AP US Midterm Study Guide 2016

Special Note: The questions below many not be represented on the mid-term exam word for word from previous tests but the material will be the same because there have been multiple versions of the each unit test!

In addition, there are some formative style test questions mixed in to guarantee certain content is covered.

AP US History Unit One Test

Questions 1- 3 Relate to the Passage BelowYet that same day, or so I am reliably informed by a number of eye-witnesses, the Spaniards seized the great king unawares by means of a trick and held him under armed guard of eighty soldiers, eventually putting him in irons. ....The pretext upon which the Spanish invaded each of these provinces and proceeded to massacre the people and destroy their lands--lands which teemed with people and should surely have been a joy and a delight to any true Christian--was purely and simply that they were making good the claim of the Spanish Crown to the territories in question. At no stage had any order been issued entitling them to massacre the people or to enslave them. Yet, whenever the natives did not drop everything and rush to recognize publicly the truth of the irrational and illogical claims that were made, and whenever they did not immediately place themselves completely at the mercy of the iniquitous and cruel and bestial individuals who were making such claims, they were dubbed outlaws and held to be in rebellion against His Majesty

Bartholomew de las Casas, 1551

1. What is the historical context of the above document?a. The order of the Pope to forcibly convert Natives into Christianityb. The Black Legend detailing the atrocities of French Huguenotsc. The attempts by Catholic friars to stop the violence committed by many Conquistadoresd. The belief by Catholic leaders that Natives were savages and beyond God's grace

2. The cruelty above was most directly the result of which system?a. The Barbados Code b. The Encomienda Systemc. The Columbian Exchange d. Mercantilism

3. A similar relationship between Europeans and Natives could best be found among the a. Dutch b. French c. English d. Denmark

The Document below relates to Questions 4-6"And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. But I have nothing at all no, not a shirt to my back but two rags (2), nor clothes but one poor suit, nor but one pair of shoes, but one pair of stockings, but one cap, [and] but two bands [collars]. My cloak is stolen by one of my fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him have butter and beef out of a ship, which my cloak, I doubt [not], paid for. So that I have not a penny, nor a penny worth, to help me too either spice or sugar or strong waters, without the which one cannot live here. For as strong beer in England doth fatten and strengthen them, so water here doth wash and weaken these here [and] only keeps [their] life and soul together. But I am not half [of] a quarter so strong as I was in England, and all is for want of victuals; for I do protest unto you that I have eaten more in [one] day at home than I have allowed me here for a week. You have given more than my day's allowance to a beggar at the door; and if Mr. Jackson had not relieved me, I should be in a poor case. But he like a father and she like a loving mother doth still help me…."

RICHARD FRETHORNE, 1632 Virginia

4. Which of the following best describes the social status of Richard Frethorne based upon the above source?a. A prosperous land owner b. A tobacco shipperc. An African slave d. An indentured servant

5. Which of the following concepts was responsible for a large wave of migration to Virginia by the 1630s?a. The land grants as part of the Restoration of the Stuart Monarchyb. The granting of head rights by the House of Burgessesc. The end of the English Civil War and establishment of the Protectorate under Cromwelld. The initiation of primogeniture in the Chesapeake

6. In addition to Virginia one might find sources similar to the above passage in studying the history of which of the following future states?

a. North Carolina b. South Carolina c. Maryland d. Pennsylvania

The Document below relates to Questions 7-9“In excelsis gloria.Within a lodge of broken bark The tender babe was found A ragged robe of rabbit skin En-wrapped His beauty round But as the hunter braves drew nigh The angel song rang loud and high[Refrain]Jesus your King is born Jesus is bornThe earliest moon of wintertimeIs not so round and fairAs was the ring of gloryOn the helpless Infant thereThe chiefs from far before Him kneltWith gifts of fox and beaver pelt

[Refrain]”

Huron Carol or “Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de Brébeuf in the Native American language of the Huron people in 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton

7. The song above was most likely a 17th-century artifact from European colonization efforts of thea. English. b. French. c. Portuguese. d. Spanish.

8. The European colonization model evidenced by the song abovea. used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europe.b. established tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit the population.c. sent colonists to acquire land and populate their settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.d. integrated a coherent hierarchal imperial structure and pursued economic aims.

9. Which of the following is LEAST representative of 16th- and 17th-century European colonial practices?a. A desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianityb. Attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles, and the familyc. Rapid and substantial growth of evangelical and fundamentalist Christian churches and organizationsd. The decision to allow joint stock companies complete autonomy in the colonial process

The Document below relates to Questions 10-13

“Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam?

“Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods….Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives.”

John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections…, 1629

10. Which European approach to colonization is most consistent with the arguments in the excerpt above?a. Using trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europeb. Establishing tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit the native populationsc. Sending men and women to acquire land and populate settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with the native inhabitantsd. Integrating a coherent hierarchal imperial structure and pursing economic aims

11 The author of the excerpt above was most interested in a. participating in the fur trade with the native communities.b. generating great wealth for the king in England.c. converting American Indians to Christianity.d. justifying the takeover of American Indian lands.

12. The North American colonial settlements referenced in the passage above tended to a. be economically, religiously, and ethnically diverse.b. establish like-minded, close-knit, homogeneous communities.c. be dedicated to converting American Indians to Christianity.d. develop staple crop economies based on slave labor.

13. The attitude expressed by Winthrop in this document would one day lead to which of the following?a. Queen Anne's War b. Bacon's Rebellionc. The Powhatan War d. King Philip's War

Questions 14-16 relate to the painting of George Whitefield Preaching

14. Which colonial trend from the 17th and 18th centuries is best illustrated by the image above? a. The spread of Enlightenment thought b. The Anglicanization of the British colonies

c. Puritans seeking to establish a community of

religious believers

d. Protestant evangelism

15. By the mid-18th century, the fervor illustrated in the image above a. contributed to resistance toward imperial

control. b. stimulated the growth of ideas on race,

leading to racial stereotyping. c. led to the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models.

d. supported accommodation with some aspects of American Indian

culture.

16. Which of the following would NOT have been a core value that was part the theology of the "New Lights?"a. Salvation by Faith Alone and not good worksb. All people are sinful yet they can all be save through their own free will.c. God has already determined at the beginning of time the sinners from the "elect."d. One must maintain a close personal connection with Christ as one's Savior

The Document below relates to Questions 17-20“These at the head of the James River grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for their own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor…beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised but did not send….During these protractions people were often slain. This day lapsing and no commission to come they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Natives. The Governor denounced the rebels but Mr. Bacon, with 57 men proceeded…They fired and slew 150 Indians.”

