APPLICATION HOLY WARS OR A NEW REFORMATION?

A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge

William P. HallSenior Fellow

Engineering Learning Unit University of Melbourne School of Engineering

PresidentKororoit Institute Proponents and Supporters Assoc., Inc. - http://kororoit.org

william-hall@bigpond.com http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net

Download full presentation from http://tinyurl.com/6wma9yh

Access my research papers supporting the book from Google Citations

A unique area in the state space of the Mandlebrot set

definition

An attractor

Revision 2 –

11/11/2012

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Note

The full slide set contains 100 slides– abstracts the main ideas of the book– it is intended to be read (~ 2 hrs)

In the spoken presentation I will discuss only key slides to try to persuade you to download and read the full presentation.Download from http://tinyurl.com/6wma9yhI hope that will convince you to ask to download the draft book (for free), read it, and give me some feedback on how it works

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Presentation summarizes part of my hypertext book

Title: Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A fugue on the theory of knowledge

– “Application”computer-based system designed to solve a class of problems

– “Holy war” (~ “flame war”)conflict over competing knowledge paradigms or technologies that becomes heatedly emotional when protagonists of different paradigms do not consciously understand implicit aspects of world views associated with them; often related to scientific or technological revolution

– “Reformation”improvement or transformation of existing institutions or practices etc; intended to make a revolutionary change for the better. the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century was enabled by the revolutionary invention of the printing press to replicate and disseminate knowledge

– “Fugue” (illustrated by J. S. Bach's "Little" fugue in G minor, BWV578)a compositional technique in two or more voices, built on a subject (theme) and possibly a counter subject (secondary theme) that are introduced at the beginning and recur frequently in the course of the compositionthe logical development in the book is modelled after a fugue

– “Knowledge”solutions to problems of lifewhat the book is all about

– “Theory of knowledge”branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge, addressing the questions: What is knowledge? How is it constructed? How well does knowledge reflect external reality?

Scope: explores the co-evolution of and revolutions in human cognition and knowledge-based tools to extend cognition

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“Application Holy Wars”

is a hypertext: a revolutionary format for sharing knowledge

Text displayed on a screen including clickable hyperlinks to other text or other objects that can be instantly accessed by a pointing action (mouse click)

– besides texts, hyperlinks may access tables, images, audio, video, and other presentational formats

– links may be other parts of the same document, or– may be located anywhere in the World Wide Web

Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web.The book is constructed as a hypertext living in the Web

– top layer of text is a fugally structured sequential argument providing a guided tour through many disciplinary paradigms

– direct links from the text to the Web mostly define and discuss the linked terms

– hyperlinked notes in the document offer additional information, explanations, arguments and web links

– text citations link to extensive bibliography where most references then link directly to the complete work being cited

The result is knowledge built on and directly connected to knowledge and wisdom held in the World Wide Web

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Hypertextually

navigating the landscape of the web of knowledge

Paradigms are attractor basins in the topography of the global web of knowledgeLinks to the web access knowledge objects that help us cross paradigm boundaries towards unification

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Background for the book

Combines polydisciplinary threads in my background– studied physics for 2½ years from 1957 (failed because of maths dyslexia)– hands on first & second generation computers– neurophysiology research assistant for 3 years– ··············– vertebrate & invertebrate biology, cytogenetics, genetics– sophisticated user of the products of library science– evolutionary biology (PhD Harvard, 1973), research & teaching to 1980– theory of knowledge and history and philosophy of science (UoM 1977-79)

··············– technical communication and computer literacy training from 1981 (UoM)– analysis and design of computerized authoring and content management

systems from 1990 to 2007structured authoring (SGML, XML, HTML)analysis and design of maintenance content authoring, management and delivery for $7 BN ANZAC Ship Project

ANZAC Ship maintenance doco problems solved by 2000Holiday break 2000-2001

– time on my hands to think about difficulties in organizational knowledge management

Result: started writing a hypertext book on co-evolution and revolutions in human cognition and cognitive tools humans use

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History of the writing

Started serious work at Tenix Defence ~ Jan. 2001– stimulated by a holy war in the technical writing community over the use of

conventional paper-based word processing applications versus the newer semantically structured authoring environments based on SGML and XML

Working in industry I had no library access– A structure of Subject, Counter Subject and 4 Episodes established early– Concept was to link and distill freely available knowledge on the Web– Worked very well for first three Episodes– Took extended leave 2001-2002 for heavy-duty writing

First three episodes flowed easilyIn the last episode I ould not reconcile my understanding of Tenix with web-accessible literature on knowledge management or organization theoryI had to access to academic thinking and research libraries

Hon fellowships– Research to develop a unified theory of organizational knowledge– Monash 2002-2005 (1 day/week at Monash in 2003 on Tenix time)– UoM 2005- (helped establish TOMOK, Melbourne Emergence, KIPSA)– Retired Tenix mid 2007– Many publications as I explored the theory and practice of organizational

knowledgeBy 2009 I understood the theory well enough to return to working on the book directly

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Book organization

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Fugal development around knowledge growth (learning) cycles– SUBJECT: epistemology, learning cycles construct new knowledge,

and revolutionary cycles of technology and knowledge growth– COUNTER SUBJECT: knowledge and its value– EPISODE 1: (historical) counting, writing, books, printing– EPISODE 2: (historical) automating cognitive processes– EPISODE 3: (historical) cognitive tools for individuals– INTERLUDE

(theory): systems, theory of living knowledge,

hierarchically complex autopoietic systems/organizations– EPISODE 4: (history and theory informed observation) social

computing: moving posthumans into the cloud– EPISODE 5: (history and theory informed observation) individuals

forming societies and socio-technical organizations– CADENZA: liberating knowledge, knowledge explosion and the “global

brain”, organizational knowledge management– CODA: is the singularity a spike or a point of inflection?

SUBJECT

knowledge, revolutions and knowledge growth

cycles

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Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper help understand evolution, and the evolution of knowledge & technology

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Thomas Kuhn’s 1962 Structure of Scientific Revolutions– Normal science & revolutionary science– Also applies to technology– Revolutions imply conflict

Karl Popper’s 1972 Objective Knowledge– major work on the topic of evolutionary theory of knowledge– “general theory of evolution”– cyclic emergence/construction of knowledge:

problem situationraise tentative theoriestest to eliminate errorsback to left-over/changed problems not resolved with situation in hand

Grade shifts in evolving & other chaotic systems– an initial small change may open a new attractor basin– adaptation to the new attractor may result in large change

(revolution) over short period of time (in an evolutionary sense)– grade shift in the evolution of a species is a revolutionary shift

in the species’

ecological paradigm

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Popper’s greatest idea

Popper's "general theory of evolution" – (From Hall 2005, after Popper 1972: pp. 243)– If you don’t eliminate your maladaptive errors via critical thinking,

natural selection will eliminate you for expressing them

TS1TS2

•••••

TSm

Pn Pn+1EETS1TS2

•••••

TSm

Pn Pn+1EETS1TS2

•••••

TSm

Pn Pn+1EE

P = problem of life; TS = tentative solution; EE = eliminate erroneous solutions;

Pn+1 = changed problem situation after Pn

has been solvedCycle iterates to solve Pn+1 etc.

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Revolutions in material technology cause grade shifts in the nature of the human species

M = millions, K = thousands, C = centuries, D = decades, Y = years, (BP = before present)Accelerating change in our material technologies:

– ~ 2.5 M BP - Tool Making: stones, levers, and fire extend human reach and digestion

– ~ 12 K BP - Agricultural Revolution: Ropes and digging implements used to control and manage non–human organic metabolism

– ~ 3.5 C BP - Industrial Revolution: extends human and animal muscle power with mechanical power

– ~ 5 D BP - Microelectronics Revolution: extends human cognitive capabilities with computers

– > 10 Y BP - Cyborg

Revolution: merges human and machine cognition with smartphones and neural prosthetics

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Grade shifting revolutions reinvent the nature of human cognition

Accelerating change in human cognition– ~ 500 M BP - Evolutionary origin of individual memory and

learning

(genetic heredity)– ~ 150 K BP - Evolution of speech

to transfer knowledge

between individuals (genetic heredity)– ~ 11 K BP – Invention of physical counters

(11 K), writing and

reading

(5 K) to record and transmit knowledge external to human memory (cultural use of technology)

– ~ 5.6 C BP - Printing and universal literacy

transmit knowledge to the masses (cultural use of technology)

– ~ 3.2 D BP - Personal computing

tools manage knowledge externally to the human brain (3.2 D) and the World Wide Web (1.8 D) (individual use of technology)

– ~ 10 Y BP - Smartphones

merge human and technological cognition (human & technological convergence)

– ~ Now: Emergence of human-machine cyborgs

(embedded technology is part of the human body)

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COUNTER SUBJECT

understanding and valuing the roles of

knowledge in adaptation

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Evaluating and valuing different types of knowledge

Ian Coombe's Information Definitions and Transformations.

(Based on the diagram ©1995 by Ian Coombe, as published in The Australian Army Information Management Manual, Version 2)

Karl Popper's (1972; 1978, 1994) three worlds of knowledge.

World 2 is an emergent property based in World 1. World 3 is an emergent property based in World 2

John Boyd's OODA Loop: Observe, Orient, Decide, Act.... Observe results of action.

Determines success in competition and evolution

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EPISODE 1

tools to assist human cognition:

counting, writing, books, printing

for representing and exchanging explicit

content (paper paradigm)

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Counting and writing for trade and administration

Counting (tokens) Cuneiform (records) Accounting (counting table/tablet) Roman abacus (adding machine

Teachers/leaders instructing students/staff from wax/computerized tablets

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Printing technologies for universal literacy and the distribution of knowledge

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Books, journals, and libraries –

systems for organizing and accessing recorded knowledge

Accumulating and retrieving knowledge:– library architecture and catalogs– Bibliotheka & Mouseion

the ancient universal library of Alexandria & associated university accumulated the world’s knowledgeKnowledge lost for lack of replication

Book construction – tablet, scroll, codex, incunabulaEvolving book technologies facilitate knowledge access

– woodcuts for illustration, page numbers, title pages and prefaces, publication details, metal engraving for detailed charts and diagrams, folded plates (i.e., oversize pages for high quality illustrations), cross referencing, indexing, and table of contents.

