9:00 a.m.

9:15

9:25

10:10

10:30

10:55 11:10

11:55

12:40 p.m. 2:00

2:45

3:30

4:15 6:00 7:00

APPENDIX I - WORKSHOP PROGRAM

1st Day

Welcome & Introduction: co-directors (Alferov, Moore, and Pak) Welcome: Chairman, Local Organizing Committee (Pak) Chairman: Jubier (NATO) Newman (U.S.) Legal Framework of the Industrial Economy. The Laws of In­tellectual Property - Economic Incentives in Development Pak (Turkey) The Turkish Experience Rambaut (Deputy Assistant Secretary General of NATO) NATO's Science and Environment Program Break A1ferov (Russia) Science and Technology Policy in Russia - A View from the Russian Academy of Sciences Moore (U.S.) Aspects of Technology Transfer: U. S. Policy in Practice Lunch Chairman: A1ferov (Russia) deJong (Netherlands) A View from a Market Economy Macioti (EC, Italy) European Union (EU) Relations with Central and Eastern Eu­rope and with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): the Example of Central Asia Rines (U.S.) Training Patent Lawyers and Engineers Break Adjournment Dinner Speaker: T. Terzioglu, President of TOBiTAK

255

256

8:15 a.m.

8:30

9:15

10:00

11:00 11:15

12:00 p.m.

12:45 2:00

2:45

3:30

4:15 4:30

5:15

6:00

6:45

2nd Day

Organizing Committee: Review of Previous Day Chairman: Pak (Turkey) Rabkin (Canada) Technology Transfer with the Former USSR: History, Prob­lems and Opportunities Alaverdov (Russia) The Russian Federal Space Program up to the Year 2000 Salaev (Azerbaijan) Issues in Azerbaijan Break Daukeev (Kazakhstan) Technology Transfer Problems for the Republic of Kazakhstan Forsberg (Sweden) Swedish Personnel and Leadership Experiences in Technology Transfer Lunch Chairman: Moore (U.S.) Bratersky (Russia) Social and Political Impact on Russia of the Transfer of Technology from NATO Countries Poholkov (Russia) The Personnel Needs of Siberian Industries and Institutions for Effective Technology Transfer Kuusi (Finland) Finnish Experiences in Technology Transfer Break S. Arzhakov (Russia) Some Aspects of Technology Transfer between Russia and West­ern Countries Pachadzhanov (Tajikistan) Issues in Tajikistan Katona (US) Biomedical Engineering in the U. S. from Basic Research to Commercial Products and Technology Transfer Adjournment

257

7:30 Dinner

9:00 a.m.

10:15 10:30

1:15 p.m. 2:45 p.m. 4:00 4:15 5:00

6:30 7:15 7:45

3rdDay

Chairman: deJong (Netherlands) Radosevic (UK) The Eastern European Latecomer Firm and Technology Trans­fer: From "Muddling Through" to "Catching Up" Break Team Workshops Team A: Leaders: Bratersky (Russia) and deJong (Netherlands) Technology Transfer, Human Resources in CP countries (spe­cific skills needed -legal, managerial, industrial, etc., who should be trained, where and how) Team B: Leaders: Alferov (Russia) and Moore (US) Role of institutions and industries in NATO countries in contrib­uting to preparation of human resources for technology in CP countries and between CP countries and NATO countries Lunch Continuation of Team Workshops Break Continuation Team Leaders Tentative Outline of Conference Report Discussion of Tentative Outline Adjournment Dinner Speaker: T. Titiz (Turkey), Member of Parliament

258

9:00 a.m.

9:30 10:45 11:00

12:00 p.m.

1:30

4th Day

Conference Organizing Committee and Team Leaders Draft of Tentative Outline Discussion of Draft Break Conference Organizing Committee Final Remarks Lunch Remarks: Pak (Turkey), Conference Co-Chairman Conference Adjournment

APPENDIX n -LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND AUTHORS

Key Speakers

Prof. G.A. Abilsiitov Minister of Science and Technology Kazakhstan

Dr. V. Alaverdov First Deputy of Director General Russian Space Agency Russia

Prof. Zhores Alferov Vice President Russian Academy of Sciences 5, Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia

Prof. Sergei A. Arzhakov Polymer Department, Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Lenin Hills, Moscow 119899 Russia

Prof. Ilgiz Aytmatov President Academy of Sciences Kirgizistan

Dr. G. Batyrbekov Director General National Nuclear Center Kazakhstan

Dr. Maxim Bratersky Director, International Programs Russian Public Policy Center Moscow Russia

Prof. George Bugliarello Chancellor Polytechnic University 6 Metrotech Center Brooklyn, ~11201 USA

Prof. Dias K. Daukeev Deputy Minister of Science and New Technologies Masanchi str. 57a Almaty 480012 Kazakhstan

Prof. W.A. deJong 129 Gevers Deynootweg NL-2586 HL Den Haag The Netherlands

259

260

Prof. Vincenzo Di Cataldo Facolta di Legge Universita di Catonia Catonia Italy

Dr. Hans G. Forsberg President Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Box 5073 S-102 42 Stockholm 5 Sweden

Prof. A. Hedjamamedov President Academy of Science Turkmenistan

Dr. Peter Katona Vice President The Whitaker Foundation 1700 N. Moore St., Suite 2200 Rosslyn, VA 22209 USA

Dr. Juhani Kuusi Director General Technology Development Centre TEKES Malminkatu 34 Helsinki Finland

Dr. Manfredo Macioti (Ret.) Advisor, European Commission Rue G Stocq, 16 Ixelies, B-1050 Brussels Belgium

Prof. John Moore Director, International Institute George Mason University 4001 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 450 Arlington, VA 22203-1616 USA

Honorable Pauline Newman Circuit Judge U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit The National Courts Building 717 Madison Place, NW Washington, DC 20439 USA

Prof. O. Odekov Director of Institute of Geology Turkmenistan

Prof. Daler N. Pachadzhanov Vice-President Academy of Sciencesof Tajikistan Nikitin Institude of Chemistry Aini 299/2 734063 Dushanbe Tajikistan

Prof. Namik K. Pak Vice President of roBiTAK The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey Atatark Bulvari, No. 221 Kavaklidere 06100 Ankara Turkey

Prof. Yury P. Poholkov Rector Tomsk Polytechnic University 30 Lenina Ave. Tomsk 634004 Russia

