AppendixTranscription of Vernacular Terms

Thai consonant phonemes and vowels

Thai consonant phonemes

Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops Voiced Unaspirated b dVoiceless Unaspirated p t c kVoiceless Aspirated ph th ch kh

Spirants Voiceless Unaspirated f sSonarants Voiced Semivowels w y

Voiced Nasala m n nVoiced Lateral lVoiced Trill or Retroflex r

Thai vowel phonemes

Front Central Back

Unrounded Rounded

High i, ii, ia u, uu, uaMid e, ee o, ooLow a, aa

211C.M. Joll, Muslim Merit-Making in Thailand’s Far-South, Muslims in GlobalSocieties Series 4, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2485-3,C© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

212 Appendix: Transcription of Vernacular Terms

Pattani Malay consonant phonemes and vowels

Pattani Malay consonant phonemes

Bilabial Alvelar (Alveo-) Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal

Stops Voiceless p t k ‘Voiced b d g

Fricaatives Voiceless f s r hVoiced z

Affricates Voiceless chVoiced j n

Semivowels Voiced w yNasals Voiced m n ny ngLateral Voiced lTrill Voiced r

Pattani Malay vowel phonemes

Front Central Back

Unrounded Rounded

High i, in u, unei ou

Mid ee, en o, on

Low a, an

Abbreviations

Ar. Arabicb. binCD Compact disccf. CompareCIS College of Islamic StudiesNGO Non-governmental organizationNU Nahdlatul UlamaPal. Palipl. PluralPM. Pattani MalayPr. PersianPSTI Private school teaching IslamPSU Prince of Songkhla University, Pattani Campussg. SingularSk. SanskritSL Source languageSM. Standard MalaySyn. SynonymousTh. ThaiTL Target languageTm. TamilUr. UrduVCD Video compact disc

213

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Glossary

‘ibadat (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ama ‘ibadat (PM.))‘Aqil baligh (Ar.) Age of religious responsibility (reached upon puberty)Adat (SM.) Malay customary practiceAdhad al-gabr (Ar.) Torture in the graveAhkam (Ar.) Degrees of approval in Islamic lawAhl bida’ah (Ar.) InnovatorsAhl kubor (Ar.) The deceasedAhl sunnah (Ar.) Followers of the sunnah (example of the prophet)Ajr (Ar.) meritAkhirat (Ar.) The hereafter or afterlifeAlam al-barzakh (Ar.) The world of the grave where the dead await resurrection,

and judgmentAl-ayyam (Ar.) The voluntary fasts on the eleventh, twelfth, and thirtieth of every

monthAl-rasul (Ar.) The messenger (title for Muhammad)Ama (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ama ‘ibadat (PM.))Ama ‘ibadat (PM.) Islamic ritual practice (syn. ‘ibadat (PM.))Amphur (Th.) DistrictAmphur Muang (Th.) Municipality.Anok soleh (PM.) A righteous son or daughter (syn. anak saleh (SM.))Aqiqoh (PM.) Seventh day naming ritual for new-born babiesArwi Tamil written in a modified Arabic scriptArwoh (PM.) The soul of the deceased (syn. winyan (Th.))Asar (PM.) Afternoon prayersAshura (Ar.) The tenth day of Muharram. A voluntary fast day. Hadiths mention

the Prophet’s hope that this would cover the sins of the coming yearAzan (Ar.) The call to prayer ten minutes before the appointed time for salat (syn.

be (PM.), bang (SM.))Azima’ (PM.) Amulets used from protection from evil spiritsBaap (Th.) Sin or demerit (syn. dosa (PM.))Baht Thai Currency ($1US = 30 baht)Balasoh (PM.) Prayer room (syn. Th./PM. surau)

215

216 Glossary

Balo (PM.) Disaster, calamity, occasionally punishment (syn. hed rai (Th.), bala(SM.))

Bana (PM.) Town (syn. bandar)Barzanji (AR.) Oracle to the Prophet Muhammad read at Mawlid feasts (syn. zanji

(PM.))Basmalah (Ar.) The innovation Bismillah al-rahman al-rrahim “In the name of

God, the merciful, the compassionate”Batu nise kubor (PM.) GravestonesBe (PM.) Call to prayer (syn. bang (SM.), azan (Ar.))Be (PM.) Older brother (Abang (SM.))Be’woh (PM.) Religious Feast (a term more common in Narathiwat) (syn. wa’

make, wajike (PM.))Berah (PM.) Uncooked riceBerakat (PM.) Barakah (Ar.) BlessingBerijihad di Pattani (PM.) The Struggle of PataniBid’ah (Ar.) Religious practice that is not clearly sanctioned by authentic sources

or is considered an innovationBuko poso (PM.) To break a fast (syn. kae buat (Th.))Bun (Th.) Merit (syn. phonlabun (Th.), pahalo, bajike (PM.))Chularajamontri (Th.) The shaykh-al-Islam who is recognized as the spiritual

leader of the Muslims in Thailand and the royal advisor on Islamic mattersDa’wah (Ar.) Islamic ‘mission’ (literally call) to both Muslims and non-Muslims.

This functions as a synonym for the Tablighi Jama’atDapa’ pahalo (PM.) To receive meritDato’ Yutitham (Th.) Islamic judgeDaun ro’ko’ (PM.) Cigarette grass.Dek ponok (PM.) Pondok studentsDoso (PM.) Sin or demerit (syn. dosa (SM.), baap (Th.))Du’o (PM.) Prayer and petition (syn. do’a (Ar.)).Fardu (Ar.) Required or obligatory actions whose performance is meritorious and

omission is punishableFardu ‘in (Ar.) Personal religious responsibilitiesFardu khifayah (Ar.) Religious responsibilities to the communityGhusl (Ar.) The major ablution involving a full bathGula (PM.) Curry (syn. Kaeng (Th.))Hadioh pahalo (PM.) To dedicate merit to someone (syn. Th. song/phee bun, PM.

hadioh pahalo)Hadith (Ar.) Compiles traditions of the prophet Muhammad’s deeds and statements

by his companionsHaj (Ar.) Pilgrimage to MeccaHaj mabrup (Ar.) A pilgrimage resulting in all previous sins being forgivenHajah (Ar.) Female pilgrimHaji (Ar.) Male pilgrimHalal (Ar.) That which is permittedHalaqah (Ar.) Study circle

Glossary 217

Halq (Ar.) Ritual hair-shaving at the end of ihramHaram (Ar.) That which is forbidden (syn. hare (PM.))Hare (PM.) That which is forbidden (syn haram (Ar.))Hari Rayo (PM.) General term for Islamic festivals, or the three-day end of

Ramadan celebrations (syn. Hari Raya (SM.), Id’Il-Fitr (Ar.))Hari Rayo Haji (PM.) Festival of sacrifice (syn. Id’Il-Adha (Ar.))Hasanah (Ar.) Good deedsHed Rai (PM.) Disaster or calamity, though often also considered punishment (syn.

