Annotated answer sheet Mid Term Exam 2016

“GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders.…We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey.…You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it.…But you cannot have peace and a division of our country.…We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States.…I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter.”

Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta Mayor and City Council, 1864United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892).

1. The message in the letter above best reflects which of the following continuities in U.S. history?a. The application of effective economic and industrial strategies to warfareb. Arguments over the proper relationship between the federal government and the statesc. Debates over how to properly interpret the Constitutiond. A popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals

2. Which of the following most directly resulted from the excerpt above?a. The Confederacy was prevented from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers.b. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.c. The South’s environment and infrastructure was increasingly destroyed.d. The Confederacy faced considerable home front opposition to the mobilization of their society to wage the war.

3. The excerpt above would be most useful to historians analyzing thea. initiative and daring of Confederate leadership in the war.b. ways that the purposes of the Civil War changed over time.c. strategies and leadership of the Union Army.d. Northern idea of national identity and national purpose.Questions 1-3 relate to Sherman's "March to the Sea" where he employed the concept of "total war." The idea was to cut off any retreat for Lee's Army meanwhile demoralizing the civilian population in hopes that this would lead to pressure on confederate leaders

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.…It is for us, the living…to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us…that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 18634. Which of the following actions of the Lincoln administration best exemplified the belief expressed in the quotation above?

a. The altering of the power relationships between states and the federal governmentb. The waging of war even while facing considerable home front oppositionc. The decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamationd. Their efforts to prevent the Confederacy from gaining diplomatic support from European powers

5. The passage above best serves as evidence of which of the following?a. Union victory in the Civil Warb. The mobilization of the Union economy and society to wage the warc. Unresolved questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rightsd. The changing purpose of the Civil WarQuestions 4-5 involve Lincoln's belief that the war could be used to ultimately strengthen the nation and alter the balance between state's rights and Federal power. He was correct on both accounts

“Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer…Section 3… no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish…Section 4…Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro…Section 7…No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish…Section 11…It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol.”

The Louisiana Black Code, 1865 Senate Executive Document No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

6. The excerpt above is best understood in the context ofa. a Northern idea of American identity.b. altered power relationships between the states and the federal government in the post-Civil War period.c. the temporary rearrangement of relationships between white and black people in the South.d. Southern resistance to Radical Republicans’ efforts to change Southern attitudes.Black codes were designed to keep freedmen in a "state of servitude" as a inferior working class

7. Which 19th-century group would most likely oppose the regulations in the legislation above?a. New international migrants b. The Supreme Courtc. Republican Party members d. Supporters of Social DarwinismRadical Republicans were opposed to black codes and sharecropping and this was one of the reasons that they took over control of the Reconstruction process

8. Which of the following statements best reflects the point of view of the cartoon to the left?

a. The Civil War was successful in bridging the gap between blacks and whites. b. The Freedmen’s Bureau was successful in reuniting black families.c. The Black Codes were effective in limiting civil rights of freedmen.d. The Democratic Party had abandoned the rights of freedmen.

9. The cartoon could most effectively be used by which of the following groups?

a. Radical Republicans who supported Congressional Reconstructionb. Moderate Republicans who supported Presidential Reconstruction.

c. Southern Democrats who believed civil rights were best protected by statesd. Liberal Republicans who believed that Reconstruction was completed and Federal Troops should be removed.

While the fact that the Klansman is smiling might throw you a bit, it was intended to show white southern satisfaction with the how effective state laws (black codes) had circumvented the Thirteenth Amendment.

“Now therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States by virtue of the power in me vested as commander and chief…and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion do…order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States the following… I order and declare that persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are henceforward shall be free…I order and declare that persons of suitable condition will be received into armed service of the United States…

Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

10. President Lincoln delayed issuing the above statement because of his concern that it woulda. increase foreign support for the Confederacy b. cause the Border States to secedec. Decrease the power of the cotton industry d. Free slaves before they were ready

The Emancipation Proclamation did not address slave states that we still in the Union i.e. the "border states"

11. To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following.a. A military victory b. Supreme Court approvalc. Republican approval d. A Constitutional Amendment

Lincoln correctly believed that issuing an Emancipation would have been worthless unless he could show people that the Union was capable of winning the war. The Battle of Antietam was the victory.