Dr. Slavo Radosevic Science Policy Research Unit University of Sussex Mantell Building Palmer, Brighton BNl 9RF England

Dr. Robert Rines Chairman Franklin Pierce Law Center Academy of Applied Science 65 India Row Concord, NH 03301 USA

Prof. Eldar Salaev President Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan

Mr. William C. Salmon National Academy of Engineering 2101 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20418 USA

Prof. O.M. Sultangazin National Academy of Sciences 21 Ulitsa Shevchenko Almaty Kazakhstan 480021

Prof. N .R. Y ousurbekov Commissioner for Science and Technology Uzbekhistan

261

262

Other Participants

Guller Adigiizel Ministry of Industry & Commerce Ankara Turkey

Ali Riza Ak~ay NETAS Alemdag Cad Umraniye Istanbul Turkey

Sedat Apaydin Ministry of Industry & Commerce Ankara Turkey

Prof. Maxim Arzhakov Polymer Chemistry Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119899 Russia

Ozden AsIan TAl (Turkish Aerospace Ind.) Akinci, Ankara Turkey

Senol Ataman TUBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Halime Atamer TUBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

DursunAyan Atatilrk Merkezi, Atatilrk Bul. No. 225 K.dere 06690, Ankara Turkey'

Ernel Aydinalp Duyu Sok. No. 17/3 9ankaya, Ankara Turkey

Sevki Bakirci General Directorate of Turkish Maritime Karakoy, Istanbul Turkey

Vladimir Barinov First Sec., Russian Embassy Karyagdi Sok. No. 5 Ankara Turkey

Serna Basintas Ankara University Faculty of Linguistics, History and Geography Ankara Turkey

Tarik Baykara Materials Research Dept. roBiTAK Marmara Research Center PK. 21 Gehze Kocaeli Turkey

Dr. Srym Bukeychanov President New Technology Centre 112 Mate Zalka str. Almaty 480062 Kazakhstan

Arif <;aglar Hacettepe University, Department of Chemical Engineering Beytepe, Ankara Turkey

Mustafa Dagli roBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Oya Ersan roBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Luigi Fontana Giusti Ambassador, Italian Embassy Ankara Turkey

Dr. C.H. Glenday Head Europe Office National Science Foundation (US) France

H. Aykut Goker roBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Nuran Glinoven roBiTAK Atatilrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Ersan Giirliik

263

Ministry of Industry and Commerce Maltepe, Ankara Turkey

Dr. Alain Jubier Fellowships Program Director NATO Scientific Affairs Division 1110 Brussels Belgium

Haluk Korkmazyiirek Dept. of Armament & Defense Research of the General Staff of Turkey 06100 Bakanliklar, Ankara Turkey

264

Duran Leblebici Istanbul Technical University Ayazaga Kampiisu 80626 Istanbul Turkey

Nese Liile9 TUBiTAK Atamrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Vladimir Mirnov METU Physics Dept. Ankara Turkey

Ing. Teresa Murino University of Naples Corso Vittorio Emanuele 110/2 80121 Napoli Italy

Serpil Olgii9 Turkish Cement Factory (9ITOSAN) Eskisehir Yolu 7 Km, Ankara Turkey

Nevzat Ozgiiven General Director Turkish Cement Factory (9ITOSAN) Eskisehir Yolu, Ankara Turkey

Dr. Yakov M. Rabkin Department d 'Histoire Universite de Montreal c.P. 6128, Station Centre-Ville Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada

Dr. Paul Rambaut Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Scientific and Environmental Affairs NATO B-ll10 Brussels Belgium

Dr. Sefik Siizer Bilkent University Dept. of Chemistry Ankara Turkey

H. Tanriyar Deputy Director Paper and Pulp Industry (SEKA) izm'it Turkey

Biilent Tekin Paper and Pulp Ind. (SEKA) Dalaman Company Turkey

Ahmet Tezel MKE Kirikkale Turkey

Ersin Tulunay Secretary of the Research Grant Committee of Electrics, Electronic & Informatics TUBiTAK Atamrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Omiir Tiirksoy TUBiTAK Atamrk Bulvari No. 221 Kavaklidere, Ankara Turkey

Nevin Vahapoglu Ministry of Industry and Commerce Directorate of Research and Development Tandogan, Ankara Turkey

265

INDEX

A

A3B5 compounds 54 Abilsiitov, Prof. G.A. 259 academia and industry, interactions

between 186 Academies of Science 85, 87, 89, 188 Academy of Applied Science

of Franklin Pierce Law Center (U.S.) 245

Oxford Model 247 Academy of Medical Sciences 89 ACCORD 252 accountancy firms 184 ACE 157 active follower SMEs in The Netherlands

177 Acumeter Laboratories, Inc. 248 adequate disclosure 45 adhesive backed paper tapes and labels

248 Adigiizel, Gliller 262 administration reform 157, 159 administrative organization 185 advanced countries 202 Advanced Research Workshop

vii, 74, 127 Advanced Technology Program

National Institute of Standards of Technology (U.S.) 239

Advisory Council for Science and Technology Policy

of The Netherlands 182 aeronautics 104 Africa 21 Aginsk Buryat 78 agrarian resources 124

agricultural industry

in the U.S. 216 machinery 109 processing 121 production 58 productivity

in the U.S. 220 products 119 research 37, 213 technology 213

agriculture 107, 109, 113, 117, 121, 157, 191

agro-processing 160 AIDS 17, 20

HIV antibody test kit 224 air and water quality

management of, in Sweden 198 aircrafts

commuter 197 AkCay, Ali Riza 262 AKZO 194 Alaverdov, Dr. V. 259 Albania 156 Alfa Laval 193 Alferov, Prof. Zhores x, 53, 259 AIGaAs heterostructures 55 All-Republic 79 All-Union 122 alliance 132, 142, 144, 148, 152 Almaty 107, 117 Altai 78, 83 America

191, 192, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251. See also United States

268

American. See also United States ftrms 196, 211 inventors 245

American challenge Ie deft Americain 196

Amoils, Dr. Percy 249 Anti-Crime Program in Russia 71 Apaydin, Sedat 262 applied computing 69, 74 applied research 198, 239 ARCH Development Corporation 225 Argonne National Laboratory 225 Armenia 161 arm's length licensing 132 artiftcial tissues and organs 237 ARW. See Advanced Research Work-

shop Arzhakov, Prof. ~axUn 262 Arzhakov, Prof. Sergei A. 99, 259 ASEA 193, 194 ASEA Brown Boveri 194 ASEAN 156 Asia 155, 156, 163 AsIan, Ozden 262 assets 129, 135, 137

intangible, management of 129 Astra 193 Ataman, Senol 262 Atamer, Halime 209, 262 Atlas Copco 193 attache system

in Sweden 198 auto parts industry 139 automotive engine technology 5 aviation 204

industry 85 Ayan, Dursun 262 Aydinalp, Emel 262 Aytmatov, Prof. ngiz 259 Azerbaijan 159, 160, 161