Papermaking replaces papyrus and vellumBook and journal printing – mass replication & distribution of content ensures against lossScientific journals and the construction of reliable knowledgeLibrary cataloging systemsStand on the shoulders of giants – don’t reinvent what is already known

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EPISODE 2

several “generations”

of material tools for

automating cognitive processes

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The material revolutions in a nutshell

Left – Caius Julius Caesar (1486), Les commentaires de iules cesar: publisher: Antoine Caillaut ? pour Antoine Vérard. Accessed from the Internet ArchiveRight - HP Compaq 630 Core i3-2310M 6GB 15.6 inch Laptop LV426PA-6GB for just A$499 (RRP $869). Specifications: 15.6" display. Hard drive. Intel core processor i3-2310M. Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit. Memory 6GB DDR3 SDRAM. HDMI. Bluetooth wireless. Integrated HP VGA Webcam and more..). In its day, A4 sized book would have cost more than laptop in current value.

– The book contains one work by Julius Cesar– The laptop accesses Julius Caesar’s surviving works and most human

knowledge ever published

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Ancient generations of automation and computing – mostly lost with the Bibliotheka and the Mouseion

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Zeroth

generation: material technologies for analog

and digital calculation

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First generation: electronic computers (1943-1955)

UNIVAC I at Franklin Life Insurance Company, Springfield, Ill. Franklin operated a second UNIVAC I as a service bureau. Staff for the two systems included 3 supervisors, 32 technical staff (analyst, programmers, operators and service technicians) and 50 clerks (presumably key- punch operators)! The price for a basic UNIVAC-I system was $950,000, including the central computer with power supply, supervisory control desk, and 10 Uniservos tape drives - where a 1,500 foot magnetic tape could store up to 1.4 MB of data. UNIVACs had a clock speed of 2.2 MHz and a memory (mercury acoustic delay lines) of 1000 x 12 digit words (i.e., ~12 KB). It could complete 8,333 additions of approximately 100 bit words (11 decimal digits plus sign) in 1 second (8,300 Hz or 8.3 KHz). The smaller but newer Burroughs machine I learned to program on in 1958-59 had about the same power. Today (August 2010), I am writing this document on a $1000 notebook computer that has around 7.4x1013 times more raw processing power than was available from a million dollar room full of electronics to one of the nation's largest life insurance companies 50 years ago! And yet, it was apparently cost-effective for the insurance company to make that investment. [Picture and quote from Weik (1961a).

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Second generation: magnetic core computers (1955 -

1964)

IBM's 350 magnetic storage unit that was the heart of the 305 RAMAC from 1956 (Random Access Memory Accounting) system. 50 disks with 100 recording surfaces provided 3.75 MB storage at a lease cost of 3,200/month.

A 256 bit (32 byte) ferrite core random access memory from around 1955. The donut shaped objects at the intersections of the wire are the ferrite rings

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Third generation: integrated circuit computers (1964 -

1971)

Shrinking logic circuits– Gen 1 – hand wired

vacuum tubes– Gen 2 – printed

circuit boards and shrinking transistors

– Gen 3 – shrinking integrated circuits

Shrinking circuit elements– Gen 1 – vacuum tubes– Gen 2 – shrinking transistors– Gen 3 – integrated circuits

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Large scale integration and Moore’s Law

Moore's Law as applied to the evolution of microprocessors. Recent studies show the rate of increase is actually hyper-exponential. Magnetic storage density doubles even faster, as does total processing power. Chips are 4004 (2300 transistors, 1971), 8008 (3500 transistors - 1972), and Dual-Core Intel® Itanium® Processor (1.3 BN transistors - 2006)

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Fourth generation personal computers and beyond

Revolutions in fabrication: hand assembly to automated printing and assembly

– The modern chip fabricator plant is a printing press on steroids– The mass production of hand-held devices makes them as

cheap as booksRevolutions in the application of control: from manipulating switches to casting spells

– The first generation language is object code (or machine code) directly understandable by the computer's processor

– Second generation languages are processor specific assembly languages, with 1:1 relationship between mnemonics code and object code

– Third generation languages are generic symbolic programming languages where instructions can be written in words and symbols

– Fourth generation languages (or high-level languages) are used for macros and similar with application oriented syntaxes normally associated with word processing and database systems

– Vernacular language Siri on an iPhone more-or-less understands human language as it is spoken

Arthur C. Clarke: “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic”

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EPISODE 3

tools for extending individual cognition

(virtual paradigm)

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Tools to store, manage and retrieve preserved knowledge

Before printing – scholar had to walk/ride horse 100’s of kms between

‘libraries’ to see rare/single copies of key works– could only take away what he could remember or write

With printing– individual could afford to own most important books– a good research library could aspire to be universal

Information science: disseminating, indexing and retrieving scholarly, scientific and technical knowledge

– History of scientific journals – 20th century library technology– The major knowledge indexing systems

With the Web a scholar can now work from home– Computerizing and moving indexes on line– Indexing and semantic retrieval– The universal library is now on-line

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Killer applications make knowledge explicit and process it virtually in world 3

Word processing– extending the paradigm of paper

Spreadsheets– extending the paradigm of a paper spreadsheet

Databases– extending the tabular paradigm to more than two

dimensionsGrowing conceptual revolution from 1986

– obsolescent paper paradigms and Microsoft’s waning dominance of personal computing

– Structured authoring adds computer readable syntax and semantics to content

– Computers can understand content as well as collect and deliver it

(why ANZAC Ship Project was so successful)

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Are research libraries (and associated universities) terminally ill?

The increasing cost of publishing paper and the physical limitations of librariesThe research library is dead –long live the universal libraryCompared to the library–related bibliographic cataloging and indexing technologies for paper, which have been developed over more than a century and a half, cognitive retrieval and linking tools for personal desk–top use have evolved from essentially nothing in less than 15 years, with the most pervasive one being the World Wide Web. Beginning with the launch of Mosaic in 1994, the Web exploded in less than two decades from an idea into a system used by a significant fraction of humanity in the world's developed countries to access a reasonable sample of humanity's total knowledge.

Is the university dying too?

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Origins and history– Vanevar Bush’s Memex– Tim Berners-Lee 1989, released 1991– Internet connectivity growth– Basic web tools

The Web explodesHow much information does the web hold?

– could be tracked for a while– now lost in the cloud

Retrieving value from the web semantically

– Cataloging– Indexing– Portals– Multimedia

Demonstrating semantic retrieval with Google Scholar

The World Wide WebE3-4

INTERLUDE

theoretical framework for remainder of book

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Three major sections

Physics of systems– Background to other Interlude sections– Physical systems, complexity, the Second Law of Thermodynamics,

entropy, dissipation, equilibrium and the thermodynamics of systems far from equilibrium (Prigogine, Simon, Kauffman)

– Physical nature of time as a framework for “decisions” in evolutionary processes

What is Life? – Autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980)– Autopoiesis and knowledge are inseparable– Theory of knowledge-based autopoietic systems as developed in

my research papers 2003-2011Theory of hierarchically complex dynamic systems and higher orders of autopoiesis

– Hierarchy theory (Simon, Salthe, etc.)– Emergence of higher order knowledge-based autopoietic systems

(organizations)

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Physical dynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics is the driving force of evolution– Energy flow drives life to solve problems and become more complex– Knowledge is built through solving problems (i.e., decisions)

Vector fields and attractorsTime, change and causation: particle motion through space and time (George Ellis) determines Stuart Kauffman’s adjacent possible. Natural selection prunes the possible to produce evolution.

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Complex dynamic systems and life

Kauffman in Brockman (1995) re complex dynamic systems:– An infinitesimal change in initial conditions [may lead] to divergent

pathways in the evolution of the system. Those pathways are called trajectories. The enormous puzzle is the following: in order for life to have evolved, it can't possibly be the case that trajectories are always diverging. Biological systems can't work if divergence is all that's going on. You have to ask what kinds of complex systems can accumulate useful variation.

– We've discovered the fact that in the evolution of life very complex systems can have convergent flow and not divergent flow. Divergent flow is sensitivity to initial conditions. Convergent flow means that even different starting places that are far apart come closer together. That's the fundamental principle of homeostasis, or stability to perturbation, and it's a natural feature of many complex systems.

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Visualizing convergence & divergence

Divergent and convergent futures (extending George Ellis particle motion)

– Errors prune divergent futures (faulty systems dis-integrate)– Selection & correct decisions converge.

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What is life?

Autopoiesis– An autopoietic system is organized (defined as a unity [i.e., an entity]) as a network of processes of

production (transformation and destruction) of components that produces the components that: (1) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (2) constitute it (the machine [i.e., the entity]) as a concrete [i.e., definable] unity in the space in which they [the components] exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network.

– Fundamentally cyclical, continuation depends on the structure of the state in the previous instant to produce autopoiesis in the next instant

– Survival builds knowledge into the system one problem solution at a time

Self producing entity in Conway’s Game of Life cellular automaton

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Autopoiesis

Autopoiesis– [The autopoietic system is] …a molecular system open to the flow of

molecules through it as molecules could enter it and become participants of its closed dynamics of molecular productions, and molecules could stop participating in such molecular dynamics leaving it to become part of the molecular medium in which it existed…. [Maturana 2002: p. 7]

– …autopoietic systems in the physical space must satisfy the thermodynamic legality of physical processes that demands of them that they should operate as materially and energetically open systems in continuous material and energetic interchange with their medium… [where] ...the physical boundaries of a living system... are realized by its components through their preferential interactions within the autopoietic network... as surfaces of thermodynamic cleavage [Maturana 2002: p. 30].