12. In July 1861 Lincoln was particularly concerned with how his policies would be viewed ina. The Far West like California and Oregonb. Deep South states like Mississippic. Upper South states like Tennesseed. Border states like Missouri and Kentuckysee number 10 above

13. Which slave state was admitted to the Union following the firing upon Fort Sumter?a. Missouri b. West Virginiac. Texas d. MaineThe western counties, though slave-owning remained loyal to the Union & were allowed

statehood

“We drift fast towards war with Britain but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all they can and give possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and women-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name suggests…She cannot ally herself with slavery as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to Yankee privateers and diminishing the supply of Northern breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side however, is the consideration that allowing piratical Alabama (vessels being built for the Confederacy) to be built in her ports is making her a great deal of money.”

George Templeton Strong, New York, Diary, 1863

14. Strong’s statement that the British feared “diminishing the supply of breadstuffs explains why he thinks:a. would benefit from less trade with the U.S. in generalb. would eventually give diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and trade exclusively with them

c. depended more on the slave trade than most Americans fathomedd. depended as much on trade with the Union as with the Confederacy

Strong asserted that while cotton was important to Britain, their trade with the US in other items was far more important as a whole

15. The Union was most disturbed because they believed that Britain was supporting the Confederacy by doing which of the following?

a. Building warships b. Buying illegal cotton c. Loaning money d. Supplying foodThis was considered an act of war by Lincoln and in the post war period an international court ruled that the British had violated neutrality by building warships for the Confederacy

16. Who would have advocated for the immediate and uncompensated release of all slaves held in the United States? a. William Lloyd Garrison b. Abraham Lincoln c. John C. Calhoun d. Henry ClayOf the people above only Garrison was a radical abolitionist

17. Southern critics of slavery most often asserted that a. slavery was immoral.b. the plantation economy made the South a colony of the North.c. mass insurrection by slave populations was only a matter of time.d. global demand for cotton was so great that the Southern economy would remain profitable with white wageworkers in the fields.The argument against slavery made by many yeoman was that the south could never be self-sufficient as a slave based agrarian economy

18. As a result of the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852,a. calls for political compromise over the issue of slavery increased.b. the American Colonization Society began transporting ex-slaves back to Africa.c. the Underground Railroad was formed.d. abolitionism gained ground in the NorthHarriet Beecher Stowe helped to educate millions of readers about the nature of slavery

19. The sentiments such as those depicted in the cartoon below most directly contributed to which of the following?a. Breakdown in trust between sectional leadersb. The willingness of abolitionists to use violence to achieve their goalsc. Repeated attempts at political compromised. The secession of Southern statesThis beating stemmed from animosity north vs south over theKansas Nebraska Act

20. Which group was most likely the intended audience of the cartoon?a. White Americans in the Southb. State governments in the Northc. Members of the Republican Partyd. Voluntary organizations promoting religious and secular reformsMeant to show the brutality of southern slave supporters

“It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoepegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary…owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists…and that, instead of building up…our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb.…It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences.”

- Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857

21. Which of the following most directly supports the assertion expressed in the excerpt above?a. The defense of slavery by Southerners as a positive goodb. The slow population growth of the Southc. Attempts by abolitionists to campaign against slaveryd. The intensified sectionalism of the 1840s and 1850s

22. The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to which of the following historical trends?a. Racist stereotyping in the Southb. Regional economic and demographic changes between the North and Southc. The emergence of sectional political partiesd. The breaking down of trust between sectional regionsFor questions 21 and 22 It becomes clear that by the 1840s-1850s due to slavery and Manifest Destiny that a North vs. South tension was growing and that paranoia about extension and/or abolition of slavery

23. Which of the following was most likely the intended audience of the excerpt above?a. Northern leaders who were proposing economic and political compromiseb. The emerging middle and working classesc. Agriculturalists of the Southeast and Southwestd. African Americans seeking economic refuge in the WestSee question #17

“Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation…on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,…and to give unto said Freedmen…one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen’s labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen…agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866.…We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer.…We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages.”

Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Tennessee, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1869, No. M-999.

24. The practices described in the excerpt above most directly led toa. the judicial principles of the Civil War Amendments.b. the abolition of slavery.c. freed blacks’ development of cultures that reflected their interests and experiences.d. the progressive stripping away of the rights of African Americans.While sharecropping was not a "black code" the result for most poor residents of the south was similar b/c one was caught in a cycle of tenant farming similar to serfdom

25. The excerpt above would best serve as evidence of which of the following?a. The social and economic continuities that characterized the antebellum and post-Civil War Southb. The wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructurec. The short-term successes brought about by Reconstructiond. The opening up of leadership roles to former slavesSharecropping became a fact of southern life for millions of uneducated black and white farmers until the 1940s