B

Baikonur Cosmodrom 116 Bakirci, Sevki 262 balance of payments 157, 158 Baltimore 226 Bangladesh 249 banking 152, 157, 184

in Turkey 208 Barinov, Vladimir 262 basic knowledge 237 basic research

177, 223, 235, 237, 238, 239, 244 in biomedical engineering 239

Basintas, Sema 262 Basov, N. 53 Battle of Leningrad 61 Batyrbekov, Dr. G. 259 Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 (U.S.) 215 Baykara, Tarik 263 Beijing 198 bioengineering xi, 13, 237, 239 biology 99, 237, 241, 242 biomaterial 242 biomechanics 242 biomedical devices

manufacturing and marketing of 240 biomedical engineering

237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244

and related disciplines 238 basic research in 239, 244 defmed 237 degree programs in 241 education 241, 243 enrollment statistics, U.S. 242 in the U.S. 237 non-government support in the U. S.

support by Whitaker Foundation 239 programs 239, 243 student interest in 242

support of in the U.S. 239 technology transfer from U.S. to CP

countries 243 biomedical research

in the U.S. 223 biomedicine and health 158 bioprocess engineers 237 biotechnology 119, 158, 166, 237, 239 birth rates 80 blue prints 201 Board of Management of the TNO 183 Bonn 198 Boston 225 brain drain 100, 101, 104, 116 brain power 123 brand names 202 Bratersky, Dr. Maxim 63, 259 breakthrough inventions 246 Britain

former colonies 248 bronze 191, 192 bronze age 192 Brussels 198 budgetary problems

impact on technology transfer in the U.S. 230

budgets 53, 57, 58, 60, 70, 89, 106, 114, 116,180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 215, 216,226, 227, 230, 239

Bugliarello, Prof. George vii, 1, 259 Bukeychanov, Dr. Srym 263 Bukhara-Khiva 124 Bulgaria 156, 158 "burning" of investment funds 241 Burns, Dr. Steven 249 Buryatia 78 business 175, 176, 177, 182, 187

analyses 217 community 143 portfolios 138 services 143

c Cabinet

of The Netherlands 182 CACM 156 Cadiou, Jean-Marie vii <;aglar, Arif 263 California 225, 226 Canada 93 capital

269

130, 134, 135, 136, 141, 142, 150, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 240, 241

capital markets 204 capital-intensive techniques 206 capitalism 36 capitalization 69 carbonic acid 125 CAT-Scan 246 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (U.S.) cellular and molecular engineering 242 Centers for Disease Control and Preven-

tion (U.S.) 223 Central Asia 119, 124, 155, 159, 163 Central Europe 157 CFSP 155 charcoal 192 chemical adhesive 245 chemical engineers 237, 242 chemical plants 124

in Finland 166 technology 119

chemicals 109 chemistry 99 Chemobyl 13, 121, 161 China 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 93, 250 Chinese universities

and PACT 251 Chowdhury, Justice Abu Sayeed 249 chromite 109 CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent

States

270

civil aviation 58 civil war 161 civil wrongs and crimes 26 civilian technologies 205 class of owners in Russia 70 classical period 192 Clinton Administration (U.S.)

technology policy during 227 closed economy 141 coal 79, 82, 83, 88, 109 COCOM 67, 204, 205 code of conduct on international transfer

of technology 43 Cold War

ix, 6, 64, 204, 205, 211, 231 collaboration among fIrms 132 collaborative research (defmed) 178 collective ownership of inventions and

patents 48 collective research (defmed) 179 colleges 211 commercial

disputes 30 legislation 105 organization 112 risk 30, 33 stability 33 technology transfer 11 timber production 82 timber production in Siberia 77

commercialization 239, 240, 241 in Russia 102 services 217, 251

Common Foreign and Security Policy 155

Common Market 155 Commonwealth of Independent States

65,67, 70, 76, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 155, 158, 159

communication xii, xiii, xv, 103 of information 163

communications 157, 158, 159, 208

competition 11, 12, 55, 57, 58, 203 competitive advantage 203, 210 competitiveness

135, 150, 153, 165, 166, 200 in pricing 135

computational devices 196 computer

-managed information 28 chips 32 networks (Internet) 229 software 29, 32, 218, 245

computers 119 concept of modernization 64 Concord, New Hampshire Hospital 249 confection 207 Confederation of Independent States 120 conflict obviation

and ACCORD center 252 conflict-of-interest rules 230 constitutional protection

of inventors, U.S. 246 construction materials 109 consultants 212, 226 consumer goods in Turkey 207 consumer technologies 205 consumers 77, 93 contract 184

bargaining 130 research 176, 177, 179, 182, 187 research institutes 176

Contract Theory 38 contractor-operated laboratories 216 contracts

100, 105, 106, 1~, ~~ ~7, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 202

tum-key 202 Convention of Paris 164 conversion from military to civilian

economy xi conversion of military enterprises 116 Cooperating Partner Countries. See

Cooperation Partners

cooperating with industry 54 cooperation 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,

104, 105, 106 between Russia and other countries

101 in technology transfer 102 with developed industrial countries 100 with industry 142, 143 with industry in Eastern European

countries 142 Cooperation Partners ix, x, xv, 74, 156,

205, 237, 243, 244 Cooperative Extension Service

in the U.S. 219 cooperative R&D projects 226 Cooperative Research 214, 220 Cooperative research 221 cooperative research

158, 163, 215, 220, 229 defined 179 agreements 215 programs 229

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements 214

cooperative ventures 221 copper 109, 124, 192 coppermine 192 copyrights 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36,

37, 38, 41, 117, 195, 250 legislation on 195

Corfu Summit 161 com 220 corrosion research 197 COST projects 158 cost reduction 136, 139 cost-competitive 137 counterfeiting 250 Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

