APUSH Civil WarReview Questions

AP U.S. History Crash Course, Larry Krieger

Terms to KNOW:Columbian ExchangeMercantalismHalf-Way CovenantEnlightenmentDeismThe First Great AwakeningRepublican Government/RepublicanismSeparation of PowersChecks and BalancesJudicial ReviewInternal Improvements/American SystemCult of Domesticity/Republican MotherhoodTranscendentalismPerfectionismThe Second Great AwakeningJacksonian DemocracyNullificationManifest DestinyPopular sovereigntyJim Crow LawsSocial GospelGospel of WealthSocial DarwinismFrontier ThesisNew ImmigrantsNativismMuckrakersTaylorismVertical IntegrationHorizontal IntegrationHoovervillesLaissez-Faire EconomicsIsolationismContainmentMcCarthyismDomino TheoryMassive RetaliationBlack PowerHawks and DovesDetenteReaganomics

Questions from Chapter 3 - Colonial America 1492-1754pgs. 21-28:

1. What was the most important and powerful Native American political alliance that successfully ended generations of tribal warfare.

! Iroquois Confederacy2. Give two similarities and two differences between Native Americans and English

Settlers! Both lived in village communities! Both shared a strong sense of spirituality! Both divided labor by gender! Both depended on agricultural economies3. The introduction of what made the British colonies in the Chesapeake region

economically viable?! Tobacco4. To encourage the importation of indentured servants, whoever paid the passage of a

laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land. What is the term to describe this?

! Headright System5. Name the rebellion that exposed tensions between the former indentured servants,

who were poor, and the gentry(the genteel class of planters) who were rich.! Bacon’s Rebellion6. Name the rebellion that was organized and led by slaves living south of Charleston,

South Carolina that tried to flee to Spanish Florida to gain their freedom.! Stono Rebellion7. Who was the leader of the Puritans in New England?! John Winthrop8. Name the two dissenters who were banished from the Bay Colony.! Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams9. What was the name for the easing of requirements for church membership by

allowing the baptism of the children of baptized but converted Puritans?! Half Way Covenant10.The _____New Light _______ ministers advocated an emotional approach to

religious practice that weakened the authority of traditional ___Old Light__ ______ ministers and established churches.

11.Quakers opposed ________slavery___?12.What was England’s dominant economic philosophy during the seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries?! Mercantilism13.What acts listed colonial products that could be shipped only to England and were

part of the British economic policy?! Navigation Acts

14.Great Britain practiced a policy of ________Salutary Neglect____ _______________ where they did not enforce their economically restrictive trade policy.

Questions from Chapter 4 The Road to Revolutionpgs. 29-35

15. What forbade British colonists to cross an imaginary boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War?

! Proclamation of 176316. Give one reason why the Stamp Act was important.! Raise revenue to support British troops stationed in America17. What acts were passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party?! Coercive Acts18. What was the name of the political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that called for

independence from Great Britain?! Common Sense19. Give two examples of American Enlightenment thinkers.! Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson20. What is the name for the belief that God created a universe that is governed by

natural law and that these natural laws can be discovered by the use of human reason?

! Deism21. The philosophy of natural rights comes from the writings of whom?! John Locke22. Give two reasons that colonists supported the Revolutionary War.! Colonists believed that George III was a tyrant! Colonists believed that Parliament wanted to control the internal affairs of the colonies without the consent of the colonists! Convinced that British ministers and other government officials had a corrupting influence on the colonists! Wanted greater political participation in policies affecting the colonies.! Resented quartering of British troops in colonial homes! Wanted to preserve their local autonomy and way of life from British interference

23. What famous battle was a turning point in the Revolutionary War because it convinced the French government to declare war on Great Britain and openly aid the American cause?

! Battle of Saratoga24. Give one weakness of the Articles of Confederation! Lack of authority to tax! Lack of authority to exercise authority directly over the states

25. Name the three things that the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided.! Provided for the orderly creation of territorial governments and new states! Excluded slavery north of the Ohio River

! Supported public education

26. Name the rebellion sparked by the economic frustrations of Massachusetts farmers who were losing their farms because they could not pay debts in hard currency.

! Shay’s Rebellion27. What was a major consequence of Shay’s Rebellion?! Helped convince key leaders that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and that the United States needed a stronger central government

28. What was the Great Compromise in the Constitution?! Bicameral legislature

29. What was the 3/5 Compromise in the Constitution?! Slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation and taxation.