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Spontaneous co-emergence of autopoiesis and knowledge

The dynamic vectors of the present instant result from causal events in past instants as reflected in the adjacent possiblesof the immediately prior instant. These historical connections (heritage) determine the vectors in state space of the present instant.Convergent paths may become coherently autopoietic, such that the ensemble structure of a convergent state in one instant generates an ensemble structure that remains convergent n the next instant.Divergent paths leading to incoherent non-autopoietic structures that disintegrate lose the historical thread of successful autopoiesisEnsembles that remain convergent through the selective elimination of divergent outcomes retain structural knowledge that solved a problem of survival

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What is knowledge in life?

Popper’s three worlds in an autopoietic system

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How does living knowledge evolve

Stages in the emergence of knowledge-based autopoiesis

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Forms of living knowledge & knowledge exchange

Cognition, structural/dispositional knowledge, codified knowledge and systems of heredity

– autopoietic reproduction and natural selection builds W2 knowledge into structural organization

– codified knowledge (RNA/DNA) emerges at the macromolecular level to form W3

– knowledge in W3 shared at the macromolecular level across time and space via NA exchanges

transformationtransductionconjugationeukaryotic meiosis, random assortment, gametogenesis, and fertilization

– Culture: the social sharing knowledge at a higher level of organization

tacit transfer (copying; speaking & listening)explicit transfer (writing, printing, electronic comms)

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Hierarchically complex dynamic systems higher orders of autopoiesis

Hierarchy theory– Herbert Simon – Nobel laureate (nearly decomposable systems)– Arthur Koestler (holonics)– Stanley Salthe (systems triad)

Levels of organizationHierarchical structure ofliving systemsSpontaneous emergence of new levels of organization inliving systemsOrders of autopoietic systems

– cell– multicellular– social/economic organizations– cities & nations

HIGHER LEVEL SYSTEM / ENVIRONMENT

SYSTEM"HOLON" SYSTEM

SUBSYSTEMS

boundaryconditions,constraints,regulations,

actualities

FOCAL LEVEL

Possibilities

initiatingconditions

universallaws

"material -causes"

HIGHER LEVEL SYSTEM / ENVIRONMENT

SYSTEM"HOLON" SYSTEM

SUBSYSTEMS

boundaryconditions,constraints,regulations,

actualities

FOCAL LEVEL

Possibilities

initiatingconditions

universallaws

"material -causes"

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Autopoietic organizations

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Emergence of autopoiesis

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Mature autopoiesis

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EPISODE 4

social computing: posthumans

are moving

into the cloud

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Development of “sociotechnical systems”

Technology increasingly used in social contexts or to mediate social networkingPeople and their systems form sociotechnical systemsEach individual person is becoming a sociotechnical system in his/her own right

– surrounded by the increasingly personal technologies used in interacting with other people and the world

– people interacting with other people via personal technologies– personal technologies interacting directly with personal

technologiesCase 1: Convergence of personal capabilities with technological capabilities redefines what it means to be posthumanCase 2: Technology involved in the social development of knowledge

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Technological convergence

People evolved with narrow-band networking– people are social and organize via communication– before the telephone only means involved speech in close

proximity (tacit) or asynchronously via writing (explicit)– telephone allowed synchronicity over distances but still 1:1– radio/TV – synchronously influence thousands to millions,

but only 1:manyMoore’s Law still at work: clouds, pipes, devices, apps

– hyperexponential growth continues instorage density and capacity (local/in the cloud)bandwidthdevice processing speed/power (local/in the cloud)battery power/weight

– technological convergence (devices/apps)was one device per function now apps provide limitless functions per device

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Shrinking devices lead to convergence

1989 state of the art was a pocket-sized mobile personal phone able to remember a few phone numbers. It weighed 349 gm, sold for US$2,495-3,495 (Motorola’s MicroTAC 9800x) 2011 personal “smartphone” is a multipurpose cognitive prosthesis connecting its user’s mind to the full resources of the Web from anywhere in the world. An example is Apple’s 140 gm 64 GB iPhone 4S308 selling for US $399, whose functions are listed on the next slide.

(Left) Motorola MicroTAC 9800x, launched April 1989 – the smallest and lightest phone available at the time. (Right) Apple iPhone 4S released in October 2011.

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Cognitive functions converging into the personal smartphone (iPhone 4S308)

Normal phone functions plus teleconferencing (Skype, etc.)SMS and TwitterStill & video cameras (including flash)Media access and playbackWeb access (full browser functions, send, receive)Display & edit document contents (including MS Office)Default applications (Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, YouTube, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, Photo Booth, and Contacts)Free & paid downloadable apps (~500,000)Extra-corporeal cognition embodied in the smartphone

– sense organs!conventional senses - hearing, vision, touch screen, ambient lightsenses no organic system has – geopositioning, proximity

– Siri – multilingual speech recognition, control & reminder system– Dictionary - anticipatory text, auto correct– Google Translate - good enough for me to understand a Japanese

web site

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What killer apps can run on a personal smartphone?

Email (1971), SMS (2002)Wireless voice 1946, 1956, 1973

– VoIP 1973– Skype 2003

Media (players 1991/stores 2001)Photography (still & video)

– Picassa/iPhoto 2002 (Smartphone releases 2012)

– Panoramio with geolocation 2005– YouTube 2005

Cloud storage/file sharing– Napster 1999– Dropbox 2008

Office tools via cloud– Google Docs 2007– Smartphone Docs2Go 2008

GPS etc. (navigation & finding)App stores

– 500,000 available for iPhone– ???,??? for Android

Life recording/lifeblogging now

Kids texting instead of talking (H+)Social

– Chat (~1980), listserve 1992, groups 1998,

– Meetup 2001– Myspace 2003/Facebook 2004– Twitter 2006

WIKI 1994/Wikipedia 2002Blogs ~1998/WordPress 2003

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Medical bionics and Moore’s Law —

again

Organic/tool interfacing is the key to making happy cyborgsWallace et al. 2012. Nanobionics: the impact of nanotechnology on implantable medical bionic devices. Nanoscale - DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30758h (Uni Wollongong) reviews existing and developing technologies

– Electrodesnanostructured metal filmscarbon microelectrodes (direct growth, nanotubes)

– nanotube paper– layer by layer assembly– printing– spinning

Organic conducting polymer– electrodeposition– nanodispersion– printing

– Electrode/cellular interaction– Even more technologies

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Implant convergence

–

becoming cyborgs

with personal smartphone interfaces to the nervous system

Sensors– Bionic ears (cochlear implants)

first implant by Melbourne’s Graeme Clark in 1978by 2010 ~220,000 implants world wide

– Bionic eyes (retinal implants)being done but still experimental

Effectors– Implanted cerebral or peripheral

nerve control of artificial limbs & wheelchairs

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Social construction of knowledge

Production and formalization of knowledge involves social (andtechnological) processes at 4 levels of dynamic organization

– Creation (“I” the single person)– Collaboration (“We” the work group)– Review and publication (“Them”)– Assimilation (by the “Knowledge

Society” into the Body of Formal Knowledge or “Noosphere”)

Each cycle involves Observation (of problems), Orientation (concept development), Decision (casting of tentative theories) and Action (elimination of errors)Involves both tacit and explicit processes to eliminate errorsWhat is left is reliable knowledge Are existing academic journals good value?Sociotechnical systems can greatly speed the process

KNOWLEDGESOCIETY

BoFK

“I” “WE” “THEM”O

O

TTsEE

Pn

O

EE

EXPLICITSUBMIT

EDITORIALREVIEW

PEERREVIEW

EDITORIALDECISION &COMMENTFORMAL PUBLISH

REWORK

BoFK

“I” “THEM”O

O

TTsEE

Pn

O

EE

EXPLICITSUBMIT

EDITORIALREVIEW

PEERREVIEW

EDITORIALDECISION &COMMENTFORMAL PUBLISH

REWORK

KNOWLEDGESOCIETY

BoFK

“I” “WE” “THEM”O

O

TTsEE

Pn

O

EE

EXPLICITSUBMIT

EDITORIALREVIEW

PEERREVIEW

EDITORIALDECISION &COMMENTFORMAL PUBLISH

REWORK

BoFK

“I” “THEM”O

O

TTsEE

Pn

O

EE

EXPLICITSUBMIT

EDITORIALREVIEW

PEERREVIEW

EDITORIALDECISION &COMMENTFORMAL PUBLISH

REWORK

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What does it mean to be Human?

Autopoietic boundaries– What are the components of the knowledge based

autopoietic system?– How is one autopoietic system distinguished from the next?

Human evolution in four dimensions– Jablonka and Lamb book– Genetic knowledge determines what is physiologically

possible– Epigenetic knowledge may provide some Lamarkian learning– Cultural (tacit and explicit) response in less than a

generation– Personal learning in decades or even hours

Moore’s Law is not finished yet!Humanity’s adaptive scope/ecological footprint has evolved more in the last century than since the origin of mammals and the rate of change is still increasing

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Social constitution of the Global Brain

“Old” idea of Principia Cybernetica– first activities 1991, live on Web 1993– aims to develop a complete philosophy or "world-view",

based on the principles of evolutionary cybernetics, and supported by collaborative computer technologies

– ancient Greek idea that the whole of human society can be viewed as a single organism – the Web is its brain

Wikipedia might be considered to be the Global Brain’s common knowledgeWhat does it mean when human brains directly interface with/become part of the Global Brain via bionic cybernetic implants?

E4-10

60

Where are we going? What does it mean?