Sam Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, On Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, 1833

17. Based upon the excerpt what is the point of view of Sam Kercheval toward Bacon and his followers? a. They were wild-eyed rebels who threatened the stability of the colony.b. They were frustrated men who were taking action because their grievances were no redressed by the governor.c. They were allies of the Governor acting upon his orders to attack the Natives.d. They were primarily political supporters of Bacon's attempt to become the new Governor of Virginia

18. Bacon's Rebellion was initiated by a group of men who felt most threatened bya. An increase in royal taxation b. The power of the planter aristocracyc. Conflicts with Natives d. The growth of the slave trade in Virginia

19. Which of the following led the opposition to Bacon's Rebellion?a. Leaders of the Anglican Church b. Members of the House of Burgessesc. The Colonial Governor d. Members of the British Army

20. The most important lasting result of Bacon's Rebellion was a. The abolition of indentured servitude in New Englandb. The advent of African slavery in the Chesapeake Regionc. The abolition of the head right systemd. The takeover of Jamestown by the British government

Questions 21- 23 Relate to the passage belowI went on shore with my companions and two of our savages who served as interpreters. I directed the men in our barque to approach near the savages, and hold their arms in readiness to do their duty in case they notice any movement of these people against us. Bessabez [the chief], seeing us on land, bade us sit down, and began to smoke with his companions.... They presented us with venison and game. I directed our interpreter to say to our savages that...Sieur de Monts [Champlain's patron] had sent me to see them, and...that he desired to inhabit their country and show them how to cultivate it, in order that they might not continue to lead so miserable a life as they were doing....They expressed their great satisfaction, saying that no greater good could come to them than to have our friendship, and that they desired to live in peace with their enemies, and that we should dwell in their land, in order that they might in the future more than ever before engage in hunting beavers, and give us a part of them in return for our providing them with things which they wanted...

William L. Grant, ed., The Voyages of Samuel De Champlain

21. Which of the following would most likely have been the location of the meeting described above?a. Mexico b. Canada c. California d. Brazil

22. Based upon the context of the passage what import trade relationship likely resulted from the above relationship?a. The fur trade in North America b. The development of the timber industryc. The development of tobacco d. The development of sugar cane in the West Indies

23. Based upon the passage what situation seems to have played a role in the shaping of relations between the Europeans and Natives in North America:

a. Native fears of superior European firepower.b. Native perceptions of their own weaknesses and the desire to trade with the newcomers.c. The desire among some Natives to accept Jesuits and to become Catholicd. The desire to exterminate the English as they seemed to be a greater threat.

Questions 24- 26 Relate to the Passage Below"The Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our wayes, soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake…

John Winthrop, A City Upon a Hill Sermon aboard the Arbella, 1630

24. In the line " wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, Winthrop was likely referencing which philosophical issue?

a. Puritan anger over King Henry VIII and his break with the Catholic Churchb. The Episcopal system by which the monarch is above the churchc. The Presbyterian system by which all congregations are independentd. Disagreements with the Anglican Church over the Bible being written in Latin

25. The Puritan mission to Massachusetts Bay differed significantly from the earlier Jamestown settlement in thata. Massachusetts Bay was not part of a joint stock company venture.b. The Jamestown settlers called for a complete break from the Anglican Churchc. Massachusetts Bay developed a significantly different political structure and citizenship.d. Massachusetts Bay had a strict an economy tied to cash crop cultivation

26. The political arguments of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison centered arounda. The primacy of the episcopal system as the proper method of administering the church.b. A separation of church-state relationships.c. The end of land ownership as a means of attaining full citizenship.d. Full Citizenship rights for both men and women who were deemed "the elect" by the community.

Questions 27- 30 Relate to the Passage Below" The princes of Virginia wear their hair long and wear a chain about their necks of pearl beads of copper which they much esteem…The carry a quiver of reed arrows a bow bent ready in their hand ready to defend themselves. In this manner they go to war or, or to their solemn feasts and banquets. They take much pleasure in hunting deer whereof there is a great store in the country, for it is fruitful, pleasant, and full of good woods….

At a certain time of year they make a great, solemn feast whereunto their neighbors of the towns adjoining repair from all parts, every man attired in the most strange fashion…Then being set in order they dance, sing, and use the strangest gestures…All this is done after the sun is set to avoid the heat."

Richard Hakluyt, The True Pictures and Fashions of the People in that Part of America Called Virginia, 1585

27. The author used stories of North America to create a "true picture" of Native Americans. Which of the following was the most direct result of his descriptions of the New World?

a. England decided to put off establishing settlements in the New World for many decades.b. Royal Charters were given to the Virginia Company and Plymouth Companyc. The English directly challenged Spanish dominance of the New World by defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588.d. The first permanent settlement at Roanoke was established on the Outer Banks of North Carolina

28. What factor contributed to England establishing settlements in the Americas later than other European powers?a. Disruptions in England caused by religious upheavalsb. Fear of disturbing the peace between Spain and Portugalc. Focus on improving the country within before establishing coloniesd. King James I had little interest in overseas ventures

29. Which of the following was true of Native Americans prior to the arrival of the English in North America?a. They developed a large variety of cultures and languagesb. They were already involved in extensive cash-crop developmentc. They built massive and elaborate structures connected to their religious practicesd. They lacked in cohesive political structures and tribal unity?

30.In which colony did English settlers likely first experience a similar situation as the one mentioned in the second part of the passage?

a. Jamestown b. Plymouth Plantationc. Massachusetts Bay d. Baltimore

AP US HISTORYUnit Two Test

“These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security.… In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For where does that right stop?...To use the words of Mr. Locke, ‘What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?’…We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves.”

John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies

1. The passage above was written in response to a. calls for a stronger central government. b. British efforts to tax the colonies.c. debates over the issue of slavery d. the perceived corruption of the British government.

2. Which of the following historical developments most directly precipitated the conditions leading to the argument in the passage above?

a. The growth of the Atlantic economy during the 18th century b. The spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europec. The large British debt incurred from the Seven Years’ Ward. The indifference of the British government to colonial governance

3. Which group would most likely have been Dickinson's audience for the sentiments expressed in the passage above?

a. Loyalists in the 1770s and 1780s b. Backcountry rebels in the 1780s and 1790s c. Whigs in the 1830s and 1840s d. Republicans in the 1850s and 1860s

4. The image above can best be seen as depictinga. the support of colonial independence by European allies.b. loyalist opposition to colonial independence movements.c. the dangerous influence of the French Revolution.d. the British government constraining colonial rights

5. Which of the following was the historical context for the controversy depicted in the cartoon above?a. Britain’s victory over France in North Americab. The spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europec. The signing of the Declaration of Independenced. The American Revolutionary War

6. The American independence movement was least fueled bya. the impact of revivals and evangelical ideas. b. Enlightenment political thought.c. colonial economic concerns. d. the fear of attack from other European powers.

7. The Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting colonial migration west of the Appalachian Mountains resulted from all of the following EXCEPT

a. ongoing Indian uprisings such as Pontiac’s Rebellion.b. Parliament’s decision to punish the colonies for their refusal to pay taxes.

c. British weariness to engage in further military conflicts.d. British determination to reduce expenditures after the Seven Years’ War.

8. Which of the following was a primary reason why Indian tribes attempted to form advantageous alliances with other tribes and European countries during the mid- and late 1700s?

a. They wanted to gain access to European trade goods.b. They wanted to limit the movement of white settlers.c. They wanted to be able to sell their tribal lands more easily.d. They wanted to become a single, unified tribe.