30. Name a leading Federalist who was also an author of the Federalist Papers.! Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

31. Those, like Thomas Jefferson, who feared that a strong central government would become tyrannical were called what?

! Anti-Federalists

Questions from Chapter 5 - The New Nationpgs. 37-42

32. Alexander Hamilton was the first ____Sec. of Treasury_______?33. Alexander Hamilton’s economic policies called for the establishment of a

____National Bank______ __________.34. Alexander Hamilton favored a___loose______ interpretation of the Constitution.35. Thomas Jefferson favored a_____strict_____ interpretation of the Constitution.36. Give the two warnings that George Washington mentions in his farewell address! dangers of foreign entangelments and political parties

37. What election marked the end of the Federalist Decade and saw the first peaceful transfer of power?

! Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson!38. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions argued the_Compact____ Theory of

government that says that the federal government must not violate the rights of the states_______.

39. The Louisiana Purchase had its origins in Jefferson’s desire to acquire port of New Orleans_________ to provide an outlet for Western crops.

40. What famous supreme court case established the principle of judicial review?

! Marbury v. Madison41. What does the principle of judicial review mean?! Gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

42. Give the three causes of the War of 1812.! British impressments of American seamen! British interference with American commerce! British aid to Native Americans on the frontier

43. Give two consequences of the War of 1812.! Contributing to the demise of the Federalist Party! Intensifying nationalist feelings! Promoting industrialization! Advancing the career of Andrew Jackson

44. Name the three parts of Henry Clay’s American System.! B - Bank of the U.S.! I - Internal Improvement! T- Tariff to protect domestic industries and fund improvements

45. Why was the era considered the “Era of Good Feelings”?! National political consensus - one political party

46. Why was it NOT such an “Era of Good Feelings”?! Disagreements over tariff! Disagreements over federal aid for internal improvements! Disagreements over the expansion of slavery into new territories

47. Name the elements of the Missouri Compromise of 1820.! Maine comes into Union as free state! Missouri comes into the Union as a slave state! Remaining territory of LA Purchase above 36 30 no slavery

48. Give the name of the doctrine that asserted that the political system in the Western Hemisphere is different and separate from that of Europe and warned European nations against further colonial ventures into the Western Hemisphere.

! The Monroe Doctrine

49. The Monroe Doctrine was successful because of the power of ?! British Navy

Questions from Chapter 6 - The Age of Jackson 1824-1840

50. Name two key tenets of Jacksonian Democracy.! Belief in Common Man

! Expanded Suffrage! Patronage! Opposition to privileged elites

51. What is the Jacksonian belief that victorious candidates had a duty to reward their supporters and punish their opponents?

! Patronage

52. The primary purpose of the Tariff of Abominations was for?! Protection of American industries

53. Who formulated the doctrine of nullification?! John C. Calhoun

54. What resolutions were used as a basis for the doctrine of nullification?! Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

55. Name a leading senator who was forceful in his rejection of nullification.! Daniel Webster

56. What was President Jackson’s response to the bill to re-charter the Second Bank of the U.S.?

! Opposed and Vetoed, supported removal of federal deposits from BUS

57. What political party developed because of their hatred for Jackson and their support for Henry Clay and his American System?

! Whigs

58. Explain the U.S. Supreme Court decision of Worcester v. Georgia, 1831.! U.S. Supreme Court upheld the rights of the Cherokee tribe to their tribal lands

59. What was President Jackson’s response to the Supreme Court’s decision in the Worcester case?

! “John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it.”

60. What was the Trail of Tears?! Removal of the Cherokee from their homeland to settlements across the Mississippi River. Route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated to the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. 1/4 die on the Trial

61. Name three factors that contributed to making cotton the South’s most important cash crop?

! Invention of the cotton gin! Rich new farm land in the Deep South opened to cultivation of cotton! Rise of textile manufacturing in England created enormous demand for cotton

62. To what was the dramatic increase in the South’s slave labor force due to?! Natural population increase of American-born slaves.

63. What famous canal was completed in 1825 that sparked a period of canal building that lasted until 1850?

! Erie Canal

64. Give two consequences of the increase in canal building.! Strengthened commercial and political ties between NYC and the growing cities on Great Lakes! Helped open the West to settlement and trade! Steamboats dramatically increased river traffic while significantly lowering the cost of river transportation.

Questions from Chapter 7 - Social and Cultural Movements in Antebellum America

65. What is the name of the concept that advanced the idea that women did have a vital role to play as wives and mothers to educate and rear their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic?

