apwh chapter 06
DESCRIPTION
Overview of Chapter 6 in APWHTRANSCRIPT
APWH Chapter 6
Mesoamerica
Andean South America
Oceania
Mesoamerica Andean S. America
P •Olmecs – mother culture•Maya – decentralized city-states•Teotihuacan -
Mochica – Andean state; unified individual valleys; relied on arms to introduce orderTiahuanaco – Over 10,000 people
E •Agricultural base – maize staple•Cacao beans as money
•Organized under Mochica – reach region contributed its products to larger economy (potatoes, llama meat, alpaca wool, maize)
R •Bloodletting rituals – fertility•Sacrifice to pantheon of gods
Chavin Cult – large temples, works of art
S •O: Authoritarian elites, common subjects cultivated, priest class•M: Priests, Merchants, Professionals, artisans, peasants, slaves
•Complex society•Specialized labor
I •Mayan writing – history, poetry, myth•Astronomy – 365.242 day calendar•Mathematics – concept of zero
•Gold, silver and bronze metallurgy•Mochica – no written language
A •O: Jaguars figurines, colossal heads•M: Pyramids, observatories, murals
•Paintings on pottery vessels; portraits, dieties, demons, everyday life
N •No river valleys – heavy rain•Isolated, N-S Axis makes diffusion dif.
•Relatively isolated from Mesoamerica•Difficult geographic barriers
The Olmecs Coast of Gulf of
Mexico Name unknown Cities –
complexes of temples, altars, pyramids, tombs, stone sculptures
San Lorenzo
La Venta
Tres Zapotes
Obsidian and jade
The Maya Yucatan
peninsula Used terrace
farming Maize, cotton,
cocao More than 80
large ceremonial sites
City-states Unknown
decline
Tikal
Chichen Itza
Mayan writing
Calendars and Mathematics
Murals
Popul Vuh
Creation story
Gods wanted intelligent beings to praise them
Humans made of maize and water
Teotihuacan High point – 400 –
600 CE 200,000 people Records perished
when city declined Theocracy “City of the Gods” Artisans – obsidian
and orange pottery
Relied less on military might
Chavin Cult Did not organize
politically Dry coast and
highlands of Andean South America
Promoted fertility and abundant harvest
Features of human
Mochica Regional state
in South America
Based along Moche River
Produced many ceramics
Did not make use of writing
Tihuanaco
Societies in Oceania Humans entered Australia and New
Guinea at least 60,000 years BP – lower sea levels
5,000 years ago, seafaring people from Southeast Asia went to trade
Early inhabitants lived on hunting and gathering
Australia
Maintained hunter-gatherer lifestyle until arrival of Europeans in 19th century
Aboriginal Australians lived in small mobile communities
Consumed over 140 species of plants
Austronesian Peoples
In New Guinea, human communities turned to agriculture around 3000 BCE
Root crops – yams and taro Pigs and chickens Cause of change – contact with
seafaring people
Pacific Islands Settlements in Bismark;
Solomon Islands Used outrigger canoes
and sails Austronesian migrants
spread agriculture Eventually reach Fiji,
Tahiti, Hawai’I, Easter Island and New Zealand
Populated Philippines, Madagascar, Micronesia
Lapita Peoples
Summary
Very little writing survives Impossible to fully understand social
developments in the Americas and Oceania
Human migrations spread population throughout world
Early inhabitants build productive and vibrant societies
Many developments paralleled eastern hemisphere