is the Lakes and Ponds (limnology is the study of freshwater lakes)study of freshwater lakes)
• Three zones– Littoral zone– Limnetic zone– Profundal zone
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Littoral ZoneLittoral Zone
• Shallow water near shore with emergent vegetation (cattails, reeds, etc)
• **most productive because most photosynthesis occurs here and nutrients from the surrounding area “fall into” the shallow water
• Wildlife-fish, frogs, tadpoles, turtles, crayfish, insect larvae, bass, carp, perch
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Littoral ZoneLittoral Zone
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Limnetic ZoneLimnetic Zone
• Open water away from shore
• Extends to where sunlight penetrates
• Main organisms are plankton
• Larger fish species
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Profundal Zone (only large lakes)Profundal Zone (only large lakes)
• Deepest zone, no algae, no light
• Anaerobic bacteria because no oxygen
• Mineral rich because decomposed organic nutrients are not absorbed by producers to enter the food web
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Lake ZonationLake Zonation
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Lake ZonationLake Zonation
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Seasonal Thermal StratificationSeasonal Thermal Stratification
• Temperature changes sharply with depth (where sunlight penetrates)
• Summer: surface water heats up (becomes less dense) and deeper water is cooler so is more dense, creating a thermocline (temperature transition), more dissolved O2 at cooler depths affecting fish distribution
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Summer StratificationSummer Stratification
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Seasonal Thermal StratificationSeasonal Thermal Stratification
• Fall: falling temperatures cause a mixing of the water layers known as fall turnover.– Surface water cools becomes more dense,
sinks and displaces warmer water underneath– This happens until a uniform temp. is reached
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Seasonal Thermal StratificationSeasonal Thermal Stratification
• Winter: surface water cools below 4oC (greatest density of water) and ice (0oC) forms at the surface, creating another thermocline
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Seasonal Thermal StratificationSeasonal Thermal Stratification• Spring Turnover: occurs as ice melts, temp.
of water increases to 4oC at which time it sinks down (greatest density)
• Layers mix until a uniform temperature is reached
• ***turnovers (fall and spring) are really important because the cycle nutrients and oxygenated water, algal bloom usually follows
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Lake LayersLake Layers
• Seasonal stratification:– Epilimnion (on top of thermocline)– Hypolimnion-below the thermocline (where
nutrients and oxygen are)
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Lake through SeasonsLake through Seasons
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Lake TypesLake Types
• Oligotrophic-newly formed, nutrient poor, liitle life, very clear
• Eutrophic-older lakes with high nitrates and phosphates, a lot of plant life, usually murky
• Mesotrophic-in between stages
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Lake TypesLake Types
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Lake TypesLake Types
• Meromictic Lake-very deep, doesn’t turn over so nutrients don’t cycle, not a lot of life
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Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands
• Covered by shallow water at least part of the year
• Soils are waterlogged and anaerobic• Soils are rich in organic matter (little to no
decomposition)• Marshes-grasslike/plants dominant• Swamps-woody trees and shrubs• Animals found:migratory birds, beavers, otters,
muskrat, fish
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Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands
• Ecological Benefits– Help control flooding by holding excess water
(Hurricane Katrina)– Most important role is to cleanse and purify
water by trapping and holding pollutants– Now protected by laws
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Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands
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EstuariesEstuaries
• Where saltwater and freshwater mix (usually at river mouths)
• Water fluctuates with tides
• Salinity fluctuates with tidal cycles, time of year, precipitation, and gradual changes from river to ocean
• Among the most fertile ecosystems
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Estuary ProductivityEstuary Productivity
• Nutrients are transported from land and streams that flow into the river
• Tidal action circulates nutrients and removes wastes
• Shallow; high level of light penetration
• Plants photosynthesize and trap detritus
• Nurseries for fish and shellfish (blue crab, shrimp)