! Republican Motherhood

66. During the 1820’s and 1830’s, the majority of workers in the textile mills of Massachusetts were _________

! Young, unmarried women

67. Who began to replace New England farm girls in the textile mills?! Irish immigrants

68. Name two movements that the Antebellum women’s movement was closely linked.! Anti-slavery and Temperance

69. Name the famous women’s convention held in New York in 1848.! Seneca Falls Convention

70. In what areas did the Seneca Falls Convention call for women’s rights?! Women’s suffrage! Women’s right to retain property after marriage! Greater divorce and child custody rights! Equal educational opportunities

71. Name one leader of the Seneca Falls Convention.! Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

72. Name the woman that worked to reform the treatment of people with mental and emotional disabilities

! Dorthea Dix!73. Name the wave of religious enthusiasm led by Charles Finney.! The Second Great Awakening

74. What was the “burned over district”! Central and Western NY where fervent prayer meetings were held during the Second Great Awakening.

75. Name the organization that worked to return freed slaves to the west coast of Africa.! American Colonization Society

76. William Lloyd Garrison was the editor of what radical abolitionist newspaper?! The Liberator

77. Name the most prominent black abolitionist during the antebellum period.! Frederick Douglass

78. Who was the woman that was one of the first to publicly support both abolition and women’s rights?

! Sarah Moore Grimke

79. What was the philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized the living a simple life while celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination.

! Transcendentalism

80. Name the two leading transcendentalist writers.! Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emmerson

81. Name one of the best known utopian communities of the 1800s! Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida Community

82. What was the Hudson River School?! Group of artists led by Thomas Cole, who painted landscapes emphasizing America’s natural beauty. It was America’s first coherent school of art.

Questions from Chapter 8 - Gathering Storm 1840-186083. What was the name given to the belief that the United States would inevitably

expand westward to the Pacific Ocean?! Manifest Destiny

84. Why did President Jackson oppose the admission of Texas into the Union?! Feared the debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy over slavery

85. Polk’s slogan, “fifty-four forty or fight? referred to what?! Polk’s promise to take all of the Oregon land under dispute between the U.S. and Britain.

86. How did President Polk justify the Mexican War?! Claiming MX troops had illegally crossed into American territory where they attacked and killed American soldiers. Hostilities had thus been forced on the U.S. by the shedding of “American blood upon the American soil.”

87. What was the treaty that ended the Mexican War?! Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

88. What was the Wilmot Proviso?! called for the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the MX War. Never became law. Symbolized the polarizing issue of extending slavery into the territories

89. List the elements of the Compromise of 1850.! Admission of CA as a free state! Abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia! Continued protection of slavery in District of Columbia! Passage of a more stringent fugitive-slave act! Establishment of territorial governments in New Mexico and Utah, without an immediate decision on the status of slavery (Popular Sovereignty)

90. What was the principle that settlers of a given territory would have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery would be permitted there?

! Popular Sovereignty

91. Who was the leading proponent of popular sovereignty?! Senator Stephen A. Douglas

92. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?! Proposed that the Territory of Nebraska would be divided into two territories - Kansas and Nebraska and status as slave or free determined by popular sovereignty.

93. What were the consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?! Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, heightening sectional tensions! Permitted the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern states! Led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories.! Ignited a bloody contest for control over Kansas! Split the Democratic Party! Sparked the formation of the Republican party

94. What was the ruling in the Dred Scott case?! Dred Scott was a slave and could not sue in federal court

! Under the Constitution, slaves were private property and thus could be taken to any territory and legally held there in slavery! Slaves could not be taken from their masters, regardless of a territory’s “free” or “slave” status.

95. Who won the presidential election of 1860?! Abraham Lincoln

Question from Chapter 9 - The Civil War 1861-1865

96. List three advantages of the North during the Civil War! Extensive RR network! Strong industrial base! Superior Navy! A larger population! An abundant supply of food

97. List two disadvantages of the South during the Civil War.! Smaller population! Smaller industrial base !98. Name two border states.! Kentucky and Maryland

99. What was important about the Battle of Antietam! Persuaded England and France to remain neutral and enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

100. List two consequences of the Emancipation Proclamation.! Strengthened the Union’s moral cause! Rallied anti-slavery support in England and France! Did not free slaves in the Border States! Freed only the slaves in Confederate states that were still in rebellion

101.What was the Homestead Act of 1862?! Offered cheap - sometimes free- land to people who would settle the West and improve their property

102. Give one example of how Lincoln expanded presidential power during the war.! Suspended the write of habeas corpus for everyone living between Washington D.C. and Philadelphia;

Question from Chapter 10 - Reconstruction and the New South

103. What did the 13th Amendment to the constitution do?! Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

104. What did the 14th Amendment to the constitution do?! Made former slaves citizens

105. What did the 15th Amendment to the constitution do?! Suffrage for Black males

106. What was the system that led to a cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers?

! Sharecropping

107. What was the title given to the laws passed by Southern state legislatures intended to place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities and freedoms open to Black people?