balo (PM.))Hijaz (Ar.) Eastern Peninsula Arabia, most importantly Mecca and MedinaHong thaew (Th.) Show houseI’tikaf (Ar.) The final ten days of RamadanId’il-adha (Ar.) Festival of sacrifice (syn. Hari Rayo Haji (PM))Id’il-fitr (Ar.) End of Ramadan celebrations (syn. Hari Rayo (PM.))Ifraad haj (Ar.) The haj made without umrohIftar (Ar.) The meal with which the fast is broken during RamadanIhram (Ar.) State of ritual purity while performing haj and umrohIkhalah (Ar.) Sincerity, devotion (syn. ikhalas (SM.))Ilumung (PM.) Religious knowledgeIqama (Ar.) Shortened version of the be after which salat commencesIsaan (Th.) Northeast ThailandIso (PM.) Night prayers.Isra’ (Ar.) Muhammad’s night journey to JerusalemJaba’ sale (PM.) To shake handsJahiliyya (Ar.) The pre-Islamic period of Arab religious ignoranceJai bun (Th.) A meritorious personJangwat (Th.) ProvinceJawi (PM.) Malay written in an Arabic script (syn. Yawi (Th.))Ka’ (PM.) Older sisterKae buat (Th.) To break a fast (syn. buko poso (PM.))Kaeng (Th.) CurryKampung (PM.) VillageKarachakarn (Th.) Thai civil servantsKemiye (PM.) Incense used while the corpse in being prepared for burialKenduri (SM) Ritual meal, feastKerajaan (SM) Malay KingdomKhaek (Th.) A pejorative term used by Thais to refer to Muslims, and by some Thai

Muslims in the upper southern provinces to refer to themselvesKhairat (Ar.) Alms, good worksKham chern (Th.) Call (to perform the haj) (syn. seru (PM.))Khanat Kamakarn Islam) (Th.) the Pattani Provincial Islamic Council (syn. Majlis

Agama (SM.), Maljih Ugamo (PM.))Kharo’ (PM.) Alms, good worksKhon Thai (Th.) Thai nationals or Thai BuddhistsKhon yaak jon (Th.) The poor (syn. muskin (PM.))

218 Glossary

Khong waan (Th.) Sweetskhuruj (Ur.) “Mission” trips central to the methodology of the Tablighi Jama’atKhutba (PM.) SermonKiraamun kaatibeen (Ar.) The angels that record all good and bad deeds and

intentionsKo thoot (Th.) To ask for forgiveness (syn. mito’ ma’af (PM))Korbe (PM.) Animal Sacrifice (syn. qurbani (Ar.))Kubor (PM.) GraveyardKuen prasert (Th.) The most excellent nightKusala (Sk.) MeritLamaat (Th.) Ritual prayer (syn. salat (Ar.), semaye (PM.), sembahyang (Th.))Lamaat Juma’at (Th.) Congregational prayers (on Hari Rayo, or Fridays) (syn.

lamaat wan suk (Th.))Lamaat wan suk (Th.) Friday congregational prayers (syn. lamaat Juma’at (Th.)).Laylat Al Qadr (Ar.) The night of powerLigor (PM.) Nakhon Si ThammaratLung (Th.) Uncle (syn. Pok (PM.))Madhhab (Ar.) School of Islamic jurisprudenceMahzur (Ar.) Punishable actions (c.f. Ar. Haram)Majlih Ugamo (PM.) the Pattani Provincial Islamic Council (syn. Majlis Agama

(SM.), Khanat Kamakarn Islam (Th.))Make Pulot (PM.) Social feast associated with weddings, and circumcisions which

those attending make a donation towardsMake suhoor (PM.) Eating the pre-dawn meal in RamadanMakruh (Ar.) Reprehensible actions that although are not punishable, are not

disapproved of (c.f. fardu)Mandoob (Ar.) Recommended meritorious practiceMarkaz (Ur.) Religious centreMasuk Jawi (PM.) CircumcisionMasyid (Th.) MosqueMawlid (Ar.) Celebrations on the prophet Muhammad’s birthdayMayat (PM.) Corpse (syn. sop (Th.))Mekkoh (PM.) MeccaMi’raj (Ar.) The night of ascension of the prophetMito’ ma’af (PM.) To ask for forgiveness (syn. ko thoot (Th.))Mubah (Ar.) Indifferent actions neither punishable nor meritoriousMuskin (PM.) The poor (syn. khon yaak jon (Th.))Mustahab (Ar.) Desirable meritorious practiceMuwahhidun (Ar.) Unitarians, A term preferred by the Wahhabi movementNafilah (Ar.) Voluntary meritorious action whose non-action not punishableNahdlatul Ulama (Id.) Indonesian traditionalist organization, “the awakening of

the ulama”Ngaji Kure (PM.) Studying the Qur’an (syn. rian al-kuran (Th.))Ngatek (PM.) Reciting tahlil, or tahlil, tahmid, tasbihNiat (PM.) Intention

Glossary 219

Niqab (Ar.) Full-faced veilNisfu Sha‘ban (Ar.) The middle of the month of Sha’ban by which all requirements

of the previous year’s fast has been fulfilled.Norib (PM.) Dusk prayers (syn. Maghrib (Ar.))Ore brao (PM.) “Wahhabi”Ore isle (PM.) MuslimsOre jawi (PM.) Muslims from Southeast Asia, Malays from South Thailand. (syn.

Jawah)Ore meneko (PM.) Merchants, Petty traders (syn. thawke (Th.))Ore nayu (PM.) Malays (from South Thailand)Ore siye (Th.) Thai BuddhistsOre taning (PM.) Pattani nativesPahalo (PM.) (syn. pahala (SM.) bun, phonlabun (Th.))Paya de (PM.) Payment of the fine for days of the fast of Ramadan not completedPeranakan (SM) Mixed racePhee bun (Th.) To dedicate merit to someone (syn. song bun (Th.), hadioh pahalo

(PM.))Phi (Th.) Older brother or sisterPiyo’ (PM.) Muslim skull capPok (PM.) Uncle (syn. lung (Th.))Ponok (PM.) Traditional Islamic school (Pondok (SM))Poso (PM.) Fasting (syn. puasa (SM.))Puñña (Pal.) MeritPunya (Sk.) MeritQasr (Ar.) Ritual haircutting at the end of ihramQiblat (PM.) Direction of prayer (to Mecca)Qiraan haj (Ar.) The haj performed with one ihramRai (Th.) Measure of land equivalent to 1,000 square metersRaka’at (pl.) (PM.) Units or cycles in salat (sg. raka’ah)Rasul-Allah (Ar.) A title for Muhammad, meaning the prophet of GodRaya Ne (PM.) The seventh of Shawwal on which the six day fast after Hari Rayo

is completedRian al-kuran (Th.) Studying the Qur’an (syn. ngaji kure (PM.))Riski (PM.) Provision or physical blessingRo’ko’ (PM.) CigaretteRongrian ekachon son satsana Islam (Th.) Private School Teaching IslamRukon Islam (Ar.) Pillars of IslamSagha’ir (Ar.) Venial sinsSa’I (Ar.) Walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah in Mecca seven timesSalafism Islamic puritan movement asserting the sunnah of Muhammad as the

normative guide for Islam todaySalawat (Ar.) Blessing the prophet Muhammadsanchatthian (Th.) InstinctiveSatsanakit (Th.) Religious Rituals.Saw luk (Th.) Centre post of a house (syn. thiye (PM.))

220 Glossary

Sawm (Ar.) Fasting (syn. poso (PM.), puasa (SM.), sin ot ahaan (Th.))Sedekoh (PM.) CharitySedekoh jariyah (PM.) The donation of skills, items, or money to public institution.