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Types of EstuariesTypes of Estuaries
• Temperate estuaries-salt marshes
• Tropical-mangroves– Nesting sites for pelicans, egrets, heron– Mangrove roots stabilize soil, prevent erosion,
and provide a barrier against oceans during storms
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Estuary From SpaceEstuary From Space
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MangroveMangrove
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Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems
• Average depth 2.2 miles and some trenches up to 7 miles
• Tides and currents; gravitational pulls of the sun and moon produces 2 high tides and 2 low tides a day
• Height of tide varies with season, topography, phase of moon (full=highest)
• Divided into life zones
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Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems
• Life Zones:– Intertidal– Benthic– Euphotic– Bathyal– Abyssal
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Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
• Shoreline between high tide and low tide
• Highly productive (increased light, nutrients, oxygen), but stressful– Sandy: constantly shifting ground, engulfed by
sand– Rocky: exposed to submersion-high tide,
exposed to air-low tide, inhabitants usually have an anchor and a way of sealing moisture in
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Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
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Benthic ZoneBenthic Zone
• Ocean floor-sand and mud
• Clams, worms, bacteria
• Bottom dwellers
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Euphotic ZoneEuphotic Zone
• Supports photosynthesis of phytoplankton
• Low nutrient levels
• High levels of dissolved oxygen
• Large, fast swimming predators: swordfish, sharks, blue fin tuna
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Euphotic ZoneEuphotic Zone
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Bathyal ZoneBathyal Zone
• Dimly lit middle zone with no photosynthesis
• Organisms are adapted to darkness and scarcity of food; ex. Dragonfish has a red light under its eyes to detect prey
• Zooplankton migrate here during the day
• Giant squid, gulper eel, angler fish
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Bathyal ZoneBathyal Zone
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Abyssal ZoneAbyssal Zone
• Extends from 2.5-3.7 miles (4000-6000 m)
• Little dissolved oxygen
• Cold and dark
• Hydrothermal vents: sulfur chemosynthetic bacteria, blood red tube worms, clams, mussels, barnacles feed on bacteria that can reproduce at very high temperatures
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Hydrothermal VentHydrothermal Vent
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Shallow Marine EcosystemsShallow Marine Ecosystems
• Sea grasses/flowering plants adapted to complete immersion (turtle grass, manatee grass)
• Turtles, temperate manatees, wading birds, ducks, geese
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Kelp EcosystemsKelp Ecosystems
• Largest brown algae, can reach a length of approximately 200 ft.
• Found in cooler water temps.
• Photosynthetic
• Habitat for tubeworms, sponges, sea cucumbers, clams, crabs, fish, sea otters, sea urchins
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Kelp EcosystemsKelp Ecosystems
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
• Coral is a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) and polyps (related to the jellyfish)
• The polyps secrete layers of calcium carbonate that protects their soft bodies, creating the reef
• Found in warmer water• Living portions must grow where light
penetrates
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
• Polyps stinging tentacles paralyze zooplankton
• Grow VERY slowly
• Most diverse of all water ecosystems
• Protect shoreline from erosion
• Home to 65% marine fish species although it’s only 1% of the ocean floor
• Supports many fish and tourism industries
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
• 3 Types of Reefs– Fringing– Atoll– Barrier
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Fringing ReefFringing Reef
• Directly attached to the shore
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Fringing ReefFringing Reef
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AtollAtoll
• Circular reef that surrounds a lagoon
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Barrier ReefBarrier Reef
• A lagoon separates this reef from land (Great Barrier Reef=1200 miles)
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Human Impacts on Coral ReefsHuman Impacts on Coral Reefs
• Deforestation-more run-off now that isn’t held by tree roots, washing more fresh silt into ocean suffocating the reef
• Sewage• Oil spills• Tourism damages/kills coral• Coral bleaching-algae leave the coral,
leaving them colorless and unable to grow or repair themselves, causing death
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Coral BleachingCoral Bleaching