Applications of Photonic Technology

Applications of Photonic Technology

Edited by

George A. Lampropoulos A. U. G. Signals Ltd. Toronto, Ontario, Canada

J acek Chrostowski National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

and

Raymond M. Measures University of Toronto Institutefor Aerospace Studies Downsview, Ontario, Canada

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, Sensing, Signal Processing. and Communications (1994 Toronto. Ont. )

Applications of photonic technology / edited by George A. Lampropoulos. Jacek Chrostowski. and Raymond M. Measures.

p. em. Includes bibliographical references and 1ndex.

1. Photonics--Congresses. I. Lampropoulos. George A. II. Chrostowski. Jacek. III. Measures. Raymond M. IV. Title. TA1520.156 1995 621.36--dc20 95-32967

CIP

Based on proceedings of an International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, Sensing, Signal Processing, and Communications, held June 21-23, 1994, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ISBN 978-1-4757-9249-2 ISBN 978-1-4757-9247-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9247-8

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995

1098765432 I

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

In this book we present a snapshot of the state of the art in photonics in 1994, showing typical applications and emerging new ones; discussing the key technologies behind these applications, their limitations, and prospects. The articles in this book are extended versions of the papers presented at the first International Conference on Applications ofPhotonic Technology (ICAPT'94), held in Toronto, Canada, on June 21-23, 1994.

Photonics has been recognized as one of the key technologies for the 21 st century, as electronics was the technology of the 20th centrury and electrical engineering changed the life of people in the 19th century. According to the recent report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris (OECD), the market for photonics will grow dramatically in the next 10 years with an expected world-wide expenditure of US $230 billion from some US $30 billion in 1992.

The explosion of information technology was the largest driving force for the deployment of photonic technology. It created insatiable demand for ever-higher data transmission and processing rates, which cannot be sustained by electronics alone. Boosted by the enonnous investment of the telecommunications and defense industries, the demand for photonics (or optoelectronics) is steadily increasing. It is solidly established in the long­haul communications, laser printers and CD-ROMs.

Today lasers are used to treat cancer, map and process DNA, explore coastal waters and detect pollution, and directly fabricate complex 3D objects. Fiber optics lies at the heart of the information superhighway, including ultrafast networks discussed in the book, such as the Bellcore Research Network and the Ottawa-Carleton Reseach Infrastructure, OCRInet.

To list just a few other applications, photonics offers exciting prospects for medical diagnosis and treatment, and the new field of smart structures, which encompasses marine, space and aircraft structures, in addition to buildings and bridges, such as the forerunner of a "smart bridge," built in Calgary in 1993. Photonics is being widely used in satellite surveillance for military and civilian applications, such as national security and prevention of drug trafficking. It is also being applied in radar communications and control, satellite communications, and sensing in general.

Part I covers telecommunications. Part II discusses optical routing, computing and processing. Part III is dedicated to optical measurements from space to industrial applications and electro-optical signal processing. Part IV reveals the broad potential for fiber optic sensing ranging from medical to structural monitoring. Part V shows various photonic components: lasers, detectors, integrated optics - including current research and development, which will determine photonic applications in the next century.

G.A. Lampropoulos J. Chrostowski R.M. Measures

v

CONTENTS

Part I: OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

I. Fibre to the Digitally Passive Coax: The Multimedia Delivery Network of the Future? .................................................................................... 1

Jack B. Terry

2. The Role and Challenges of Fiber Optics Technology in the Access Telecommunications Network ........................................................... 11

Rolando Oliver, Samih Elhage, and Stephanie E. Brisebois

3. Some Architectural Considerations for Large-Scale Fail-Safe ATM-SONET Networks ................................................................................ 15

Marion R. Finley, Jr. and Hana Sininta

4. Design, Implementation, and System Integration for a Multi-Gigabit WDM Network .............................................................................................. 19

Hossein Izadpanah and Chinlon Lin

5. Laser Diode Frequency Control for Multiwavelength (WDM) Optical Communications ............................................................................................ 25

M. Tetu, B. Villeneuve, C. Gamache, M. Guy, C. Paquet, C. Latrasse, M. Poulin, M. Breton, and P. Tremblay

6. A Single-Hop Wavelength-Routed Local Area Network .......................................... 33 Mark W. Janoska and Terence D. Todd

