Appendix

ENGLISH-METRIC UNIT CONVERSION TABLE (from Ground Water, Vol. 33, No. 5, p. 873, reprinted bypermission of the Journal of Ground Wat er). To convert A to B, multiply A by C, to convert B to A, divide Bby C

Hydraulic conductivity/Permeabilitygal/day/ft- cmlsecgallday/ ft2 ftlda ygallday/ ft2 metre/daygal (UK)/day/ ft2 metre/day

Force and pressurepound(f) newtonpounds/sq. in pascallb/sq.lft pascalatmosphere pascalpsi kg/cm-ft of H20 (4°C) psi

A B C

Lengthinch metre 2.540E-2feet metre .3048yard metre .9144mile kilometre 1.609inch centimetre 2.540

Areasq inch sq centimetre 6.452sq feet sq metre 9.290E-2sq yard sq metre .8361sq mile sq kilometre 2.590acre sq kilom etre 4.047E-3

Volumecu feet cu metre 2.832E-2cu inch cu centimetre 1.639E-1

gallon litre 3.785gallon (UK) litre 4.546barrel (petr) litre 1.590E-2acre-feet cu metre 1.234E-3million gal cu metre 3.785E-3gallon (UK) gallon (US) 1.200

Velocity and gradientfeetlsec metre/sec 0.3048mile/hour metre/sec 0.4470feet/mile metre/km 0.1894Flow rategal/rnin litre/sec 6.309E-2gallmin cu metre/day 5.300gal (UK)/min litre/sec 7.577E-2106 gal/day cu metre/day 3.785E-3cu ftlsec (cfs) litre/sec 2.832E-1acre- feet/da y litre/sec 1.458E-1

A

darcydarcy

Transmissivitygallda y/ftgal (UK)/day/ftsq ft/secsq ft/day

TemperatureFahrenheitCelsiusKelvin

B

ftldaymetre /da y

sq metre/daysq metre/daysq metre/daysq metre/

CelsiusFahrenheitCelsius

C

4.716E-50.13374.075E-24.893E-2

2.4330.7416

1.242E-21.492E-28.027E39.290E-2

4.4486.895E34.788E1LOBES7.031E20.4335

5 (F-32)/91.8 (C) +32K-273 .2

NOTE: (1) The (E) notation indicates exponentiation: 2.540E-2=2.540.1O-2• (2) Unless otherwise noted, allgallons are U.S. gallons. (3) The darcy is unit of permeability (k), not of hydraulic conductivity (K).(4) A newton (force) = kg.m/s-; A pascal (pressure) = kg/m.s-; each in a unit in SI. (5) Unde r'Ternperature', entries are formulae, not multipliers.

369

To save space, some frequ ently used references areabbreviated:

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Adyalkar, P.G. and Rao, S.S. (1979) Hydrodynamic

AGUASCEAWRCBGSCGWB

CSCGSIIAH

IAEAIAHS

IGCIGW

NG RI

UNESCO

WHO

: American Geoph ysical Union: American Society of Civil Engineers: Australian Water Resources Council: British Geological Survey: Centra l Ground Water Board, Govt. of

India: Commonwea lth Science Council: Geological Survey of India: International Association of

Hydrogeologists: Internat ional Atomic Energy Agency: Internat ional Association of Hydrological

Seiences: Internat ional Geological Congress: Proceedings Internat ional Workshop on

Appropria te Methodlogies forDevelopment and Ma nagemen t ofGro und Water Resources in DevelopingCountries, NG RI, India.

: Na tional Geophysical Research Institut e,Hyderabad, India.

: United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultura l Organisatio n

: World Health Orga nisation

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393

Acidizing 317Active remote sensing 54Addit ion image 83Advection 142-43Aerati on zone, see Vado se zoneAir rotary method 315-16Albedo 62Anisotropy 14, 165,298

Aperture 32hydraulic 158mechanical 158

Appal achian basin 301, 302Apparent resistivity figure 92Aquidude 9Aquifer

dassification 9confined 9, 155-56defined 9double porosity 10fractured rock 2granular rock 2leaky 10perched 10unconfined 7, 155- 56watertable 7

Aquit ard 9Archie's law 211Areal fraeture density 28Areal surveys 34Arithmetic overlay 113ARS 91Artificial recharge 363Artificially injected tracers, see