(U.S.) 29, 260 CP Countries. See Cooperation Partners CRADAs

214, 216, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230

credit 125 guarantee 161

crime and corruption 71 crisis management 134

271

CROs 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189

cryosurgical ophthalmic probe 249 cryosurgical techniques 249 cultural cooperation 158 currency 120, 121

problems xvi returns 120

Curtis, Howard S. 249 customs tariff levels 208 Czech Republic 156, 158

D

Dagli, Mustafa 263 data processing 241 databases 217, 229

federal laboratory 217 Daukeev, Prof. Dias K. 107, 259 de Jong, Prof. W.A. xi, 175, 259 decentralization 112, 213 defense 176, 196, 197

complex 84 downsizing 230 enterprises 84, 85, 116, 117 industry 57, 122 system 196 technology 197

defi Americain American challenge 196

Delft Hydraulics Institute 179 Delhi 198 demand factors 216 demand-driven transfer 229 democracy 112, 156, 158, 159, 162

in the former Soviet Union 158 transition to in Eastern Europe 162

democratic system 28 democratization 69

272

Department of Agriculture laboratories 219

design bureaus 84, 85, 87 design-engineering organizations 113 designers 2, 3, 77, 87 developed countries 132, 133 developed economies 206 developing countries

63, 64, 76, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 210, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252

products of 248 developing economies 205 developing world 202 Di Cataldo, Prof. Vincenzo x, 43, 260 diagnostic instrumentation 245, 252 direct investment 163 direct transfer 203, 204

of techne 6, 9 discoveries 45, 52 disease oriented problems 239 disintegration of the USSR 57 disputes

resolution of ACCORD center 252

Diversity/Competition Theory 37 doctors 249

teaching medical technology to 249 domestic consumption 123

in Uzbekistan 123 domestic industrial policy 143

in Eastern European countries 143 domestic market 133, 134, 135

in Turkey 206 downsizing 138 Draper, Charles Stark 251 Drug Administration 241, 244 drug manufacturing 237 Dutch

CROs 179, 182, 183 government 181, 187 universities 176

E

East European Countries 205 East-West

cooperation 162 exchanges of know-how 163 research projects 157 technology transfer xi

Eastern block 64 Eastern Europe

65, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 35, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162

Eastern European countries 142, 148 economies 139 enterprise 137, 139 firms xi, 129, 131, 139, 145, 146 latecomer 129, 133, 134, 135, 137,

138, 140, 141, 145 Eastern Region

[mancial investment in 158 Eastern Siberia 78, 80 EBRD xiv, 158 EC 63, 65, 70, 73, 74 ECHO 161 ecological

safety 121 security 122

ecology 89 economic

aid 205 analysis 212, 229 benefits 244 competitors 250 cooperation 104 development 9, 14, 32, 38, 39, 41,

79, 96, 102, 196, 201, 202 in Siberia 77

difficulties 112 freedom 72

growth 139, 150, 151, 239 imbalance 134 policy 60, 79 reforms 80 relations 158 revolution 100

in Russia 99 systems 10, 12, 156

of the U.S. 228 economic and social services infrastruc­

ture in CP countries 244

economic and social structures 208 economics

72, 74, 120, 155, 156, 158, 159 and political know-how 72 and security consequences 68 and social development 193

economies 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 147, 151, 152, 153

economists 196 economy

closed 141 enclave 202 full market 158 globalized 129 host 142 impact of technology transfer programs

on 229 information-based 99 liberalized 131 market 196 market oriented 161 market-oriented 186 open 141

education ix, xi, xiv, 77, 85, 87, 89, 95, 157, 159, 161, 163, 175, 177, 182, 185, 193, 198 200, 208, 217, 221,222,225 228, 239, 241, 243

graduate education in science and engineering 225

in biomedical engineering 241 programs in the U.S. 221 systems 10, 12

in the U.S. 228 EEC 116

273

regulations on know-how licensing 47 EFTA 156 Em 157, 161 electrical and electronic industry

in Finland 165 electricity 109 electron-beam curable inks 248 electronic

data ftles 218 industry 55, 207 instrumentation 241 media 218 networks 70, 74 products 245 revolution 191

employee performance evaluation of 184

energy 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 166

Energy Sciences Inc. 248 engineering

xi, xiv, 191, 193, 237, 238,239 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 261

consultants 203 education 193 electrical 241, 243 personnel 110 products 166

Engineering Research Centers 221, 222, 229,233, 235

engineers 181, 183, 184, 185, 188 England 93 entrepreneurs

70, 188, 193, 199, 245, 246, 247, 251

274

entrepreneurship xiv, 199, 240, 246, 251

funding of in the U.S. 251 environment

xii, xv, 121, 122, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 264

and resource protection 94 control 126, 127 deterioration 197 monitoring instruments 166

EPC 155 ERCs. See Engineering Research Centers Ericsson 193, 197 Ersan, Oya 263 espionage and smuggling 17 Essay on the Principle of Population, An

by Thomas Robert Malthus 192 Estonia 156 ethics 10, 23 EU. See European Union Euratom 155, 161, 162 Euro-Asian states 116 Europe 4, 7, 15, 16, 17, 20,

55, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 191, 192, 193, 196, 260, 263

"Europe" agreements 156, 158 European 7, 15, 16, 20, 260

countries 165, 187 patents 47 wars 192

European Atomic Energy Community 155

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 158

European Community xi, xvii, 20, 165 European Community for Coal and Steel

155 European Council 65 European Economic Community 47, 155

European Energy Charter 162 Treaty and Protocols 162

European Humanitarian Office 161 European Investment Bank 157, 161 European Political Cooperation 155 European Union 155, 156, 157, 158,

159, 161, 162, 163 budget 157 countries 175 programs 157 regulations 176

Evenk 78 evolving Russian democracy 68 ex-Warsaw Pact 43 exclusive right 45, 50 exports 135, 136, 144, 152