9. Which of the following set of historical events is in the correct chronological order?a. Stamp Act, Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Boston Tea Partyb. Boston Tea Party, Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Stamp Actc. Stamp Act, Committees of Correspondence, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Actsd. Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts, Boston Tea Party, Stamp Act

10. Which of the following is NOT correctly identified?a. The Quebec Act—granted freedom of worship to Catholics in Quebec b. The Townshend Acts—placed an “external” tax on tea, glass, and paper c. The Justice Act—required colonial legislatures to house and feed British soldiersd. The Port Bill—closed New York Harbor and blockaded the port city

11. Which of the following contributed the LEAST to the growing colonial sentiment toward independence in the 1770s?

a. Anger over numerous attempts to tax the colonists and colonists’ perceived lack of political representation in Parliamentb. Frustration over the British government’s refusal to send troops to protect the colonies from Indian attacksc. An emerging ideology of resistance based on English common law, Enlightenment ideals, and Whig political thoughtd. A growing sense of American identity and grassroots movements of laborers, artisans, women

12. Despite England’s superior military, industrialized economy, and larger population, the colonists were ultimately able to succeed in their war for independence because they possessed all of the following EXCEPT

a. greater familiarity with the land. b. superior political leadership.c. overwhelming popular support. d. a deep ideological commitment.

"It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxed be imposed upon them, but with their own consent, and given personally, or by their own representatives…That it is the indispensible duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns…to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament…for the restriction of American commerce."

13. The resolution of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 expressed respect for which of the followinga. Colonial Merchants b. The King c. Leaders in Parliament d. Residents of England

14. For some time the Stamp Act placed on the colonies a tax that was a. Indirect b. Direct c. To Regulate Trade d. To support the Church

15. Which of the following was a direct British response to the colonial views expressed by the Stamp Act Congress?

a. The Quartering Act for British Soldiers b. The Sugar Act for taxing luxuriesc. The Coercive Act closing the port of Boston d. The Declaratory Act stating the right to tax

16. The above cartoon reflected which of the following situationsa. The call for unity by the Stamp Act Congressb. The call for unity as part of the Albany Plan of Unionc. The assembly of the First Continental Congressd. The reaction to the implementation of the Coercive Acts

17. The person most likely depicted in the above image was most likelya. King George III b. Ben Franklinc. George Washington d. Prime Minister William Pitt

"I have not the least doubt that African-Americans will make excellent soldiers given the proper management. I foresee that this project will encounter severe opposition due to prejudice and self interest. The contempt that we have taught to entertain is not based upon logic nor experience…and an unwillingness to part with property considered so valuable will furnish thousands of pernicious and impractical arguments. But it should be considered that if we do not make use of them that our enemy surely will. An essential part of the plan is to give to them their freedom with their muskets."

Alexander Hamilton, A Proposal to Arm and Free Negros, 1776

18. To encourage African-Americans to fight, Hamilton suggested in the excerpt that they should be promiseda. Effective leadership from the officers. b. An end to prejudicec. Equal wages with white soldiers d. Emancipation from slavery

19. Which of the following was the primary reason for Hamilton's call for African-American soldiers?a. The New York militia was short of soldiersb. The British were recruiting black soldiersc. The Declaration of Independence declared that "all men are created equal."d. General Washington trusted their use in combat.

20. How did William Pitt encourage American colonial legislatures to assume more of the burden in fighting the Seven Years (French and Indian War)?

a. There was the implication that the colonists would earn independence from the crown.b. American militia units would be commanded only by American officers.c. Colonial legislatures would be reimbursed for their expenditures.d. War bonds bought by colonists would be redeemed above face value.

21. Which of the following statements about events at Lexington and Concord is most accurate:a. The Minutemen were completely routed and the British troops achieved their objectives.b. The British soldiers never found any weaponry because the militiamen distracted them with a fire.

c. The British won a pyrrhic victory expelling the militia from the high ground but losing massive casualties in the effort.

d. Fighting was disorganized and neither side gained a clear victory.

22. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson cast the finger of blame ata. Parliament because of the oppressive legislation that it past over the ensuing ten years.b. King George’s ministers for failure to negotiate.c. The British merchants for their refusal to pay their fair share of taxes.d. King George himself as head of state.

23. What role was most significantly played by women in the colonial effort to resist the British?a. They enlisted in the military.b. They served as spies, courting British officers and then telling their secrets.c. Enforcing the boycotts though their buying habitsd. Acting as terrorists in the Daughters of the American Revolution

24. The Sons of Liberty representeda. The backbone of the American militia systemb. The upper class junta directed against British officials.c. American colonists who remained loyal to Britaind. Middle and lower class conspirators against British revenue measures.

25. Which of the following was NOT one of the hated Coercive Acts of 1773:a. the Quartering Act b. The Justice Actc. the Port Bill d. The Quebec Act

26. The famous phrase “the shot heard ‘round the world” was most closely associated with which of the following:a. Shiloh b. Breed’s Hilld. Trenton e. Saratoga

27. At the Battle of Saratogaa. A British drive from Canada was defeated when General Burgoyne surrendered over 5,000 troops in New

Yorkb. Using the element of surprise Washington’s army captured a Hessian outpost on Christmas Day.c. Cooperation between Washington’s Army and the French fleet defeated Cornwallis in North Carolinad. Fifty nine cannons were captured from fort Ticonderoga aiding the American war effort.

28. The outcome of the Battle of Saratoga was important because:a. It convinced the British that further fighting in America was futile.b. It convinced the French and other Europeans to enter the war on the American side.c. It enabled the British to sever New England from the rest of the colonies.d. It rallied Tory support in the New York area

29. The American Army in the early years of the War for Independence can be characterized asa. A well-trained army with a strong tradition of bravery under fireb. Ill-fed, ill-clothed and ill-trainedc. Buoyed by a string of exhilarating victoriesd. Ill prepared to fight the guerilla style campaign used by the British

30. Which of the following was most likely to be a “Whig?”a. A Cherokee Native in South Carolinab. A member of the planter in eastern Virginiac. A wealthy merchant in New York Cityd. An Irish Catholic veteran of the French and Indian Wars

31. Which of the following battles forced the British to recognize that they had no realistic hopes for victory after 1781:

a. Yorktown b. Saratogac. Brandywine Creek d. Camden

32.Which of the following was NOT one of the terms of the Peace of Paris 1783:a. The U.S. received all lands east to the Mississippi that had been claimed by Britainb. The British were to grant the Americans fishing rights near Nova Scotia.c. The Americans would allow Britain to still collect private debts.d. The US received the right of deposit in New Orleans

33. Why did relations between the elites and common people change as a result of the Revolution:a. The distribution of wealth changed dramatically after the war.b. All property requirements for voting were ended.c. Elites learned that they would have to respect commoners in exchange for their political

support.d. The departure of loyalists removed nearly all elites and altered the balance of power.