TracerAspo Hard Rock Laboratory

238Atmo spheric

absorption 54factors 62interaction 54scattering 54windows 54

Attribute data 108Average velocity 127Azimuthai resistivity survey

91Azimuthai seismic method 96

Index

Bank storage 6Barometrie efficiency 341Basalt 261Base exchange, see Ion exchangeBaseflow 5, 6Basin yield 363Bedding 14, 73Berea sandstone 160, 299BI, see Brightness indexBlasting 318Block size 31Bole 266Boolean logic 113Boom d ay 300Bore fluid log 101Borehole radar, see RadarBorehole surveys, see SurveysBorehole televiewer 102Borewells 306-07, 311-12Boulton 's method 195Boulton's delay index 157, 195Bourdet-Gringarten metho d

209-10Bouwer & Rice method 179Bredehoeft & Papadopulos

method 181Brightness index 83Brittle deform ation 17Brunswick shale 301, 302Bundelkhand granite 137Buried valleys 295Buried pediment 245

Cable tool method 313- 15Caliper log 101Ca mera system 56Canary islands 270, 273Capillary zone 7Carbonate rocks 72-73, 275Carnmenellis granit e 322Cartographic manual digitization

108CAT 99Categorical data 108Cation exchange, see Ion exchangeCFCs, see TracerChalk 275, 283, 284, 286

Charmuria limestone 288Charmuria sandstone 302Chemical quality 119Chernozem 261Chloride method 289, 331CIR photography 64Clastic formations 295Clastic rocks 72-73Clays 300Cleavage plane, see Rock deavageCoefficient of permeability 151Coefficient of anisotropy 92Collector weil 309-10, 313Collins bar diagram 218Colour

codin g 83,112composites 84enhancement 83infrared photographs 64

Columbia-Snake River basalt265, 269-270, 272, 274

Columnar joint 19, 262-63Cone of depression

radius of 181speed of propagation 182

Confined aquifer 155, 156Connate water 8Connectivity operation 114Consolidated sediments 298-302Contaminants

movement of 123, 230-32source s of 232

Centamination 230-40hazard 120, 240potential 120, 240from agriculture 235-36from mining 233-34from municip al waste 234-35from natural sources 232from radioactive waste disposal

236-39Contiguity function 114Cont inuity equation 128Continuous data 108Contrast enhancement 82Cooper's method 179-80Crosshole method 99Crystalline rocks 72-73, 241

395

Index

Cubic law 131-33Cuddalore sandstone 299

Dar Zarrouk variable (function)212

Darcy, H. 126Darcy unit 154Darcy 's law 126-28Darcy velocity 127Darwin Rural area 289Data

bank 109base 107input 109management 111structure 108

DBMS 111Deccan Traps 262, 265-66,

270-73,313DEM surface 114Density slicing 83Depletion curve 6Depositional landforms 71Diameter, hydraulic 126Diameter, effective 125, 169Digital

elevation model 114image processing 82number 56terrain model 85

Digitizing 110Dilational fractures 17Dipmeter log 102Direct circulation hydraulic

drilling 315Discharge sites 69Discontinuities 14, 47, 73Discrete fracture network 136Dispersion

coefficient of 144longitudinal 144transverse 144

Dispersivitylongitudinal 145transverse 145

Doline 277-78Double porosity 10, 129,

133-36, 142, 207, 323Down-the-hole hammer method

313,316Drainage

characteristics 38, 81, 85density 39, 41external 39factor 157, 195

396

interval 38pattern 39, 40

DRASTIC model 120, 240Drawdown curves 186-89Drilling methods 313-16DTH, see Down-the-hole hammer

methodDTM 85Dual porosity, see Double porosityDug weil 305-06, 311Dug-cum-borewell 308, 313Durov diagram 219Dyes, see TracerDykes 267-69

Edge enhancement 82Effective aperture 132Effective diameter 125, 153, 169Effective porosity 127, 143, 153Effluent seepage 9, 69Electrieal

log 101resistivity tomography 99drilling 89resistivity method 89-94

Eleetromagnetiemethods 87-89response 88speetrum 54tomography 99

EM methods 311-12Enhancement 82epm 213Equal -ratio maps, see MapsEquivalent parallel plate model

137Equivalent parts per million 213Equivalent porous medium 136Erosional landforms 71ET, see EvapotranspirationEvaporation 86Evapotranspiration 6-7Exploration, see Suveys 87Extension fraeture 17

False colour eomposite 64, 112Faults 20-22, 81, 84FCC 64Fiek's first law 146Fiek's seeond law 146Field eapaeity 5Film 56Filtering 83, 112, 117Filters 56

Flowmeter log 103Fluvial deposits 295Folds 14, 73Foliation 14, 73Formation loss 204Fossil water, see Connate waterFraeture

aperture 32, 158area 29asperity 32average veloeity in 130cause of 16charaeterization 24eonjugate shear 28eonneetivity 31degree of separation 131density 28dilational 17effective aperture 132first-order 17hybrid 17hydraulie eonduetivity of