! Black Codes

108. What caused the Compromise of 1877?! In presidential election of 1876, Samuel Tilden polled more popular votes then Rutherford B. Hayes and there were 20 disputed votes in four states, 3 from the south

109. What did the Compromise of 1877 bring an end to?! Ended Congressional Reconstruction.

110. What did the Supreme Court hold in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson?! Upheld segregation by approving “separate but equal” accommodations for African Americans.

111. The doctrine of “separate but equal” was reversed in what 1954 landmark decision?

! Brown v. Board of Education

112. Name two things that were used to deny African Americans the ballot.! Literacy tests and Poll Taxes

113. Who gave the famous Atlanta Compromise Speech in which the speaker called on African Americans to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights?

! Booker T. Washington

114. List two key positions held by Booker T. Washington.! Supported Black economic self-help! Supported accommodation to White society! Supported vocational education! Supported racial solidarity! Opposed public political agitation

115. African Americans who migrated to Kansas were known as ___________! Exodusters

Questions from Chapter 11 - The Old West 1865-1900

116. Who were the two predominant immigrant groups that worked on the Transcontinental Railroad?

! Irish and Chinese

117. The virtual extermination of the __________ doomed the Plains Indians’ nomadic way of life.

! Buffalo

118. What is the title of Helen Hunt Jackson’s famous book that aroused public awareness of the federal government’s long record of betraying and cheating Native Americans?

! Century of Dishonor

119. What were the goals of the Dawes’ Act of 1887?! Misguided attempt to reform the government’s native American Policy! Assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

120. Give two consequences of the Dawes’ Act.! Ignored the inherent reliance of traditional Indian culture on tribally held land! By 1900, Indians had lost 50 percent of the 156 million acres they had held just two decades earlier! Forced-assimilation doctrine remained the cornerstone of government’s official Indian policy for nearly half a century! Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially reversed the individualist approach of the Dawes Act by restoring the tribal basis of Indian life.

121. What was the Ghost Dance?! Sacred ritual expressing a vision that the buffalo would return and white civilization would vanish

122. Give two concepts that were included in Fredrick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”.

! Existence of cheap, unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic! Frontier held shape a distinctive American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism! Frontier acted as a safety valve that enabled Eastern factory workers and immigrants to escape bad economic conditions and find new opportunities.! Frontier played a key role in stimulating American nationalism and individualism! Because of the frontier, America did not have a hereditary landed aristocracy

Questions from Chapter 12 - Industrial American 1865-1900

123. What is vertical integration?! when a company controls both the production and distribution of its product

124. What is Taylorism?! Scientific management to increase factory production and lower labor costs.

125. What did the popular Horatio Alger Jr. stories provide?! Concrete examples of the ideal of the self-made man

126. The Knights of Labor were led by whom?! Terence V. Powderly

127. What was the goal of the Knights of Labor?! Idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and management. Goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers, not capitalist, owned the industries in which they worked.

128. What event happened that was unfairly blamed on the Knights and as a result the public associated them with anarchists?

! Haymarket Square Riot

129. What was the difference between the Knights of Labor and the IWW?! IWW embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics.

130. Who was the leader of the IWW?! “Mother” Jones or Elizabeth Flynn or Big Bill Haywood

131. Samuel Gompers led the ________________! American Federation of Labor

132. What were the primary issue of the AFL?! Bread-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

133. Why did the Pullman Palace Car Company workers go on strike?! Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining rents and prices in a company town where 12,000 workers lived.

134. How did the Pullman Palace Car Strike end?! President Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to protect rail-carried mail, really sent to crush the strike.

135. What is the difference between old immigrants (prior to 1880) and new immigrants (beginning in the 1880’s)?

! Old immigrants came from British Isles and W. Europe

! New immigrants came from S and E Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary)! New immigrants settled in large cities in NE and Mid West! Very few New immigrants settled in the South.

136. What was the name of the act that prohibited the immigration of Chinese to America?

! Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

137. Name the belief that industrial and urban problems are part of a natural evolutionary process that humans cannot control and that the fittest survive in both nature and society.

! Social Darwinism

138. What was the belief expressed by Andrew Carnegie that as the guardians of society’s wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society?