26. The contract displayed above would have most resembled which of the following labor styles of the past?a. The encomienda system of the 16th centuryb. The origins of slave labor codes such as the Code of Barbadosc. Indentured service agreements of the mid-17th centuryd. The contract between the London Company of Virginia and settlers in Massachusetts Bay

27. The belief that the United States had a special mission to expand over the entire North American continent was known as

a. divine providence. b. nullification. c. American exceptionalism d. Manifest Destiny.Following the War of 1812 this ideology led to western expansion (and of course the spread of slavery)

28. With regard to the Oregon Territory, in 1846, the United Statesa. provoked a shooting war to acquire the lands it sought.b. concluded a peace treaty with Britain which established the United States’ northern border at 54°40’ north latitude.c. hammered out a compromise agreement with the British Empire.d. denied any further Asian immigration into the region.Polk threatened war over Oregon Territory and the rightful border between it and British Canada. Ultimately it was agreed that it would be the 49th parallel

29. The Wilmot Provisoa. encouraged slavery’s expansion westward.b. called for American annexation of lands conquered from Mexico as free territory.c. successfully postponed the outbreak of the Civil War for 10 years. d. proclaimed that western territories would be open to slavery if their citizens voted to allow it.The failure of this bill to pass the Senate might have guaranteed civil war would be unavoidable

30. The Nativist American or “Know-Nothing” Party of the 1850sa. gave birth to the free-soil movement.b. sought to limit the rights of immigrants.c. gained support as the result of fierce opposition to the Compromise of 1850 on the western frontier.d. sought to challenge British domination of the Canadian Northwest.This was an expression of nativism particularly aimed at Irish Catholics

31. Which of the following immigrant groups faced the greatest hardships in the antebellum period?a. The Germans b. The Irish c. The Chinese d. The Welsh

Many people chose Chinese for this question but the answer is time frame dependent. Most Chinese laborers at this point had little contact with Americans. Chinese will be a good answer for the late 19th century

“The condition of the African race throughout all the States where ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attainted so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization.”

John C, Calhoun 1844

32. Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun’s assertions?a. Many slaves adopted Christianity

b. Many slaves engaged in some form of resistance to slaveryc. Abolitionist societies encountered difficulties in southern statesd. A majority of white southerners did not own slaves

He asserts that slavery is beneficial but clearly the number of slave uprisings from the 1790s-1830s stands in stark contrast

33. Which of the following groups would have been most supportive of Calhoun’s claims?a. members of Nativists political groups b. Members of the Whig Partyc. Southern landowners d. Northern industrialists

The choice here is broad enough to include pro-slavery southerners. Some chose B because there were southern Whigs but the party was more dominant in the north

34. The "Year of Revolutions 1848" saw a huge wave of German migration. Which of the following was least for this mass exodus. a. The political tensions over a failed liberal

nationalist revolution. b. Economic tensions caused by political instability.

c. racial tensions aimed at German Jews d. Greater opportunities in AmericaThis is another time dependent answer. Racism will be a factor in the late 19th-early 20th century

35. The majority of Irish immigrants to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s settled a. along the Great Lakes region. b. on farms in the Midwest.c. in cities along the east coast. d. on homesteads on the frontier.

Having little money and few skills this became their primary destination in this era

36. One impact of the widespread cultivation of cotton and other cash crops in the South was thea. creation of a more economically and socially egalitarian society in the South.b. increasing economic isolation of the South from the rest of the country.c. rapid growth of textile mills and other manufacturing throughout the South.d. increased political power the South was able to wield in Congress.

The political shift occurs due to Manifest Destiny and the increase of internal immigration to the southern states of men hoping to profit from cotton development

37. Which of the following was NOT an example of Manifest Destiny?a. The annexation of Texas b. The Aroostook War in the Canada-Maine areac. Negotiations over the Oregon border d. Demilitarizing the Great LakesD is an example of the Webster-Ashburn Treaty. The other choices are acts of aggression leading to tensions.

38. The increase of slavery in the new Southwest during the antebellum eraa. created new tensions over the spread of slavery.b. was firmly opposed by both major political parties.c. led to the resumption of importing slaves from Africa.d. decreased the market value of cotton and slaves in the East.This first revealed in 1819 with Missouri thus dashing the hopes of Founders that slavery would one day die if contained.