130identifieation log 102index 95infillings 33intensity 30intereonneetivity 164-65interval 27length 28nonsystematic 16number of sets 25oblique 17orientation 25open 15parallel 17permeability 14persistence 28porosity 143second-order 17separation 27shape 29shear 17skin 164, 304spaeing 27systematie 16traee, see Lineamenttransmissivity of 130transverse 17types of 16volumetrie eount 30wall coating 33

Freneh Polynesia 313Freundlieh's isothermal equation

223Fuyo 60

Gamma ray log 101Gamma-gamma ray log 102Genetic types of water 8Geobased Information System

105Geographical Information System

105Geohydrological investigations

40Geological structure 73Gelogical investigations 37Geomorphological invest igations

37Geophotogrammetry, terrestrial

63Geophysical exploration 87Geophysicallogs 100Geotechnical elements 61Geothermal reservoirs 155,

321flow characteristics of 323reservoir properties of 323-25

Geothermal watersquality 326-27origin 327-28

Ghyben, B. 347Ghyben-Herzberg relationship

348GIS analysis 113GIS, see Geographical Information

SystemGlacial deposits 296-98Glacial tills 297-98GPR, see RadarGraingarten-Witherspoon method

210Gravity method 97Great Artesian Basin 302Great-circle plots 25Ground penetrating radar, see

RadarGround truth 61Ground resolution cell 57Groundwater

balance 329-30exploration 118indicators 67, 84

direct 67first-order 67indirect 67second-order 67

level map, see Mapsmodelling 122, 351-63recharge 330-33resources of India 336-38in fractured rocks 353-54

Hawaii isIands 267, 270, 273,313

Hazen, A. 169Hazen's formula 169-70HDR system 321-22Herzberg, B. 347Heterogeneity 166HilI-Piper diagram 219Histogram plot 25HLEM 88Horizontal borewells 307-08,

312-13Hot Dry Rock Systems 321-22HRV 59Hybrid fractures 17Hybrid colour composite 84Hydraulic conductivity

defined 153field coefficient of 153in clastic formations 300-02in carbonate rocks 285-87in crystalline rocks 247,

249-50in volcanic rocks 270Me inzer's coefficient of 153of fractured media 130,

157-60Hydraulic diameter 126Hydraulic diffusivity 156Hydraulic resistance 156Hydraulic fracturing 318-19Hydraulic tests

mechanical transient flow171

packer 171-77pumping 181-211slug 179-81tracer injection 177-79transient flow 170-71

Hydro-fracturing, see Hydraulicfracturing

Hydrochemical facies 224-26Hydrochemical maps, see MapsHydrochemical zoning 224Hydrochemical diagrams

218-19H ydrogeological maps, see MapsHydrogeological boundaries 45,

47Hydrograph 6, 46Hydrological cyele 4Hydrological balance 329,

332Hydrosphere 8Hyperfiltration, see Membrane

effects

Index

IFDA 137-38Image

correction 82defined 57enhancement 82-83processing 82, 111selection 67weil 198-201

Imaging radar 57Indiana limestone 160Indo-Gangetic basin 295Induced recharge 365Infiltration 5, 86Infiltration capacity 5Infiltration galleries 310, 312-13Influent seepage 69Inselberg 242Integrated fraeture density ofapertures funct ion 137-38

Interbasin water transfer 367Interception 86Intermediate vadose zone 7Interpolation 110, 114Interval scale 108Intrinsic permeability 126, 151Intrinsic transmissivity 323-24Intrusives 22Investigations, see SurveysIon exchange 148, 222IRS 59, 60, 64Isohyetal method 6Isotopes 214,236-37,331Isotopic tracer, see TracerIsotopic composition of water

214

jacob's method 192JERS 60,64Joint 19Joint roughness coefficient 159Juvenile water 8

Karoo sandstone 302, 312Karoo system 211, 269, 302Karst 275, 285, 289, 293Kozeny-Carman equation 170

Laccadive (Laksha Dweep) islands267

Laminar flow 125-26, 131Land subsidence 325-26,

34~6

397

Index

Landform 38, 71, 85, 242-45,261-63

Landsat 58-59, 64Leakage coefficient 156Leakage facror 157Leakance, see Leakage coefficientLeak y aquifer 10Limesrone 275Lineaments 73- 80, 84Linear fracture densiry 28LISS 60, 64Lithology, see Rock typesLocation data 107Logging, see Weil LoggingLogical overlay 113Lugeon, M. 172Lugeon test 172-75Lugeon unit 174Lysimeter 4