Considered by some to include teachingSegoro (PM.) SongkhlaSemaye (PM.) Islamic ritual prayer (sembahyang (SM.), lamaat (Th.))Semaye duho (PM.) Salat performed at about 11 amSemaye hajat (PM.) Salat performed in response to a special needSemaye ishraq (PM.) Morning prayer performed after the sun has risenSemaye juma’at (PM.) Congregational prayers (on Hari Rayo, or Fridays)Semaye mayat (PM.) Salat performed before burialsSemaye sunnat topat (PM.) Prayer for forgivenessSemaye tahajud (Ar.) Salat performed after midnight subsequent to falling to sleep

(syn. salat al-lail (Ar.))Semaye taroweh (PM.) Salat performed during the month of Ramadan after Iso

prayers, usually consisting of twenty, or eight raka’atSenenge (PM.) PeaceSeru (PM.) Call (to perform the haj) (syn. kham chern (Th.))Sewaeng bun (Th.) To go on a pilgrimage (to seek merit)Shahadah (Ar.) The first pillar of Islam declaring “There is no God but Allah and

Muhammad is his messenger”Shariah (Ar.) Islamic religious lawSong bun (Th.) To send merit to someone (syn. phee bun (Th.), hadioh pahalo

(PM.))Songkran (Th.) Thai new years celebrationSop (Th.) Corpse (syn. mayat (PM.))Suat mun (Th.) Make religious chantsSuboh (PM.) Pre-dawn prayers (syn. zuboh (SM.), fajr (Ar.))Suhoor (PM.) Pre-dawn meal in RamadanSuhur (PM.) Midday prayersSunnah (Al-Nabi) (Ar.) The practice of the prophet. These are divided into mandub

(recommended) and mustahab (desirable)Sunnat (PM.) Generic term for voluntary religious acts whose performance is

rewarded with merit.Sunnat muakkad (PM.) A practice regularly practiced by the prophet himself (syn.

Sunnah muakkadah (Ar.))Surau (PM./Th.) Prayer room (syn. balasoh (PM.))Suroh (PM.) Chapter of the Qur’anTa’laat nat (Th.) Weekly marketTaa yaa (Th.) Ancestors (syn. tok nenek (PM.))Tabligh Juma’at Muslim missionary and revival movement founded in the late

1920s in of India by Maulana Muhammad Ilyas KandhalawiTadika (SM) Small religious schools attached to mosque or prayer rooms where

basic Islamic knowledge is taught in the evenings and weekendsTahlil (Ar.) “la ilah illa Allah” (syn. ngatek (PM.))

Glossary 221

Tahmid (Ar.) “Alhumdulilah” (Ar. Praise be to Allah”Takbir (Ar.) “Allahu Akbar” (Ar. Allah is great)Talbiyah (Ar.) Prayer prayed by pilgrims declaring their intention to perform the

hajTalqin (Ar.) Funeral catechismTammatu haj (Ar.) The haj made with two ihramsTaqlid (Ar.) Blind followingTariqah (Ar.) Sufi OrderTasbih (Ar.) “Subahanaallah” Ar. glory be to Allah), and to the reception of

Subahanaallah, Alhumdulilah, and Allahu AkhbarTawaf (Ar.) The anti-clockwise circling of the Ka’bah seven timesTepa’ ngusong mayat (PM.) Cage for carrying a corpse to the graveyard.Thai Phut (Th.) Thai BuddhistsTham bun (Th.) General religious action, including—although not exclusively—

those generating merit.Tham naa (Th.) To make faceTham thaan (Th.) To do acts of charity (syn. sedekoh (PM.))Thawke (Th.) Merchants, Petty traders (syn. ore meneko (PM.))Thesebarn (Th.) City CouncilThiye (PM.) Centre post of a house (syn. saw luk (Th.))Tobat (PM.) RepentanceTok babo (PM.) Owner of ponok school, or senior and respected tok guruTok guru (PM.) Religious teacherTok ime (PM.) Person responsible for a mosque, or who leads salat (syn. tok imam

(SM.))Tok khatib (PM.) Reader of Friday sermon.Tok kodi (PM.) Sharia (Islamic law) judgeTok leba (PM.) Mosque official who gives the call to prayer (syn. tok lebai (SM.))Tok mude (PM.) Circumcision specialistTok nenek (PM.) Ancestors (syn. taa yaa (Th.))Tok pakir (PM.) Ponok school superintendent who looks after students and liaises

with visitors to ponok, or ponok studentsTok seh (PM.) Haj guideTuhe (PM.) GodTupa’ (PM.) Triangular glutinous rice and coconut cream sweet wrapped in leaves

which are eaten on Hari Rayos (syn. ketupat (SM.)Turut ore tuo (PM.) To follow old traditionsUmroh (PM.) The lesser pilgrimage (syn. umrah (Ar.))Ustaz (PM.) Teacher in a ponok, or PSTIWa’ arwoh (PM.) Funeral feast (syn. wa’ ngatek (PM.), tham bun hai phu sia chiwit

(Th.))Wa’ make (PM.) To hold a merit-making feast (syn. wa’ wajike (PM.))Wa’ mawlid (PM.) To hold a mawlid feast (syn. tham bun mawlid (Th.))Wa’ ngatek (PM.) Funeral feast (syn. wa’ arwoh (PM.), tham bun hai phu sia chiwit

(Th.))

222 Glossary

Wa’ pahalo (PM.) To make meritwa’ upoh haj (PM.) Hiring someone to perform the hajWa’ wajike (PM.) To hold a merit-making feast (syn. wa’ make (PM.))Wajib (Ar.) Required or obligatory actions whose performance is meritorious and

omission is punishableWaktu (PM.) Prayer times (Suboh, Sohur, Asar, Norib, and Iso)Walimah (PM.) Feast associated with weddings, for which no donation is expectedWan di (Th.) Good days to make merit onWoquf (Ar). Prayer vigil between noon and sunsetWudu (Ar.) Ritual ablutions before the performance of salatZakat (Ar.) Compulsory annual religious titheZakat fitrah (Ar.) Tithe paid to the poor before Juma’at prayers on Hari RayoZanji (PM.) Oracle to the Prophet Muhammad read at mawlid feasts (syn. berzanji

(Ar.))Zeroh ore mati (PM.) Visit the relatives of the deceased, or to attend a merit-

making feast for the deceasedZikir (PM./Ar.) Reciting, or recalling God’s names and attributes. Sometimes

synonymous with tasbihZuboh (SM.) Pre-dawn prayers (syn. Suboh (PM.), Fajr (Ar.))