34. How did the Revolution effect women in America following the Revolution:

a. Women were granted right to own property that had never existed before in the northern colonies.b. Women gained no rights at all and may have lost some civil rightsc. The subordination of women became a subject for debate among many wives of Revolutionary

leaders.d. The first woman was elected to the House of Burgesses in Virginia

35. In general, what approach did the Revolutionary generation take towards slavery?a. It should be abolished with all possible haste throughout the nationb. It should not be touched at all as slaves were property sanctioned by the Constitution.c. Steps should be taken towards gradual abolition of slavery over time. d. All slaves should be immediately repatriated to Africa

AP US History Unit 3 The Early Republic

“SECTION 1…If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States…, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding…office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination…, he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years…

SECTION 2…If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published…, any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government…or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States…, or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States…, then such person, being thereof convicted…shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.”

The Sedition Act, 1798Excerpt from congressional bill, July 14, 1798.

1. The excerpt above best serves as evidence of thea. influence of Enlightenment ideals. b. difficulty of creating a multiethnic American identity. c. bitter political debates of the 1790s. d. challenges faced by traditional imperial systems.

2. Passage of the above legislation was most consistent with the sentiments of a. British laws passed after the end of the Seven Years’ War. b. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.c. the Declaration of Independence. d. the Articles of Confederation.

3. The legislation above was passed in response to which of the following challenges?a. The constant fear of Indian attacks along the border b. The limitations of the Articles of Confederationc. The potential for loyalist criticism and sabotage d. The threat posed by foreign alliances and entanglements

4. Which of the following continuities in United States history is best demonstrated by the excerpt above? a. The debate over voting rights and citizenship b. The debate between federal and states’ rightsc. The debate over the balance of liberty and order d. The debate between executive and legislative power

“[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that...from the difficulty, if not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism…[1.]…[The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections…2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers…4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm…9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor any thing to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life…14. There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of power…15. The…impracticability, of exercising the equal and equitable powers of government by a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the…Atlantic ocean…And it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceedings of a set of gentlemen, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the sovereignty and independence of the individual governments.”

Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the New Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions, by a Columbian Patriot, Boston, 1788.

5. The excerpt above most clearly reflects thea. limitations of the Articles of Confederation.b. growth of a more participatory democracy.c. fears many people had of centralized federal power.d. challenge posed by democracy to traditional imperial systems.

6. The excerpt above was most clearly written in response toa. compromises at the Constitutional convention over representation.b. debates over the ratification of the United States Constitution.c. concern that hereditary privilege would replace individual talent.

d. fears of the impact of revolutionary ideas from France, Haiti, and Latin America.

7. The arguments expressed in the passage above most clearly warn against the perceived dangers of a. democracy. b. republicanism. c. a strong central government. d. limited government.

“The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop.…The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people…is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence…your tranquility at home; your peace abroad.…I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations.…The Spirit of Party…is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge…is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism.”

George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796From James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington,

D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896–1899)

8. The speech above best reflects which of the following continuities in United States history?a. Debates over the relationship between the executive and legislative branchesb. Debates over the relationship between federal and state governmentsc. Debates over how to properly interpret the Constitutiond. Debates over the proper role of political parties

9. Which of the following most directly prompted the arguments in the speech above?a. The French withdrawal from North America and renewed Indian attacksb. Disagreements over the French Revolution and foreign policyc. Internal unrest and backcountry rebellions against federal taxationd. Debates over calls to abolish slavery and expand democracy

10. U.S. foreign policy during which of the following time periods was would most closely be aligned with the ideas expressed in the speech above?

a. Expansionism prior to the Civil War b. Imperialism prior to the Spanish-American Warc. Neutrality prior to World War I d. Containment prior to the Korean War

"It is not denied that there are implied as well as as expressed powers, and that the former are as effectively delegated as the later. It is conceded that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with expressed ones.

Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791

11. Hamilton's constitutional argument was based on which of the following types of powers?a. Employed b. Expressed c. Implied d. Regulated

12. Which of the following benefited most directly from the BUS that Hamilton supported?a. Manufactures b. Farmers c. State Governments d. Slave owners

13. Which of the following were most critical of Hamilton's position?a. George Washington b. John Adams c. Thomas Jefferson d. Henry Knox

"Resolved, that the several states composing the United States are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to the general government. That would be to surrender the form of government we have chosen, and to

live under one deriving its powers from its own will, and not from our authority; and that the co-States, recurring to their natural right in cases not made Federal, will concur in declaring these acts null, void, and of no force."

Thomas Jefferson (anonymously), Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

14. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves were issued in reaction toa. The ratification of the Bill of Rights b. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Actsc. The revelation of the XYZ Affair d. The Proclamation of Neutrality

15. According to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves the final authority on whether a Federal law was legal should be made by

a. The Supreme Court b. Congress c. The President d. The States themselves

16. Which individual or group would have been the strongest supporter of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolvesa. John Adams b. Democratic-Republicans c. Federalists d. Alexander Hamilton

17. Which of the following was the only major success of the Articles of Confederation e. Congress won the right to regulate interstate commercef. Congress signed a favorable peace treaty with Britain granting full trade with the West Indies and

Canadag. Congress enacted the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance h. Congress launched a war against Natives expelling them from the Great Lakes region

18. Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the end of the Revolution:a. The central government was more powerful than any stateb. Aristocratic privileges were greatly reduced.c. Women received greater political rightsd. Slavery was unchallenged

19. In the 1780s all of the following were signs of dissatisfaction with Articles of Confederation except:a. High taxes levied by the National governmentb. A farmers revolt in Massachusetts against collection of state taxesc. States refusing to honor some provisions of the Treaty of Parisd. States restricting trade with one another

20. Which of the following would accurately describe an argument made by the Anti-federalistsa. The Constitution failed to provide for a national court system b. The Constitution lacked protections of civil rightsc. The state governments were powerful enough to limit the new national governmentd. The powers of the President were too limiting

21. “The US Constitution is a bundle of compromises.” Which of the following provisions does NOT reflect the accuracy of this statement?

a. Representation in the House of Representativesb. Allowing slaves to be counted partially for representationc. Congress’ power to tax imports but not exportsd. The Creation of a Federal court system separate from the Legislature

22. The Federalists had all of the following advantages going into the ratification battle except:i. The support of George Washingtonj. The backing of key newspapers and editorsk. A more effective political machinel. The complete support of Thomas Jefferson

23. The Northwest Ordinance included all of the following except toa. Forbid the advancement of slavery will still a territoryb. Permit citizens of the territories to write their own constitutionsc. Permit Congress to appoint a provisional governor while at territorial statusd. Organize territories in the future states on Oregon and Washington

24. Which of the following best describes a power granted by Article Three of the U.S. Constitution:a. The formation of a well-regulated militiab. The power to rule laws unconstitutionalc. The power of the purse through taxationd. The duty to enforce laws created by Congress

25. The XYZ Affaira. Arose out French demands for bribe money in advance of negotiations.b. Increased the popularity of Republican foreign policy ideasc. Hurt the fortunes of Federalists.d. Was provoked by Alexander Hamilton.

