Approach to Clean AirApproach to Clean Air in Asia(JARI) in Asia

Ｔ ｄ ｈｉ Ｈ ｈｉ

200８-２-１４

Ｔａｄａｙｏｓｈｉ ＨａｙａｓｈｉJapan Automobile Research Institute

1

p1

The Japan Automobile Research I tit t f d d i 1969Institute was founded in 1969 as a non-profit organization for promoting the healthy progress ofpromoting the healthy progress of motorization in society at large.

Location: Tsukuba, Ibaraki Ｊａｐａｎ

N b f l 3４0Number of employees: 3４0(200７.4)

2

Mission of JARIMission of JARI Challenge for Idealized VehicleGlobalization Challenge for Idealized VehicleーRemove the Side Effectー

Standardization

Globalization of Automobile Technology

WP29 IHRA NHTSAStandardizationHarmonizationDefacto Standard

WP29、IHRA、NHTSAISO/TC22、ISO/TC70、IEA

JARIIndependent and Non-profit

GovernmentI d t

Technology InformTechnology Transfer and Support for Developing Countries

IndustryEngineering

Cooperation with JETRO, JICA, JKFFor ASEAN＋CLM, China

3

Motor Vehicles in Asia OutlookOutlook in 2030，China will stand first position

Japan, India, Thailand and Indonesia follow suit

4

Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems

5

Vehicle polluting and Environmental Polices（Environmental issues caused by Motor vehicles）

(11)

（Environmental issues caused by Motor vehicles）(1) 1951 Inspection & Maintenance start(2) 1970 Detect of health hazard Photochemical smog(3) 1971 starting unleaded gasoline sale ( )

(10)(9)

(8)

(7)

(3) 1971 starting unleaded gasoline sale(4) 1973 Air Pollution Control Act(5) 1978 Emission control (Japanese's Muskie's low)(6) 1992 Control of NOx emission(7) 1997 L t l ti (Di l)

(6)

(7) 1997 Long term regulation (Diesel)(8) 2000 Emission regulation (Gasoline)(9) 2002 Control of NOx and PM(10) 2005 New long term regulation (Gasoline & Diesel) (6)(10) 2005 New long term regulation (Gasoline & Diesel)(11) 2009 Post New regulation (Gasoline & Diesel )

(5)

(4)(3)

(2)

(1)

6

History of Japan's Emission Regulations

(Gasoline Passenger Cars)100

( g )

COCO

100

5050%

60%

45%

Mode change (10→10‐15)

0

100

45%5%

75% M d h

1.6% (0.8%)

HCHC59%

75%

48%

8%

Mode change(10→10‐15)

50

2.6% (1 3%)0

100

8%

Mode change(10→10‐15)

* IW ≤ 1,000kg

IW > 1 000kg

2.6% (1.3%)

NOxNOx0

(10→10 15)

39%

70%

8%20%

27%

IW > 1,000kg

50

2.6% (1.3%)

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

2005

* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass7

Japan's Effort for Air Quality I tImprovement

* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.q y p g p p gq y p g p p g

National Average Measurement National Average MeasurementHCCO

Residential area measurementResidential area measurement

'68 CO control '70 HC control

'73 CO HC NOx control

'78 Japanese's Muskie's low

'00 New Short -Term Reg '73 HC control

Source: “Air Pollution Report, 2005", Ministry of the Environment

73 CO,HC,NOx control g 73 HC control

'05 New Long -Term Reg

8

Japan's Effort for Air Quality I tImprovement

* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.

National Average MeasurementNational Average Measurement

NO2 PM (particulate matter)

Residential area measurement

Residential area measurement

'86 diesel vhl reg

'05 New Long-Term Reg

'90 diesel NOx reg

'78 diesel vhl reg'74 diesel vhl reg ‘94 diesel PM reg

Stricter '97 diesel NOx PM reg

‘96 Gasoline sulfur 100ppm

‘05 Gasoline sulfur 50ppm

'76 Diesel sulfur500ppm

'03 Diesel sulfur 50 ppm

'05 Diesel sulfur10 ppm Source: "Ministry of the Environment

Stricter 97 diesel NOx-PM reg

‘07 Gasoline sulfur 10ppm

05 Gasoline sulfur 50ppm

9

Motorization in Asia 1945-2010

Emission Regulation for Passenger car

In Asia, we need effort for emission reduction from vehicles

J

ChinaEuro 2 : 2004Euro 3 : 2009

Euro 4

JapanEuro 3 : 2009Euro 4 : 2008 (Beijing)

Indonesia E 2 2005

Euro 3

Chi

Euro 2 : 2005

Japan 1978 (Euro 3 level)2000 (Euro 4 level)

Euro 3 Euro 2

E 2 China

Indonesia

( ) Euro 2

Euro 2

10

Air Pollution in Asian Large CitiesA di t WHO t (2002)

Latest Year（2002-2005）

According to WHO report (2002), 2/3 of death by air pollution is concentrated in Asia.