Index

AAceh, 29, 44, 209Adat

codification by Dutch, 9–10conceptualizations of, 8evaluations of, 8Middle Eastern origins of, 9

Adhad al-gabr, see Torture of the grave(Ar. Adhab al-Qabr)

Ahl bid’ah, 64, 147–148Ahl kubor, 111, 169Ahl sunnah, 65, 138, 147Ajr, see Merit, Arabic terms forAkhirat, 106, 130, 150–151, 156, 171, 174,

187–188, 193, 198See also Alam al-barzakh

Alam al-barzakhcomfort in, 186, 188, 195, 198–199, 200,

209definition of, 187merit transference to deceased in, 186,

188–189and resurrection, 186

See also Torture of the grave (Ar. Adhabal-Qabr)

torture in, 113, 189–190uniqueness of on eschatological market,

200Alam kubor, see Alam al-barzakhAlayyam, 169Algeria, 96, 192Alhumdulilah, see TahmidAl-Imam, 43, 46, 50Allah

absent in Buddhist cosmology,199

forgiveness by, 143, 162, 168, 173, 175,177, 182, 189

obligations to, 17, 154, 181, 186–189, 197,199, 200, 208

rewards from, 98, 142, 181, 198–199Al-Manar, 43, 46Al-Munir, 43Ama ‘ibadat, see ‘ibadatAnglo-Siamese treaty (1909), 16, 38, 48, 83,

205–206Anok soleh, 65, 111, 114–115, 120, 126–127,

147, 178, 181, 188–189, 196,198–199, 207–208

Anthropologistsas professional strangers, 13the religious identity of, 13

Anthropology of Islamconceptualization of Muslim diversity by, 9definition, articulators and exemplifiers

of, 8the ethnographic significance of ‘ibadat in,

8, 10, 208evaluation of adat, 8

Arwi, 31Ashura, 34Ayutthaya

control over Patani, 16, 33, 36–37demise of, 36patani as vassal of, 36–37predecessor of Bangkok, 16, 37

Azan, 31, 115, 215–216

BBaap, see Demerit (Th. baap, PM. doso)Bajike, 85–86Balasoh, see SurauBalo, see Misfortune (PM. balo)Bangkok

assimilation by, 39–40, 74and Chakri dynasty, 26, 37, 73, 206governments, 39–42, 68, 70, 83

223

224 Index

Bangkok (cont.)influence of, 17, 25–53, 196–200legislation by, 40–42Malay resistance of, 207Muslims in, 7, 73wars with Patani (1785–1836), 16, 36–39

Barzanji, see ZanjiBengali Muslims, 91, 101Be (SM. bang), 115Be’who, see Feasting complexes,

merit-generatingBismillah

sanctifying effect of, 118in semaye, 146

Bonds of brotherhood, 52Brahmanism, 148

See also Indic InfluencesBrao

as reformist centre, 50village of, 50See also Ore brao

Buddhist merit-making, see Merit-makingrationales; Motivations

Bunindic origins and Islamization of, 83, 86, 91phonlabun as elegant equivalent, 85, 109,

133, 138–140See also Merit

Bunkhun, 138–139

CCabetigo

default languages in, 76–77, 104ethnic diversity in, 12, 53, 72, 205linguistic diversity in, 12, 64, 76, 78, 205religious diversity in, 10–12, 64, 66, 205spatial orientation, 75, 78, 187

Calamity, see Misfortune (PM. balo)Chants, 130, 140–142, 146, 154–156, 199

as merit-generating element in feastingcomplexes, 129–130, 138, 140–144

See also Tasbih; Tahmid; Takbir; Ngatek;Salawat

Charity, see SedekohChinese Muslims, 101Chinese in Southeast Asia, 27, 30–31Chork (Th.), see LuckChulalongkorn (Rama V)

and Anglo-Siamese treaty, 38modernization of Thailand, 37

ChularajamontriHaji Sulong as unofficial Chularajamontri,

40

legitimacy in Pattani, 40origins of institution, 42, 50Persian influence, 34

Circulating Islamdefinition and heuristic value of, 16, 27–33products of, 27–33

Circumstantialism, 66Compulsory Primary Education Act (1921),

38–39, 206Cosmology

Islamic, 90, 181, 198, 200–201, 208Thai, 199

CosmopolisArabic cosmopolis, 26, 30–31, 51, 91, 197,

205Sanskrit cosmopolis, 16, 25–27, 51, 83, 86,

101, 205Thai, 17, 78, 209Thai and Malay in cosmopolis, 83

Cosmopolitan, 16, 27, 30–31, 35, 78Creole ambassadors

contributions, 32definition, 16, 31, 34, 205examples of, 16, 26, 30–32, 34, 205

DDa’wah, see Tablighi Jama’atDebt, 131–132, 137, 148, 171–172, 175Defilement, see Wudu; GhuslDemerit (Th. baap, PM. doso)

incurred by non-performance of ritualobligations, 92–93, 96, 126, 186

non-inclusion of, 131Dhu al-Hijjah, 175–177, 194

See also HajDoso, see Demerit (Th. baap, PM. doso)Du’o

for the dead, 113, 134, 141, 143, 147, 155for the dead as meritorious, 147efficacy assisted by sedekoh, 130, 134, 136,

141, 145, 155–156, 191–192, 208as element of feasts, 140–144following salat, 96, 118, 121, 123, 129,

143, 160, 175, 208general description of, 96, 121

EEconomy of merit

in Buddhism, 192characteristics of, 192resemblences to convention economy, 193in Southeast Asia, 208in the wider Muslim world, 192–196

Index 225

Educationspecial tuition, 106strategies in Cabetigo, see PSTIThai public education system, 41transformation of in South Thailand, see

PSTIEgypt, 8, 43–44, 110, 200Embedded Islam, 31Epistemological optimism, 14Epistemological privilege, 14Ethnicization

construction of ethnicity in the Straits ofMelacca, 66, 68

plural and porous boundaries in the processof, 66–73

FFardu

Fardu ain, 121, 126, 197Fardu khifayah, 121–122, 126See also Wajib; Fardu prayers

Fardu prayers, 84, 88, 93–96, 104, 109, 111,115–120, 122–123, 126, 130, 133,137–138, 154–156, 160, 164, 170,173–174, 176, 180–181, 186–187,193–195, 197–198

Fasting, see PosoFaw kubor, see Jago kuborFeasting complexes, merit-generating, 138,

140–144, 152, 156, 198–199food at, 103, 110, 126, 129ritual elements of, 186Thai and Malay terms for, 197as tham bun, 4, 15, 84, 87–88, 93–94, 96,

121, 126, 130–131, 144, 149, 186,197, 199, 207

types in Cabetigo, 111–112, 114, 142, 169,182, 187–189

unceremonial exist from, 151See also Funeral feasts; Mawlid, House-

warming feasts; General tham bunfeasts, merit-making complexes

Feasts, see Feasting complexes,merit-generating; Feasts,social

Feasts, socialconfusion over, 87donations towards, 199Thai and Malay terms for, 85–87

Fieldwork, 10–14, 74, 78Funeral feasts

comparisons with Thai wai phra by Burr,78

controversies concerning, 147description of, 84, 144–149as element of local Islam, 1Thai and Malay terms for, 147

Funeralscase Studies of, 144funeral manuals, 190Qur’anic silence on, development in first

Islamic Century, 110Talqin, 7, 146See also Semaye mayat, Funeral feasts;

Jago kubor

GGeneral tham bun feasts

as celebration, 153description of, 152–154dispelling misfortune, 154diversity of, 152–153and protection, 152–153

Ghosts, see Hatu; PhiGhusl

description of, 116–117compared with wudu, 116–117, 176See also Wudu; defilement

Good days (to make merit), see Wan diGood deeds, see SedekohThe grave, see Alam al-barzakhGreat traditions, 6