F

profitability of 135 trade 166

faculty 224, 225, 250, 251 lectures and publications 225

failure 1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21

Far East 191 Far West RTTC 217 Faraday Institutes 8 farmers 193, 227

private 160 farming 69, 71, 72, 74, 220

in the U.s. 220 farms 121 FDA 223 FOI 130, 132, 133, 139, 142, 144,

146, 147, 202, 204 technological benefits of 139

feasibility proof of 240

Federal Anti-Crime Program 71 federal laboratories

211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 225, 230

in the U.S. 215 Federal Laboratories Database 217 Federal Laboratory Consortium

in the U.S. 218 Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986

(U.S.) 214 Federally Funded Research and Develop-

ment Centers 211,214 FedWorld electronic locator system 218 Ferghana 124 FFRDCs. See Federally Funded Re-

search and Development Centers Fillipov, Peotr 71 ftnance 111, 113, 135, 137, 139, 202 ftnancial

flows 130 incentives 230 instability 104 management xii repression 134 resources 248 returns 251 sector 157, 160 systems 185

ftnancing 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 167

Finland xi, 165, 166, 260 Finnish

experiences in technology transfer 165 government 167 high technology 166 industry 166 Ministry of Trade and Industry 167

ftrst to rue 49, 246 to invent 49

fiscal system 10, 11 FLC 218, 219 FLC Locator

in the U.S. 218

flow -in, -out, -through 185 of capital 87

to Russia 77 of foreign technologies 87

to Russia 77

275

of technologies to developing countries 63

food 104, 207, 208 aid 158, 161

for Russia 161 industries 158 processing 72 production 159, 160

foreign alliances 142

in Eastern Europe 142 clients 176, 181 direct investment

130, 139, 144, 202, 203 entrepreneurs

in Sweden 193 exchange income 165 experts 114 industrial investments 175 industrial private sector representatives

250 investments

in The Netherlands 175 investors 121 markets 134, 139, 142, 147, 245

access to 139 policy 65 technology

in Turkey 207 trade 247

Foreign Investment Encouragement Law 6224

in Turkey 207 forest industry

in Finland 165

276

forestry products 109 former British colonies 248 former Eastern block

republics of the USSR ix, xii, 10, 11, 13, 16, 53, 56, 60, 64, 65, 108, 109, 111, 113, 120, 123, 156 205, 250

former USSR 156, 158, 159, 162 disintegration of 108

former Yugoslavia 155 Forsberg, Dr. Hans G. xi, 191, 260 foundations

funding to promote entrepreneurship 251

Framework Programme 158 France 93, 125, 193, 208 Franklin Pierce Law Center 245,250,

252 Fraunhofer Institutes 8 free market conditions 205 free trade 158 free trading bloc 132 Freedom of Information Act (U.S.) 230 FSU. See former USSR fuel and power

resources 119 fuel-and-power

complex 121 Fund for Democracy and Development

93 fundamental research 221 Fundamental Research Fund 57 funds 239, 241, 250

government 195 private 195

fur 192, 195, 196, 197 Fyrom 156

G

Gambro 193 gas 57, 79, 83, 88, 109, 124, 139

consumption per head 84

explosions 125 industry 80, 84 output 82

GATT 30 genome project 4 Georgia 161 GERD 207 Germany 8, 17, 18, 61, 93, 193, 250 Giusti, Luigi Fontana 263 glaciation 192 glass 207 Glenday, Dr. C.H. 263 global

companies 139 competitors 211 economy

xi, 129, 130, 131, 140, 144. See also economy: globalized

electronic communications 229 network 131, 144 patent system 50

(JOker, H. Aykut 263 gold 124, 125, 126 golden crescent 191 Goryunova, N. 54 government 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

13, 14, 18, 125, 127, 141, 142, 144, 148, 152, 175, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 194, 196, 197, 198, 200,245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251

-industry 142 funds, in the U.S. 211, 230 interference, in The Netherlands 187 involvement in technology transfer 245 laboratories in the U. S. 214 of Uzbekistan 125 policy 194

in Sweden 197 regulation 37

government-sponsored research 218, 226, 229

governmental research institutes in Sweden 197

grants 157, 161, 239 Great Britain 193 Greek and Roman records 192 green revolution 4 Griffm, The 197 Gross Domestic Product xi Gross National Product 11 GSP 163 GTIs 179 Gulf War 6 Giinoven, Nuran 263 Giirliik, Ersan 263 gypsum deposits 125

H

Hague, The 175, 187 hard currency 10 1, 104, 112 hardware 2, 6 Harvard Countway Medical Library 249 health 157, 158 health care

208, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244 cost of 243 devices 239 fields 11 in CP countries 243 in the U.S. 238 quality of 243 R&D in, in the U.S. 223 reform of in the U.S. 241

Hedjamamedov, Prof. A. 260 Helsinki 165, 171 HHS 223 high technology 196, 199

industries 60, 166 higher educational

establishments 85, 87, 89 institutes 109

HIV antibody test kit 224 holding companies 84

Hong Kong 17 host economy 142 human capital 214

and mobility 158 human resources xii, 137, 214

development 161 human rights 159 humanitarian aid 157, 161

to Azerbaijan 161 humanities 181 Hungary 156, 158 hydroelectric power 124 hydrogen sulfides 125

I

IBM 16, 196 IMF 157 implants 237 in-house

capability 131 R&D 175, 177, 187

incubators 87

277

Independent States 155, 156, 158, 159 India 10, 261 Indicative Programmes 159 indirect transfer 203 Indonesia 14 industrial

alliances 187 demand 229 development 25, 35 development study 54 firms 214, 215, 218 laboratories 56 partners 220, 221, 222, 224, 240 policy 141, 142, 143 products 196 property protection 163 property rights

163, 177, 178, 188, 202 raw materials 109 revolution 191, 192, 193

278

sectors 179 structure, in Sweden 193

Industrial Chemistry Technology Programme 167

Industrial Extension Services in the U.S. 215

Industrial Service Agency Ministry of Economic Affairs, The

Netherlands 187 industrialization

201, 202, 204, 206, 210 in Finland 165 in Turkey 204

industrialization process 201, 206 industrialized countries 203, 204 industry

and scientific infrastructure interaction between 176

in Siberia 80 in Sweden 192

Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers

in the U.S. 220 inflation 87 information

43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 158, 163

economy 104 exchange 103 services 217 system 121 technology 191

infrastructural services xv infrastructure 157, 159 innovation

201, 202, 212, 213, 214, 215, 223, 226, 229, 232, 235, 236, 240

entrepreneuring and small innovators 246

Innovation Centres, The Netherlands 175, 176, 187

Institute of Ethnography and Anthropol-ogy 54

Institute of Oriental Sciences 54 Institute of Russian Literature 54 institutes of higher education 100 instrument-making 85 instrumentation

and analysis 126 diagnostic 245, 252 medical 245 surgical 245

insurance system in Kazakhstan 116

INTAS 162 intellectual property

ix, x, xiii, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,41, 103, 162,213, 214, 215, 217, 224, 225,231, 250, 251, 252

law xiii licensing 217 litigation 28 of universities in the U.S. 224 protecting services 251 rights 213, 214, 231

intellectual rights 105 interdisciplinary fields 13 interest on borrowed capital 199 interest rate of capital 135 Internal Revenue Service 71 international

arbitration 30 capital 204 competition 194 contacts 77, 93 market 203 networks 117 organizations 122 scientific & technological communica­

tion 162 standards xiii, 74

technology cooperation 168 trade 130, 152

liberalization in 130 International Institute

at George Mason University (USA) 211

International Science and Technology Centre 162

International Technology Transfer Center 105

Internet 229, 230 invention disclosure 216 inventions 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 87,

201, 202, 206, 215, 224, 225, 229, 232,245,246,251,253

inventors 240 American 245 constitutional protection of in the U. S.