39. What factor best accounts for the general lack of immigration in the Southern states during the antebellum period:

a. There was a general lack of available land and employment opportunities.b. Anti-Catholic sentiments ran very high in the Deep South targeting the Irishc. Anti-Jewish sentiments ran very high in the Deep South targeting many Germans

d. Germans and Irish were welcomed but Chinese immigrants met with great discrimination.Some had little money, even if one did oftentimes the planter class refused to sell, and finally slavery precluded most low paying jobs

40. Which statement best describes Chinese immigration in this period of American History?a. There was little Chinese immigration in this period.b. While there was little Chinese immigration, Japanese and Korean immigration was acceleratingc. Chinese immigration was banned under the Chinese Exclusion Actd. Chinese immigrants were usually contract laborers having little contact with most Americans

Another time frame related question

The caption reads: "That's you Dad! more Free Soil" We'll rat 'em out yet. Long Life to Davy Wilmot!" 41. The reference to "Davy Wilmot" would most likely relate to which of the following positions.

a. Slavery should not be allowed to spread into the territories.b. Slaves are better off in the south than in the immigrant choked cities of the northc. Slaves are property and thus legal everywhere.d. Wilmot secretly supported Polk starting the The Mexican War on behalf of the "slavocracy"

This was directly related to the Wilmot Proviso and the development of the Free Soil Party

"We are told now …that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction…If the Union is to be dissolved for any existing reason, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted in the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned…to their masters….I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights."

-Henry Clay, Resolutions on the Compromise of 1850-

42. To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of excerpt?a. Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun who were threatening secession.b. Senators like Daniel Webster who rejected any compromisec. Advocates of popular sovereignty like Lewis Cass and Stephen A. Douglasd. The President, Zachary Taylor

Most Northern Whigs and some Democrats such as Daniel Webster were against popular sovereignty. Eventually Webster helped Clay gain support for the compromise when it became clear that war might come otherwise

43. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the South.a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. Ending the Slave trade in Washington DC

c. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.Runaway slaves were costing the south millions in lost revenue.

44. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the North?a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. Ending the Slave trade in Washington DCc. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.

The fact that California had already threatened to form its own nation was further driven by the discovery of gold in 1849

45. “54 – 40 or Fight” was a slogan that referred to which of the follow:a. The battle to recharter the Bank of the U.S. for either 54 years or 40 years.b. The U.S. claims for the boundary of the Oregon Territory.c. The basis for a new proposal for the line dividing slave and free states.d. The border between Texas and Mexico.See question 28 above

46. All of the following were key issues during the 1844 Election campaign EXCEPT:a. The future of the Oregon Territoryb. The annexation of Texas.c. The legitimacy of the War with Mexico.d. The slavery debate

The war did not start until 1845: Time frame question

47. Which of the following was NOT a major consequence of the U.S. war with Mexico:a. The U.S. annexation of Texasb. Long term Mexican resentment against the U.Sc. Increased section tensionsd. Securing Texas’ southern border at the Rio Grande River.

Yep, another time frame question b/c consequence means "result" and the annexation was more of a "cause"

48. The Tallmadge Amendment was to Missouri as _________________was to the Mexican Cession.a. Webster-Ashburn Treaty b. The Wilmot Provisoc. The Seneca Falls Declaration. d. The Party platform of the Democratic Party

Both were failed attempts to, in some way, limit the spread of slavery.

49. Why did the Mexican government encourage immigration to Texas in the 1820s?a. Gold had been discovered near the Sabine River.b. Most Mexicans were content with staying in Mexico south of the Rio Grande.c. Vast fertile farmland was available but Mexican farmers were unfamiliar with growing cotton and ranching.d. The Mexican government feared the encroachments of the U.S. government

The Mexican government was looking to organize Tejas especially for purposes of taxation. Most Mexicans did not have money or a desire to relocate.

50. Which of the following would have been least likely to use the term “Mr. Polk’s War” to describe the war with Mexico:

a. A Whig newspaper editor in Boston.b. A Democrat from Pennsylvania.c. A Mississippi planter from the delta region.d. A transcendentalist writer and poet.

These all represent areas where abolition was strong or at least a free soil ideology. Mississippi was staunchly pro-slavery, Democrat, and in support of the war (especially as it would likely expand slavery).

“This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.…But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.”

-Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, 1820-

51. The letter above was most likely written in response toa. the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France.b. passage of the Missouri Compromise.c. efforts to promote the American System.d. governmental attempts to force the removal of American Indians.

52. The concerns expressed in the letter above can best be understood in the context of a. federal efforts to control American Indian populations.b. competing ideas about geographical boundaries.c. concerns over the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.d. debates over the extension of slavery into the western territories.