Magnetic method 97-98Magnetometry 98Maillet's formula 290Malawi 309Manikaran 325Maps

computer coded 45depth of water level 46e1ectronic 45equal-ratio 215groundwater level 45hard copy 45hydrochemical 215hydrogeological 44media 45piezometric surface 42, 45

regional 44special purpose 45thematic 45water level fluctuation 46

water table 42, 45, 46Matrix block unit 30Maui type wells 273,313Mauritius 267, 273Membrane effect 223Microresistivity log 102Mining yield 363Modelling 123, 351-63Models

discrete fracture network 136double porosiry 133-36equi valent parallel plate 137equi valent porous medium 136parallel plate 130

Mohr diagram 17

398

Moi sture content 69Molecular diffusion 146-48Mosaics 61MRT 91MSS 58-59, 64Multiple tracer, see TracerMultispectral data 63

NDVI 85Neighbourhood operations 114Network function 115Neuman's method 195-97Neutron log 102New water, see Juvenile waterNominal scale 108Nubian sandstone 299

Observation weil nerwork 42Ocala limestone 287Ombla spring 292Optimum depth of wells 255-56Ordinal scale 108Overburden 72Overdraft 363Overlay operations 113

Packer restscross -hole hydraulic test 172,

176-77modified Lugeon test 175-76standard Lugeon test 172-75

Pahoehoe 270Palaeochannels 295-96Palaeokarst 278-79Panchromatic data 62Papadopulos-Cooper method

202-03Parallel fractures 14Parallel pla te model 130Partially penetrating wells 201Parts per million 213Passive remote sensing 54Pediment 245Percolation tanks 365Percussion method 313-15Perennial yield 363Permeability - thickness 155Permeability 151

defined 153int rinsic 126range of values 154stress effect 159temperature effect 164

Permeameters 170Perspecti ve view 115Photographie system 55Photointerpretation elements

61-62Phreatic zone 7Pi(rc)-pole plots 25Pierre shale 301Piezometric surface 10Pixel 57Plateau basalts 264-65Platforms of remote sensing 55Pollution, see ContaminationPolygonal joints 19Porosity

effective 127, 143, 153fracture 151-52log 102matrix 151-52

ppm, see parts per millionPrecambarian shield 241Precipitation 6, 331Preferential flow 140Profiling, electrical 90Proximiry function 114Puga Valley 326Pumping test 181-211

constant discharge 190design of 183-85duration of 185planning of 182step drawdown 203-07in bounded aquifers 197-201in dykes 210-11in fractured rock s 20 7in intrusive dykes 210in large diameter wells 201in leaky aquifers 193in unconfined aquifers 194-95

Pyroclastic deposits 270

Qanat, see Infiltration galle riesQuality criteria

for domestic use 226-29for irrigation 229-30

Radarborehole 97ground penetrating 96image 66imaging 57return 58

Radiation sources 54Radioactive isotopes 214,236-37

Radioactive tracers , see TracerRadioactive waste disposal

236-39Radon survey 96, 311-12Rainfall 86Rajmahal Traps 267, 271, 272Raleigh scattering 54Ranne y weil, see Collector weilRaster structure 108Ratio image 83Ratio scale 108Recession curve 6Recession coefficient 290-91Recharge weil 365-66Recharge zone 68Reflection, seismic 95Regional structure 18Registration 111Regolith 72Relational DBMS 111Relative roughness 126Remote sensing

active 54defined 53passive 54principle 53

Remote sensors 55Remote sensor resolut ion 57Representati ve elementary volume

25, 135, 166-68Resistivity method 89-94Resistivity log 101Retardat ion

coefficient 149-50equation 149

Retrieval operations 113REV, see Representative elemen­

tary volumeReverse circulation rotary method

315Reynolds number 125-26, 127Rhine Graben 164, 322-23Richards, L.A. 140Richards equation 140Rock cleavage 14Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

31Rock types 8, 72- 73Rose diagram 25Runoff 5

Safe Yield 363Salinity hazard 121Sand fracing 319Sandstone 298-302

Saprock 245Saprolite 245Saraswati river 295Scanline surveys 33Scanner

CCD 57OM 57

Scanning systems 56Scattering 54Scholler diagram 218Search function 114Seawater intrusion 347-57Seepage 9, 69, 116Seismic method 94Seismic travel time tomography