Latest Year（2002-2005）City CO NO2 PM10 O3 SOx Lead

Jakarta 2004 E C E C D DKuala Lumpur 2004 C D D C B N.A.Manila 2002 C E E D C BBangkok 2005 A D D B C BHo Chi Minh City 2002 C E E N.A. E EBeijing 2005 E E D N.A. C N.A.Shanghai 2005 N A E D N A E N A

1990City CO NO2 PM10 O3 SOx Lead

Jakarta 1990 C B D C C C

Shanghai 2005 N.A. E D N.A. E N.A.

Jakarta 1990 C B D C C CKuala Lumpur 1990 C C B C B CManila 1990 D D D D B CBangkok 1990 B B E B B CHo Chi Minh City 1990 N A N A N A N A N A N A

A 50 % below from WHO standardB Within WHO standard

Ho Chi Minh City 1990 N.A. N.A N.A N.A. N.A N.ABeijing 1990 D D E C A B

C Within 200 % over from WHO standardD Within 300 % over WHO standardE 300 % over from WHO standard

Sources: official site of AQM,WB,ADB11

Time Schedule for Emission Regulation and Fuel QualityEmission Regulation and Fuel Quality

（ Gasoline Passenger Vehicle）

Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Indonesia Euro2

Target: Euro 4Target: Euro 2

ULGULG/Jakaruta

ULG

ULG2000

5000 1000 500Malaysia Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4

3000 500

ULGULG/Jakaruta

ULG2000

ULG

Philippines

Euro 1 Euro2 Euro31000 500

Thailand Euro1Euro2 Euro3 Euro4500 501996

ULG2000

ULG

500 50SingaporeEuro 1 Euro3

500 150Vietnam Euro 3Euro4 (Tentative)

Euro 2

Euro 2

E i i l l d i t f lf d ti

( )10000 5000 500

Target : Target year agreed by AMEICC2004

Emission level and requirement of sulfur reductionEuro2 : ＜ 500 ppmEuro3 : ＜150 ppmEuro4 : ＜ 50 ppm

: Unleaded GasolineULG

12

Policy Options for Emission Reduction from Vehicles

EmissionEmissionEmission Regulation

F l

Guarantee

Fuel Fuel Quality Regulation

Vehicle MaintenanceRegistration SystemRegistration SystemInspection System

Quality ManagementQuality ManagementFuel Quality MonitoringAir Quality Monitoring

13

Environmental Degradation in AsiaP f i t & l tiPoor of maintenance & regulationIncrease of Motor vehicle useDelay of Enforcement regulationPoor of Statistical dataLack of Environmental data

Fear of health effectsFear of health effects.

Necessity of good policyNecessity of good policy

14

How to assure Air Quality Improvement ?Air Pollution Act Air Pollution Act

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Policiesin the Actual Situation

Emission RegulationEmission Regulation

in the Actual Situation

Fuel Quality RegulationFuel Quality RegulationEvaluation under theActual SituationActual Situation

Vehicle MaintenanceVehicle MaintenanceQuality ManagementQuality Management

Effective policies

Air Quality ImprovementAir Quality Improvement

Evaluation Method based on Survey f P li t I Ai Q litfor Policy to Improve Air Quality

Survey of Real Vehicle Usage Air Quality

Si l ti

Model of Typical Driving Cycle

SimulationCollection of data Analysis

Problem Analysis

Objective Analysis

PolicySelection AnalysisAnalysisSelection

Evaluation of Policy Effectiveness

Proposal for Better Air Quality Plan

16

Policy Effectiveness Better Air Quality Plan

Schematic Diagram on Air Quality Simulation Study of JCAPAir Quality Simulation Study of JCAP

Emission data on ChassisDynamometer and RSD

Scenario for Air Quality ImprovementMacro Traffic Model

Mobile Source E i i I t

Questionnaire Analysis on Vehicle Activity

Meteorological Data

Roadsidescale

Emission Inventory

Regional Road Meteorological Model

Meteorological Data Micro Traffic Model(Traffic Stream

on targeted Road)model

modelside model Configuration Data

of BuildingsBoundary condition on Road sideRegionalscale

g )