Both questions 51 and 52 reflect the failure to contain the spread of slavery espoused by many of the Founders. Jefferson, you will recall, had been a main advocate of gradual emancipation, though he owned many slaves.

“Everyone acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith…said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense—he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know that many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defense, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled.”

Thomas Dew, President of the College of William and Mary, 1832

53. The author’s sentiments in the excerpt above can best be understood as a. supportive of the continuation of the international slave trade.b. opposition to the continued restrictions against citizenship for slaves.c. an expression of Southern pride in the institution of slavery.d. an argument for the gradual emancipation of slaves.This is similar to the Fitzhugh paternalistic argument that slavery was benevolent and good for slaves

54. The excerpt above was most likely a response to which of the following?a. The outlawing of the international slave tradeb. The abolitionist criticism of the treatment of slaves in the South c. The creation of free African American communitiesd. The formation of a temporary national truce over the issue of slaveryLargely due to the second Great Awakening reform impulse coupled with the spread of literacy, the abolitionist cause was growing and Dew was an apologist for slavery.

55. The painting to the left American Progress would have been most synonymous with of the following ideas?a. The Indian Removal Act of 1830b. The Missouri Compromise of 1820c. Manifest Destiny of the post-war of 1812 periodd. Federal versus state powerThere are several elements presenting westward migration and civilization….though of course there were no slaves in the painting

Vote in the U.S. House of Representatives on the Bill to Fund Internal Improvements, 1824

Region For AgainstNew England 12 26Mid-Atlantic 37 26

The West 43 0The South 23 34Total Votes 115 86

56. Based upon the voting pattern shown in the above chart, support for the American System was strongest a. In agricultural regions b. In former strongholds of the Federalistsc. In regions featuring large slave populations d. In under developed regions

In the west there was a greater demand for Federal support for various reasons. One big reason was that the western areas were new and farther from eastern markets.

57. The opening of canals and new roads in the United States, as depicted in the map above, had the LEAST impact on which of the following?a. European immigration to the United States b. Westward migration of American citizens c. The market revolution d. Regional economic specialization

While many immigrants worked in the building of canals, there was no concerted effort to bring them in for this purpose.

58. As shown in the map above, the national system of roads and canals most closely linked which regions’ economies together?

a. The North and the South b. The East and the Midwestc. The Midwest and the South d. The North, Midwest, and South equallyThis is sort of a time frame related question b/c you have to recall that the Midwest was "the west" in this period. Western farmers needed to get crops to market and sailing them down the Mississippi just to get them to the east coast was time consuming.

“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain…That the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…and, more especially…[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.…And we, the People of South Carolina…Do further Declare that we will not submit to the application of force, on the part of the Federal Government, to reduce this State to obedience; but that we will consider the passage, by Congress, of any act…to coerce the State…to be null and void, inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union…”

-South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832-

59. The excerpt above best exemplifies which of the following historical developments or processes in the first half of American history?

a. The support or resistance of various American groups or individuals to the expansion of territoryb. The reemergence of a two-party political system as various constituencies and interest groups coalesced and defined their agendasc. The assertion of Southern regional pride in slavery and the insistence of many whites in the South that the federal government defend slaveryd. Resistance from state governments in the North and the South at different times to federal attempts to assert authority over themThis is the classic states rights vs. Federal power issue

60. In which of the following areas did regional interests and perspectives have the LEAST impact on national policy?

a. Tariffs b. Internal improvements c. National bank d. American Indian policyThe majority of Natives were removed from the Southeast but not all. The Sac, Fox, and Winnebago for example were from Midwest. Plus, few people really stood up against the Indian Removal Act

61. When Andrew Jackson won the 1828 election he benefited from all of the following EXCEPT:

a. The demise of the Federalist Partyb. The removal of property qualifications for voting.c. The creation of national political campaigning.d. The organizational skills of Northern Democrats like Martin Van Buren.The Federalists were

long gone.

62. The Election of 1828 revealed that

a. Political power was shifting to the western and southern statesb. Political power was entrenched in the hands of a select few. c. Political power still rested with Northeastern elitesd. Abolitionism was a growing force.

The growing power base of the new Democratic Party was first strong in the south (and of course west was just beyond the Mississippi River at this point

63. Who was the winner of the so-called Log Cider and Cabin Campaign in 1840?a. Andrew Jackson b. John Tyler c. William H. Harrison d. Martin Van BurenCongratulations on your victory but you were gone before we really knew ya

64. Which of the following situations best describes the “corrupt bargain”a. The deal made between Calhoun and Clay allowing Calhoun to run unopposed for the vice

presidency.b. The deal that allowed John Tyler to run with Harrison in 1840.c. The deal that allowed Clay to become Secretary of State in exchange for instructing his delegates

to vote for John Quincy Adamsd. The purpose by John Quincy Adams of a pool table for the White House.