! The Gospel of Wealth

139. Name the reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to confront social problems.

! Social Gospel140. What was the book Looking Backward about?! Utopian reaction to the author’s disillusionment with the problems created by the growth of industrialism

Questions from Chapter 13 - Populism and Progressivism 1890-1917

141. What were a couple of the causes of agrarian discontent in the late 1800’s?! Belief that railroads were using discriminatory rates to exploit farmers! Belief that big business used high tariffs to exploit farmers! Belief that a deflationary monetary policy based on gold hurt farmers! Belief that corporations charged exorbitant prices for fertilizers and farm machinery

142. List 2 things that the Populist Party supported.! Increasing the money supply with the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the legal ratio of 16 to 1! Using the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate RR and prevent discrimination against small customers! Supporting the candidacy of William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election.

143. What does the 16th Amendment to the Constitution allow?! Gave Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes

144. What does the 17th Amendment provide for?

! Provided that Senators shall be elected by popular vote.

145. What did the 18th Amendment do?! Forbade the sale of manufacture of intoxicating liquors

146. Who gained the right to vote with the 19th Amendment?! Granted women the right to vote.

147. Who were the muckrakers?! Investigative reporters who promoted social and political reforms by exposing corruption and urban problems. Leading critics of urban bosses and corporate robber barons.

148. What was the name of the novel written by Upton Sinclair. What act was passed as a consequence of this book?

! The Jungle

149. Who wrote the book How the Other Half Lives?! Jacob Riis

150. Who was one of the foremost women in the muckraking movement and published a highly critical history of the Standard Oil Company?

! Ida Tarbell

151. Teddy Roosevelt promoted a ________ ________ for labor by using arbitration to settle the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.

! Square Deal

152. What was the name of the political party that nominated Teddy Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election?

! Bull Moose Party

153. What were the three elements of Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege?! All out assault on! High Tariffs! Banking Problems! Trusts

154. Who was the founder of Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house dedicated to helping the urban poor?

! Jane Addams

155. Carry Nation was one of the best known and most outspoken leaders of what organization that convinced many women that they had a moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition?

! Women’s Christian Temperance Union

156. Who was the leading reformer that worked on behalf of the mentally ill?! Dorothea Dix

157. Who was the most influential advocate of full political, economic and social equality for Black Americans during the Progressive Era?

! W.E.B. Du Bois

158. Who were the “talented tenth”! Du Bois advocated the intellectual development of a “talented tenth” of the Black population. He hoped that they would become influential by, for example continuing their education, writing books, or becoming directly involved in social change.

159. Du Bois opposed who’s program for Black progress. ! Booker T. Washington

160. D.W. Griffith’s epic film, The Birth of a Nation in 1915, became controversial because of its depiction of what organization’s activities as heroic and commendable?

! KKK

Questions from Chapter 14 - Imperialism and World War I

161. What was “yellow journalism”?! papers of Pulitzer and Hearst - Sensational headlines and lurid stories aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish

162. What did Alfred Thayer Mahan promote?! New Navy

163. What were the two main causes of the Spanish-American War?! The battleship Maine was sunk mysteriously ! A circulation battle between the “yellow journalism” newspapers of Pulitzer and Hearst. Their headlines and lurid stories aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba

164. The __________________ opposed annexation of the Philippines, arguing that it violated America’s long established commitment to the principles of self-determination and anti-colonialism.

! Anti-Imperialism League

165. Because Theodore Roosevelt worried that the Dominican Republic and other Latin American nations would default on debts owed to European banks and those defaults could then provoke European military intervention, he issued the __________ _____________ to the Monroe Doctrine.

! Roosevelt Corollary

166. What type of diplomacy did President Taft practice?! Dollar Diplomacy!167. What foreign policy underscored America’s commitment to free trade and

opposition to obstacles that thwarted international commerce in China?! Open Door Policy

168. What was the Zimmerman telegram and how did it impact WWI?! Secret telegram to the German minister in MX. Intercepted by British intelligence, the telegram asked MX to join a military alliance against the United States. In return, the Germans promised to help MX recover territories it had lost following the MX War.

169. Give one reason why African Americans were attracted to the cities in the North and West beginning with WWI.

! Jim Crow laws denied African Americans their rights as citizens and forced them to endure poverty and systematic discrimination! Beginning with WWI, the wartime demand for labor attracted AA to cities in the north and West.

170. What was the Committee on Public Information during WWI?! Used propaganda to arouse public support for the war and stifle dissent! Americans were persuaded to buy war bonds and believe that Germany was a particularly barbarous nation

171. Give one reason that the U.S. did not join the League of Nations.! Wilson refused to compromise on the issue of America’s unconditional adherence to the charter of the League of Nations. This hardened Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.! Opponents believed that the League would lead to further involvement in foreign wars! Senator Lodge was a skillful opponent of the League. The personal and political rivalry between Wilson and Lodge precluded any chance of a compromise.