Geographical Data

Air Quality ModelRoad Side

Dispersion Model

scale

non- Mobile Source Emission Data

Geographical DataAtmosphericMeasurement

Estimated data on air Model

Estimated data on air pollution materials

Secondary Aerosol formation Model Evaluation on Air Quality

Estimated data on air pollution materials

Model Validation

Simulation Result① Year 2000 Base Case

NOx and SPM concentration distribution from 13:00 to 14:00

NOx conc distributionWD: NNEWD: NNE

SPM conc distributionNOx conc. distribution13:00 – 14:00

SPM conc. distribution13:00 – 14:00

WD: Wind direction

Purpose for Inspection & Maintenance i J

P t

in Japan

Reduce fuel consumption …

PreventAir pollution

Effect for in-used Vehicles

SecureSafety

Reduction of Road Traffic Accidents

19

Effects of Maintenance & Inspection

（Clean Bus program：Indonesia）Emission reduction (on road vs after service) as result from 

PUTE Activityy

49 % 53 % 61 %

5 % of Fuel saving potential20

Trend of Fuel Specification(Gasoline in Japan )

1970 1980 1990 2000 20101986 1996 1999 2004

Octane number (RON)

C l

Gums

No.1(Premium) : ≧ 95No.2(Regular) : ≧ 85

No.1(Premium) : ≧ 96.0No.2(Regular) : ≧ 89.0

1986 1996 1999 2004

≦ 5 mg/100mL

Orange color

T10

T50

Vapor pressure

Color

Copper corrosion(50℃，3h)

≦ 125℃

≦ 70℃

75～110℃

Orange color

≦1

44～78 kPa

T50

T90

T97

EP

Distillation

Density

O

≦ 0.783 g/cm3

≧

75 110℃

≦ 220℃

≦ 205℃

≦ 180℃

Lead content

Sulfur content

Benzene content

Oxidation stability

≦ 0.01 mass%≦ 0.0050 mass%

≦ 5 vol%

≧ 240 min

≦ 0.001 g/L (Alkyl lead)

Fuel is improved every time forKerosene content

Methanol content

Benzene content

MTBE

≦ 5 vol%≦ 1 vol%

≦ 7 vol%

≦ 4 vol%

≦ 0.5 vol%

Fuel is improved every time forQuality improvement of engines and Cleaner Air in long time.

Ethanol content

Oxygen content

≦ 3 vol%

≦ 1.3 vol%

Trend of Fuel Specificationp(Diesel oil in Japan)

1980 1990 2000 20101986 1997 2004199219881983

Distillation(T90)

1986 1997 20041992

Special No. 1 : ≦ 360℃ No. 1 : ≦ 360℃

1988

Special No. 1 : ≧ 50No 1 : ≧ 50

1983

Special No. 1:≦350℃ No. 1:≦350℃ No. 2:≦350℃ No. 3:≦330℃Special No. 3:≦330℃

Cetane index

Flash point

No. 1 : ≧ 50 No. 2 : ≧ 45 No. 3 : ≧ 45Special No. 3 : ≧ 45

Special No. 1 : ≧ 50℃ No. 1 : ≧ 50℃ No. 2 : ≧ 50℃

No 3 : ≧50℃

Kinematic viscosity@ 30℃

No. 3 : ≧ 45℃Special No. 3 : ≧ 45℃

Special No. 3 : ≧ 1.7 mm2/s

No. 3 : ≧50℃Special No. 3 : ≧50℃

Special No. 1 : ≧ 2.7 mm2/s No. 1 : ≧ 2.7 mm2/s No. 2 : ≧ 2.5 mm2/s No. 3 : ≧ 2.0 mm2/sSpecial No. 3 : ≧ 1.8 mm2/s

Carbon residue

Pour point No. 2 : ≦-7.5℃

No. 1 : ≦-2.5℃

≦ 0 1 mass%

Special No. 1 : ≦+5℃ No. 1 : ≦-5℃ No. 2 : ≦-10℃ No. 3 : ≦-20℃Special No. 3 : ≦-30℃

≦ 0 10 mass%(10%resid)