Sociotechnically political– Arab Spring– Occupy movements– Getting out the vote

Sociotechnically pathological– Flash mobs– Addiction– Cyber Bullying, depression & suicide

Sociotechnical constructive– Community & environmental monitoring– Knowledge, decision and action– Some significant applications

Landcare and NatureShareSmart Cities

E4-11

EPISODE 5

Individuals forming societies and socio-

technical organizations

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What’s the fussIn less than 20,000 years humans have evolved from being apex carnivores in Africa and Eurasia to affecting every living thing on the entire planet

– How has this been possible?Genetically, humans descend from bipedal ape-men that learned to survive on the African savanna 5-6 mya, developed a taste for meat, and transformed themselves from cat food into apex carnivoresVirtuous evolutionary spiral

– Dangerous and variable Pleistocene environments (Pn )– Varying natural selection (Ts & EE) finds local solutions

Natural selection continues from changed problem situations (Pn+1 )Natural selection at genetic level is normative not cumulative (i.e., shifts niche by biasing tails of normal distribution

– Social accumulation of knowledge to solve problems of lifeNiche expansion & reconstruction broadens normal distribution

Social groups become increasingly organized as the consequence of the social accumulation of knowledge

– heritable knowledge belongs to the group not the individual– This has many implications

63

Key ideas

Premise– Humans are fundamentally social organisms– Sustenance, information, knowledge and status are all shared and

exchanged via social interactions– All social interactions depend on communication– Evolving social systems increased human control over “nature”– Technological revolutions enabled grade-shifting cognitive and

ecological changes in the nature of humansScenarios of increasing (self) regulation and control

– hunter-gatherer tribes tacitly build/maintain tribal knowledge– add counting & recording to enable agrarian state tax administration– add literacy to enable commercial trading companies– add printing & universal literacy to enable science and industry– add computing to enable national & global enterprises– add social technology to re-enable groups & organizations to

compete?

E5-1

Practice makes perfect —

rise of the hominin toolmakers

65

Apes & monkeys tell us our common ancestors made and used tools and transmitted knowledge culturally

Chimps using probes to collect ants. Probe is inserted almost to full length into earth.

Child watching mother crack otherwise inedible palm nuts using hammer & anvil.

Tool using cultures are not limited to apes. Capuchin monkey nut processing industry in Brazil deals with much more difficult nuts thanchimpanzees work with. Process involvesPicking, husking, several days’ drying, testing, transporting, and finally – cracking. They also make & use probes and shovels. Capuchins may be better models for early hominins than apes.

(Note: click pictures for videos)

66

Hominin

grades and their adaptive plateaus

White et al’s (2009) depiction of the adaptive plateaus achieved by the different species grade shifts in the Pliocene radiation of hominins as our ancestors became more adapted to more open and arid environments. CLCA = chimpanzee-human last common ancestor.

Increasing brain capacity in Pleistocene: Homo habilis (Acheulian finely flaked tools) H. erectus H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis + Denisovans + H. sapiens. Successive waves out of Africa Late Pleistocene Neanderthals & modern humans had large brains, made complex tools of many components, and had the genetic markers a language capability (fine coordination & language use same brain areas).Genomics shows that Neanderthals, Denisovans, & H. sapiens were distinct species but cohabited long enough for minor hybridization.

67

Brains, diets and guts

Maximum energetic capacity of metabolism is anatomically limitedBig brains are metabolically very expensive

– human brains use 20% of total energy consumed– also depend on essential amino and fatty acids not provided by plant matter– gut tissue is as expensive as brain tissue

Meat & fat easy to digest & have essentials needed for brainsCooking improves meat, root, and vegetable caloric & nutritional quality

Tradeoff between brain size and digestive apparatus

(Aiello & Wheeler 1995)

68

How ape-men on savanna used simple tools to get meat, take revenge on big cats, and dominate the world(speculation)

Haak en steek = Acacia tortillis in arid zones from Syria & Arabian Penninsula through arid & savanna to South Africa

– protected by two types of spines: long sharp woody spikes (“steek”) and sharp tearing hooks (“haak”) like cat claws

– easy to pick up, poke, and wave at cats, leaving no fossil record– cats risk blindness if run into/hit by thorny branch & they know it

Hominins using haak en steek branches as tools (Guthrie 2007): a. for driving big cats away from their prey. b. for hunting - given the simple conversion of a thorn branch into a "megathorn" lance.

Tools, cognition, niche widening

a. b.

69

Making a stone knife is also within an ape-man’s cognitive capacity

Kanzi (a bonobo) knaps flint knife to cut rope to gain access to a banana– near Oldowan quality– socially facilitated learning from watching a human flint knapper

Vulcan (a capuchin) makes flint knife to cut heavy plastic skin and makes a honey dipper from a branch to get honey

– said to be self-taught (socially facilitated?)Tools extend access to different niches: more kinds of tools = broader niche = better diet = opportunity for smaller guts & more brains = capacity to make & use more different tools

70

With stone butchering tools, hominins

became top carnivores on the savanna

Oldowan tools made & used from 2.6 to 1.7 mya– Hominin teeth not strong enough to tear skin and flesh of game animals.– Flaked rocks sharp enough to help dismember large prey before cats arrive

More sophisticated Acheulean hand choppers & other tools made & used from 1.7 mya to 0.1 mya but required more knowledge & dexterity to makeNote exceedingly slow rate of technological change

– Suggests limited neural/social capacity to accumulate knowledge of complex technologies

71

Possible dietary change and the evolution of hominin

cranial capacity (Babbitt et al. 2011)

Niche shifts

Niche expansion

72

Cognitive skills needed to accumulate knowledge for niche expansion (Vaesen 2012; Rolland 2004; Twomey 2011)

Hand-eye coordination– fine motor control needs more neurons

Causal reasoning– time-binding– understand goals, actions, and consequences

Function representation - fit particular tools for particular jobsNatural history intelligence - conscious attention to understanding the behaviors of predators, prey, fire, other changing aspects of environmentExecutive control – anticipating, deciding & planning; not just reactingSocial intelligence

– Extended childhood– Social learning (imitation not emulation)– Understanding of intentions of others– Teaching

Intragroup coordinationIntergroup collaborationLanguage

73

Increasingly complex fabrication process

Action hierarchies for making Lower Paleolithic stone tools (Stout 2011)

74

Increasing tool complexity

Development of increasingly complex stone tools (after Stout 2011), correlates with increasing brain capacity (and more social intelligence?).

75

Cognitively controlled processes to kill prey with a stone-tipped spear

Understanding cognitive demands of technologiesThinking a stone-tipped spear

– sequence of steps to make a spear used to bring down prey (chains of operation/cognigram)

– making a bow and arrow set is at least 3x more difficult

(Lombart 2012; Lombard & Haidle 2012)

Homo incendius ―

fire users and fire makers

77

Fire demands increasing cognitive capacity and greatly expands hominin

niche width

Possible use and maintenance of natural fire by early hominins (Clark & Harris 1985)

78

Fire users, keepers, & makersAccumulating cognitive demands of a new technologyOpportunistic users > 5 mya ?

– savanna burns naturally every 2-5 years– Knowing that burnt savanna is a good source of high cuisine

roast meat much more digestible than rawinedible/indigestible nuts, roots & tubers made edible

Fire keepers > 1 mya– Requires high degree of social coordination– Knowing how to feed and keep a fire (process knowledge)– Keepers much better off than those without– Loss of fire potentially catastrophic to group– Keeping the fire is a driver to increase cognitive capacity

Fire makers ~ 0.5 – 0.4 mya– Knowing how to start a fire without a natural source

Striking a spark (what rocks, what tinder?)Using a fire stick to create friction embers

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Keeping fire is not far beyond ape-men’s mental capacities

Kanzi the bonobo can’t start a fire without a lighter, learned what fire is good for and how to keep it burning (Savage-Rumbaugh)

– Cultural knowledge learned from his human “family”– Lighting the fire with stone-age technology is another matter

a bonobo’s may have the neuro-muscular dexterity to light a fire using a hand-drill, fire-board and tinder – but even that is debatableit probably is not within a bonobo’s cognitive capacity to plan the fire, collect the necessary components, and use them in the appropriate sequence to light the fire

80

Selective conditions from the maintenance of fire

81

Cognitive requirements for maintaining a fire

(Twomey 2011)

82

Early fire users & makersWonderwerk Cave ~1.5 mya?, 1.0 mya certain (fire keepers? – Berna et al. 2012)

– South Africa– Acheulian tool kit (H. erectus?)

Gesher Benot Yaיaqov – 780 kya sporadic for 100 kya span (fire makers? – Goren-Inbar 2011)– Jordan River, Israel, boggy lake margin– Acheulian tool kit (H. erectus, ergaster, early sapiens all possible)– Processed elephant, rhino, bovids, gazelles, fish, crustacea, seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables & made stone

tools around “virtual” hearthsSchöningen ~ 400 - 380 kya – an autumn hunting camp (Thieme 2005)

– Saxony, eastern Germany, peaty lake margin (extraordinary preservation)– First compound wooden tool (worked branch grooved to hold cutting flakes)– Acheulian stone tools, 8 sophisticated wooden throwing javelins, 4 outdoor hearths,– Fossil evidence for the slaughtering, spit roasting and possible smokin of an entire herd of horses at

these hearths (20 complete skulls from all ages)– Intact javelins may represent ritual offering

Bilzingsleben 370 kya (single occupation period for an open-air hunting camp – Mania & Mania 2005)

– Thuringia, eastern Germany, karstic lake margin (extraordinary preservation)– Acheulian tool kit (skull fragments suggest late H. erectus, late heidelbergensis, pre Neanderthal, early

sapiens)– Three “settlement structures” (huts) with internal hearths, four separate “activity areas” identified by

different tool kits & other artefacts (tool making, stone paved area for spit roasting, skin and bone processing area, paved area with a single hearth & suggestion of ritual alter)

– Fossil remains of elephants, rhinoceros, horses, bison, red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, pigs, cave lions, cave bears, grey wolves, spotted hyenas, red foxes, badgers, and martens

Becoming the Jack-of-All-Trades

— virtuous evolutionary

spiral of niche construction

84

Hominid sociality, knowledge accumulation, niche expansion

Evolutionary diversification of social structures in hominoid primates from the Miocene to the present (after Malone et al. 2012)

niche

expansion

85

Niche construction theoryTheory development by (Laland et al. 2001; Laland & O’Brien 2012; etc.)Continuing dynamic feedback between species’ populations and their physical and competitive environments

– species’ trophic and competitive interactions and impacts on physical resources unavoidably alters the environment for itself and for other species

– those environmental alterations shape the selective environment influencing the inheritance of knowledge and cognitive capabilities

– consequential phenotypic changes further impact environment...– the niche occupied/made by a population represents the current

dynamic state of niche-expansion pressures resulting from selection on the species to increase its populations, versus niche-narriowing pressures from all other species’ activities to widen their niches

Malone et al. (2012), Iriki &Taoka (2012) and others present niche construction models for the evolution of social systems inearly hominids that set the stage for the substantial expansion of social complexity and behavioral plasticity in the hominin line

86

Social systems as mechanisms for preserving and transmitting adaptive knowledge

Species, individual, and group cultural knowledge– Species’ knowledge is embodied in the shifting contents of the

species’ gene poolLearning takes place through the action of natural selection on the reproduction of whole genomesAddition and complexification only possible with the duplication and subsequent divergences of whole or partial genomes

– Individual’s knowledge is embodied in the shifting contents of the living individual’s cognitive processes and memories

Problem solutions are learned through iterated knowledge building cycles of observation, orientation, decision and actionThe individual’s knowledge vanishes with death

– Group’s cultural knowledge is that which can be successfully transferred from the cognition and memories of one individual to other individuals during the first individual’s lifetime.