26. Who might have made the following statement: “The mob cannot be trusted with a decision so important as electing the President. This must be left up to the enlightened and educated classes.”

a. Fisher Ames b. Alexander Hamilton c. Alexander Stephensd. Thomas Jefferson e. James Monroe

27. Which of the following best describes the “Citizen Genet Affair?”a. A French ship was attacked by a U.S. frigate ushering resulting in the Quasi-War.b. A French citizen attempted to secure weapons and support for the Revolution endangering

American neutrality.c. A demand for a bribe from Napoleon before negotiations involving New Orleansd. A treaty to open Franco-American trade in the West Indies.e. None of these

28. The Treaty of Greenvillea. Opened most of modern day Ohio to peaceful settlement following the Battle of Fallen Timbers.b. Settled once and for all the issue of British removal of forts dating to the colonial period.c. Settled an important boundary dispute leading the way to U.S. occupation of the Gulf Coast.d. Ended the Quasi-War with France in 1799e. All of these

29. Which of the following is UNTRUE about the Election of 1796:a. It was in many ways the first true election because there were now clearly two political parties.b. It involved primarily a contest between Adams and Jefferson.c. Both the northern and southern sections were represented equally in Jefferson and Adams.d. Adams ran only because the Constitution specified that it was the duty of the VP to stand for

election.

30. The eventual decline in support for the Federalist Party can most accurately be traced to which of the following:a. The XYZ Affair b. The Citizen Genet Affairc. The Alien and Sedition Acts d. The Judiciary Act of 1789

31. Which of the following was NOT one of the original cabinet level positions?

a. War Department b. Attorney General’s Officec. State Department d. Agriculture Department

32. Which of the following issues clearly created the most controversy between Jefferson Republicans who favored state’s rights and Federalists who demanded the supremacy of Federal power?

a. The tariff issue b. The Bank issuec. The Whiskey tax d. The issuance of bonds for public lands

33. In the 1790s the U.S. gained unrestricted use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans by:a. Signing an alliance with Spain.b. Threatening to declare war on Britain if they did not remove forts on the upper Mississippi River.c. Signing a treaty with Spain.d. Signing a treaty with France

34. The decision to construct a new capital district was most closely related to which aspect of Hamilton’s financial plan:

a. The bond issue that encouraged wealthy Americans to by into the future solvency of Federal government.

b. Hamilton’s philosophy that running a small deficit was more wise that attempting to consistently balance the federal budget.

c. The creation of excise taxes to partially fund the debt.d. The state debt assumption measure that would increase the Federal debt many fold.

35. Political parties (factions) first began to form related to which of these issues:a. Hamilton’s financial program.b. The creation of the Federal court system.c. The controversy over the Jay Treaty.d. The political “tug o’ war” over the ratification of the Constitution.

36. The Bill of Rights did all of the following EXCEPT:a. Guarantee civil rights such as free speech b. Specify explicit limits to federal power.c. Reserve certain rights to individuals and statesd. Protect the rights of the accused.

37. In what way did foreign affairs impact the early Republic?a. Washington’s proclamation of neutrality.b. Competition over trade with France and Britain.c. The Quasi-War with Franced. All of these

38. Which of the following best describes the impact of the Jay Treaty?a. It forced British evacuation of western forts that were to have been vacated in 1783.b. It solidified a trade alliance with the British.c. It averted a potential war with Britain.d. It forced the British to recognize America trade rights in the West Indies.

Unit Test 4Antebellum Unit Part IQuestions 1- 5Relate to Below"If it be conceded, as it must be by everyone who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions

of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition. In fact, to divide power, and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each, is, in reality, not to divide it at all; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department) to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights, It is impossible to understand the force of terms, and to deny so plain a conclusion…"

Anonymous, The South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1828

1. The above excerpt alludes to what antebellum political argument?a. Popular sovereignty b. State's Rights c. Ex post facto laws d. Bills of attainder

2. The idea of nullification found its precedent in what political situation before 1828?a. The Missouri Compromise created by Henry Clayb. Federalist passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts of the 1790sc. The Appointment of the so-called Midnight Judges by John Adams.d. The Federal government's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion

3. If one were looking for a similar point of synthesis in modern America related to the above excerpt one could point to all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Federal funding for National Parks such as Yosemite and Yellowstone b. Calls for strengthening immigration lawsc. Differences of opinion about legalization of marijuanad. Issuing marriage licenses to gay and lesbian couples

4. Though the above excerpt is anonymous, we know which of the following was its author?a. Andrew Jackson b. Nicholas Biddle c. Henry Clay d. John C. Calhoun

5. What divisive political issue formed the context of the above argument found in the excerpt?a. The Tariff Issue b. The Money Question c. Slavery d. Internal Improvements

Questions 6- 8 Relate to the Illustration Below

6. What important reform movement is illustrated above?a. Prison Reform b. Women's Suffrage

c. Temperance d. Abolition

7. What additional social ill is being addressed above?a. The Cult of Domesticity b. Domestic spousal abusec. The spread of slavery d. Prison Reforms

8. The Temperance Movement will see its greatest victory later in history related to which constitutional amendment creating Prohibition in the 1920s?

a. 16th amendment b. 17th Amendment c. 18th Amendment d. 19th Amendment

Questions 9- 11 Relate to the Map Below

9. The historical context illustrated in the above map wasa. The passage of the Alien and Naturalization Act b. The passage of the Indian Removal Actc. The outbreak of the War of 1812 d. Road building under Clay's American System

10. Anyone wanting to argue that the above act was unconstitutional would point toa. The Supreme Court's ruling in the case Cherokee Nations v Georgiab. The Supreme Court's ruling in the case Worcester v. Georgiac. The Supreme Court's ruling Commonwealth v. Huntd. President Jackson's refusal to enforce the Indian Removal Act

11. Which of the following so-called Civilized Tribes were not forced to reservations in Oklahoma Territorya. Iroquois b. Chickasaw c. Choctaw d. Seminoles

Questions 12- 14 Relate to the Image Below

12. Which important reform movement relates to the historical context above?a. The Seneca Falls Declaration b. The ruling the case Commonwealth v. Huntc. The death of Elijah P. Lovejoy d. Dorothea Dix and Prison Reform

13. Which of the following historical synthesis points would NOT match the above images?a. The Cult of Domesticity b. Republican Motherhoodc. The Committees of Correspondence d. The Daughters of Liberty

14. Which of the following amendments would form a synthesis point for the above historical context?a. The Thirteenth b. The Fourteenth c. The Nineteenth d. The Tenth

Questions 15-17 Relate to the Image Below

Vote in the U.S. House of Representatives on the Bill to Fund Internal Improvements, 1828Region For Against

New England 12 26Mid-Atlantic 37 26

The West 43 0The South 23 34Total Votes 115 86

15. Based upon the voting pattern shown in the above chart, initial support for the American System was strongest a. In agricultural regions b. In former strongholds of the Federalistsc. In regions featuring large slave populations d. In under developed regions

16. Which part of the American System would most appealed to Northeastern business interests?

a. The support for the Bank of the United States b. Internal Improvementsc. Higher excise taxes on whiskey d. A unified soft money stance

17. Based upon the information above which region seemed the most supportive of the 1828 tariff?a. The West b. The South c. The Mid Atlantic d. New England

Questions 18 -19 are based upon the image below

18. The painting above would have been most synonymous with of the following ideas?a. The Indian Removal Act of 1830b. The Missouri Compromise of 1820c. Manifest Destiny of the post-war of 1812 periodd. Federal versus state power

19. What implication can be drawn from this painting American Progress?a. States’ rights was a dangerous concept likely to cause warb. The Americans were destined to defeat Britain’s native allies in 1812c. Westward expansion a patriotic endeavord. Westward expansion would one day yield greater equality for women.