172. What were the Palmer Raids of 1919 and 1920?! Caused by the fear of communism and radicalism. Raids conducted against suspected communists and anarchists. Disregarded basic civil liberties.

Questions from Chapter 15 - The Roaring Twenties

173. Give three signs of prosperity during the 1920’s.! Standard of living rose - people move to urban centers! larger numbers of women and men working in office jobs! increased emphasis on marketing of consumer goods! Growing investment in the stock market! Assembly line production of Model T - average family could purchase

! Number of children aged 10-15 in industrial workforce began to decline

174. Who was the least prosperous group in the 1920’s?! Farmers in the Midwest and South

175. During the presidencies of Harding and Coolidge, the federal agencies created during the Progressive Era aided _____________.

! business

176. What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?! international agreement in which 62 nations pledged to foreswear war as an instrument of policy

177. The United States responded to the economic crisis in Germany during the 1920’s by adopting the ____________ _______________. The plan rescheduled German reparation payments and opened the way for American private loans to Germany.

! Dawes Plan

178. Why were the key writers of the 1920’s called the “Lost Generation”?! Included Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald! they were disillusioned with American society during the 1920’s! Criticized middle-class materialism and conformity.

179. Name a type of music that became popular in the 1920’s, especially popular among the youth because it symbolized a desire to break with tradition.

! Jazz180. What was the Scopes trail about?! Scopes was a high school biology teacher in TN who was indicted for teaching evolution. Illustrates the cultural conflict in the 20’s between fundamentalism and modernism.

181. D.W. Griffith’s full-length film, The Birth of a Nation glorified what group?! KKK182. The primary purpose of the National Origins Act was to ?! to use quotas to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe

183. The quotas established by the National Origins Act discriminated against immigrants from where?

! Southern and Eastern Europe184. What was the Harlem Renaissance?! Outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity

185. What was the Great Migration?! Migration of Black Americans from the rural South to the urban North and West continued during the 1920’s.

186. Who was Marcus Garvey?! Charismatic leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. ! Black Pride! Black economic development! Black nationalism! Pan-Africanism

187. What was the term given to the women who symbolized the new freedom by challenging traditional American attitudes about women. They favored short bobbed hair, smoked cigarettes, and wore one-piece bathing suits.

! Flappers

188. Who was Margaret Sanger?! Outspoken reformer who openly championed birth control for women.

189. What was the 19th Amendment?! Granted women the right to vote.

Questions from Chapter 16 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929-1941

190. List three causes of the Great Depression! Stock Market Crash! Overproduction and underconsumption! Decline in farm prosperity! International Trade(Tariff)

191. Who were the Bonus Expeditionary Force and what happened to them?! Ragtag “army” of WWI veterans, marched on Washington to demand that Congress pay them a bonus, which had been promised to WWI veterans.

192. What happened in the first 100 days under FDR’s presidency?! Restoring public confidence in banking system! Creating new job in the public sector to reduce unemployment! Raising farm prices by restricting agricultural production! Providing mortgage support for homeowners! Creating the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model project to provide cheap electricity, prevent floods, and serve as an experiment in regional planning

193. What was the AAA?! Agricultural Adjustment Act

194. What was the CCC?! Civilian Conservation Corps

195. What was the program that created a federal pension system funded by taxes on worker’s wages and by an equivalent contribution by employers?

! Social Security Act 1935

196. What did the Wagner Act ensure for Labor?! Called the Magna Carta of labor because it ensured workers’ right to organize and bargain collectively and led to a dramatic increase in labor union membership

197. What was FDR”s court packing scheme?! The supreme Court had declared key parts of FDR’s New Deal unconstitutional so he attempted to “pack” (add more justices to) the Supreme Court. His goal was to make sure that New Deal laws would be found constitutional.

198. What organization organized unskilled and semiskilled factory workers in basic manufacturing industries such as steel and automobiles?

! CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations)

199. The AFL favored the organization of workers according to their ________ and ________

! skills and trades

200. What groups made up the Democratic Coalition that elected FDR in 1936?! White Southerners! African Americans! Ethnic minorities! Union Members

201. What group of voters switched their allegiance from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party?

! African Americans

Questions from Chapter 17 - WWII 1941-1945

202. What doctrine declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.

! Stimson Doctrine

203. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930’s were expressions of a commitment to ________________

! Commitment to isolationism

204. Explain the Lend-Lease program ! President Roosevelt authorized the sale of surplus military equipment to the Allies. Used primarily to help Great Britain and the Soviet Union resist Nazi Germany

205. Who were the Big Three in WWII?! Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin

206. What finally ended the Great Depression?! The dramatic increase in military spending enabled the United States to finally emerge from the Great Depression

207. What organization established a nationwide rationing system for consumer goods such as coffee and gasoline?

! The Office of Price Administration

208. The Fair Employment Practices Commission monitored what?! To monitor the order given by FDR forbidding discrimination in defense industries.