Sulfur content ≦ 0.5 mass%

≦ 0.20 mass%≦ 0.05 mass% ≦0.0050 mass%

Special No. 1 : －

≦ 0.1 mass%≦ 0.10 mass%

≦ 0.50 mass%

CFPP

Density @15℃ ≦ 0.86 g/cm3

Special No. 1 : No. 1 : ≦-1℃ No. 2 : ≦-5℃ No. 3 : ≦-12℃Special No. 3 : ≦-19℃

Japanese Standards for Diesel fuel containing 5% FAME:containing 5% FAME:

Investigation of Acid Generation in est gat o o c d Ge e at oFAME Blended Diesel Fuels and its

I C iImpact on CorrosionT k hi T hiSAE 2006-01-3303Takehiro Tsuchiya

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

Hitoshi Shiotani and Shinichi GotoNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

T h l (AIST)Technology (AIST)

Gen Sugiyama and Akira MaedaJapan Automobile Research Institute (JARI)

METIMinistry of Economy,Trade and Industry

BackgroundFuel Policy Subcommittee's second

BackgroundFuel Policy Subcommittee's second

interim report (July 5, 2004) pointed out that quality regulations for BDF-blended diesel oil is necessary.yCharacteristics of BDF-blended diesel oil that

t h f l f f t d i t lare not harmful from safety and environmental perspective, when used with ordinary diesel

hi l h ll b t di d d i tvehicle, shall be studied, and appropriate specifications shall be reflected in the fuel

l tiregulation.2006-01-3303

Regulations outline in case of diesel oilProducer・Importer◆Duty of Quality identification

Authority of Minister of

g

y ybefore shipment Minister of

Economy, Trade and Industry

wholesale

◆ fDistributor

◆Prohibition of nonstandard diesel oil

◆Entry for inspection◆Collection of reports

SQ (Standard Quality)k L b li t

◆Penalty・Penal servitude・Fine

mark Labeling system

Consumer Distribution channel of petroleum product

Regulatory action Setting of statutory requirement

BDF Quality Control MethodLaw for Quality Control

BDF Quality Control MethodLaw for Quality Control

of Gasoline etc.

Diesel producer Diesel distributor Consumer

BDF/diesel blendingNeat BDF production

Neat BDF standard (JIS)( S)(100% BDF)

2006-01-3303

Amended Diesel Fuel Regulation in Japan

Items LevelItemsSulfurCetane Index

Level50 ppm max (2)(2)

45 minCetane IndexT90FAME contentFAME content (1)(1)

45 min360 deg.C max5 mass% max5 mass% maxFAME content FAME content ( )( )

Trigriceride Trigriceride (1)(1)

TANTAN (1)(1)

5 mass% max5 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0 13 mgKOH/g max0 13 mgKOH/g maxTAN TAN (1)(1)

Individual Organic Acid Individual Organic Acid (1)(1)

Oxi Stability (Acid)Oxi Stability (Acid)(1)(1)

0.13 mgKOH/g max0.13 mgKOH/g max30 ppm max 30 ppm max (3)(3)

0 12 mgKOH/g max Increase0 12 mgKOH/g max IncreaseOxi. Stability (Acid)Oxi. Stability (Acid)(1)(1)

Methanol Methanol (1)(1)0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max

N t (1) Add d b d d l tiNote (1) Added by amended regulation(2) 10ppm max from 2007(3) Total of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acids 2006-01-3303

Requirement of regulation for acidRequirement of regulation for acid

Corrosion test resultsAppearancepp

TAN Pb (ppm) Sn (ppm)Diesel fuel FAME 5%

Initial TAN and ( ) ( )Diesel fuel 0.05 2 1>FAME 1 % 0.05 8 1>FAME 2 % 0.06 460 1>

Initial TAN and Pb, Sn content

FAME 3 % 0.06 40 1>FAME 4 % 0.07 88 1>FAME 5 % 0.07 1800 12

Acid from FAME makes metal corrosion

Apparatus and temperature schedule f f l t k i l ti t tof fuel tank circulation test

T t C t l Ch b

Condenser

T t C t l Ch b

Condenser1 l (24 H )g.