Questions 20 - 21 Relate to the political map below

20. When Andrew Jackson won the 1828 election he benefited from all of the following EXCEPT:a. The demise of the Federalist Partyb. The removal of property qualifications for voting.c. The creation of national political campaigning.d. The organizational skills of Northern Democrats like Martin Van Buren.

21. The Election of 1828 revealed thata. Political power was shifting to the western and southern statesb. Political power was entrenched in the hands of a select few. c. Political power still rested with Northeastern elitesd. Abolitionism was a growing force.

Questions 22-23 Relate to the excerpt below“[I promise]…to demonstrate in the course of…my Appeal…that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery, (or, more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition.…I advance it therefore to you…as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other coloured people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world.”

David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, 1829

22. The arguments in the excerpt above are best understood in the context ofa. the emergence of African American abolitionist movements.b. sectional tensions over the institution of slavery.c. continued restrictions on African American citizenship in Northern states.d. the growth of the internal slave trade in the United States.

23. During the antebellum era, which of the following groups shared the most similar experience to that described in the excerpt above?

a. European migrants b. White women c. American Indians d. Abolitionists

Questions 24- 25 Relate to the Image Below

24. The Whig Victory was most guaranteed in 1840 by the fact that a. The Whig strategy to make the incumbent seem like a hillbilly paid off.b. The Democrats painted the Whig as a northeastern elitistc. The Panic of 1837 soured the electorate on the incumbentd. The election was thrown into the House of Representatives where the Whigs had a majority

25. Who was the winner of the so-called Log Cider and Cabin Campaign in 1840?

a. Andrew Jackson b. John Tyler c. William H. Harrison d. Martin Van Buren

AP US History Unit 5 Test 2016The Antebellum Period Part II

Questions 1-4 relate to the Passage Below“Everyone acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith…said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense—he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know that many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defense, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled.”

Thomas Dew, President of the College of William and Mary, 1832

1. The author’s sentiments in the excerpt above can best be understood as a. supportive of the continuation of the international slave trade.b. opposition to the continued restrictions against citizenship for slaves.c. an expression of Southern pride in the institution of slavery.d. an argument for the gradual emancipation of slaves.

2. The excerpt above was most likely a response to which of the following?a. The outlawing of the international slave tradeb. The abolitionist criticism of the treatment of slaves in the South c. The creation of free African American communitiesd. The formation of a temporary national truce over the issue of slavery

3. By the eve of the Civil War, sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt above most clearly formed the basis for

a. the Southern defense of slavery as a positive good.b. Southern arguments in favor of states’ rights.c. abolitionist campaigns to end slavery in the United States.d. the Southern political theory of nullification.

4. Which of the following best explains why many state governments in the North continued to restrict African American citizenship during the antebellum era?

a. Most Northerners believed that the federal government should defend the institution of slavery.b. The North was economically dependent on Southern cotton.c. It was a backlash against the widespread discussion of various emancipation plans.d. Anti-black sentiments persisted in popular politics and culture.

Questions 5 - 9 Relate to the Passage Below

“[I promise]…to demonstrate in the course of…my Appeal…that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery, (or, more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition.…I advance it therefore to you…as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other coloured people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world.”

David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, 1829

5. The arguments in the excerpt above are best understood in the context ofa. the belief that abolitionism should be an international effortb. sectional tensions over the institution of slavery.c. continued restrictions on African American citizenship in Northern states.d. the growth of the internal slave trade in the United States.

6. Which of the following groups would most strongly have supported the sentiments in the excerpt above?a. Nativists in the mid-1800s b. Radical Republicans in the 1860s and 1870sc. Populists in the late 1800s d. Social Darwinists in the late 1800s

7. During the antebellum era, which of the following groups shared the most similar experience to that described in the excerpt above?

a. European migrants b. White women c. American Indians d. Abolitionists

8. Which of the following resulted from the sentiments expressed in the excerpt above?a. Growing national support among Whigs and Democrats for abolitionb. Increasing numbers of Northerners insisting that the federal government should defend slaveryc. Decreased demand from Northern factories for Southern cotton cultivated by slavesd. Increasingly bitter national debates over the institution of slavery

9. Which of the following would have most support David Walker's claim?a. John C. Calhoun b. William Lloyd Garrison c. Henry Clay d. Abraham Lincoln

Questions 10 -13 Relate to the Image below

10. The expansion of the U.S. transportation network by 1837, as shown in the map above, benefitted MOST from which of the following technological advances?

a. Interchangeable parts b. Textile machinery c. The steam engine d. The telegraph

11. As shown in the map above, the national system of roads and canals most closely linked which regions’ economies together?

a. The North and the South b. The East and the Midwestc. The Midwest and the South d. The North, Midwest, and South equally

12. The opening of canals and new roads in the United States, as depicted in the map above, had the LEAST impact on which of the following?

a. European immigration to the United States b. Westward migration of American citizensc. The market revolution d. Regional economic specialization

13. The expansion of the transportation during the antebellum period and the funding of these projects became an issue during the Administration of

a. John Quincy Adams b. James Monroe c. James Madison d. Andrew Jackson

Questions 14 - 16 Relate to the Image Below

14. The map above most clearly demonstrates the fact thata. Despite status the peculiar institution never strongly took hold in Missourib. Cotton was not cultivated above the 36-30 Linec. Delaware had abolished the institution of slavery following the 1807 ban on importation of slavesd. North Carolina had slaves despite have no cotton cultivation

15. Which situation best explains the higher number of free African-Americans in certain regions of the south?a. Some states had commenced the process of gradual emancipationb. Some states had more diversified economies less dependent on agriculturec. Some states had turned away from cotton growthd. The definition of freedom varied from state

16. The percentages of free black people in the south declined followinga. The death of Elijah Lovejoy in Illinois 1830sb. The advent of the cotton gin in the 1790sc. The passage of the Tallmadge Amendment 1820sd. The Nat Turner Rebellion in the early 1830s

Questions 17 - 19 Relate to the Passage Below"When an artisan engages constantly and uniquely in the manufacture of a single object, in the end he performs this work with singular dexterity. But at the same time he loses the general faculty of applying his mind to the direction of the work. Each day he becomes more skillful and less industrious, and one can say that the man in him is degraded as the worker is perfected. As the principle of the division of labor is more completely applied, the worker becomes weaker, more limited, and more dependent. The art makes progress, the artisan retrogresses. On the other hand, as it is more plainly discovered that the products of an industry are so much more perfect and less dear as manufacture is vaster and capital greater, very wealthy and very enlightened men come forward to exploit industries

which, until then, had been left to ignorant or awkward artisans. They are attracted by the greatness of the necessary efforts and the immensity of the results to be obtained. So, therefore, at the same time that industrial science constantly lowers the class of workers, it elevates that of masters.…Thus as the mass of the nation turns to democracy, the particular class occupied with industry becomes more aristocratic. Men show themselves more and more alike in the one, and more and more different in the other, and inequality increases in the small society as it decreases in the great."

