aquatic ecosystems revised
TRANSCRIPT
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Aquatic Ecosystems
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What type of Freshwater ecosystem are these?
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Flowing Water
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Streams and Rivers• Rivers change from source point to end point (where they empty out, usually
ocean)– Source: usually cold (water is from springs), low in nutrients and clear
• shallow and narrow• few phytoplankton• major producers are algae on rocks in river bed• Arthropods in benthic zone that feed on algae and leaves• Common fish is trout
– Downstream from source• Wider and deeper• Marshes and other wetlands• Warmer and murkier water• Phytoplankton• Frogs, catfish, insect larvae
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Organisms adapt
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What type of fresh water ecosystem is this?
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Standing Water Ecosystem
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Ponds and Lakes
• Water bodies with very little dissolved salt• Standing water• Photic zone: surface of water
– Phytoplankton and water plants that use photosynthesis
• Aphotic zone: no light/little light– Light levels too low to support photosynthesis– Benthic zone
• Rock, sand, sediment• Floor
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Plankton
• Phytoplankton– Unicellular
algae– cyanobacteria
• Zooplankton– Planktonic
animals that feed on phytoplankton
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Name this marine ecosystem…
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Fresh water Wetlands
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Wetlands
• Aquatic ecosystem where water covers the soil or is present near the surface of soil for at least part of the year
• Water may be flowing or standing, salty, or brackish
• Very productive ecosystem• Four types
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Bogs
Small depressions where water collectsLots of mosses
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Marsh
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Marsh
Shallow wetlands along riversGrass-like plants in waterLooks like river of grass
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Swamp
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Swamp
Water is slowly flowing through these wetlandsLooks like a flooded forest
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Name this ecosystem(hint: unique to Florida)
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Everglades
• Covers much of south florida
• Unique• Water from Lake
Okeechobee flows to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic
• Wet season (May to October)
• Dry season (November to April)
• Unique Wildlife• Endangered species
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Estuary• Wetlands where rivers meet ocean• Mix of fresh and salt water (brackish)• Affected by rise and fall of ocean tides• Many are shallow• Photosynthesis plays a major role
even in benthic zone• Primary producers are plants and
bacteria, who use both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
• Estuary food webs differ from other ecosystems because primary production is not consumed by herbivores
• Most organic material enters food web as detritus• Detritus: made of tiny pieces of
organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary food web
• Clams, worms, and sponges feed on this
• Support large biomass• Fewer species than fresh water
ecosystems• 2 types
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Salt Marsh
Salt tolerant plants above low tide lineSea grasses underwaterFound along eastern North America (Maine to Georgia)Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
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Mangrove Swamp
Coastal estuaries found in tropical regionsHawaii and FloridaSalt tolerant trees (mangroves)Sea grassesPrevalent in Everglades
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Marine Ecosystems
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Zones of Marine ecosystems• 2 Main Divisions Based on Light
– Photic• 200 m• photosynthesis
– Aphotic• Permanent darkness• chemosynthesis
• Depth/Distance Divisions– Intertidal Zone
• Rocky• zonation
– Coastal Ocean (neritic zone)• Low tide mark to outer edge of
continental shelf– Open Ocean (pelagic zone)
• Edge of continental shelf and outward• 500m to 11000m• Largest division
– Benthic Zone• Ocean floor• Attached organisms…
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Name this Marine Ecosystem
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Intertidal Zone
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ZONATIONprominent horizontal banding of organisms in particular
habitat
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Coastal ocean (Neritic)
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Kelp Forests
• Pacific Ocean• Cold, nutrient rich water• Support many organisms• Grow up to 50 feet tall!
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Open Ocean Ecosystem (largest)(Oceanic/Pelagic)
• Phytoplankton drifting in photic layer• Zooplankton-feed off phytoplankton• Whales, squid, dolphins
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Benthic Zone
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• Depth of 2,500 meters• Spots on the ocean floor where hot
gases and minerals spew out of Earth’s crust from its interior
• No sunlight (aphotic)• Producers are prokaryotes that use
chemosynthesis to make hydrogen and sulfur containing compounds into carbohydrates they can use
• Tube worms (up to 3m long!) and clams feed on these prokaryotes
Hydrothermal Vents
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Coral Reefs
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Coral Reefs• Biologically diverse• Equivalent to the tropical rainforest but the watery version• All invertebrates are found here
– Sponges, sea anemones, worms, star fish, mollusks, sea urchins
• Vertebrates also roam the reefs– Sea turtles and tropical fish
• Reefs are formed from colonies of coral polyps– Animals in the Phylum Cnidarian (Jellyfish phylum)
• These organisms secrete hard exoskeletons made of calcium bicarbonate that make up the hard, stone like base of the reef
• This is the home to many coral polyps, sponges and algae
• Coral polyps use photosynthesis During the day to make their own food
• Coral polyps also have stinging tentacles to help them capture zooplankton
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Zones of Marine ecosystems• 2 Main Divisions Based on Light
– Photic• 200 m• photosynthesis
– Aphotic• Permanent darkness• chemosynthesis
• Depth/Distance Divisions– Intertidal Zone
• Rocky• zonation
– Coastal Ocean/neritic• Low tide mark to outer edge of
continental shelf– Open Ocean/pelagic
• Edge of continental shelf and outward• 500m to 11000m• Largest division
– Benthic Zone• Ocean floor• Attached organisms…