Pre-linguistic hominins could only share knowledge via attention, observation, emulation/imitation, practice, and criticismCultural accumulation critically depends on fidelity of transmission & duration of transferred knowledgeFacilitated by

– structured social systems– genetically determined behavioral predispositions

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Cognition, culture, complex social systems and the means for evolutionary adaptation

Most feedback is normalizing.

Positive feedback in evolutionary learning cycles

(Carbonell 2010)1. technological development, 2. socialization (i.e., generalization of new technologies in the group), 3. social reorganization & genetic adaptation (i.e., dynamic processes that involves change in capabilities, behaviour, social skills and subsistence strategies), 4. niche expansion and demographic growth enabled by improvements, 5. geographic expansion by niche expansion and population increase6. more opportunities for technological development

88

Homo sapiens and the development of complex tool kits and cultures –

platform for language development

Recent (3 years) integration of genomics & fossil recordAfrican genesis – a competitive pressure cooker

– Ape cultures making and using tools– Homo, the carnivorous savannah ape was a collaborative big game hunter– Success limited by brain capacity for complex thinking/expression/action

Several Pleistocene colonizations of Eurasia– Primitive H. erectus entered Eurasia (Dmanisi) 1.8 mya or earlier & spread

to Flores Island, Indonesia, survived in E. Asia/Indonesia until ~30 kyaAcheulean toolkit (simple flaked stones, probably included wooden spears & clubs)

– H. heidelbergensis (Denisovan ancestor?)/neanderthalensis entered Eurasia ~400 kya, replacing H. erectus in Europe & western Asia, Neanderthals survived until ~14 kya

Complex tools (multistep fabrication), symbolic language ~200-100 kya?– H. sapiens entered Levant where they met & ~60 kya hybridized with

Neanderthals (all non-African H. sapiens populations carry ~3% Neanderthal genes) first wave of migrants to east meet & hybridize with Denisovans in central Asia (Australian & New Guinea natives carry ~ 6% Denisovan genes)

Mechanically projected weapons, i.e., bows & arrows (Churchill & Rhodes 2009; Lombard & Haidle 2012)

Babble & Babel —

Speech as a tool for social coordination and transmitting cultural

knowledge

90

Coevolutionary

cycles for niche construction: tools, language & culture

Pleistocene coevolutionary cycle– Increasingly complex technologies for hunting & gathering

require better cognition, culture & language skills to support technologies

– Domestication of dogs & other animalsGrade shift: agriculture

– Permanent habitations– Complex tools and industries– Food storage– Long range / centralized planning & control– Technologies for counting, recording, writing and teaching– Hierarchical social organization and differentiation: kings,

priests, clerks, soldiers/police, artisans, peons/slaves– Increasing linguistic complexity: abstraction, time & space,

quantitative, sophistication re actors and actions, shading of qualities and qualifications

91

What is language?Pre-literate language is not what we speak today

– Speech vanishes in the instant it is articulated (Walter Ong

1982)Before writing language was not symbolic as we would understand it todayWords as discrete objects of thought did not exist before writing Language communicated states of mind

– Language only has meaning in the social contextTylén et al. 2010 defining “language”

– extends the ‘interaction space’ in space and time– tool for aligning attention to share experience (structure, guide and constrain joint

attention and perspective-taking in an already existing, shared meaning space)– enables collaborative development & sharing of higher-order situation models and

action plans (management of complementary & contingent – attunes people to certain aspects of visual, auditory and spatial perception at a

cultural levelWords as proxies for objects and actionsLanguage is a complex adaptive system (Beckner et al. 2009)

– Consists of multiple agents interacting with one another– Adaptive - speakers’ behavior is based on their past interactions, and current and

past interactions together feed forward into future behavior– Speaker’s behavior consequence of competing factors ranging from perceptual

constraints to social motivations– speakers’ behavior is based on their past interactions, and current and past

interactions together feed forward into future behavior– The structures of language emerge from interrelated patterns of experience, social

interaction, and cognitive mechanisms

92

When did hominins

learn to speak?

Language doesn’t fossilize until it is writtenPaleoarcheological proxies for symbolic behavior

– “masterpieces” (specially worked complex tools)– body and artifact painting (ochres & other pigments)– shell beads jewelry– ritual burials and “grave goods”– representational painting– musical instruments (i.e., bone flutes)

Emergence of dateable genetic & fossilizablemorphological/neurological prerequisites

– FOXP2 etc (common to H. sapiens & neanderthalensis)– Larynx & hyoid bone (ditto)– Neuromuscular control of breathing (lack in ergaster & erectus– Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas of the cerebral cortex

Last 200,000 years– Social coordination of cooperative hunthing– Last common ancestor H. neanderthalensis & sapiens was on the way (H.

heidelbergensis)– Co-evolved with the development of complex technologies & social systems– Only fully developed with the emergence of domestication

93

Working with pigmentsa: fragments of variously colored porcellanite found in the Early Mousterian levels of Beçov, Czech Republic (200-240 kya); b: experimental production of pigment by grinding using a variety of raw material found at Beçov; c: grinding stone from the lower Sangoan levels of Sai Island, Northern Sudan; d: lumps of yellow pigment from the same levels. Scale bars = 1 cm (d’Errico et al. 2009)

Applying pigment to the skin

94

Paleoarcheological

evidence for symbolic thinking

The oldest securely dated, purposely made engravings (two ochre slabs engraved with geometric patterns) come from Blombos Cave ~75 kya. Both are variants of the same pattern suggesting they are not accidental The use of ochre becomes widespread in Europe after 36 ka during the Aurignacian, widely accepted as representing the first H. sapiens in Europe

A. B. C.Symbolic artifacts? A. Different pigments & ochred artifacts from various times and locations.

B. Engraved ochre slab, C. shell beads, both from Still Bay layers of Blombos Cave, S.A. ~75 kya (d’Errico et al. 2009)

95

Neanderthals also had well-developed symbolic culture ~ 48-40 kya

Grotte du Renne (France), Chatelperronian symbolic artifacts. Personal ornaments made of perforated and grooved teeth (1–6, 11), bones (7–8, 10) and a fossil (9); red (12–14) and black (15–16) colorants bearing facets produced by grinding; bone awls (17–23). [Caron et al. 2011]

96

Walter Ong

and the subjective nature of pre- literate speech in group cognition

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. Routledge, London (1982)

– download book free http://tinyurl.com/ahl9oj9Before technologies for counting and writing, human knowledge existed only in living memory and could only be shared via speech and imitation

– speech is ephemeral, instantly disappearing as it is uttered– speech’s only effect on the world is the altered mental

states of those hearing it– coordinates immediate social responses in living societies– transfers knowledge independently of time and place

process knowledgesituational knowledgecultural norms

97

What knowledge can be recalled, how can it be transmitted, how can it be committed? (more Ong)

In a purely oral culture, restriction of thoughts to sound determines not only what you can say, but what you think & remember

– You only know what you can recallWe don’t record what we hear, we only remember what we thinkHow do you remember the solution to a complex problem that takes several hundred words to describe? (no notes, no jottings....!)How would you know what you recalled was even correct?

Think memorable thoughts!– Think in mnemonic patterns, shaped for ready oral expression– Think heavily rhythmic, balanced patterns, in repetitions or

antitheses, in alliterations and assonances, in formulary expressions

– Set your thinking in standardized scenes, themes & stories– Use common expressions and clichés, known to all

98

How to communicate orally (Ong)Additive rather than subordinative (ensure a progressive flow)Aggregative rather than analytic (reliance on mnemonic formulas and traditional expressions)Redundant or ‘copious’ (speech vanishes in the instant of its creation, need repeated cues to stay on track for it to sink in)Conservative or traditionalist

– conceptualized knowledge that is not repeated aloud soon vanishes– oral societies must invest great energy to say over and over again what has been

learned

Close to the human lifeworld (knowledge is preserved in the doing)Situate knowledge in a context of struggle (When verbal communication can only be by direct word of mouth, interpersonal relations are kept high—both attractions and, even more, antagonisms.)Empathetic and participatory rather than objectively distanced (fit the speech into the hearer’s life)Homeostatic (The meaning of each word is controlled by the real-life situations in which the word is used here and now – no dictionaries = no past)Situational rather than abstract (objective rather than conceptual)

99

Cultural evolution in overdrive

Transmission of industrial knowledge for the making of compound/complex tools

– tacit apprenticeships– memorable rules of thumb

Mythical tales as repositories of knowledgeTribal culturesTradingHerdingFarming & settled villagesPower elitesOnly with writing does knowledge become objective

100

Revolutionary technologies lead to grade shifts in organizational cognition

Tallies for taxation and trading in the Neolithic agrarian world enable temples, city states and theocraciesCounting, recording and accounting: computation, archives & filing systems enable bureaucratic empiresDocuments as organizational memory systems makes process knowledge explicit enables process and production industries (Industrial Revolution)Automated cognition extends organizational cognition facilitating the police state and transnational organizations