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1831

17. The process that the author is describing above was known asa. Class- consciousness b. Social Darwinismc. Command Economy d. Market diversification

18. Which of the following best accounts for the above process?a. The advent of mass communication due to the telegraphb. The advent of mass production due to new technologiesc. The removal of government tariffs on foreign goodsd. The advent of mercantilism during the early 19th century

19. The situation described by the author will lead to which of the following in the years after the Civil Wara. The advent of government mandates on productionb. The complete and total destruction of the artisan classc. The advent of organized labor unionsd. The implementation of immigration quotas

Questions 20- 22 Relate to the Passage Below“It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoe pegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary…owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists…and that, instead of building up…our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb.…It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences.”

Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857

20. Which of the following most directly supports the assertion expressed in the excerpt above?a. The defense of slavery by Southerners as a positive goodb. The slow population growth of the Southc. Attempts by abolitionists to campaign against slaveryd. The intensified sectionalism of the 1840s and 1850s

21. The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to which of the following historical trends?a. Racist stereotyping in the Southb. Regional economic and demographic changes between the North and Southc. The emergence of sectional political partiesd. The breaking down of trust between sectional regions

22. Which of the following was most likely the intended audience of the excerpt above?a. Northern leaders who were proposing economic and political compromiseb. Members of the Confederate Congress in Richmondc. Agriculturalists of the Southeast and Southwestd. African Americans seeking economic refuge in the West

Questions 23-27 Relate to the Passage Below"Foreigners are generally inclined to engage in political disputes long before they know what things are all about, and the rashness with which they make use of a citizenship they have gained all too soon is without question harmful to the country. The American republic will no doubt sooner or later find it necessary to change its naturalization laws. The Germans and especially the Irish have hardly had time to get a roof over their heads before they begin to busy themselves with political affairs of all kinds, become eager partisans, get their hands into everything, and cause no end of trouble and disorder - all of which could be avoided if Americans were left to govern the country alone. Accustomed perhaps to being of little or no importance before, in a more liberal social order they feel all-important, and the spirit of opposition that led them to political radicalism at home now induces them to oppose almost everything proposed by sane and wise Americans for the good of the country. Many a time I have heard Germans who hardly understood the simplest English sentences say, "We are not going to let the Americans rule over us." Their false conception of liberty and citizenship and that of the Irish gave me an absolute distaste for all politics, and neither them nor later did I meddle with it except in questions where my duty bade me appear quietly and calmly at the ballot box."

Source: Gustav Unonius , A Pioneer in Northwest America: 1841-1858, (1861)

23. Which factor related to the passage above my serve as historical context for German activism?a. Many Germans had pre-existing skills that allowed them to get better jobsb. Many Germans, being more educated, probably spoke Englishc. Many German immigrants were Protestant Lutheransd. Many Germans immigrated or were expelled for their political views in their homeland.

24. What statement from the passage implies the author's view explaining the activism of both groups?a. They were eager to become American citizensb. They had come from places where their political views had been ignored.c. They were anti-Catholic and thus gravitated into Second Great Awakening movementsd. They were anti-abolitionist, fearing future job competition.

25. Which statement best explains why Germans and Irish tended to gravitate toward the Democratic Party?a. The Whigs wanted to totally ban Irish and German immigrationb. Immigrants were offended by the Whigs call for proper vetting of recent immigrantsc. The Whigs pro-slavery views seemed immoral to freedom loving Irishd. Whig reformers targeted immigrants for assimilation through temperance and education

26. The "Year of Revolutions 1848" saw a huge wave of German migration. Which of the following was least for this mass exodus. a. The political tensions over a failed liberal nationalist revolution. b. Economic tensions caused by political instability. c. racial tensions aimed at German Jews d. Greater opportunities in America

27. The majority of Irish immigrants to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s settled a. along the Great Lakes region. b. on farms in the Midwest.c. in cities along the east coast. d. on homesteads on the frontier.

AP US Unit TestAntebellum Period III

For Questions 1- 3 Use the Passage Below

In the North when the Negro dies, his bones are cast aside, and the distinction of condition prevails even in the equality of death. Thus the Negro is free, but he can share neither the rights, nor the pleasures, nor the labor, nor the afflictions, nor the tomb of him whose equal he has been declared to be; and he cannot meet him upon fair terms in life or in death.

In the South, where slavery still exists, the Negroes are less carefully kept apart; they sometimes share the labors and the recreations of the whites; the whites consent to intermix with them to a certain extent, and although legislation treats them more harshly, the habits of the people are more tolerant and compassionate. In the South the master is not afraid to raise his slave to his own standing, because he knows that he can in a moment reduce him to the dust at pleasure. In the North the white no longer distinctly perceives the barrier that separates him from the degraded race, and he shuns the Negro with the more pertinacity since he fears lest they should someday be confounded together. "

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America,1845

1. Alexis de Tocqueville is seen as a reliable observer of antebellum America becausea. He points out the faults of the southern slave system while point out the advantages of free labor in the northb. As a foreign observer he is less influenced by American politics and rhetoric.c. He believes that French democracy is superior because they have no slaveryd. He draws a stark contrast between the advantages of southern treatment of "people of color"

2. In the passage what does de Tocqueville give as his reasoning why southern whites intermix more comfortably with blacks?a. The southern whites have been around slaves longer on the wholeb. The fierce competition for jobs in the north bred racial tensions.c. Whites have the power to strike down blacks so they have no fear of racial tensions.d. There are few black people living in the south compared to the north

3. Which event would most disprove de Tocqueville's reasoning about contrasts between north and south?a. Nat Turner's Rebellion b. The creation of the Liberty Partyc. The Death of Elijah P. Lovejoy d. The publication of the Liberator

For Questions 4- 7 Use the Map Below

4. The Underground railroad reflect social tensions among white southerners. Which class was most likely to aid runaway slaves?

a. Large Holders b. Small Holders c. Yeomen d. Pine Barrens/Hillbillies

5. Based upon the map and your knowledge of geography which TWO Midwestern cities were destinations for many runaway slaves?

a. Chicago and Detroit b. Boston and New Bedfordc. Buffalo and Augusta d. New York and Montpelier

6. Why would passage into free states become much more difficult after 1850?a. The northern states were no longer allowing runaways to stay following the Dred Scott decisionb. The Fugitive Slave law facilitated a slave posse to capture them.c. Britain, fearing a war, would not allow anymore slaves in Canadad. In the South state militias patrolled the Mason-Dixon Line.

7. Which statement best describes the northern treatment of runaway slaves by the 1850s?a. The northern states were no longer allowing runaways to stay following the Dred Scott decisionb. Many northern states captured slaves but only returned them after agreements of better treatmentc. Many northern states enacted Personal Liberty Laws that facilitated interposition.d. Many northern states nullified the 1850 Compromise

For Questions 8- 10 Use the Passage Below"We are told now …that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction…If the Union is to be dissolved for any existing reason, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted in the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned…to their masters….I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights."