7. OCRInet: An ATM Broadband Research Network .................................................. .37 Alan Aitken, Gavin McLintock, Jim Yuan, Don Assaff,

Jim Freeze, Robert Kuley, Jacek Chrostowski, Leo Lax, and Steve Morrison

8. Efficient Coding and Mapping in Photon Communication Systems ........................ .43 G. Cancellieri, F. Chiaraluce, and E. Gambi

9. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers with Distributed Gain ............................................................................................ .49

Mario F. Ferreira

10. Limitations Imposed by Stimulated Raman Scattering on 1550 nm High-Energy Pulse Transmission .................................................................. 53

C.W. Barnard, P. Myslinski, 1. Chrostowski, X. Pan, and M. Kavehrad

vii

II. On a Formulation for the Pulse Jitter Induced by Spontaneous-Emission Noise of Optical Amplifiers ........................................................... 57

Adolfo V.T. Cartaxo

12. Multi-Dual Ring Connected Shuffle Network -- A Better Architecture for WAN ........................................................................................................ 61

Feng Liu and M. Kavehrad

13. An All-Optical Tunable Filter for Low-Crosstalk Wavelength Routing in WDM Networks ........................................................................... 67

F. Khaleghi, M. Kavehrad, and E. Simova

14. Bit-Error-Rate of an SCM/WDMA Optical Network Employing Polarization Scrambling under Optical Beat Interference ............................. 73

M. M. Banat and M. Kavehrad

IS. Influence of the Optical Fibre Dispersion on the Square Synchronizer Timing Jitter ............................................................................ 79

Adolfo V.T. Cartaxo and Augusto A. de Albuquerque

16. Evolution of Pulse Parameters in Nonlinear Dispersive Fibers ................................. 83 M. Florjanczyk and Real Tremblay

17. Influence of the Nonuniform FM Response of DFB Lasers on CPFSK Lightwave Systems with Noncoherent Detection ............................ 87

John Cartledge and Joanne Lennon

Part II: OPTICAL ROUTING, COMPUTING AND PROCESSING

I. A New Photonic Architecture for Simple Routing Processors .................................. 93 C. Beniamino, N. Michele, and R. Maria

2. Algorithms for High-Performance Computing with Smart Pixels ............................ 97 Dietmar Fey and Werner Erhard

3. Parallel Arithmetic on Optical Computers by Redundant Binary Number Representations .............................................................................. 1 0 1

G. A. De Biase and Annalisa Massini

4. Bit Error Rate Analysis of Optical Data Links for Computer Communications .......................................................................................... 109

P. Palacharla, C.W. Barnard, P. Myslinski, J. Chrostowski, R. Neumann, and R. Khalil

5. The Wavelength-Dependent Refractive Index Change Associated with the Blue to Pink Membrane Photochemical Conversion in Bacteriorhodopsin ....................................................................................... 115

R.B. Gross, A.T. Todorov, and R.R. Birge

6. Continuous Optical Associative Memory ................................................................ 123 A. Bergeron, H.H. Arsenault, and Denis Gingras

7. Illumination and Data Collection Techniques for High Performance Time-Integrating Correlations ..................................................................... 127

N. Brousseau and J.W.A. Salt

viii

8. Optical Pattern Recognition Using the Wavelet Transform .................................... 131 Danny Roberge and Yunlong Sheng

9. Optical Real-Time Phase Only Correlator Using Liquid Crystal Television ..................................................................................................... 13 5

Y. Sheng, G. P-Hus, L. Shen, L. Gonc;alves, and D. Roberge

10. An Intelligent Optical Sensor .................................................................................. 141 B. Lam, G.A. Jullien, and W.C. Miller

II. Design of an Opto-Electronic Beam Nulling Network for a Multiple-Beam Antenna .............................................................................. 145

C. Belisle, L. Mason, and B. Felstead

12. Semiconductor Laser Phase-Locking for Optical Beam Forming Networks ...................................................................................................... 149

R.T. Ramos

13. Prototype Model of an Optically Controlled Array Antenna .................................. 153 Claude Belisle and John Oldham

14. Photonics Applied to Phased Array Antennas: Work Done at Universite Laval ................................................................... 157

M. Tetu, M. Chamberland, P. Tremblay, C. Beaulieu, S. Paquet, A. Fekecs, G. Lessard, M.-L. Chares, and C. Laperle

15. Optical Signal Processing in Integral Transform Solution Applications in Particle Sizing .................................................................... 163