HHadhramaut and Hadhramis, 29–30Hadith, 42, 90, 95, 109, 114–116, 123, 133,

141, 144, 148–149, 163, 180, 190See also Islamic texts and traditions

Hafiz, 165–166, 181Haj

biggest merit-making occasion of alifetime, 173, 181, 194

changes among returning after pilgrims,43, 171, 173–174, 196

completion of wajib requirement, 160, 163,178, 180–181

for the deceased, 178, 181for the deceased as functional substitute for

funeral feasts, 189description of, 160, 171–177forms of, 176funding for, 160, 182haj mabrup and forgiveness through, 160,

173, 175, 177, 181–182Ihram, 176as merit-making complex, 160, 171, 198

226 Index

Haj (cont.)preparations before, 171–176scholarship for, 179Seru, 160, 173various rewards from, 181, 198–199See also Mecca; Merit-making complexes;

Wajib; wa’ upoh haji; Tok sehHajahs/Hajis, 7, 43, 52, 174–175, 177–178Hajis

as “mock monks”, 6Haji Sulong

career in Mecca and Pattani, 206and Education, 41, 47, 51, 65, 206influence by Muhammad Abduh, 43–44,

46–47influence in Pattani, 16, 40–42, 44, 46–47,

49, 51, 53, 65, 206and Lufti, 50and Politics, 46and religious reform, 43, 47, 65, 206seven demands by, 40

Halal, 4, 70, 91, 93, 97, 100, 130, 132, 155,171–172, 182, 197, 208

sources of funds for merit-making, 91, 130,208

See also HaramHamzah Fansuri, 29Haram, 9, 93, 195, 197

See also HalalHaramnya, 45–47, 177, 180–181, 194, 198

See also MeccaHari Rayo

description of, 167–169merit-making for the dead during, 159

Hari Rayo Hajiconnection to haj, 1, 114, 116, 163, 182description of, 176merit-making for the dead during, 181sacrifice of cow during, 176

Hassanah, 3, 135, 137, 161arabic terms for, see Merit, Arabic terms

forHatu, 113, 199Hijaz, 16, 26, 42–44, 206

See also MeccaHijrah, 45, 206

from a Dar-al-Harb as religious obligationfor, 45

Hikayat Patani, 33Hope (importance of), 127, 147House-warming feasts

description of, 124, 140, 151importance of semaye hajat in, 151

role in seeking blessing and dispellingmisfortune, 124

similarities to semaye hajat, 124Huamuang Patani, 16, 18, 37

I‘Ibadat

definition of, 8, 84, 92ethnographic significance of, 8, 10importance in merit-making, 208as Islamic ideation, 91, 198, 201neglect by anthropologists, 92

‘ibadat/adat binary, 208Ibn Taymiyya, 42, 191Ide, 146, 149–150

See also Feasting complexes,merit-generating

Identificationsaffect of language and context on, 17“authority defined” verses “everyday

defined”, 64Khaek, 74Malay, 41, 45, 69ore jawi, 68, 70, 74ore nayu, 70, 74primordialist and Circumstantialist theories

of ethnicity, 67Thai Muslim, definition, 39, 41, 75, 78Thai Muslim, as oxymoronic, 72Thai Muslim, past rejection and recent

selective adoption, 207, 209Id Il-Adha, see Hari Rayo HajiId-Il-Fitri, see Hari RayoIhram, see HajIkhalah

definition of and general importance of, 94,98–100

importance in sedekoh and feasts, 98, 130,137–138, 155, 197, 208

as Islamic ideation, 91, 98synonymous with anonymity, 99, 155

Incense, 146, 169Indian Ocean

transport and communication across, 26,46, 206

Indian Ocean tradeconnection of trans-peninsula trading

routes in, 31–33description of, 16, 31, 44role in connecting Patani/Pattani to Middle

East, 44role of Patani’s harbour in, 31

Index 227

Indic Influencesadoption by Southeast Asian elites for own

means, 26and “Greater India”, 26in Langkasuka and Patani before Islam, 27,

31, 205in Southeast Asia, 25, 51in Yarang complex, 27See also Sanskrit cosmopolis

Indonesia, 1, 10, 30, 45, 63, 70, 73, 97, 142,151, 200, 209

Insurgency in South Thailand (post-2004), 15Intercession by the prophet, 190, 196Intercessory prayer, see Du’oInterviews, 11–12, 72, 134, 174, 178Iqama, 117

See also Fardu prayersIslam

adhesion to in Patani, 26, 51, 197adoption of in Patani, 51, 197appreciation of by Muslims in Cabetigo,

206, 209conversion to in Patani, 33embeddedness in South and Southeast

Asia, 29essential element of Malayness, 69provision of detail in, 91southeast Asian expansion of, 16, 28, 30,

33–34Islamicate, 9, 201Islamic texts and traditions

in anthropology of Islam, 8, 208–209Islamization

importance of creole personalities in, 31of Malay language, 30processes and personalities in, 44of Sanskrit cosmopolis, 27of Thai merit-making rhetoric, 197

Ismail Lutfi Japakiyadiverse assessments of, 53influence and contributions of, 50relationship to Haji Sulong, 51and Saudi-style salafism in South Thailand,

50I’tikaf, 162–164, 180

See also Ramadan

JJago kubor, 112–113, 149, 189, 195

controversies over, 112–113description of, 112–113

Jihad, 50

Judgment, 46, 142, 186, 188–189, 199–200,209

Juz, see Qur’an

KKaum Muda, 44See also Reformism/reformistsKaum tua, 44, 47, 64

See also Traditionalism/traditionalistsKawase al-Haram (PM.), see HajKedah, 31, 35, 38, 52, 68, 70, 206Keda kopi, 1, 77, 125, 136Kelantan, 37–38, 46, 48, 52, 70–71, 73–76,

140, 206Kenduri, see Feasting complexes,

merit-generatingKeroh, 150–154Khet al-Haram (Th.), see HajKin bun, see Merit-making feastsKitab Jawi, 45Koto

destruction in Kruset and relocation toCabetigo, 2

as pillar of the Patani kerajaan, 3Kruset, 3, 33, 37–38, 44, 120Kubor

in Cabetigo, 2–3, 78, 112–114, 142, 144,169, 182, 188, 189

Merit-making for the deceased in, 111–112,114, 127, 142, 147, 168–169, 182,187–189, 195

See also Alam al-barzakh

LLailahlailahallah, see TahliLailatul adr, see RamadanLamaat, 84–85, 87, 94–95, 98, 108, 115,

122–123, 125, 133, 136, 142–143,150, 163, 165–166, 197, 218

Langkasuka, 27–28, 31, 51Language

bilingualism in Cabetigo, 76default languages in Cabetigo, 1, 12–15importance in this study, 1language hierarchy in Thailand, 71linguistic relativity, 89religious language, 205situational bilingualism, 77See also Merit-making rhetoric, Malay

Language, Malayamong non-Muslims, 1, 78as key component of Malay identity, 43

228 Index

Language, Malay (cont.)as language of Islam in the far-south, 41loss among young urban Malays, 206

Language, Pattani Malay dialect, 1, 11, 17, 69,76

Language, Thaiadoption by Thais, 33–35among non-Muslims, 1, 14, 78in Cabetigo, 6, 11as language of Thai Islam, 72in PSTI, 206

Lesser pilgrimage, see UmrohLigor, see Nakhon Si ThammaratLittle traditions, 6, 52Lombok, 134, 141, 188Luck, 7, 150, 153–154, 186, 191Lutfi, 50–51, 62

