Applications of Inductors and Capacitors

Section 6.3

• The magnetic field• Electromagnetism• Applications of Electromagnetism• Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic Field

• Flux lines are used to represent the strength and the direction of the field.• The flux lines are always drawn from the north pole to the south pole.

Flux Lines of magnets

Unlike Poles Attract

Like Poles Repel

How materials become magnetized

• Ferromagnetic Materials such as iron and nickel become magnetized when Placed in the magnetic field of a magnet• Objects become magnetized (i.e. they become magnets themselves) under the Influence of the permanent magnetic field and become attracted to the magnet.• When removed from the magnetic field, the objects tends to lose its magnetism.• Ferromagnetic materials have minute magnetic domains created within theiratomic structure.

Application 1: Magnetic switch

When the magnet is near the switch mechanism, the switch is closed.When the magnet is moved away, the spring pulls the arm open.

Electromagnetism

Magnetic Field

Note: The field is stronger closer to the conductor and becomes weakerwith increasing distance from the conductor.

Right-Hand Rule

Thumb: Points in the direction of currentFingers: point in the direction of the magnetic lines of force.

Cumulative magnetic force

Application #1: Electromagnet

When the coil of wire is connected to a battery, there is current. A magnetic field is established.

Application #2

Solenoid

A basic solenoid consists of three parts: (Section 10-3)1. Coil2. A stationary iron core3.A sliding core (plunger) is attached to the stationary core with a spring.

Applications: opening and closing valves and automobile door locks.

Steps:1.In the rest state, the plunger is extended.2.The solenoid is energized by current through the coil, which sets up an electromagnetic field that magnetizes both iron cores.3. The south pole of the stationary core attracts the north pole of the movable coil causing it to slide inward, thus retracting the plunger and compressing the spring.4.When the current is cut off, the magnetic fields collapse and the force of the Compressed spring pushes the plunger back out.

Magnetic fields in the core points from right to left.

Application #3

A relay is used to open or close electrical contacts.

When there is no coil current, the iron armature is held against the upper contact by the spring, thus providing continuity from terminal 1 to terminal 2.

When energized with coil current, the armature is pulled down by the attractive force of the electromagnetic field and makes connection with the lower contact,providing continuity from terminal 1 to terminal 3.

Application #4Reed Relay

• Reed is made of ferrous material. • When there is no coil current, the reeds are in the open position.• Where there is current, the reeds make contact because they are magnetizedand attract each other.

Application #5: Meter Movement

Current in: crowded flux lines above, resulting in downward force on the right.Current out: crowded flux lines below, resulting in upward force on the left.

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s observation

• A changing magnetic field can induce a voltage in a conductor.

Faraday’s First Observation

The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil.

Faraday’s second observation

The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the numberof turns of wire in a coil.The induced current generates a voltage across the input resistance of the voltmeter.

Lenz’ law

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/electric/farlaw.html#c2

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it.

Effective Inductance/Capacitance

Series Inductance

Series Capacitance

Parallel Capacitance