Janusz Mroczka

16. Analysis of Mode Switching Operation of Laser Diode by Phase

Part III:

Conjugate Light Injection ............................................................................ 167 T. Shimura, M. Tamura, and K. Kuroda

REMOTE AND INDUSTRIAL SENSING AND ELECTRO­OPTICAL PROCESSING

1. Design and Projected Performance of MODIS - A Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer for the Earth Observing System (EOS) ........... 171

W.L. Barnes and V.V. Salomonson

2. MIPAS: A Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Limb Sounding of the Atmosphere .................................................................................................. 1 79

A. Villemaire, M. Chamberland, and J. Giroux

3. A Polarimetric Hyperspectral Imaging Sensor ........................................................ 183 Li-Jen Cheng

4. CCDs for the Lyman Fuse Mission ......................................................................... 191 R. Murowinski and M.J. Deen

5. The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOP ITT) Instrument.. ......... 197 J.R. Drummond, G.V. Bailak, and G. Mand

6. AOFT-Based Forest Fire Sensor: Optical Design ................................................... 201 A.B. Hollinger, P.J. Thomas, R.H. Wiens, and E.H. Richardson

ix

7. The History of Laser Bathymetry ............................................................................ 207 S. Sizgoric, J. Banic, and P. LaRocque

8. Arctic Lidar Measurements of the Middle Atmosphere .......................................... 219 D.P. Dovonan, J.A. Whiteway, W. Steinbrecht, and A.1. Carswell

9. An Overview of Thermal Imagers and Their Basic Components ........................... 223 Paul Chevrette

10. Refraction and Long-Range FUR Imagers ............................................................. 229 A.J. Beaulieu

11. Mirage Formation in the Infrared Region and Its Effects on Thermal Imaging Applications ................................................................................... 235

R.N. Singh, S.S. Negi, A.K. Sahay, and V. Rajeshwar

12. Pulsed Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Gases: Trace Gas Detection and Multiphoton Absorption Studies ......................... 241

D.D. Markusev, M. Terzic, P.V. Cvijin, and J. Jovanovic-Kurepa

13. 3-D Blur Estimation and Restoration of Sequential Space-Based Infrared Images ............................................................................................ 245

G.A. Lampropoulos and J.F. Boulter

14. Microscanning Setup for Focal Plane Arrays .......................................................... 253 J. Fortin, P. Chevrette, and R. Plante

15. Application of Multiresolution Transforms to Image Analysis and Enhancement ......................................................................................... 257

S. Yu and D. Gregoris

16. A New Clutter Model for SAR Images ................................................................... 261 V. Anastassopoulos, G.A. Lampropoulos, and M. Rey

17. Design and Realization of Fluorescent Images Analysis Algorithms for Noninvasive Tumor Diagnosis ........................................... 265

L. Biancardi, R. Cubeddu, F. Docchio, G. Sansoni, P. Taroni, and L. Valentini

18. An Optical Pressure Measurement System for Wind Tunnel Testing ............................................................................................. 271

X.J. Gu, J. ColI, D. Lye, F.A. Ellis, V.D. Nguyen, and J. Bureau

19. High Speed Web Inspection Using Intelligent TDI Cameras .................................. 275 lW. Roberts, S.D. Rose, S.G. Chamberlain, and G. Maroscher

20. Distortion of Bar Code Signals in Laser Scanning .................................................. 281 S.J. Shellhammer

21. Application of CCD Detector in the Multifreedom Dynamic Measurement ................................................................................................ 287

Q.Zhu

22. Evaluation of Silicon Wafer Surface Quality by Coherent Radiation Scattering ..................................................................................... 293

N. Miron and D.G. Sporea

x

Part IV: FIBER OPTIC SENSING

1. Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors for Structural Sensing Applications ....................... 30 1 P.L. Fuhr, D.R. Huston, and T.P. Ambrose

2. Flight Tests of Fiber-Optic Interferometric Strain Gauges for Load Monitoring of Aircraft Structures ....................................................... 305

N. Fiirstenau, D.D. Janzen, and W. Schmidt

3. Selected Applications of Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Highly Birefringent Fibers in Engineering Mechanics ............................................ 311

W.J. Bock, W. Urbanczyk, and M.R.H. Voet

4. Bragg Intra-Grating Structural Sensing ................................................................... 317 S. Huang, M. LeBlanc, M.M. Ohn, and R.M. Measures