E5-3

Cultural evolution in hyperdrive

— Niche construction

and subdivision

Scientific and Industrial Revolutions

102

Counting, accounting, record keeping

Trading, valuing and the development of eco-nomics– Most knowledge still transmitted tacitly and orally

resistance to innovation & cross-disciplinary knowledge sharing– Little/no general literacy prior to the printing revolutionEconomic niches

– Emergence of knowledge-based crafts, trades and guilds– Scribes and clerks facilitated emergence of economically

based organizationRise of formal state and economic organizations

– Intergenerational storage & transmission of objective knowledge

– Enabled contracts & treaties– proliferating bureaucracy

103

Books, libraries, printing & the rise of modern organizations as entities in their own rights

Scientific and industrial revolutions fuelled by accumulated knowledge in books as grade shifts on steroidsScience, industry and the rise of knowledge-based organizationsKnowledge-based technology/innovation cycles within the organization

104

Printing and the Industrial Revoluton

Printing of books and journals made general literacy, science and engineering possiblePrinting facilitated creation of a continuously accumulating body of increasingly objective knowledge accessible to all seekers

– published claims to knowledge subject to multiple cycles of intersubjective criticism and testing against reality

– accumulation of increasingly complex process and mechanical design knowledge (emergence of engineering as a discipline)

– accumulation of increasingly detailed natural & historical knowledge (emergence of natural philosophy/science as a discipline)

– continual cross-fertilization and innovation possibleDifficult to understand what the world was like only 200 years ago

105

Concepts from the Industrial Revoluton

(Webster’s 1828 Dictionary)

scribe: 6. A writer and a doctor of the law; a man of learning; one skilled in the law; one who read and explained the law to the people.clerk: 4. A writer; one who is employed in the use of the pen…, for keeping records, and accountstrade: 2. The business which a person has learned and which he carries on for procuring subsistence or for profit; occupation; particularly, mechanical employment;… craftshop: 2. a building in which mechanics work, and where they keep their manufactures for sale factory: 1. A house or place where factors reside, to transact business for their employers; 3. Contracted from manufactory, a building or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares or utensils.guild: a society, fraternity or company, associated for some purpose, particularly for carrying on commerce. The merchant-guilds of our ancestors [led] to our modern corporations - licensed by the king, and governed by laws and orders of their own.Company: 6. A number of persons united for the same purpose, or in a joint concern; as a company of merchants or mechanics; a company of players. Applicable to private partnerships or to incorporated bodies of men. Machine: n. An artificial work, simple or complicated, that serves to apply or regulate moving power, or to produce motion, so as to save time or force. The simple machines are the six mechanical powers, viz.; the lever, the pulley, the axis and wheel, the wedge, the screw, and the inclined plane. Complicated machines are such as combine two or more of these powers for the production of motion or force. Machine: v. t. (Merriam-Webster) to process by or as if by machine; especially : to reduce or finish by or as if by turning, shaping, planing, or milling by machine-operated tools

106

The rise of energetics, mechanics and electrics (1800-1900)

Harnessing thermodynamic power– machine tools– engineering fabrication– transport– chemical processing

Machine processing & assemblyRotary printingScientific disciplines developing tested theory

– Newtonian mechanics (statics and dynamics)– Thermodynamics: Carnot, Kelvin, Boltzman, Gibbs, etc.– Electromagnetics: Gauss, Faraday, Maxwell– Chemistry, atomic theory, and the periodic table

Scientifically based technologies– Metallurgy– Chemical synthesis, dyes & photography– Electricity generation and transmission– Electrical communication (telegraph, telephone, radio)

Automated data processing

— rise of the modern

corporation

108

Reprise on the OODA Loop and organizational adaptation

OODA (Col. John Boyd)– Observation

Situational awareness– Orientation

Fitting situation with what you knowSense makingAnticipating scenariosStrategizing

– DecisionEvaluating alternativesChoosing

– ActionDeploying decision(s)

Importance of shared knowledge, communication and coordinationTempo

– Time is of the essence– Stay inside the decision loops of competitors

Shape the environment for your own benefit

109

Group knowledge & group coordination

Selection drives all living entities to seek strategic power over resources necessary for their survivalGroup survival and niche occupation depends on the group’s knowledge of technologies and natureThe group phenotype is determined by

– The basically similar (i.e., very slowly evolving) genetic heritage that defines individual capabilities

– The highly plastic cultural heritage that is shared among the group’s individuals and passed down from one generation to the next

For cultural heritage, groups become the living units of natural selection and evolution

– Shared attention, language, cooperation and collaboration in the creation, use and transmission of cultural knowledge

– Purely oral groups share knowledge visually or orally within eyesight or earshot

Writing and intercommunication over distance stabilizes knowledge across guilds, extended companies, city-states, religionsIndividual can belong to more than one group at same time

– Works best where group niches do not overlap– Intersecting or nested

110

IBM and the punch-card revolution extended sensory capacity

Data communication and management– enables centralized control

Dependence on electricityThe value of volumes of data

– small returns multiplied thousands of times over– knowledge is power & profit (i.e., the corporate nervous

system)control informationfeedback regulation

– supports hierarchical control– Implements Observation

Multiplier– extended enterprise– multi-national– trans-national

111

Punch card data processing technology

Grade shift in data managementMechanical data processing offered semi-automated sorting, counting & tabulating Machines did it much faster than clerical scribesLittle change in technical capabilities prior to 1950s

Herman Hollerith punch card tabulator (left) tabulator, (right) punch card. 1880 census enumeration completed in less than a year

Punch card sorter (1958)

112

Status of corporate knowledge

Internal knowledge– Subjective

Organizational structureSocial networksPersonal knowledge of organizational activities Skills

– ObjectiveArticles of incorporation & contractsPersonnel list, job descriptions & delegationsOrder book & accounts payableGeneral ledgerPatents, documented processes & proceduresProperty and inventory records

External knowledge

Cultural evolution at warp speed

— Electronic data

communication and the rise of the socio-

technical organization

Transcending the human individual

114

Social and economic organizations are transcendent entities

Define “organization”– collective vs transcendent properties of organizations: self-regulation and

autopoiesis– organizational cognition (observation, orientation, decision, action, and

iterate)– organismic physiology and heredity

energy & material fluxesboundariesself productionknowledge-basedheredity – tacit and explicit

Understand organizational knowledge management– understand organization’s imperatives for survival– understand & manage relationships between personal and organizational

knowledge– understand the increasing role of technologies in the collection,

assessment, testing, retrieval and application of knowledge at the organizational level

– explicitly manage growth and adaptive usage of organizational knowledge

E5-2

115

Rise of the knowledge-based organization

Clerical & bookkeeping systems and the rise of the bureaucratic state and entrepreneurial trading companiesPunchcards, IBM and the command and the rise of the clerically-based command and control organizationPersonal computing and the rise of the socio-technical organization

116

Moore’s Law —

yet again, and technologies underlying the emergence of the transhuman organization

Punch card tabulation and the US Census of 1890Punch card data processing for accounting systems and the Nazi holocaust Computer modeling & forecastingData and information management systemsIndustrial robotics and physical process managementContent authoring & management systemsIntelligence retrieval and alerting

– Total monitoring: where you are, what you buy and spend, who you work for, who you talk to, what you said, what you wrote, etc. …

Integrating organizations and posthuman individuals

E5-6

117

Information processing revolution

Electronic data processing & communication– Initiated Moore’s Law and the power of

cumulative data processing and management to produce information

– Relational databases facilitated use of information for organizational control purposes

– Alerting and awareness of changing trendsCloser to real time

– Implements coordination

118

Knowledge processing revolution

Building virtual memory and automated processing for the accumulation of cultural knowledge– Word processing– Mass storage– Keyword, concept, and citation indexing– Transmission & retrieval at light speed

Exploring the foundations of organizational knowledge

Autopoietic cultures, groups and

their niches

120

Review concepts

121

Emergence of the socio-technical organization

Structure & operations of

modern knowledge- based autopoietic

organizations

123

OODA system of systems in the socio-technical knowledge-based organization

PROCESS

PEOPLE

CULTURE & PARADIGMS

INFRASTRUCTURE

“CORPORATE MEMORY”

INPUT

ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS

PEOPLEPEOPLE

GENETIC HERITAGE

DATA CONTENT LINKSRELATIONS

ANNOTA-TIONS

OBSERVE DECIDE, ACT

DOCS RECORDS

E5-4

124

Building and maintaining an adaptive KM architecture to meet organizational imperatives

DRIVERS ENABLERS & IMPEDIMENTS

PEOPLE PROCESS

STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGICREQUIREMENTS

OBSERVATIONOF CONTEXT & RESULTS ORIENTATION & DECISION ENACTED

STRATEGY

In competition•Win more contracts

• Perform better on contracts won

•Minimise losses to risks and liabilities

•Meet statutory and regulatory requirements

•Operational Excellence

•Customer satisfaction

•Stakeholder intimacy

•Service delivery•Growth•Sustainability• Profitability•Risk mitigation

•Knowledge audit•Knowledge mapping

•Business disciplines

•Technology & systems

• Information disciplines

• Incentives & disincentives

•Etc.

• Internal / external communication

•Taxonomies•Searching & retrieval

•Business process analysis & reengineering

•Tracking and monitoring

• Intelligence gathering

•QA / QC

•Strategic management

•Architectural role

•Communities of Practice

•Corporate communications

•HR practices•Competitive intelligence

• IT strategy•Etc.

… ITERATION …

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125

Some case studies based on personal experience

An Australian nexus: storing, structuring, indexing and retrieving knowledge from huge content bases

– UoM

& RMIT joint research led the world: Zobel, Moffat, Sacks-Davis, etc. from 1991-2

– personal experiences in implementing the technology– basis for Google’s content base?