This was one of the first times that the person who won the popular vote did not win the Presidency. Clay and JQA cut a deal

65. Which of the following early American political parties most vocally championed the “common man,” welcomed immigrants, and benefitted from the expansion of voting rights to most white males?a. The Federalists b. The Democratic-Republicans c. The Whigs d. The DemocratsB choice isn't bad but again this is a time frame question: property qualification still existed in Jefferson's day.

66. Which of the following Supreme Court cases is correctly identified?a. Marbury v. Madison—established the principle of judicial reviewb. McCulloch v. Maryland—upheld the sanctity of private contractsc. Worcester v. Georgia—ruled that states cannot tax the federal governmentd. Dartmouth v. Woodward—established tribal autonomy on Indian landsThis was the first times that a Federal law was struck down. In this case the 1801 Judiciary Act that had allowed John Adams to make his infamous "midnight appointments"

67. In which of the following areas were political debates LEAST affected by regional and sectional differences in the first half of the 19th century?

a. Tariff rates b. Internal improvementsc. The expansion of white male suffrage d. Foreign affairsThis occurred nationally not in any one section of the nation

68. In a famous 1837 speech, South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun would most likely have defended slavery as aa. “necessary evil.” b. “military necessity.” c. “national birthright.” d. “positive good.”Another apologist for slavery using the paternal argument

69. During the 1830s and 1840s, which set of immigrant groups arrived in unprecedented numbers, resulting in a political backlash in popular culture?a. Scots-Irish and Welsh b. Dutch and French c. Irish and Germans d. Italians and GreeksThis is again a time from question: choice A is before and choice D is after. There was no large French-Dutch wave

70. Which of the following developments LEAST strengthened the increasing economic linkage of the North and the Midwest during the antebellum era?

a. The growth of canals and railroads b. The spread of plantation agriculturec. The federal attempts to create a national economy d. The shift to market production

While large farms are plantations this is a southern idea and means more than just farming

71. Which of the following connected the Great Lakes to the East Coast and fueled the economic rise of New York City?

a. The transcontinental railroad b. The National Roadc. The Cumberland Gap d. The Erie CanalThis was the largest building project of the antebellum period being supplanted by the transcontinental railroad in the post-bellum period

72. Opposition to the proposed American System of internal improvements was a result ofa. regional interests overriding national concerns.b. fears that improved transportation would lead to more western migration.c. large federal budget deficits undermining the needed funding.d. Supreme Court decisions questioning its constitutionality.This was an example that sectional disputes between north and south involved other concerns than just slavery

73. Which of the following treaties is correctly matched with its description?a. Jay’s Treaty—ended the War of 1812b. Treaty of Ghent—settled boundary disputes with Canada c. Adams-Onis Treaty—acquired Florida from Spaind. Webster-Ashburton Treaty—ended the Quasi-War with FranceThis was also known as the Transcontinental Treaty signed by Sec of State JQA

74. Which of the following best describes the Monroe Doctrine?a. It was a treaty with England in which the British promised to confine all of their future colonization to the Eastern Hemisphere. b. It was an attempt to relocate American Indian tribes on the Great Plains to reservations and begin the process of cultural assimilation.c. It was an American pronouncement to European countries not to interfere with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.d. It was an economic policy by President Monroe to revive the American economy by lowering tariffs and promoting manufacturing.This also showed that the American nationalism of the post 1812 period also involved foreign affairs

75. The most divisive issue in regards to western expansion during the antebellum era wasa. the removal of Indians. b. the extension of slavery.c. free homesteads for settlers. d. property qualifications for voting.It marked the end of any hopes that slavery could be contained first illustrated by the Missouri Crisis

76. All the following are true of the Tariff of 1828 EXCEPT ita. was viewed as an “abomination” by many Southerners.b. demonstrated the growing differences between the North and South.c. was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.d. created a crisis that almost led to a civil war.

77. What did the Hartford Convention, the nullification crisis, and some Marshall Court decisions all have in common?

a. They all dealt with the contentious issue of the extension of slavery into the Louisiana Purchase territory or the Mexican cession.b. They illustrated attempts by the federal government to assert greater control over the states and the resistance those attempts created.c. They all resulted from political compromises between the federal government and the affected states involved. d. They all demonstrated the nativist backlash against German and Irish immigrants who were coming in record numbers to America.