MMake pulot

criticism of, 152lack for merit-generation from, 98

Malay Merit-making rhetoric, seeMerit-making rhetoric, Malay

Malaynesscontestations over, 17, 74importance of language in South Thailand,

17middle class Malays (Melayu baru), 71origins, 73relationship with Islam, 72in South Thailand, 39, 52, 70, 73, 75,

196See also Ore nayu; Ore jawi

Malay printing presses, 45Malay, see MalaynessMalaysia, 41, 47, 63, 65, 68, 70–71, 74, 152,

174, 196Mandoob, see SunnatMappila, 30Marco Polo, 30Market

demise in Patani, 37Ore kayo in, 172as pillar of the Patani kerajaan, 35rise in Patani, 26

Masuk jawi, 52, 87, 100, 152See also Feasts, social

Masyid, see MosqueMawlid

Barzanji/Zanji in, 140, 143, 149controversies surrounding, 49, 126,

127

description of, 130–131, 140, 149–151role of blessing in, 143–144Salawat in, 118–119, 140, 142–144,

149–150Mecca

as Islam’s sacred centre, 160, 171, 182,194

Masyid Al-Haram and Ka’bah, 177, 194multiplications of merit, 159, 176–177,

179–180, 194, 196see Shaykh Daud al-Fatani, Shaykh Ahmad

al-Fatani, Haji Sulong See also Haj;Umroh

Mecca’s Patani School, 44–46See also Shaykh Daud al-Fatani; Shaykh

Ahmad al-FataniMelacca

fall in 1511, 31, 33importance of, 31–33, 69patani as vassal of, 35

Melayu, see MalaynessMerit

accumulation of, 101, 103, 189arabic terms for, see Buncomparisons to conventional currency, 192,

201conceptualizations of, 93, 188, 207–208as cosmic cash or capital, 197, 207–208differences to conventional currency, 192,

201leakages of and patches for, 187merit from sunnat ritual elements as

compliments, 94ontological superiority of merit from wajib

ritual elements, 94, 186ontological superiority of wajib merit, 188quantifiability of, 192records of in account book, 132Sanskrit and PALI terms for, 86

See also Bun, pahalo, phonlabunas spiritual insurance, 192Thai and Malay terms for, 86

See also Bun; Pahalo; phonlabuntransferability of, see Merit transferenceweight of in comfort in the grave and

judgement, 147, 199Merit-making feast, 6–7, 85, 98, 103, 129–130,

140, 142, 152, 155–156, 192Merit-making motivations

hope, 114, 127, 136, 141–142, 147, 167,181

the needs of the living in dunio, 186, 208

Index 229

obligations to Allah, 126, 154, 181,186–188, 197, 199–200, 208

obligations to deceased, 188–191Merit-making rationales, 75, 185–201,

208–209Buddhist merit-making rationales as

template for Muslim ones, 199Islamic ideation in, 197mechanistic, 192personal merit accumulation, 104reformists, 196traditionalists, 193See also Alam al-barzakh, Merit transfer-

ence, Merit-making motivations,Muslim economy of merit

Merit-making rhetoriccomparisons between Thai and Malay, 207delineation of, 84, 86distinct from Buddhist merit-making

rationales, 199importance of Arabic in ideation, 31islamic ideation in, 91–100Malay, 83–101Thai, 83–101Wa’ pahalo, 84, 86, 101, 196Wa’ wajike, 85, 152See also, Bun; Pahalo; Tham bun

Merit-making ritualsaccessibility of, 10affect of gender on, 7delineation of, see Merit-making rituals,

discrete elements; ritual complexesdiscipline needed in, 95disposable income in, 194importance of ama ‘ibadat, 155Thai and Malay terms for, 85

Merit-making rituals, discrete elementsdescription of, 87Qur’anic readings and recitations, 88, 96sedekoh, 84–85, 88, 94–98, 100semaye, 84–85, 88, 93–95See also Sedekoh; Qur’an

Merit-making rituals, ritual complexesdescription of, 185feasting complexes, 198pilgrimages, see pilgrimagesRamadan, 186

See also Poso sunnatSee also Haj; Umroh; Ramadan; Feasting

complexes, merit-generatingMerit-making, see Tham bunMeritorious smorgasbords, see Feasting

complexes, merit-generating

Merit transferenceby anok soleh, 65, 111, 114–115, 120,

126–127, 147, 178, 188–189, 196,198–199, 207

in Buddhism, 52, 200–201methods of, 188, 194by non-anok soleh, 127, 178, 188–189,

196, 199, 208as responsibility, 111by ritual specialists, 26, 65, 115, 127, 141See also Funeral feasts; Jago kubor; wa’

upoh haji, Muslim economy ofmerit

Milieu, 6–7, 185, 209Thai and Malay Milieu, 7

Misfortune (PM. balo), 124, 150, 154Mon, 68Monthon Patani, 18, 36Morocco, 10, 192–193, 209Mosque

Differences with surau, 98Kruset, 37Masyid Klang (Central Mosque), 2Masyid Pakistan, 72Masyid Rajo, 5, 166as pillar of Patani keerajaan, 207rewards from prayers performed at, 120

Motivations, 12, 17, 65, 108, 185–201Muhammad Abduh

influence on Haji Sulong, 16Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab, see

WahhabiyyahMuhammadiyah, 44, 48Muhammad Rashid Rida, 43Muharram, 9Muk Sulaiman, 41, 139Muslim economy of merit, 192–196Mustahabbt, see Sunnat

NNahdlatul Ulama (NU), 44Nakhon Si Thammarat, 35, 37, 49, 63, 72, 78,

125, 149Nationalism

Arab, 30, 46Malay, 38Thai, 42

National Reconciliation Commission, 50Ngaan liang, see Feasts, socialNgatek, 140, 142–143, 145

role in merit-generation and transference,155

230 Index

Niatand du’o, 96, 143, 188, 191example of Islamic ideation, 91importance in merit-generation, 91, 96importance of naming recipients in merit

transference, 133impure, 97, 138–140, 173, 197

See also Tham naa, phonprayootrole in determining merit efficacious

operations, 199in sedekoh, 130, 134–135, 138

Non-anok solehas distinctive element of traditionalist

merit-making rationales, 185efficacy of merit transference by, 186merit-making for the dead as community

obligation, 147Nur al-Din al-Raniri, 29

OObligations

merit-making rationales, and motivations,185–201

Ore isle, 68, 71, 74, 124inseparability between Islam and

Malayness, see Identification, orejawi

Ore jawi, see Identification, ore jawiOre meneko

forms of merit-generation among, 156importance of sedekoh for, 194relation to blessing, 7

Ore nayu, see Identification, ore jawiOre brao, 50, 65Orphans, 135–136, 138, 155

PPadri wars, 43Pahalo

indic origins and Islamization of, 65, 207See also Merit

Pakistanis, 48, 61, 72, 92, 113, 137, 142, 144,166, 178, 195

Palace, see KotoPali, 86, 197Participant observation, 11–12Pasai, 32–34, 51Patani (Malay Kerajaan)

defeat of in 1785, 16, 26, 37, 42importance of trade in, 30–33incremental integration of, 42

See also Huamuang Patan; MonthonPatani

Kelantan Dynasty in, 35–36

origins of, 73Patani Dynasty in, 36prosperity of, 72similarities with other port city-states, 26as Vassal, 36, 37