246 rights of 245

investment 114, 116, 239, 240, 241 capital 33, 225 fIrms 202 from abroad ix infrastructure 165 projects 157, 158 protection 162 risk, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36

Investment Incentive Theory 36 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute

xv, 54, 59 Irkutsk 78, 83, 84 iron 192, 197

-age 192 ore 109, 192

IS 159 lskenderun Iron-Steel Mills 205 Islamic countries 125 Islamic Eye hospital (Bangladesh) 249 Israel 14 ISTC 162 Italy 14, 16, 22, 208, 264

ITRI 8 IUCRC

279

state programs in the U.S. 220, 221

J

Japan 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 100, 15~ 1~, 1~, ~6, 1~, 206, 250

industry in 7 joint

collaborative agreement 132 development program 171 ownership 49, 50 research projects 162 reserach programs 214 scientifIc research 59 stock companies 87, 114 technology transfer center xv ventures

19, 114, 187, 202, 247, 251, 252 Jubier, Dr. Alain vii, 263 judicial

interpretation 38 process 27, 29

K

Karinov, President I.A. 123 Katona, Dr. Peter xi, 237, 260 Kazakh. See also Kazakhstan

Academy of Agriculture Sciences 109 economy 108

Kazakhstan 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 139, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164

scientifIc potential 109 KazinformTeleCom 114 Kemerovo 78, 83 Khakasia 78 Khanty-Mansi 78 Kiser Research Inc. 61

280

know-how 47, 50, 99, 101, 104, 120, 135, 137, 146, 159, 160, 162, 163, 176, 177, 178, 182, 192, 201, 202, 207, 245, 246, 249, 250

of technology transfer 250 transfer of 159

knowledge 45, 46 infrastructure 141 transfer of 100, 219

Koichuev, Prof. T. 119 Kokdumalak 125 Konstantinov Institute for Nuclear Physics

54 Korea 60 Korkmazyiirek, Haluk 263 Krasnoyarsk territory 79, 83, 84 Kuala Lumpur 249 Kuusi, Dr. Juhani xi, 165, 260 Kyrghyz Republic. See Kyrghyzstan Kyrghyzstan 119, 121, 122,

156, 160, 161, 164

L

labor 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 144, 145, 146, 148, 157

cost 136 market 198 skilled 137

labor-intensive assembly 133 techniques 206

Labor Theory 36 laboratories

47, 104, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 230, 232

laboratory network 218 language

(and cultural) barriers 102 difficulties 195

large companies in The Netherlands 177

laser 249 techniques 249

laser-maser principles 53 late follower SMEs

in The Netherlands 177 latecomer firm

129, 130, 133, 134, 145 Latin America 47, 63, 156 Latvia 156 law 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 102, 261

laws of intellectual property 25, 26, 29, 31, 34, 38

lawsuits 28 lawyers 30 lay-off 136, 137, 145 LCs 177, 178 lead 124, 125 leadership issues 186 leather 207 Lebedev Physical Institute 53 Leblebici, Duran 264 LED 55 legal

(and economic) systems 10 documents 251 issues x protection 250 services 102 systems 11, 26, 31, 246, 252

legislation 103, 105, 158, 163, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232

legislative regulations 116 Leningrad 55, 61 liberalized economy 143 license agreement 203, 204, 207, 208

licenses 49, 50, 130, 139, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 216, 223, 224, 240, 251

licensing 6, 23, 101, 132, 140, 147, 149, 163, 194, 202, 203, 204

arrangements 215 life sciences 13, 158, 237, 244 light industry 121 Lin, Dr. O.C.C. 1 linked domestic enterprise 138 Lithuania 156 livestock 126

production 160 loans 161, 162 Lomonosov Moscow State University 99 London 198 London G-7 Economic Summit 66 Los Alamos light detection and ranging

system 6 Lillec, Nese 264

M

Maastricht Treaty of 1992 155 machine-building 83, 85, 121, 122 machinery 201, 204 Macioti, Dr. Manfredo xi, 155, 260 Madrid Agreement 117 Madrid Arrangement 164 Malaysia 249, 253 Malthus, Thomas Robert 192 management

132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 146, 150, 195, 198, 199, 202, 207

consulting fIrm 184 of technology 132 of the economy 113 skills 213 systems 102, 103

for technology transfer 103 training facilities 188

manganese 109 manpower 87 manufactured goods 109, 192 manufacturers 244 manufacturing

xiv, 80, 158, 191, 206, 207, 208, 248

of biomedical devices 240 sector 206, 208 technology 215, 226, 227

Manufacturing Extension Partnerships 226, 227

281

Manufacturing Outreach Centers (U .S.) 227

Manufacturing Technology Centers (U.S.) 226

MARIN maritime institute, The Netherlands

181 market 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199,

202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 213,214,217,219, 221, 222, 223, 229, 233

-based economy 26 -oriented economy 186 -oriented structures 188 conditions 203, 205, 206 demands 213, 221 economics 113, 204 economy ix, x, xi, xiii, xvii, 88,

89, 158, 159, 175, 196 countries ix, x, xi

forces 205 incentives 205, 206 mechanisms 206 niche 188 opportunities 222, 223 orientation 181, 182, 183, 189 regulators 80 relations 124 segmentation 130, 131 structures 112

282

Market Regulation Theory 37 market-driven process

212, 213, 217, 229 marketing 140, 181, 183

barrier 131 biomedical devices 240 channels 132 civilian 197 know-how 73 methods 186 military 197 networks 133

markets, support of new 143 Maryland 226 Mason, George, University (USA) 211 Mass Privatization Programme 160 Massachusetts 226 Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

249 materials 166, 171

and equipment 113 technology 197

mathematics 99 McIntyre, Frederic S.