5. Radiofrequency Subcarrier Encoded Fibre Optic Strain Gauge for Ground Anchors ........................................................................................... 321

D.Walsh, w.e. Michie, B. Cui shaw, B. Noharet, J. Chazelas, M. Turpin, and T. Herbst

6. Experiments with Fiberoptic Smart Skin Sensors Applied to Marine Vehicles ....................................................................................................... 325

L. Bjerkan, K. Johannessen, and H. Stomy

7. Smart Skins - A Step toward a Practical Fibre-Optic Sensor .................................. 329 C. Belleville, A. Morin, S. Caron, and M. Edgecombe

8. A Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing System for Humidity Measurement.. ............... 335 A Kharaz and B.E. Jones

9. Fringe Beating Effects in a White-Light Interferometer ......................................... 339 Y.N. Ning, K.T.V. Grattan, and AW. Palmer

10. Active Wavelength Demodulation for Bragg Grating Strain Sensors ..................... 343 T. Coroy and R.M. Measures

11. Analysis of Misalignment Sensitivity of a HI-Bi Fiber-Based Interferometric Displacement Sensor .......................................................... 349

U. Minoni, G. Scotti, and F. Docchio

12. Analysis and Design ofInterferometric Sensor Circuits ......................................... 355 Otto Schweilb

13. Angle Measurement by Geometric Polarisation Rotation in a Fibre Loop Reflector ............................................................................................. 359

D.A. Chapman, D.A Gorham, and G. Dickinson

14. The Application of Super-Resolution Adaptive Algorithms to Fringe Order Estimation in All-Optical-Fibre Interferometric Sensors .................. 363

M.S. Rizk, D. Romare, K.T.V. Grattan, and AW. Palmer

15. Dependence of Gain Spectrum and Threshold in SBS on Temperature Distribution in Fibers ................................................................................... 369

Y. Imai and N. Shimada

xi

16. Multi-Wavelength Combination Source--A Novel Technique for White Light Interferometry .................................................................................... 373

D.N. Wang, Y.N. Ning, A.W. Palmer, K.T.V. Grattan, and K. Weir

17. An Optical Fibre Linear Position Sensor with Centimetre Scan Utilising White Light Interferometry and Two Light Sources of Widely Separated Wavelengths ................................................................... 379

K. Weir, A.W. Palmer, and K.T.V. Grattan

18. Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Acoustic Emission Using a Passive Homodyne Demodulated Fiber-Optic Sensor ................................ 383

K. Liu

Part V: PHOTONIC DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES

1. Semiconductor Laser Overview ............................................................................... 3 87 R. Murison

2. Implementation ofIntegrated Optic Systems with Active Waveguides, Passive Waveguides, and Optical Fibers ..................................................... 393

C.L. Balestra

3. Techniques for Monolithically Fabricating Photonic Integrated Circuits .............. .413 E.S. Koteles

4. A Near Traveling Wave Semiconductor Laser Amplifier for Simultaneous Amplification, Detection and Discrimination .............................................. 419

M. Le Ligne, M.J. Chawki, and T. Valkova

5. Small Signal Analysis of Frequency Chirp in Multiple Quantum Well Lasers ................................................................................................. .423

M.S. Wartak and T. Makino

6. Broad Bandwidth Microwave Measurements of Materials Using Photoconductively-Pulsed Antennas ........................................................... 427

W.M. Robertson and G. Arjavalingam

7. Soliton Switching in Semiconductor Directional Couplers .................................... .431 F. Lederer, W. Biehlig, R. Muschall, and L. Leine

8. Design, Fabrication and Characterisation of High Speed GaAs MSMs for OEIC Applications .................................................................... .435

Francois Gouin, Christian Beaulieu, and Julian Noad

9. A Unique Capability of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors: Multicolor and Multiband Response ........................................................... .439

H.C. Liu, J. Li, M. Buchanan, Z.R. Wasilewski, P.H. Wilson, and J.G. Simmons

10. Sofradir MCT IRFPAS: Technology and Products ................................................ .443 Jean-Pierre Chatard

11. An IR-Visible Converter for Spatially and Temporally Resolved

xii

IR-Image Detection ..................................................................................... .449 H. Willebrand, Y. Astrov, L. Portsel, S. Teperick,