-Henry Clay, Resolutions on the Compromise of 1850-

8. To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of excerpt?a. Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun who were threatening secession.b. Senators like Daniel Webster who rejected any compromisec. Advocates of popular sovereignty like Lewis Cass and Stephen A. Douglasd. Northern Whigs and Free Soilers

9. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the South.a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. Ending the Slave trade in Washington DCc. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.

10. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the North?a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. The Border dispute between NM and TXc. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.

For Questions 11- 15 Use the Map Below

11. The _________________was to Missouri as the Wilmot Proviso was to the Mexican Cession.a. The Three-fifth Compromise b. The Tallmadge Amendmentc. The Seneca Falls Declaration. d. The Party platform of the Democratic Party

12. The map above is most closely related toa. The Nature of immigration in America b. The impact of the Mexican Warb. The Missouri Crisis d. The Kansas-Nebraska Act

13. “54 – 40 or Fight” was a slogan that referred to which of the follow:a. The battle to re charter the Bank of the U.S. for either 54 years or 40 years.b. The U.S. claims for the boundary of the Oregon Territory.c. The basis for a new proposal for the line dividing slave and free states.d. The border between Texas and Mexico.

14. Which of the following would NOT a have been a future state resulting from the Treaty of Hidalgo-Guadalupe?a. Nevada b. Utah c. Nebraska d. New Mexico

15. What political principle did Henry Clay hope to rely upon in settling the 1850 Compromise?a. Interposition b. Nullification c. States Rights d. Popular sovereignty

For Questions 16 - 18 Use the Map Below

16. In the Election of 1848 the Whigs chose Zachary Taylor as their candidate because: a. He promised to sign the Wilmot Proviso b. He had once been a member of the Free Soil Party c. He promised to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories. d. He was a war hero who could hopefully nationally unity

17. The Results of the 1848 Election most resemble which of the following: a. 1840 b. 1828

c. 1832 d. 1836

18. Which antebellum political party would most have most supported the provisions of the Wilmot Proviso a. The Liberty Party b. The Democratic Party c. The Whig Party d. The Free Soil Party

For Questions 19- 21 Use the statistical chart below

19. The explosive growth of cotton can best be attributed to a. decline in the demand for woolen goods b. increased global demand for cotton c. the widespread use of fertilizers d. the increase of protective tariffs against Indian cotton growers

20. Which of the following groups would have collectively owned the most slaves from 1840-1860 a. Large Holders b. Yeomen c. Pine Barrens d. Small holders

21. All of the following would be directly attributable to the explosive growth of cotton with the exception of a. Technological innovations b. The Market Revolutionc. The Second Great Awakening d. Transportation Revolution

Questions 22 - 23 Relate to the Passage Below"The great bulk of mankind estimate each other's actions and motives by the measure of success or otherwise that attends them through life. By that rule, I have been one of the worst and one of the best of men. I do not claim to have been one of the latter, and I leave it to an impartial tribunal to decide whether the world has been the worse or the better for my living and dying in it. My present great anxiety is to get as near in readyness for a different field of action as I well can, since being in a good measure relieved from the fear that my poor broken-hearted wife and children would come to immediate want. May God reward a thousandfold all the kind efforts made in their behalf! I have enjoyed remarkable cheerfulness and composure of mind ever since my confinement; and it is a great comfort to feel assured that I am permitted to die for a cause, not merely to pay the debt of nature, as all must. I feel myself to be most unworthy of so great distinction. The particular manner of dying assigned to me gives me but very little uneasiness. I wish I had the time and the ability to give you, my dear friend, some little idea of what is daily, and I might almost say hourly, passing within my prison walls : and could my friends but witness only a few of these scenes, just as they occur, I think they would feel very well reconciled to my being here, just what I am, and just as I am. My whole life before had not afforded me one half the opportunity to plead for the right. In this, also, I find much to reconcile me to both my present condition and my immediate prospect. I may be very insane ; and I am so, if insane at all

Source: John Brown, Letter to the Hon. D. R. Tilden, Charlestown, 28 November, 1859

22. Based upon the passage above, what was the reason for Brown's confinement?a. He had defaulted on his debtsb. He was accused of murder for his actions in Kansasc. He had attacked the arsenal at Harper's Ferry.d. He had violated the Fugitive Slave Law for harboring known runaways.

23. Brown's political views could best characterized as a. Abolitionist b. Free Soil c. Pro-Slavery d. non-aligned

Questions 24- Relates to the Passage Below"The strong desire to establish peace with Mexico on liberal and honorable terms, and the readiness of this Government to regulate and adjust our boundary and other causes of difference with that power on such fair and equitable principles as would lead to permanent relations of the most friendly nature, induced me in September last to seek the reopening of diplomatic relations between the two countries.... An envoy of the United States repaired to Mexico with full powers to adjust every existing difference. But though present on the Mexican soil by agreement between the two Governments, invested with full powers, and bearing evidence of the most friendly dispositions, his mission has been unavailing. The Mexican Government not only refused to receive him or listen to his propositions, but after a long-continued series of menaces have at last invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil..."

James K. Polk, Message to Congress, 1845

24. In Polk's War Message the reference "an envoy of the United States repaired to Mexico with full powers to adjust every existing difference" was related to

a. The Gadsden Purchase b. The Slidell Missionc. The Bear Flag Revolt d. The Ostend Manifesto

25. Which of the following precipitated the historical context of Polk's war message?a. The Aroostook War b. The Slidell Missionc. The Bear Flag Revolt d. The War of Texas Independence

26. What of the following line from the passage above would directly relate to the term "Mr. Polk's War?a. "The strong desire to establish peace with Mexico on liberal and honorable terms…."b. "Mexico with full powers to adjust every existing difference…."c. " The Mexican Government not only refused to receive him or listen to his propositions, but after a long- continued series of menaces have at last invaded our territory."d. " fair and equitable principles as would lead to permanent relations of the most friendly nature, induced me in September last to seek the reopening of diplomatic relations between the two

countries...."

27. Which of the following statements would best describe the Congressional vote on Polk's War message?a. The vote broke down along party lines.b. The vote broke down along regional linesc. The slaveholding states debated the possibility of secessiond. The Free Soil Party was the only one that voted against a declaration of war.

28. All of the following were underlying causes of the Mexican War EXCEPTa. The economics of cotton production b. The expansion of slaveryc. Immigration Restrictions d. Manifest Destiny

Questions 29 - 30 Relate to the Passage Below"With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed, I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword. I know you will blame me; but you must think as kindly of me as you can, and believe that I have endeavored to do what I thought right."

Robert E. Lee, Letter to his Sister upon his resignation from the Army, June 1861

29. Which of the following marked the historical context of the above excerpt?a. The South Carolina Ordinance of Secessionb. The Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860c. Lincoln's request for Congressional appropriations for an expansion of the Armyd. The rejection of the Crittenden Compromise

30. Robert E. Lee made his decision to resign from the Army immediately following which event?a. The Firing on Fort Sumter by the South Carolina militiab. The State of Virginia's passage of the Ordinance of Secession.c. The State of South Carolina's passage of the Ordinance of Secessiond. The Election of Jefferson Davis as the President of the Confederate States of America