and Acumeter Laboratories, Inc. 248 mechanisms for technology transfer

6, 103, 130, 176, 187, 203, 212 mediation skills 252 medical

information technology 239 instrumentation 245 practice 237 profession

relation to engineering profession 238

therapy 237 medicine 17, 237, 241 MEPs 228 mergers 194

and acquisitions 163 metal industry

in Finland 165

metallurgy 197, 204 metals 88 Metrotech 8, 22 microelectronics 119, 166

components 54 Mid-Atlantic Technology Applications

Center in the U.S. 217

middle class 70 Middle East 192 Middle East Technical University 12 middle-income economies 134. See also

economy Milan 198 militarization of the economy 56. See

also economics military

-significant technologies 205, 211 aims 113 budget 57 doctrine 116 enterprises, conversion of 116 industrial complex 84, 85, 109

in Siberia 77 industry 101, 102, 122

conversion of in Kyrghystan 122 signal field 197

military to civilian economies xi mineral fertilizer 109 mineral production

in Uzbekistan 125 mineral raw materials 124 minerals 88 mines 124 Mingbulak 125 mining 191, 192, 193 Ministry of Economic Affairs 176, 187

The Netherlands 176, 182 Ministry of Education

of Kazakhstan 109 Ministry of Science and Technical Policy,

Russian Federation 53, 57, 58

Ministry of Science and New Technolo­gies

in Kazakhstan 116 Ministry of Transport of the Russian

Federation 58 Mirnov, Vladimir 264 MIT 225, 249 mobile telephones 166, 197 model agreements 172 modeling 15 models in private technology transfer 245 money

resources 87 transfers in Russia 71

Mongolia 159 Monopoly Theory 36 Montreal-Moscow Center xvi Moore, Prof. John x, xi, 211, 260 Morrill Act of 1862 (U.S.) 219 Morrill Act of 1890 (U.S.) 219 Moscow

55, 61, 63, 73, 99, 162, 198, 259, 262

MRI 246 Murino, Ing. Teresa 264

N

NASA 216, 217, 218, 222, 223, 232, 236, 239

-developed technologies 222 commercial applications of 215

Administrator 223 National Academy of Engineering

in the U.S. 222 National Academy of Sciences

of Kazakhstan 109 of Kyrghyz Republic 119

National Aerospace Plane 5 National Competitiveness Act of 1989

(U.S.) 214 National Governors' Association

in the U.S. 221

National Institute of Standards and Technology 8,226,227,239

National Institutes of Health (U.S.) 223, 239

National Inventors Council 251, 253 national investment 80

in Siberia 77 national laboratories 225, 230 national patent systems 47, 50 National Research Centers

in Kazakhstan 116 national research institutes 54 National Science Centers

in Kazakhstan 111

283

National Science Foundation 220, 221, 222, 233, 235, 251

research support 239 National Technology Information Service

in the U.S. 218 National Technology Transfer Center

217 National University Hospital

in Singapore 249 NATO

Advanced Research Workshop 74 aid 117 countries

xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 43, 63, 64, 65, 72, 74, 75, 116, 243, 244

Science Committee vii Science Programs xvi

natural disasters 121 natural gas extraction 84 natural resources

79, 123, 124, 126, 127 natural sciences 181, 222 nature protection 89 near-market aspects 168 Netherlands Organization for Applied

Research 8, 179 Netherlands, The

xi, 175, 179, 180, 186, 187, 188, 259

284

network building 137 networking xiii, xiv, xvii, 170

projects 162 networks

131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 159, 163, 165, 170, 171, 185

of suppliers 140 production 131

New England hospitals role in technology transfer 249

New Independent States 66, 76 new technologies

107, 113, 114, 116, 117 Newly Industrialized Countries

132, 204. See NICs Newman, Honorable Pauline 25, 260 Newmount Corporation (USA) 125 Newton, Sir Isaac 44, 52 NGO 73 NICs 132, 133, 147, 204, 251 NIH 9, 223, 224

Office of Technology Transfer (U.S.) 224

researchers 224 NIS 66 NIST. See National Institute of Standards

and Technology Nixon, President Richard M. 251 Nobel 193, 194 Nobel Prize 54 noble metals resource 126 non-competitiveness 135 non-discrimination 162 non-ferrous metals 109, 121 non-government contractors

in the U.S. 215 non-governmental organizations 73 non-metallic raw materials 125 non-nuclear energy 158 non-profit

organizations 215, 232

research 226 North American Free Trade Agreement

xvi north privileges 79 not invented here syndrome 9, 178 Novosibirsk 78, 83, 93, 96 NSF. See National Science Foundation NTTC. See National Technology

Transfer Center nuclear

delivery systems 204 physics 100 power 3, 196

civilian systems 196 safety 157, 158, 159, 161, 162

nurses teaching medical technology to 249

o October Revolution 1917 79 Odekov, Prof. O. 260 OECD. See Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development OEM 133, 147 Office of Advanced Concepts (U.S.) 223 Office of Technology Transfer (U. S.)

224 oil 57, 79, 80,' 82, 83, 84, 88,

96, 109, 124, 125, 139 -and-gas 79, 80, 84 -producing districts 79 -producing enterprises 84

Eastern Oil Company (Siberia) 77 Surgut oil-and-gas 77

equipment 160 wells 252

Olgiic, Serpil 264 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

of 1988 (U.S.) 215 Omsk 78, 83 open

competition 143

economy 141 ophthalmic training center 249 OPIC 93 optoelectronics 54 Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development 9, 22, 158, 165, 166, 173, 175, 196

organizational skills 213 organized crime 71 original equipment manufacturer

133, 147 orthopaedic devices 237, 242 Ottoman 15 Oxford Model 249

and The Academy of Applied Science (U.S.) 247

Oxford University 248 OZgiiven, Nevzat 264

p

P/M function. See program and market-ing function

pacemaker 246 Pachadzhanov, Prof. Daler N. 260 Pacific 204, 205, 206 Pacific Rim 20, 250 Pacific Tigers 205 packaging materials 252 PACT 251 Pak, Prof. Namik K.

x, xi, xvii, 201, 261 paper converting technology 245 Paris 198 Paris Convention 117 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements

156, 159 Partnership for Peace Program 65 passive adjustment 135, 136, 145 patent

agencies 102 and trademark law 117

applications 216, 224, 229 number in the U.S. 216

infringers 200 law 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35,

40, 164 licensing 49, 50, 223

systems 49 offices 47 system 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,