Knowledge management tools for building and managing organizational knowledge through full OODA loops – Tenix’s ANZAC Ship ProjectTools have sufficient capacity to manage all content in the world – US National Security Agency’s TeraText applicationModern warships as high-order autopoietic organisms in their own rightUnderstanding how autopoietic organizations work – the engineering project management organization

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126

Case study 1: Tenix’s ANZAC Ship support engineering knowledge management -

background

Australia’s largest defense project (1990-2007 - $A 7 BN)Contract: 10 high tech frigates (8 for Australia, 2 for NZ)

– fixed price, major financial penalties for contract deviationschedule slippage: client must accept each ship before deliveryTenix must do whatever it takes to ensure ships meet in-service operational availability targets

– no 2 ships identical due to different navies and eng. change– ~ 2000 individual maintenance routines per ship– computerized maintenance management system (“AMPS” CMM)

scheduling maintenancedelivering printed instructions to maintainers Tenix responsible for support engineering planning, data and docoall content must be delivered electronically in usable form to AMPS

– critical issue – AMPS is a relational DB requiring key data to be coherent across 20,000+ individual maintenance routines

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127

Case study 1: three generations of content management & delivery technologies

original standard: typewritten/word processed paper cards in shoeboxes– contract didn’t have an agreed delivery format– cost neutral contract amendment said they had to be delivered electronically!

“semi-structured “: word processed merge/macro authoring– master document for each equipment + “data” records for variable information– 2000+ individual “flat” data records/ship filled with key data that must parse– 1998 crisis

Client won’t accept ship 5 unless data delivery for first 4 ships parses in AMPSmulti-million dollar penalty clause & loss of reputation if delivery schedule missed

“structured authoring system”: SGML into TeraText content management system– TeraText content management system

developed in Melbourne by RMIT Uni from joint University of Melbourne/RMIT researchstill world-wide state of the artwrite once, use many times: key data & common texts exist only once, system tracks logicalhierarchy

– SGML (Structured Generalized Markup Language – HTML and XML are variants)author only enters text into fields determining data typeon display or delivery all formats applied electronically to each type of data in a standardized wayKey data selected from master databasecan’t save record unless data parses (write once, use many times)

– Eng. changes to data items entered only once, all affected docs change simultaneously

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128

Knowledge development lifecycle for a large project

Project ADesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project ADesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Negotiate

Review, negotiate, amend

Project APrime Contract

NegotiateNegotiate

Review, negotiate, amend

Project APrime Contract

Review, negotiate, amend

Project APrime Contract

RFT and Bid

Review, edit, signoff

Project ABid Documents

RFT and Bid

Review, edit, signoff

Project ABid Documents

Review, edit, signoff

Project ABid Documents

RFQs

BidsNegotiations

Project ASubcontracts

Review,negotiate, amend

RFQs

BidsNegotiations

Project ASubcontracts

Review,negotiate, amend

Project ASubcontracts

Review,negotiate, amend

Project AProcedures,Design Docs

Project AProcedures,Design Docs

Project AProcedures,Design Docs

Review,edit,

signoff

Project ASupport Documents

Review,edit,

signoff

Review,edit,

signoff

Project ASupport Documents

Project ASupport Documents

• 20 - 50 year lifecycle

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Operationalexperience

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

Project BDesign Study

Review, edit, signoff

OperationalexperienceOperationalexperience

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129

Configuration and knowledge management architecture for a large project

Product and textual data are structuredand are managed as content (SGML/XML)Production mgmt data is transactionaland is managed as records and fieldsGoal is to manage all project data within a single configuration management umbrella

MRP / PRODUCTION MGMT• MBOM• Production planning• Production schedule• Procurement• Warehousing• Establish & release workorders

MRP / PRODUCTION MGMT• MBOM• Production planning• Production schedule• Procurement• Warehousing• Establish & release workorders

• MBOM• Production planning• Production schedule• Procurement• Warehousing• Establish & release workorders

ProjectScheduleProjectSchedule

HRMHRM

AccountingAccounting

CS2CS2

RFT

Capability requirements Documentation requirements

PRODUCT MODELS(structured designs )

MODELS / BOMs:• Component definitions• Component hierarchies

- System- Physical structural- Availability

OBJECTS MANAGED• Drawings• Parts lists• Configurations• Component metadata

PRODUCT MODELS(structured designs )

MODELS / BOMs:• Component definitions• Component hierarchies

- System- Physical structural- Availability

OBJECTS MANAGED• Drawings• Parts lists• Configurations• Component metadata

DOCUMENT MODELS(structured documents )

MODELS:• Element definitions

- Content- Attributes

• Element hierarchies• Element sequences

OUTPUT OBJECTS• Contract/subcontract

documents• Procedures/instructions• Deliverable documents• All other controlled

documents

DOCUMENT MODELS(structured documents )

MODELS:• Element definitions

- Content- Attributes

• Element hierarchies• Element sequences

OUTPUT OBJECTS• Contract/subcontract

documents• Procedures/instructions• Deliverable documents• All other controlled

documents

COMMON REQUIREMENTS• Config control / Change mgmt

- Develop/Author- Release- Effectivity

• Workflow management- Configuration changes- Document changes- Other business objects

• Track and control source data

COMMON REQUIREMENTS• Config control / Change mgmt

- Develop/Author- Release- Effectivity

• Workflow management- Configuration changes- Document changes- Other business objects

• Track and control source data

Link element to component

Manage elements

LSA toolsLSAR databaseLSA toolsLSAR database

Manage design activities

EBOMEBOMEBOMEBOM

Manage documentation activitie

s

CatalogueCatalogue

DrawingsDrawings

E5-11

130

Tenix/Navy architecture for managing ANZAC Ship support knowledge

CrossbowValidates and integratesdata across 15 legacysystems

CrossbowValidates and integratesdata across 15 legacysystems

TeraTextContent managementTeraTextContent management

AMPSNavy'smaintmgmt

AMPSNavy'smaintmgmt

CSARSProvides correctivefeedback from AMPSinto supplier's knowledge developmentactivities

CSARSProvides correctivefeedback from AMPSinto supplier's knowledge developmentactivities

DESIGN / ENGPRODUCT DATAMANAGEMENT• Product Model• CAD / Drawing

Mgmt• Config Mgmt• Eng Change• Workflow

Process Control

• Doco Revision& Release

DOCO CONTENTMANAGEMENT

DOCUMENTAUTHORING

LSARDATABASE

LOGISTICANALYSIS

TOOLS(prime)

PRODUCT CONFIGMANAGEMENT• Product Model• Drawing Mgmt• Config Mgmt• Change Request• Workflow

Process Control

• Doco Revision& Release

MAINTENANCEMANAGEMENT• Schedule• Resource Reqs• Procedures• Completion• Downtime• Resource UsageRECORDING

REPORTINGANALYSIS

TOOLS(prime)

MRPSYSTEM• Plan• Fabricate• Assemble

SUPPLY SYSTEM

change request

configchange

doco change

ECO

change effected

docochangeorder

releaseddocochange

config changes

EC /docochangerequest

maintenancehistory

docoserver

Analysis &optimisation

orders receipts

change task

doco change

shared systems?

data change

& Release

UPDATEMAINT DATA

/PROCEDURE

UPDATECONFIG

Navy Systems

E5-12

131

The OODA cycle in action for fleet maintenance knowledge

CONTRACTSCONTRACTSTECHNICAL

MAINTENANCE PLANS

TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE

PLANS

SUPPLIER SOURCE DOCUMENTS

SAFETY CORRESPONDENCE

SUPPLIER SOURCE DOCUMENTS

SAFETY CORRESPONDENCE

ENGINEERING CHANGES

ENGINEERING CHANGES

AUDIT AND LOGISTICS ANALYSIS

ASSET MANAGEMENT& PLANNING SYSTEM

AMPS

ASSET MANAGEMENT& PLANNING SYSTEM

AMPSTECH AUTHOR

MAINT. ENGINEER

COMPLETIONREPORT

COMPLETIONREPORT

CLIENT MASTER

DATA FILES

CLIENT MASTER

DATA FILES

ILS DB / LSAR DB• Line item details• Config details• Eng. Changes

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

CLASS SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND REPORTING SOFTWAREMAINTENANCE AUDIT FUNCTION

MAINTAINER COMPLETINGMAINTENANCE ACTION

MAINTAINER COMPLETINGMAINTENANCE ACTION

TERATEXTDB

ASPMISTRANSFER

CSARS

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

SHIP SPECIFIC CONFIGURED

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

E5-13

132

Case study 1: result

Delivered documents for all 10 ships 20/10/2000– easily maintained for all subsequent engineering change by ~ two staff– technology gradually applied to other documentation formats

Total documentation management requirement for five ships as at Ship 5 delivery:

Reduced 10,000 routines to 1,800 80% reduction in documents

Ship 5 delivery requirement: 40 new routines not 2000! 98% reduction in delivery

Contract completion: All ships delivered/accepted by contract schedule date

Contract completed 2007 for the contract price fixed in 1989Tenix made a healthy profit on the $7 BN contract

Unusual if not unique for any defense contract in the world

E5-14

133

Case study 2: using TeraText

for global surveillance

US National Security Agency monitors the world– Everyone’s electronic communication is captured, stored and

processedSatellites, direct taps into trunk cablesVoice comms are converted to text

– It is all collected into a TeraText-based systemProcessed for keyword and pattern recognitionThe system works – human interpretation is the problemTeraText SolutionsKaihla, P. 2003. In the company of spies. Business 2.0The secret deal bringing an $11b US intel giant to Melbourne

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE: Creating a prosperous world at peace – we should be able to do it!