99Semiconfined aquifer 10Semi-permeable membrane 303Shales 300-02Shear fracture 17Shear zone 20, 81Sheeting joint 19Shooting, see BlastingSills 269Siltstone 300-01Skin effect 164, 189, 190, 209SLAR 57,66Slug test

Bouwer and Rice method 179Bredehoeft and Papadopulos

method 181Coop er's method 179-80

Snow cover 86Soil moisture 69, 85-86Soil water zone 7Solar reflection 62-63Solute transport

mechanism of 142in fractures 147-50

Sonde 100Sounding technique 89Specific capacity 206-07Specific discharge 127Specific drawdown 205Specific retention 152Specific storage 155-56, 170Specific surface 152Specific yield 153Spectral response curve 53Spherica l projection 25Spontaneous potential log 163SPOT 59Spread function 115Spring

chemograph 44discharge 44, 331

Index

hydrograph 44, 289submarine 279-82in basalts 272- 73in kar st terrains 279

Sri Lanka 309Step-drawdown test 203Stereoscopy 61Stiff diagram 218Stone forest , see Tower karstStorativity

defined 155, 182, 324ratio 133, 134 , 136, 157in carbonate rocks 285-86in clastic formations 300-02in crystalline rocks 247in volcanic rocks 271

Stream hydrograph 6Strel tsova-Adams method 207-09Stripa mine 162, 176, 238Structural hill, see InselbergSubmarine spring 279-82Subsurface dam 366Subsurface methods 100-03Subsurface water 7

classification 7genetic types 8

Subtraction image 83Sulphate reduction 223-24Surface spreading 364Surging 317Surveys

3D methods 35areal 34azimuthai resistivity 91azimuthai seismic 96borehole 34borehole radar 97electromagnetic 87geohydrological 40geological 37geomorphological 37geophysica l 87gravity 98magnetic 98radon 96remote sensing 53resistivity 89scanline 33seismic 94vertical electrical sounding 90weil logging 100-03

Synthetic stereo 112

Target reflectance 62TDS 119

399

Index

Terrestrial geophotogrammetry63

Thar desert 295The Geysers 325Theis equation 191Theis Jacob equation 192Theis nonequilibrium method

190-92Theis recovery method 192-93Thermal IR data 65Thermal gradient 322Thermal inertia 65Thiem, A. 190Thiem's equation 292Thiem's equilibrium method 190Tidal efficiency 341TIR region 65TM 58-59,64Tomography 99Topographie function 114Topography 62, 71, 85Tower karst 278Tracer

artificially injected 49CFCs 50dyes 50salts 50isotopes 50multiple 49natural 48radioactive 51test 298types of 47-48

Tracer injection testconvergent flow tracer test 178divergent flow tracer test 178groundwater velocity method

177-78point dilution method 178-79

Transmissibility, see TransmissivityTransmissivity

defined 155intrinsic 323estimation 206-07, 211-12ratio 133, 134, 136in carbonate rocks 285in clastic formations 300-02in crystalline rocks 247, 250

400

in volcanic rocks 271of fracture 130, 155

Tritium 146,331Type curve 180, 191, 194, 196,

197, 204, 209Turbulent flow 125-26, 131

Ultrafiltration, see Membraneeffect

Unconfined aquifer, see AquiferUnconformity 22Unconsolidated sediment 295-98Underground Research Laboratory

238, 247, 300Uniformity coefficient 169Unsaturated flow

in fractured rock 140-42in porous media 138-40

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity138-40

Vadose zone 7Vector structure 108Vegetation index 85Venn's diagram 113Vertical electrical sounding 89VLEM 88VLF-EM 88Void ratio 152Volcanic islands 267, 274Volcanic rocks 72-73, 261Volumetrie fracture count 30-31Volumetrie fracture density 20

Wairakei 325-26Walton's method 193-94Water table 7Water table map, see MapsWater

budget 329isotopic composition 214level measurements 42level fluctuations 331, 340-44logging 344quality 226-29

types 8use 119year 330in carbonate rock 292-93in clastic formation 302-04in crystalline rock 252-60in volcanic rock 274

Weathered profile 245WeIl

characterstics 205development 316-19efficiency 205interference 324-25logging 100loss 204nest 42network, see Observation weIl

networkoptimum depth of 255-56productivity 207, 287shooting 302siting 310-13yield

in carbonate rocks 287-89in crystaIIine rocks 251-55in volcanic rocks 272-73

Wenner array 89Westerly Granite 164White's formula 4WHPA 123World's water resources 334-36

Yieldbasin 363mining 363perennial 363safe 363

Yucca mountain 140-42, 238-39

Zimbabwe 309, 311Zone of saturation, see Phreatic

zone