Most of the Marshall Court rulings strengthened the power of the national government over the states

78. The Indian Removal Act of 1830a. led to the infamous Trail of Tears. b. was upheld in Cherokee v. Georgia.c. paid Indian tribes market rates for their confiscated lands. d. was passed over President Jackson’s angry veto.This ran right through parts of Memphis in the Raleigh and Whitehaven areas

79. Which of the following was NOT true about the 1820 Missouri Compromise?a. It allowed Maine to enter the Union as a free state and Missouri to enter as a slave state.b. It barred slavery north of the 36°30' line in future states from the Louisiana Purchase territory. c. It successfully kept the issue of slavery from becoming a national debate until just a few years before the Civil War.d. It temporarily settled the issue of slavery but was eventually weakened and ultimately overturned.The last part of the statement is the problem: the slavery debate was only quiet until the 1830s when Texas annexation was discussed. This is still 20 years before secession started

“These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security.… In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For where does that right stop?...To use the words of Mr. Locke, ‘What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?’…We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves.”

John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768

80. The passage above was written in response to a. calls for a stronger central government. b. British efforts to tax the colonies.c. debates over the issue of slavery d. the perceived corruption of the British government.

This was actually a work of fiction designed to impassion the lower classes against tax measures that mostly impacted the urban middle classes

81. Which of the following historical developments most directly precipitated the conditions leading to the argument in the passage above?

a. The growth of the Atlantic economy during the 18th century b. The spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europec. The large British debt incurred from the Seven Years’ Ward. The indifference of the British government to colonial governance

Britain had also promised to reimburse colonial expenditures

82. Which group would most likely have supported the sentiments expressed in the passage above?a. Loyalists in the 1770s and 1780s b. Backcountry rebels in the 1780s and 1790s c. Whigs in the 1830s and 1840s d. Republicans in the 1850s and 1860s

They are the audience of Dickinson work

83. The image above can best be seen as depictinga. the support of colonial independence by European allies.b. loyalist opposition to colonial independence movements.c. the dangerous influence of the French Revolution.d. the British government constraining colonial rights

84. Which of the following turning points set the stage for the controversy depicted in the cartoon above?a. Britain’s victory over France in North Americab. The spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europec. The signing of the Declaration of Independenced. The American Revolutionary War

Britain's new tax measures designed to defray the costs of the Seven Years War were directly attacked because the Americans had no voice in their creation as had been traditional for pre-war colonial legislatures. The issue of "no taxation w/o representation" was a direct attack on "virtual representation"

85. The American independence movement was least fueled bya. the impact of revivals and evangelical ideas. b. Enlightenment political thought.c. colonial economic concerns. d. the fear of attack from other European powers.

Despite their debt Britain was supreme after the Seven Years War and so colonists had no fears of attack. The Great Awakening (a), and arguments against tax policies (c) were obvious. Lockean and Roussean ideas of social contacts were well known to the founding generation

86. The Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting colonial migration west of the Appalachian Mountains resulted from all of the following EXCEPT

a. ongoing Indian uprisings such as Pontiac’s Rebellion.b. Parliament’s decision to punish the colonies for their refusal to pay taxes.c. British weariness to engage in further military conflicts.d. British determination to reduce expenditures after the Seven Years’ War.This had nothing to do with tax policies and their legalities

87. Which of the following was a primary reason why Indian tribes attempted to form advantageous alliances with other tribes and European countries during the mid- and late 1700s?

a. They wanted to gain access to European trade goods.b. They wanted to limit the movement of white settlers.c. They wanted to be able to sell their tribal lands more easily.d. They wanted to become a single, unified tribe.Tribes had tried to "divide and conquer" the whites and this failed in the Seven Years War

88. Which of the following set of historical events is in the correct chronological order?a. Stamp Act, Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Boston Tea Partyb. Boston Tea Party, Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Stamp Actc. Stamp Act, Committees of Correspondence, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Actsd. Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Boston Tea Party, Stamp ActAll of the others are out of chronological order

89. Which of the following is NOT correctly identified?a. The Quebec Act—granted freedom of worship to Catholics in Quebec b. The Townshend Acts—placed an “external” tax on tea, glass, and paper c. The Quartering Act—required colonial legislatures to house and feed British soldiersd. The Port Bill—closed New York Harbor and blockaded the port cityThis was a tricky one because the Port Bill, part of the Coercive Acts was aimed at Boston not NYC