E5-15

134

More case studies

The warship as an autopoietic system– Hardware– People– Cognitive systems– Knowledge-based self-maintenance

Autopoietic organizations– Tenix as an example

E5-16

CADENZA

Definition: “Technically brilliant

sometimes improvised solo passage toward the close of a musical or literary work”

136

Two themes

Enterprise knowledge architecture and engineering– based on 25 years experience doing knowledge management

in industrial organizationssoftware developmentbanking corporate servicesdefence engineering project management

Working with research libraries and universities to the max from 1960

– UCLA Biomedical Library (all biological and medical knowledge on paper)

– Harvard University “Library” (universal but chaotic)– Google Scholar and the universal electronic library

(Monash, UoM)

C0-1

137

A posthuman look at the posthuman cybercorp: architecting organizational cognition

The organization must understand its imperatives– imperative: that which the organization must do

to survive and flourish as an organization– what knowledge is required– how is it to be built and maintained– what people, technologies and sociotechnical

systems are required?– how are they to be implemented

Enterprise knowledge architectureExample – an engineering project management organization

C1-1

138

ExampleThe enterprise considered here is specifically EPMO, whose primary business was defence contracting, either as a prime contractor or sub-

– shipbuilding initially (mostly naval, but some commercial)– expanded to military vehicles, aircraft support and maintenance,

and electronic systems (mostly military)Critical imperatives to succeed in this business are to:

– Qualify and win more contracts– Minimize costs to win and complete contracts– Satisfy clients

Deliver on time and to requirementsdefense requires auditability, cost and schedule control

– Work profitably– Find, train, keep & provide for staff– Satisfy H&S, environmental and regulatory standards– Meet all other statutory requirements– Establish & maintain reputation as a reliable supplier

C1-2

139

SYST

EM

B

SYST

EM

A

50+ ENGINEERS & ANALYSTS ENTERING OWN WORKAPPROXIMATELY 600+ INDIVIDUAL WORD PROCESSED DOCUMENTS INCLUDED IN TENDER

EACH INDIVIDUAL ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT FILE WILL BE WORKED ON BY MANYAUTHORS

ENGINEERS & ANALYSTS CREATE AND TYPE, LOCATE AND AMALGAMATE DATA & OBJECTS

PRINT? - REVIEW & EDIT / RETURN FOR CHANGE, PRINT? - REVIEW & EDIT AGAIN

1000’S OF SOURCE DATA ITEMS - MAY BE WP DOCUMENTS PRODUCED IN-HOUSE,PREVIOUS TENDERS, DDS DOCS, SUPPLIER SOURCE DATA IN UNKNOWN FORMAT,STANDARDS, GRAPHICS, SPREADSHEETS, DRAWINGS, CLIENT DOCUMENTS, ETC

COORDINATOR AND DOCO PRODUCTION TEAM PRINT 600+ FILES & ASSEMBLE REVIEWVOLUMES

SUM

MA

RY

SYST

EM

C

SUM

MA

RY

SYST

EM

ASY

STE

M B

SYST

EM

CSY

STE

M D

SYST

EM

YSY

STE

M Z

SUM

MA

RY

SYST

EM

ASY

STE

M B

SYST

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CSY

STE

M D

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M Z

SUM

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RY

SYST

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M B

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COORDINATOR & DOCO PRODUCTION TEAM VALIDATE 900+ ELECTRONIC FILES AGAINST DID CONTENTS

DOCO PRODUCTIONTEAM PRINT MASTER

COPY FROM CDDIRECTORY

DATA CONTROL PRINTS COPIES

DOCO PRODUCTIONTEAM TRANSFER VALIDATEDSUBDIRECTORIES TOCD DIRECTORY - BURN CD ROM

SENIOR MANAGERS REVIEW & EDIT CONTENT / STYLE ETC.

DOCO PRODUCTION TEAM ASSEMBLES 900+ FILES INTO SUB-DIRECTORIESTECHNICAL SUPERVISORS AND MANAGERS REVIEW & EDIT TECH CONTENT

TEXT EDITOR PROOFS FOR READABILITY AND ENGLISH USAGE

Bid preparation info flow in a word processing environment

– Huge taskUses production resourcesDon’t reinvent knowledge

– Conflicting views of timeSupplier: crushing deadlineClient: inordinate delay

– Word processing friction multiplies task magnitudewastes resources & timemajor source of delay

– Delay generates crisisdisorientationpanicerror

Contract documentation funnel is a paradigm

C1-2

Marine Division Core Diagram – As Was

Negotiate Requirements Anal. & Track

Sub-contracting

Sub- andContracts

Admin

Contracting(logical

products)

Engineering(logical

products)

SupportEngineering

(logicalproducts)

SystemsEngineering

DesignEngineering

ProductionEngineering

Planning & BOM

EngineeringChange

Management

Production(tangibleproducts)

Customer InterfaceO

perator Interface

Supply Chain &Warehousing

ComponentFabrication Assembly

Completion &

Set to Work

Deliver&

Accept

Warehouse Database (Parts Lists)

Supplier Interface

Cost and ScheduleControl System

Financial & Accounts System

Payroll System

Production Tracking, Job Cards & Timekeeping

EBOM+

EngineeringDrawings& Specs.

Bid

Desktop Wordprocessing & Local Disk Drives

Paper Registration & Filing Systems

Support Eng DB (Parts Lists) & LSA ToolsLogisticSupport Analysis

Tech Data &Documents

Test, Evaluation&

Validation

Follow-onSupport

WP Merge-macro File Processing against LSDB

Eng. Drafting, CAD & Simulation Tools

Technical Data in 15 Applications & Databases(Drawings, Specs. & Parts Lists)

(Standard Desktop Environment)Networking

Shared disk drives + localeMail

Telephone & FaxSnail-Mail (internal & external)

Word ProcessingSpreadsheets

Presentation tools

Test & Trials Data

Defense Contracting Core Diagram (draft could be)

Customer InterfaceO

perator Interface

Supplier Interface

BusinessIntel Bid Negotiate Requirements

Anal. & TrackSub-

contractingContracts

Admin

Cost & SchedControl /Payment

Contracting

BusinessIntel System

LogisticSupport Analysis

ProduceTech Data &Documents

Test, Evaluation&

Validation

Follow-onSupport,

T Data & Doco

SystemsEngineering

DesignEngineering

ProductionEngineering

Planning & BOMEngineering Correspondence

& RecordsManagement

Struct. Author

CAD

SupportEngineering

Production

Client MgmtPortal

ManufacturingResourcePlanning

Supply Chain &Warehouse mgmt

Supplier MgmtPortal

Accounts &Financial & HRManagement

Test & TrialsWarranty

ECR

Product Lifecycle Mgmt (+ Change)

& Content

Prod. TrackingDrawings & BOM

ComponentFabrication Assembly Complete &

Set to WorkDeliver &Accept

142

A closer look at contracting

Client Portal

SupplierPortal

Engineering and Production

Client

Subcontractors & Suppliers

Correspondence&

RecordsManagement

RFIRFQRFT

ComponentsPricesCosts

StaffSecondments

TacitKnowledge

Contract

SubmitResponse

Docs

Requirements Breakdown

ReportBillPay

WorkTrackingagainst

requirements

(Standard Desktop Environment)Networking

Internal/private EmailTelephone

Word Processing (informal only)Spreadsheets

Presentation tools

BusinessIntel System

BusinessIntel Bid Negotiate Requirements

AnalalysisSub-

contracting

Contracts &Subcontracts

Admin

Cost & SchedControl /Payment

BusinessIntel Bid Negotiate Requirements

AnalalysisSub-

contracting

Contracts &Subcontracts

Admin

Cost & SchedControl /Payment

Object M

anagement

Workflow

Structured AuthoringFlow down T&CsNegotiate

C1-5

143

2: The Danse

Macabre, a viciously circular academic spiral to death

World is facing unprecedented changes over scales of a few yearsNew ideas are needed and people need to be educated to think new ideasRequires creation and sharing of new evidence-based scholarly knowledge, not scholasticism

– revolutionary thinking outside the box, new solutions not “normal science” filling in the blanks

– when they are most needed our publishers, libraries and universities spiraling towards irrelevance and death

It doesn’t need to be that way

Click on picture for the audio version

Click here for the metaphor

C2-1

144

The vicious spiral: commercial publishing of academic journals, the library and the university

Consequences of absurd economics & paper based thinking– defending copyright ownership for corporate profit vs multiplying value

through sharing knowledge libraries forced to reduce subscriptionsincreases cost & limits access to knowledge

– articles are tokens of the realm– the rise and rise and rise of administrative token counters

administrators must measure & thus create more administrators to create reports forcing scholars to gather numbers to be measuredadministrivia leaves little time for building knowledgescholars generating the most tokens keep jobs and advance

– where quantity has value, safe “normal science” wins over risky creativity– creative work is slow and hard slog so creative scholars don’t keep jobs or don’t advance

– quantity overloads peer review processmore papers require more and more narrowly focused journals the library can’t afford to buygreatly increased competition to get into journals that count means writing for the editor and reviewer not for the sciencedo whatever it takes (including academic fraud)overloaded academics have even less time & attention for novel and difficult scholarship

Donald Meyers' new eBook, Australian Universities: A Portrait of Decline)

C1-7

145

It doesn’t have to be that way

Let the creator own the product of his workOpen-Access movement & self-publishing

– Arxive.org– PMC (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/)– Scholar.google.com– Academia.edu– Social Sciences Research Network (ssrn.com)– University repositories, etc.– journals

Assessing quality of content – not number of tokens– Google citations show the full web of knowledge, not Thompson Reuters or

Sciverse’s picks – and you don’t have to pay to use GoogleThe Universal Library already exists, only a lot of it isn’t yet freely accessible Universities should encourage and facilitate knowledge creation,criticism and sharing not token counting and knowledge hoardingThe university library should only be a publisher, not a purchaserGovernment granting agencies should count only open access publications that can be accessed by anyone, not those in commercial journals that can be accessed only via paid subscriptions

C1-8

CODA

(Latin for tail)

the final part of a piece of writing or music that

acts as a summary

147

The sting in the tail

Humanity is rapidly falling into an attractor basin towards what looks like a singularity in our coevolution with social/cognitive technology

– a singularity is a point of infinitely rapid change (e.g., a black hole)

– how will this change what it means to be human?Alternative scenarios

– a spike followed by a collapse (ecological boom and bust – possibly to extinction)

– a point of inflection leading to “transcendence” (Charles Stross’s “Accelerando” scenario)

– a reasonably “normal” grade shift to a completely new set of ecological problems

Can we manage the change? If so how?– We certainly can’t do it if we hide from the reality of what

is happening right now

T1

THE END

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