applied biology chapter 13 biotechnology 2013 2
TRANSCRIPT
13.1 What is biotechnology?
The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans
The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans
13.1 Biologists Manipulate DNA
Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of organisms.
We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.
Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of organisms.
We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.
13.1 Bacteria – Commonly used in Biotechnology
* because they can acquire new genes in many ways!
1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria so DNA can be passed-Conjugation
2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA
3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one bacteria to another- transduction.
* because they can acquire new genes in many ways!
1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria so DNA can be passed-Conjugation
2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA
3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one bacteria to another- transduction.
13.1 Recombinant DNA Technology
Definition - technology involving the combining of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even genes from different species).
Uses of DNA technology:1. Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)2. Make medicine in large quantities3. Help us understand specifically how gene
sequences work
Definition - technology involving the combining of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even genes from different species).
Uses of DNA technology:1. Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)2. Make medicine in large quantities3. Help us understand specifically how gene
sequences work
13.2 Engineering Bacteria
Bacteria contain plasmids Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA
separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids carry genes
Bacteria contain plasmids Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA
separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids carry genes
13.2 Plasmids Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make
them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!
Example: 1. Insert a gene to make a medicine into a
plasmid2. Put the plasmid into bacteria3. When the bacteria reproduce they make many
copies of the medicine!
Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!
Example: 1. Insert a gene to make a medicine into a
plasmid2. Put the plasmid into bacteria3. When the bacteria reproduce they make many
copies of the medicine!
13.2 How Do They Do It???
1. Cut Use restriction enzymesrestriction enzymes to cut
the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome
1. Paste Put the desired DNA/gene fragment
into a plasmid
1. Put the plasmid into a bacterium
2. As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)
1. Cut Use restriction enzymesrestriction enzymes to cut
the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome
1. Paste Put the desired DNA/gene fragment
into a plasmid
1. Put the plasmid into a bacterium
2. As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)
Restriction Enzyme=scissors
Restriction Enzyme=scissors
13.2 Genomic Library & Nucleic Acid Probes
Genomic Library: the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism
Nucleic Acid Probe: complimentary nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope used to “tag” single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.
Genomic Library: the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism
Nucleic Acid Probe: complimentary nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope used to “tag” single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.
13.2 FYI: Useful Products Using Genetic Engineering
1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills and toxic waste sites
2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like pesticides and therapeutic drugs
3. Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes
4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)
1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills and toxic waste sites
2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like pesticides and therapeutic drugs
3. Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes
4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)
13.3 Genetically Modified 13.3 Genetically Modified OrganismsOrganisms
A genetically modified organism (GMO)genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially.
If a species is called TRANSGENICTRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species.
A genetically modified organism (GMO)genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially.
If a species is called TRANSGENICTRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species.
Just a few…GMO FOODSJust a few…GMO FOODS
Honey Cotton
Tomatoes Corn
Vegetable Oil Peas
Potatoes
Honey Cotton
Tomatoes Corn
Vegetable Oil Peas
Potatoes
Warm-Up - In Groups…
½ the class will use their books to compile a list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)
½ the class will use their books to make a list of negative or unwanted reasons to use genetically modified organisms.
½ the class will use their books to compile a list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)
½ the class will use their books to make a list of negative or unwanted reasons to use genetically modified organisms.
13.3 Genetically Modified13.3 Genetically Modified PlantsPlants Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were
genetically modified in some way!
Most common genetic modifications: Genes for herbicide resistance Genes to resist insect and fungi pests
Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were genetically modified in some way!
Most common genetic modifications: Genes for herbicide resistance Genes to resist insect and fungi pests
13.3 Genetically Modified 13.3 Genetically Modified AnimalsAnimals
Goals for GMO animals… Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin) Get animals to market quicker (salmon) Breed animals with better quality products (sheep
wool) FUN!! $$$$$$$
Goals for GMO animals… Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin) Get animals to market quicker (salmon) Breed animals with better quality products (sheep
wool) FUN!! $$$$$$$
13.3 The GMO Controversy13.3 The GMO Controversy
Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue to demand
stricter regulations.
Major Concern:Major Concern:GMO food can pose unknown health risk…request
strict labeling laws
**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**
Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue to demand
stricter regulations.
Major Concern:Major Concern:GMO food can pose unknown health risk…request
strict labeling laws
**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**
13.4 DNA Tech Has Many Applications PCR or Polymerase PCR or Polymerase
Chain ReactionChain Reaction technique can mass produce specific sequences of DNA without the use of living cells Takes less time than
use of living cells Requires less amount
of desired DNA initially
Used for cloning rare DNA & ID small amounts of infectious DNA (AIDS)
PCR or Polymerase PCR or Polymerase Chain ReactionChain Reaction technique can mass produce specific sequences of DNA without the use of living cells Takes less time than
use of living cells Requires less amount
of desired DNA initially
Used for cloning rare DNA & ID small amounts of infectious DNA (AIDS)
Thermocycler- machine used for PCR
13.4 PCR Technique13.4 PCR Technique“make a lot of DNA” from a small sample
Page 278 figure 13-15Page 278 figure 13-15
13.4 Gel Electrophoresis13.4 Gel Electrophoresis Used when you want to compare DNA from
different sources. Produces “banding patterns” which can be
compared and analyzed.
Used when you want to compare DNA from different sources.
Produces “banding patterns” which can be compared and analyzed.
13.4 Comparing DNA: How it works! (Pg 279)
2.DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current.
2.DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current.
Smaller DNA fragments move further
1.Different DNA samples are cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes
1.Different DNA samples are cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes
Each sample produces different banding patterns in the gel so they are easily compared
Each sample produces different banding patterns in the gel so they are easily compared
13.4 Comparing DNA: Genetic Markers
Genetic Markers: are particular streches of DN that are variable among individuals. Can be used to ID
carriers of certain diseases
Genetic Markers: are particular streches of DN that are variable among individuals. Can be used to ID
carriers of certain diseases
13.4 Comparing DNA: 13.4 Comparing DNA: DNADNA FingerprintFingerprint
Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis.
97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA.
Forensics!!
Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis.
97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA.
Forensics!!
13.4 Who committed the crime?13.4 Who committed the crime?Bloodstain evidence from crime scene!Suspect #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA fingerprint can be made from a single drop of blood or from a hair follicle.
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA fingerprint can be made from a single drop of blood or from a hair follicle.
DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple copies are made using PCR
DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple copies are made using PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are compared
Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are compared
13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic Genes13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic Genes Stem cells – cells (early in
development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell.
Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.
Stem cells – cells (early in development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell.
Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.
Cloning
To make a clone: A donor cell is fused with an
egg cell The fused cell begins to divide
normally to form an embryo Embryo is placed in uterus of
foster mom Clone is born