T. Gauselmann, and H.-G. Purwins

12. Nano-Composites: New Materials for Photonics? ................................................. .453 F. Marlow

13. Performance of Germanium and III-V Avalanche Photodiodes in the Detection of Single-Photons in the Near-Infrared ................................ .457

A Lacaita, F. Zappa, and S. Cova

14. Limits to the Timing Performance of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes ......................................................................................................... .461

A Lacaita, S. Longhi, and A Spinelli

15. Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) as Proportional Devices ........................................ .467 R.S. Gilmore, AR. Duell, T.J. Llewellyn, R.J. Tapper,

S. Nash, and K. Xyloparkiotis

16. Detection Efficiency and Dark Pulse Rate of Rockwell (SSPM) Single Photon counters ................................................................. .471

P.H. Eberhard, P.G. Kwiat, M.D. Petroff, M.G. Stapelbroek, and H.H. Hogue

17. Absolute Radiometry Using Correlated Photons .................................................... .475 A Migdall, R. Datia, A Sergienko, and Y.H. Shih

18. Fast Photoconductive Photodetectors Employing Iron-Diffusion into Epitaxial GaAs ..................................................................................... .479

J. Ohsawa, N. Hashimoto, M. Nakamura, and M. Migitaka

19. Ultrasensitive Sub-Noanosecond Time-Gated Detection Using a Single Photon Avalanche Diode ................................................................. .483

L.M. Davis and Li-Qiang Li

20. Photon Counting Using a Large Area Avalanche Photo-Diode Cooled to 100 K .......................................................................................... .489

N.G. Woodard, E.G. Hufstedler, and G.P. Lafyatis

21. Ultra-Stable Narrowband Filters for Telecommunication Applications ................................................................................................. 495

AJ. Waldorf, B.T. Sullivan, L.M. Plante, and D. Cushing

22. A Light Controlled Optical Modulator in Silicon Technology .............................. .499 Z. Xiao and o. Engstrom

23. Asymmetric Silicon Infrared Waveguide Switches Based on Total Internal Reflection .............................................................................. 503

L. Enke, L. Yuliang, L. Guozheng, Z. Shengliang, Z. Fan, C. Meiqiao, L. Bingchen, and G. Huang

24. Analysis and Fabrication of 45° Self-Aligned Integrated Mirrors on Dielectric Optical Waveguides .................................................. 507

L. Joannes, B. Grimbert, J Harari, J.P. Vilcot, W. Tchana, and D. Decoster

25. Potential Applications of Implanted Fused Silica as a Photosensitive Material for Planar Lightwave Circuits ............................... 511

M. Verhaegen, J.L. Brebner, and J. Albert

26. Optical Delay Lines in High-Silica (Si02/Si) Waveguides .................................... 515 S. Paquet, F. Chenard, Z. Jakubczyk, M. Belanger, M. Tetu,

and C. Belisle

xiii

27. An Experimental Apparatus for the Characterization of Thick-Film Optical Waveguides .................................................................. 519

F. Docchio, G. Sansoni, D. Marioli, A. Taroni, M. Perini, and S. Corini

28. Investigating the Performance of Off-Axis Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) ............................................................................ 527

K.E. Hamilton and E.J. Fjarlie

29. Dynamic Range Extension of Photosensitive Device Array ................................... 531 T.W. Wysokinski, A.H. Rawicz, and S. Letowski

30. Remote Coupling in a Rib Arrow Coupler .............................................................. 535 B. Holtz, W. Biehlig, C. Wachter, L. Leine, and F. Lederer

31. Investigating Micromachined Thermal Emitters for Infrared Applications ................................................................................... 539

L.S. Carr and M.J. Syrzycki

32. Optimized IR Diffractive Optical Elements ............................................................ 543 1.R.M. Codere and E.J. Fjarlie

33. Measurement of Femtosecond Time Delay in Optical Materials Using Type-II Parametric Down Conversion .............................................. 547

A.V. Sergienko and Y.H. Shih

34. Ultra Short Pulse Propagation of Nonuniform Planar Transmission Lines ............................................................................................................. 551

R.A. Olivares Veliz and 1.R. Souza

35. Diffractive Optical Element Beam Steering/Scanning Device ................................ 555 J.J.M. Verreault and E.J. Fjarlie

36. Inegrated Luminescent-Concetrator Photodetector ................................................. 559 S.A. Evenson and A.H. Rawicz

Index .................................................................................................................................. 563

xiv