See also VassalThai influences in, 69traditional of Islamic scholarship,

196–200Patani/Pattani, 1–2, 4–6, 11–18, 26–27, 31–33,

35–42, 44–46, 48–53, 61–63,69–71, 74–78, 85–86, 100, 108,135, 139, 144–145, 148, 163,167, 172–173, 175–176, 179, 197,205–206, 212

Patani (Thai Huamuang), 16, 18, 36–37Patani (Thai Monthon), 16, 18, 36–37Patronage of Islam Acts (1945), 40Pattani Malay Language, see Language, MalayPattani Municipality (Th. thesebarn), 173Pattani (Thai province), 18, 35–39, 48Persian influences, 34Petty traders, see Ore menekoPhi, 64, 113Phibul Songkhram (General), 39–40Phonlabun

elegant, 152see Bun

Phonprayoot, 138–140, 173Phontoopthaen, 138–139Phuket, 73Pilgrimages, see Haj; umroh; MeccaPillar of Islam, 160, 177, 194

See also Wajib; FarduPolitical legitimacy, crisis of post–2004, 41Poor, 87, 95, 112, 121–122, 131–132, 137–138,

145, 151, 154–155, 161, 163–164,172, 178, 194

Poso, see RamadanRamadan wajib abstinences, 160, 197

Poso sunnatforms of, 167Rayo ne, 169–171role in merit-generation, 159

Prayer room, see SurauPrayer, see Du’oPrem Tinsulanonda (general, prime-minister,

and privy council chairman), 206Primordialism, 67Protection, 31, 143, 152–153, 191PSTI

controversies over, 49creation of by Thai state, 50definition, 41

Index 231

PuasaIndic origins and Islamization of, 83–84,

86, 207see Poso

QQiblat

in prayer, 120when reading the Qur’an, 51

Qirat, see Merit, quantifibility ofQiyam, 118–119, 121Qulhuwallah, see Qur’anQul, see Qur’anQur’an

connection with salat and sedekoh, 104,208

as discrete merit-making element, 140as food for souls, 110on Fridays, 109, 111, 116, 137, 153, 175,

190handwritten by Ali, 53Ikhalas, and concentration while reading,

98importance in Ramadan, 103lack of ability in reading, 103material accompaniments to, 134, 141other rewards of, 142potency of, 141, 155, 191, 208Qul, 96, 106–107Qur’anic classes in Cabetigo, 107reverence for, 104, 110role in merit-making for the dead, 110, 148,

181studying as meritorious, 133Wudu before, 109See also Merit-making rituals, discrete

elements; Surah al-fathiha;Surah al-ikhlas, Surah Ya Sin;Qulhuwallah; Jago kubor; RitualSpecialists

RRabi’ Al-Awwal, see MawlidRahimmula, 45–46Raja Phaya Tu Antara, 32–34, 51

See also IslamizationRaka’at, 96, 111, 117–119, 122–123, 165–166,

170, 181, 219–220Rama I

establishment of Chakri dynasty, 26, 37See also Bangkok

Rama VI, 38policies of, 37

Rama V, see Chulalongkorn (Rama V)Ramadan

as annual gracious provision for thereligiously minimalist, 189

biggest merit-making occasion of the year,181

Buko poso (PM. breaking the fast), 167description of, 5emphasis on ummah, 161end of Ramadan celebrations, 216exemptions from, 190as gracious provision, 164, 196, 199It’tikaf, 162–164, 180lailatul adr, 162as merit-making complex, 17, 88, 103preparations in Sha’aban, 160ramadan scale of merit, 160, 164–165,

180–181, 187, 194, 208Semaye taroweh, 112, 165–166, 181, 198Suhoor (Ar. pre-dawn meal), 162three-fold division of, 84, 86Umroh during, see Umrohwajib abstinences, 159–160, 177, 181zakat fitrah, 161, 163See also Poso; Hari Rayo; Merit-making

complexesReformism/reformists

in Cabetigo, 78general description of, 26history of in Southeast Asia, 29importance of anok soleh in, 120merit-making rationales, 75methods of merit transference by, 188objections to traditionalist practices, 148Thai and Malay terms for, 85

Religious identity, 13–14, 38, 66importance of in religious anthropology,

205Repentance, 123, 126, 154, 190Resurrection and judgment, 186Revivalism/Revivalists, see Tablighi Jama’atRiski (PM. material blessings), 109, 133, 154,

161–162, 186, 191, 195Ritual specialists

criticism and cynicism towards, 69, 91, 98,125

payment/sedekoh to, 114, 124, 130, 132,134, 137, 148, 155, 179, 189, 195

See also Tok babo, Tok guru, Tok ime, Tokpakir, Tok seh

Rukon Islam, see Pillar of Islam

232 Index

SSacrifice, 10, 63, 176, 209

ethnographic approaches to, 10Sadaka, see SedekohSalaf al-Salih, 31, 43Salafiyyah

attitudes to Tablighi Jama’at, 66history in Middle East, 25as method and movement, 43, 49and Salaf al-Salih, 31, 43Saudi-style, see WahhabiyyahSee also Lutfi; Haji Sulong; Muhammad

Rashid Rida, Reformism/reformistsSalaf, see SalafiyyahSalat, 10, 13, 17–18, 63, 72, 84–86, 88, 92, 94,

96, 103–104, 106, 110, 115–118,120–123, 126, 135, 140, 143,160, 166, 175, 178, 182, 197–198,208–209, 215, 217–222

Salawat, see MawlidSanskrit

in Bengali, 89as Indic influence in Southeast Asia, 25in Malay, 89See also Merit-making rhetoric

Sanskrit cosmopolis, 16, 25–27, 51, 83, 86,101, 205

Satangt, 91, 118, 164, 171Satun, 7, 38–41, 71–73, 206Saudi-style salafism, see WahhabiyyahSaum, 83, 86, 197

not replacing puasa as default, see Puasa;poso

Search for equivalenceas alternative to syncretism, 88case-studies of, 111See also Stewart, T.K.

Sedekohconnection with merit-making feasts, 103connection with Qur’an, 42for the deceased, 17as discrete merit-making element, 129,

141, 159forms in Cabetigo, 6as good deeds, 97importance of ikhalah and halal funds in,

91importance for ore meneko, 73, 78, 132,

137, 161, 194–195See also Ore meneko

as payment for du’o, 121recipients of, 132, 137revealing heart, 116

Thai and Malay terms for, 85See also Sedekoh jariyah

Sedekoh jariyahdescription of, 135DISCONTINUATION of merit from, 14forms of, 136as functional substitute for funeral feasts,

148Semangat, 150Semaye duho, see Semaye sunnatSemaye godo, 116, 123, 170Semaye hajat

controversies concerning, 121description of, 111importance in house-warmings, 140odd numbers in, 124refreshments in, 124sedekoh to prayers, 7

Semaye mayatdescription of, 110as fardu khifayah, 121–122paying prayers, 121role in merit-making for the dead, 110

Semaye sunnatdescription of, 122during Ramadan, 103repairing leaks, 123as tham bun, 119

Semaye tahajud, 11, 122–123, 154Semaye taroweh, see RamadanSemaye tuhar, see Semaye sunnatSembahyang, 83–84, 86, 165, 197, 207

indic origins and Islamization of, 83, 86,197, 207

Seru, see HajSewaeng bun, see Haj; UmrohSha’aban, Nisfu, 160–161Shared cosmology, 52, 199, 201, 208Shawwal, 160, 167, 169–170, 181, 187