209. What did the Supreme Court decide in the Korematsu vs. United States case?! Upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity.

210. What was the Manhattan Project?! The project authorized by Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb

Questions from Chapter 18 - 1945-1989

211. What was the name of the foreign policy designed to contain or block Soviet expansion?

! Containment

212. What American diplomat and specialist on the Soviet Union wrote the influential article advocating that the United States focus its foreign policy on containing the spread of Soviet influence?

! George Kennan

213. What was the Truman Doctrine?! Determined to block the expansion of Soviet influence into Greece and Turkey; $400 million in economic aid for those countries. “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

214. What was the name of the program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of war-torn Europe while also preventing the spread of communist influence?

! The Marshall Plan

215. What does NATO stand for?! North Atlantic Treaty Organization

216. After WWII, fearing a resurgent Germany, the Soviet Union cut off Western land access to West Berlin, located deep within the Soviet zone. What did President Truman order in response?

! Berlin Airlift - massive airlift of food, fuel, and other supplies to the beleaguered citizens of West Berlin

217. Give two consequences of the “fall” of China! United States refused to recognize the new government in Beijing! The United States interpreted the Chinese Revolution as a part of a menacing Communist monolith! The “fall” of China contributed to the anti-Communist hysteria in the U.S.

218. What caused the beginning of the Korean War?! When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. Collective military action under the UN

219. What was the difference between U.S. involvement in the Korean War as compared to the Vietnam War?

! Korean War fought under U.N auspices. In contrast, the Vietnam War was not fought under U.N. auspices.

220. What did General MacArthur disagree with President Truman about and why was he fired?

! Chinese had entered the war and MacArthur disagreed with President Truman’s policy of fighting a limited war. MacArthur publicly favored a blockade of the Chinese coast and bombardment of Chinese bases. Truman responded by relieving the insubordinate MacArthur of his command.

221. What did President Truman do concerning civil rights and the armed forces?! Truman ordered the racial desegregation of the armed forces. The Korean War marked the first time American forces had fought in integrated units.

222. Who was the leader of the Viet Minh?! Vietnamese communists led by Ho Chi Minh. They defeated the French at the battle of Dienbienphu.

223. What was the Domino Effect?! Belief that if one nation fell under Communist control, nearby nations would inevitably also fall under Communist influence.

224. Name the first earth-orbiting satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957?! Sputnik

225. How did the U.S. Congress respond to the launching of Sputnik?! Stunned America, prompting Eisenhower to establish the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA. Sputnik made education an issue of national security. Congress passed the National Defense Education Act to expand federal aid to education by funding programs in math, foreign language and science.

226. What does McCarthyism mean?! The making of public accusations of disloyalty without sufficient evidence.

227. Name two factors that contributed to the rise of McCarthyism.! Fears raised by the fall of China to Communism and the emergence of Mao Zedong as the leader of the People’s Republic of China! Fears raised by Soviet Union’s development of an atomic bomb! Fears raised by President Truman’s emphasis on a foreign policy designed to contain Soviet expansion! Fears raised by revelations that Soviet spies had infiltrated sensitive agencies and programs in the U.S.

Questions from Chapter 19 - The Unfinished Fifties

228. What did the Supreme Court rule in Brown v. Board of Education, 1954?! Ruled that segregation in public schools was a denial of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment

229. Although President Eisenhower did send troops to Little Rock Central High School, he was not a vigorous supporter of ______________?

! Civil Rights Legislation

230. What famous writer influenced Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s theory of nonviolent civil disobedience?

! Henry David Thoreau

231. What were the “sit-in” movements?! first staged by students in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 to protest segregation in public facilities. Nonviolent civil disobedience

232. Give two things that characterized the decade after WWII.! Unprecedented prosperity! A population explosion known as the baby boom! Rapid and extensive suburbanization

233. The Federal Highway Act of 1956, created the interstate highway system which vastly accelerated the growth of _________?

! suburbia

234. Led by Jack Kerouac, the ___________ Generation writers rejected middle-class culture and conformity.

! Beat Generation235. Who was elected president in 1960?! JFK236. What were two primary goals of the Great Society?! Use the federal government to enhance social welfare

! Use education and job training to help disadvantaged people overcome the cycle of poverty limiting their opportunities.