90. Which of the following contributed the LEAST to the growing colonial sentiment toward independence in the 1770s?

a. Anger over numerous attempts to tax the colonists and colonists’ perceived lack of political representation in Parliamentb. Frustration over the British government’s refusal to send troops to protect the colonies from Indian attacksc. An emerging ideology of resistance based on English common law, Enlightenment ideals, and Whig political thoughtd. A growing sense of American identity and grassroots movements of laborers, artisans, women Britain did send troops during the Seven Years War

91. Despite England’s superior military, industrialized economy, and larger population, the colonists were ultimately able to succeed in their war for independence because they possessed all of the following EXCEPT

a. greater familiarity with the land. b. superior political leadership.c. overwhelming popular support. d. a deep ideological commitment.

Nearly 2/3 of the colonial population was either loyalist or not staunchly revolutionary

"It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxed be imposed upon them, but with their own consent, and given personally, or by their own representatives…That it is the indispensible duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns…to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament…for the restriction of American commerce."

John Dickenson, Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, 1771

92. The resolution of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 expressed respect for which of the followinga. Colonial Merchants b. The King c. Leaders in Parliament d. Residents of England

Much of the time colonial anger was direct at the King b/c there were some Whig parliamentarians who agreed that certain policies might not be just. Colonial leaders wanted to keep them on our side.

93. For some time the Stamp Act placed on the colonies a tax that was a. Indirect b. Direct c. To Regulate Trade d. To support the Church

94. Which of the following was a direct British response to the colonial views expressed by the Stamp Act Congress?

a. The Quartering Act for British Soldiers b. The Sugar Act for taxing luxuriesc. The Coercive Act closing the port of Boston d. The Declaratory Act stating the right to tax

Though truly weak, Parliament felt the need to reiterate its taxing rights

95. The above cartoon reflected which of the following situationsa. The call for unity by the Stamp Act Congressb. The call for unity as part of the Albany Plan of Unionc. The assembly of the First Continental Congressd. The reaction to the implementation of the Coercive ActsThis illustration predated the revolution and was part of Ben Franklin's call for colonial unity in the face of French and Native aggression.

"During the protractions and people were often slain, most or all officers, civil and military...met and concerted themselves together, the danger of going without a commission on the part of continual murders of their neighbors on the other part…This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of the natives, after whom the Governors sent his proclamation denouncing the rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those estates be obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men. proceeded….They fired….and slew 150 Indians."

-Sam Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion, 1883

96. Based upon the information above which statement best describes Kercheval's point of view toward Bacon and his men?

a. They were wild-eyed rebels who threatened the stability of the colony.b. They were frustrated men who were taking action because their grievances were no redressed by the governor.c. They were allies of the Governor acting upon his orders to attack the Natives.d. They were primarily political supporters of Bacon's attempt to become the new Governor of Virginia

97. Bacon's Rebellion was initiated by a group of men who felt most threatened bya. An increase in royal taxation b. The power of the planter aristocracyc. Conflicts with Natives d. The growth of the slave trade in Virginia

For 96 and 97 the former indentured servants in Virginia were often landless and had no money to purchase land. They headed west and ultimately took land from the Natives. You will recall that the planter aristocracy now dominated VA politics and they defended native and not fellow rights (as many were in the fur trade).

"When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was frequently as they were a delicate people, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called the lazy dogs often kicking and beating them; and when illness was apparent they sent the home as useless giving them some cassava for a 20 to 80 league journey. They would go then often falling in to streams to die. Very few made it home and I sometimes remember the dead bodies along the way. Others were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating 'hungry, hungry."

-Bartholomew de las Casas, a priest and social reformer-In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550

98. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of the Spanish actions describes by Las Casas?a. Religion b. Racism c. Desire for Wealth d. Fear of Native Power

The encomienda (and reprimento) systems demanded native slave labor. .

99. The primary audience Las Casas hoped to influence by his writing wasa. The monarchs of Spain b. The Roman Catholic Church

c. The Conquistadores d. The Native AmericansHe addressed this to the King because be he knew that only the sovereign possessed the power to stop the atrocities. In effect, he was wrong.

100. As a consequence of the new European crops and livestock brought to America as part of the Colombian Exchange illustrated above,

a. American Indians began the spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest. b. most native societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer economy.c. there were far-reaching effects on

native settlement patterns as well as on economic, social, and political developments. d. native peoples and Africans in America maintained their political and cultural autonomy.

The arrival of Europeans altered many aspects of life in the western hemisphere in less than a generation. In fact, the biology of the west was even changed.