See also Hari Rayo; Poso Sunnat, rayo neShaykh Ahmad al-Fatani, 16, 26, 44–45

as editor, 45Shaykh Daud al-Fatani, 16, 26, 44–46

as writer, 45Shaykh Said of Pasai, 33, 51

See also IslamizationSiam, 36, 38–39, 74

As former name of Thailand, 37Siam/Siamese, 4, 6, 16, 36–39, 48, 51–53, 74,

83, 205–206See also Ayutthaya

Singapore, 43, 71Situational bilingualism, 77

Index 233

SlametanIslamic credentials of, 140ritual elements in, 130studies of, 144

Songkhla, 6, 36–37, 52, 63, 72–73, 145, 185Songkran, 220SriWijaya, 26, 68Stewart, T. K., 88–90, 101Subahanaallah, see TasbihSufism

importance in 12th and 13th century, 30Indian influence in, 28relationship to Sharia, 46role in Islamization, 34

Sujud, 118–119, 163Sunnah, 18, 51, 65, 113, 122, 138, 147–148,

177, 188–189, 196, 207See also Ahl sunnah

Sunnatcomparison with wajib, 91definition of, 94–95denoted as tham bun, 83elements of, 94as extra merit accumulation, 7, 156including mandoob and mustahabb, 93,

122performance in Ramadan and Mecca, 93,

96Supererogatory, see SunnatSuplication, see Du’oSurah al-fathiha, 107–108, 111Surah al-ikhlas, 109Surah Ya Sin, 7, 105, 108–111, 113, 143Surau, 52, 63, 77–78, 93, 98, 100, 120, 125,

139, 146, 151–153, 166Surau Rim Khlong, 77–78, 93, 100, 125, 139,

146, 153, 166Malay language at, 100

Syncretism, 17, 84, 88, 91, 101Syukur, 152

TTablighi Jama’at

arrival in South Thailand, 48–51in Bangkok, 48methodology and Success in South

Thailand, 49origins, 49presence of both traditionalists and

reformists in, 49relationship to salaf, 49as revivalists, 47–48spread to Southeast Asia, 46–48

Tahli, see NgatekTahmid, 142–143Takbir, 117–118, 121, 142–143Talqin, see FuneralsTamil, 30–31Taqlid, 43, 65Tasbih

after semaye, 118definition of, 142at funeral feast, 143–144merit-generating ability, 143

Tea shops, see Keda kopiTengku Mahmud Mahyiddeen, 40Terengganu, 35, 38, 52, 70, 73Thai

influences, 17, 25–53nationalism, 38, 42nation-state, 64, 72See also Language, Thai; Cosmopolis,

Thai; Siam/SiameseThai Custom Decree (1939), 39–40Thai Merit-making rhetoric, see Merit-making

rhetoric, ThaiThai Muslim

in Bangkok and their Malay origins, 7, 73in Cabetigo, 197of the upper south being leaves of the same

tree with southern Malays, 199See also Identifications, Thai Muslim,

definitionThai Rathaniyom, see Thai Custom Decree

(1939)Thai-zation

of Cabetigo, 197Malay resistance to, 12, 207through legislation in twentieth century,

83–84Tham bun

confusion surrounding, 87denoting non-merit-generating feasts, 86as denoting ritual obligations, 84as general religious activity, 15, 86, 101importance in Thai religious rhetoric, 7, 17,

84, 91, 101, 197, 205increasing Islam’s comprehensibility, 209instinctive knowledge of by Thais, 86islamization of in Thailand, 25–53as merit-generation, 86past assessments of, 208as religious idiom, 86–87in Theravada Buddhism, 7, 185, 209three-fold conceptualization of, 84, 86–87See also Merit-making rhetoric

234 Index

Tham naa, 97, 197Tham thaan, see SedekohToba, see RepentanceTok babo

blessing sedekoh, 155cynicism about, 134definition, 155reading Qur’an for the deceased, 114

Tok gurublessing sedekoh, 155reading Qur’an for the deceased, 114respect for, 155roles performed by, 150, 153, 155

Tok imeblessing sedekoh, 143–146as leader of feasts, 130–131as prayer leader, 143–144reading Qur’an for the deceased, 141–144respect for, 124, 137responsibilities of, 137, 141roles performed by, 120, 124, 130, 141,

143, 151–154, 181, 189and semaye haja, 125

Tok pakirreading Qur’an for the deceased, 189role in jago kubor, 112–113

Tok sehdefinition of, 174misconduct by and suspicion of, 179See also Wa’ upoh haji

Toopthaen, 138–139Torture of the grave (Ar. Adhab al-Qabr)

dialectic function of, 190effect of merit transferred to the dead on,

188–191effect of weight of merit accumulated on

dunio on, 188exemptions from, 190a motivation of merit transference,

188–190Munkar and Nakir, 190retributive or purgatorial nature of, 190See also Alam al-barzakh

Traditionalism/traditionalistsin Cabetigo, 49–50general description ofhistory of in Southeast Asia, 47–48importance of ritual specialists in, 47, 49membership in Tablighi Jama’at, 47–49merit-making rationales, 52–53methods of merit transference by, 53–54Thai and Malay terms for, 39, 41, 43–44,

47, 50–51

Translationforms of translation, 88as search for equivalence, 88search for equivalence by Bengali Muslims,

101search for equivalence by Chinese

Muslims, 101of shariah into Thai, 90using “non-Muslim” languages, 89

UUmroh

description of, 84as merit-making complex, see

Merit-making complexesduring Ramadan, 159–160reasons for performance, 176–177role in merit accumulation, 176–180as sunnat pilgrimage, 179–180

Upper southcomparison with far-south (Pattani, Yala,

and Narathiwat), 52, 66, 73–75, 199See also Satun; Songkhla; Nakhon Si

Thammarat

VVajiravudh, see Rama VIVassal, 36, 37, 51Vassal System in Southeast Asia, 36–37, 51Vernacular terms

abbreviations of, 213importance of, 1

WWa’ arwo, see Funeral feastsWahhabi, see WahhabiyyahWahhabiyyah

definition, 42–43differences to Salafiyyah, 43–44history in Saudi, 42–44occupation of Mecca and Medina, 43–44relationship to resurgent Shi’ism, 41

Wajibcontention about being denoted as tham

bun, 93–94definition of, 53elements of, 93–94as Islamic ideation, 93–94See also Fardu

Wakaf (endowment), see Sedekoh jariyahWaktu asar, 115Waktu iso, 166Waktu norib, 119

Index 235

Waktu suboh, 119Waktu suhur, 119Wali Sanga, 33Wa’ make, see Feasting complexes,

merit-generatingWan di, 134, 137, 168, 208Wa’ ngatek, see Funeral feastsWan Muhammad Nor Mata, 41Wa’ upoh haji

contentions concerning, 189, 195practice of, 181–182See also Tok seh

Wa’ wajike, 85, 130, 152Widows, 134, 138, 155

Witir, see Semaye sunnatWudu

description of, 116before reading the semaye and reading

Qur’an, 116See also Defilement

ZZakat, 5, 92–93, 95–96, 119, 130–131,

161–164, 180See also Sedekoh

Zanji, 140, 144, 149–150, 199See also Mawlid