237. Name two legislature achievements of The Great Society! The Civil Rights Act of 1964!! The Voting Rights Act of 1965! Medicare and Medicaid! The War of Poverty! Programs offering significant federal aid to education

238. Name one similarity between the New Deal and the Great Society! Both used the government to enhance social welfare! Both included all of the following: ! ! Government sponsored employment programs! ! Government support for the arts! ! Federal programs to encourage housing construction! ! Federal legislation to help the elderly

239. Name one difference between the New Deal and the Great Society! Preschool education for disadvantaged children was an innovative Great Society program that was not an extension of the New Deal! In contrast to the New Deal, the Great Society included federal legislation protecting the civil liberties of African Americans

240. What important piece of legislation did President Johnson sign on July 2, 1964?! Civil Rights Act of 1964241. What did the Black Power movement of the late 1960’s advocate?! Advocated the African Americans establish control of their political and economic life!242. Name one of the most important Black Power leaders.! Malcolm X! Stokely Carmichael! Huey Newton

243. Who was Betty Friedan?! Author of the Feminine Mystique and the first president of the National organization of Women NOW

244. What did the Supreme Court rule in Roe v. Wade?! Legalized abortion245. What was the Alliance for Progress?! Initiated by President Kennedy in 1961. Aimed to establish economic cooperation between North America and South America. Intended to counter the emerging Communist threat from Cuba.

246. President Kennedy inherited from Eisenhower administration a CIA-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castro from power by invading Cuba with anti-Communist exiles. What was the name of the invasion?

! Bay of Pigs Invasion

247. What precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis?! Discovery of Soviet missile sites in Cuba

248. Congress responded to the unsubstantiated report of North Vietnamese aggression by passing what in 1964?

! Tonkin Gulf Resolution

249. What was the Tet Offensive in 1968?! January 1968, Viet Cong suddenly launched a series of attacks on 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including the capital of Saigon. The Viet Cong were eventually forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. Tet Offensive undermined Johnson’s credibility and public support for the war decreased and antiwar sentiment increased.

Questions from Chapter 22 - 1968 to the Present

250. The assassination of Robert Kennedy left the Democratic Party divided between ________________ and ________________

! Supporters of VP Hubert Humphrey and Senator Eugene McCarthy

251. Who was George Wallace?! Ran for president in 1968 - Former governor of Alabama. Long-time champion of school segregation and states’ rights. Appealed to Americans who were upset by the violence and civil disobedience associated with antiwar and civil rights demonstrations.

252. Nixon wins president by promising to do what?! Restore law and order. Appealed to many middle-class Americans fed up with years of riots and protest.

253. Who were the doves?! Opposed to the Vietnam War254. Who were the hawks?! Supported the Vietnam War

255. What was the name given by President Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies?

! Silent Majority

256. What was Vietnamization?! Slow withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam and replace them with newly trained South Vietnamese troops. Designed to bring “peace with honor”

257. What happened at Kent State in 1970?! Stunned by the bombings in neutral Cambodia, college students protested. A massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC building. In response to the growing unrest, the local mayor call in the National Guard who fired into a crowd of protesters, killing four students and wounding nine. Triggered massive antiwar rallies across the U.S.

258. Give one consequence of the Vietnam War.! U.S. could not afford both President Johnson’s Great Society programs and the Vietnam War! Combination of spending on the war and expensive social programs produced the high inflation rates of the late 1960’s and 19070’s! Increased public skepticism toward international involvements! 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act

259. Name one of the most important agreements that reduced tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after Nixon’s visits to China and Moscow.

! The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) led to SALT 1 Treaty, which limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched missiles each super power could have in its arsenal! A series of agreements that expanded trade between the two superpowers

260. What was Nixon’s New Federalism?! Plan called for distributing a portion of federal power to state and local governments! Revenue sharing

261. What was the primary domestic issue during the Carter administration?! Inflation

262. President Carter emphasized a foreign policy based on________ ________! Human Rights

263. What were the Camp David Accords?! Carter invited the leaders of Egypt and Israel to Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland in 1978. After 12 days of intense negotiations, the leaders reached a peace agreement known as the Camp David Accords.

264. What was one key issue in the 1980 presidential election.! Iranian hostage Crisis! Double digit inflation! The energy crisis

265. Name one goal of Reaganomics! Reduce federal tax rates for businesses and wealthy Americans! Reduce corporate tax rates and encourage private investment

! Promote economic growth by deregulating business!266. What does NAFTA stand for?! North American Free Trade Agreement