C

Temperature Control Chamber

Fuel

Temperature Control Chamber

Fuel60

1 cycle (24 Hrs)

ham

ber,

deg

FuelPumpFuelPump

RT

erat

ure

of C

h

FuelTank(70L)

FuelTank(70L)

Heater ON Heater OFFTem

pe

Fuel Pump ON Fuel Pump OFF

(8 H ) (16 H )Test Fuel (35L)

(70L)Test Fuel (35L)

(70L) (8 Hrs) (16 Hrs)

Total test duration: 2000 Hrs

2006-01-3303

Test fuels for fuel tank circulation test

F l A ti id Ol i i id A ti id t tFuel Acetic acid Oleinic acid Antioxidant concept

1 27 ppm 525 ppm None addedMeet maximum limit of initial acid & initial TAN in1 27 ppm 525 ppm None added initial acid & initial TAN in the specificationEvaluate the effect of

2 27 ppm 525 ppm 20 ppm antioxidants in the pres-ence of existing acid

3 None added None added 20 ppm

Evaluate the effect of antioxidants with no additional acids added

JIS No.2 diesel fuel containing 5% FAME (P:R:S = 60:36:4)P: Palm oil methyl ester

2006-01-3303

P: Palm oil methyl esterR: Rapeseed oil methyl esterS: Soybean oil methyl ester

Test results of 2000 hour fuelcirculation test

TC92TC92405060

resi

dual

(g

/m2 )

The plating was

Added acids0

2030

10

Plat

ing

rqu

antit

y was corroded because of i ffi i tAdded acids

30405060

g re

sidu

al

ty (g

/m2 )

insufficient oxidation stability.

Added acids & antioxidant0

2010

60Pl

atin

gqu

anti

al

) Pl ti

20304050

ing

resi

dua

ntity

(g/m

2 ) Plating corrosion did not

Lower UpperAntioxidant 0 2004

Hour (h)

010

Plat

quan occur

Test results of 2000 hour fuelcirculation test

EGC3/3EGC3/3

resi

dual

y

(g/m

2 )

3456

The plating was

Added acids

Plat

ing

quan

tity

0123

6

was corroded because of i ffi i tAdded acids

ng re

sidu

altit

y (g

/m2 )

23456 insufficient

oxidation stability.

Added acids & antioxidant

Plat

inqu

ant

ual

2 )

012

56

ting

resi

duan

tity

(g/m

2

2345 Plating

corrosion did not

Lower UpperAntioxidant 0 2004

Hour (h)

Pla

qua

01 occur

Producer, importer, refinerOil quality guarantee law” in Japan (1996~)

HeavyDuty of quality verification(self analysis, request to appointed institute)

Analysis request

ypunishment

Voluntary check before distribution

METI

y q

inspectionAppointed analysis i i

distribution

Analysis request

institute

Service stations( abourt 48,000 places)

P hibiti f lli i f i il

Voluntary check

If SS request analysis every 10 days, it costs ¥100,000/year

Subsidy for quality test¥2.9 billion/ yearFrom special account for oil

Prohibition of selling inferior oilQuality analysis dutyQuality report duty

Heavypunishment

http://www.meti.go.jp/feedback/data/ikisf68j.htmlhttp://www.ylw.mmtr.or.jp/~ooshima/k030516.htm

33

ALLOTMENT OF DUTIES FOR Healthy Vehicle SocietyHealthy Vehicle Society•Maintenance

•Practice of Eco-drive•Choice of Eco transportation

•Academic Research•Evaluation Test

User

•Choice of Eco-transportation

•Improve transport efficiency•Practice of Eco-drive

•Evaluation Test•Proposal for countermeasureand Regulation

H lth V hi l S i tBusiness

User

Academia•Introduce improved Vehicles

Healthy Vehicle Society

Administration

User

Improvement to reduce

OEM

•Regulation measure•Support to improve

Vehicles and Fuel

environmental loadfrom Vehicles and its production process

OEM Vehicles and Fuel•Promote Diffusion•Promote Infrastructure•Maintenance

•ELV TreatmentI t t d i t l

JCAP

Service Material•Improvement to reduce environmentalload from Materials and production process •Collaboration with Car maker

Clean Air forClean Air for E b d !Everybody!

Thank you for your attention35thayashi@jari.or.jp

Diversification in Vehicle TechnologyDiversification in Vehicle Technology• Traditional single-track scenario was to realize fuel cell vehiclesg

• However, rising interests in hybrids, clean diesels, and alternative fuels show how vehicle technology has diversified in recent years

Gasoline vehicles Fuel cell vehiclesTarget Penetration of FCVs

2010Approx. 50,000

Approx. 5,000,000

Approx. 15,000,000

2020

2030

EVs, HVs HVs Plug-in HVsCommuter EVs

Clean DieselVehicles More efficient diesel vehicles in emission gas performance

AlternativeFuels

Gasoline vehicles: Gasoline Bio-ethanolDiesel vehicles: Diesel Oil BDF, GTL and others

36

,

Gasoline Diversification