49, 50, 51, 52 Patent, Trademark and Copyright

Research Foundation

285

of the Franklin Pierce Law Center 250 patented designs 87 patenting 101, 188, 193 patents 7, 28, 31, 34, 38, 177,

195, 201, 202, 207, 216, 224, 225, 232, 240, 246,250, 251, 252, 253

Pathfmder companies in The Netherlands 177

patient monitoring 237 Patriot missiles 14 Pavlov Institute of Physiology 54 PCT Agreement 117 PCT Treaty 164 peacetime conversion of military enter­

prises 116 performance requirements

142, 143, 148 person-to-person technology transfer 250 personnel

139, 143, 191, 195, 199, 200, 207 function 185 information systems 185 issues 199 management 186 needs 77 policy 185, 186

Peter the Great 15, 16, 54 petrochemical 109, 160

286

Phare 156, 157, 158, 163 budget 156 program 156

pharmaceutical industry in Finland 166 in the U.S. 223

Pharmaceutical Technology Programme 167

pharmaceuticals 11 Pharmacia 193 philanthropy

and promotion of entrepreneurship 251 photo-electric batteries 126 physical infrastructure 179 physical sciences 237 physics 99, 100 pipeline network 160 piracy 250 plastic currency 69, 71 Poholkov, Prof. Yury P. x, 77, 261 Poland 69, 156, 158 polimetal 124, 126 politic 155, 156, 158, 159, 161 political change in Russia 69 polling technology 73 polymer chemistry 245 Polytechnic University, New York

1, 8, 77, 93, 261 portfolio equity inflows 130 Positron 55 power

resources 124 supply industry 104

pre-competitive research 197 , 200 precious metals 126 pricing 130, 135, 184

issues 132 technology 130

Printing and Packaging International Conference 249

printing equipment 248

private capital 130 companies 197, 245 enterprises 87 sector 166, 175, 176, 246

contractors 216 development 156, 159

technology transfer 245, 247 privatization

69, 70, 114, 116, 117, 134, 136, 137, 138, 146, 156, 160, 175

foreign 138 funds 70 know-how 70

process know-how 202 processed goods 109 processing of raw materials 104 producers 77 product

life cycle 133 marketing 132 prototypes 241

production 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 96

know-how 137 of finished products 123 organizations 13 technology 197

productive and active adjustment 136, 138

program and marketing function 181 project management 185, 186 Project Orbis 249 Prokhorov, A. 53 Promotion of Advanced Commercial

Technology 251 Promotion of American and Chinese

Technology. See Promotion of Advanced Commercial Technology

property 157, 159, 162, 163 ownership 26, 35 rights 213 theory 34, 35, 38

proprietary information 32, 36 Prospect and Reward Theories 37 prospecting operations 125 PTC 250, 252, 253 PTC Research Foundation 252 public health 16, 17 Public Works

in The Netherlands 179

Q

quality 198, 199 give-away 184

quarries 124

R

R&D. See also research; basic research xii, xiv, xv, xvi, 53, 55, 99, 100, 101, 132, 133, 142, 148, 163, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 206, 207, 208,209,211,212, 215, 216, 217,223,224,226, 228, 231, 233

budgets 216 facilities 177 federal, in the U.S. 217 funding 215, 226

agencies 215 agencies in the U.S. 215

indicators of Turkey 207 insitutes 132 institutes 132 investments 211 U.S. government expenditures for 211

Rabkin, Dr. Yakov M. 264 radioelectronic 85 radiological image analysis 237

Radosevic, Dr. Slavo x, 129, 261 Rambaut, Dr. Paul vii, 264 rare metal 125, 126 rare-earth metals 57 RAS 57 rates of inflation xi

287

raw materials 109, 123, 124, 125, 126 processing 89 reprocessing 94

re-education of personnel 122 recipient country 203 Regel, A. 54 regional development programs 157 Regional Nuclear Safety Improvement

Programme 157 Regional Technology Transfer Centers

in the U.S. 217 regulatory approval

of biomedical products 241 remote sensing xv Renault

failed merger with Volvo 194 research. See also basic research; R&D

agricultural 213 and design institutes 109 and engineering activities 222 centers 167 collaborative 178 collective 179 cooperative 179 costs 196 establishments

semi-governmental (in Sweden) 200 expenditure 166

in Finland 166 facilities 205 grants 177 infrastructure 13 institutes

13, 53, 54, 84, 85, 87, 88,89, 93, 94, 104, 167, 168, 172, 246

laboratories 6, 17, 240

288

organizations 175, 176 parks 8

technological 87 problems 216 programs 158 projects 178 structures 47

research and development. See R&D Research-Production Association 85 researchers xvii, 46, 48, 49, 50, 207 resource-mining 94 restructuring

134, 136, 141, 144, 145, 151, 156

in Eastern Europe 129 process xv, xvii public assistance for 142

return on investment 33 reverse engineering 206 Reward Theory 38 rights

of inventors 245 Rines, Carol M. 249 Rines, Dr. Robert

xi, 245, 249, 253, 261 risk

analysis 187 reduction 33, 39

rocket fuels 204 rolled metal 109 Romania 156, 158 Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering

Sciences 191 royalties 215, 224, 232, 240 royalty

arrangements 163 sharing 215

RPA 85 RITC 217 rule of law 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41

rules of commerce 25, 28, 34 of exchanges and transfers of property

26 rural development 157 Russian

s

Academy of Sciences 53, 54, 57, 99, 100, 259

economy 80, 84, 87 Federation 53, 65, 77, 96, 97 industry 80 oil output 82 products and technologies 87 Public Policy Center 63, 259 science 101

self-fmancing of 99 scientific schools 59

S&T. See science and technology Saab-Scania 193 Salaev, Prof. Eldar 261 salaries 100, 112, 184 Salmon, William C. 261 Sary-Shagan Radio Technical Testing

Grounds 116 Saudi Arabia 125 SBIR 226 science 191, 193, 198, 201, 206, 210

(and mathematics) education in the U.S. 228

and research development 114 science and engineering literature 112 Science and New Technologies Minister,

Kazakhstan 107, 116 science and technology

44, 46, 47, 259, 261 infrastructure

xvii, 175, 182, 189, 206, 229 market 186, 188

policy 127, 166, 175, 181, 182, 189 in Finland 166 in The Netherlands 175 in Uzbekistan 127 reviews 9

structure 205 system 213, 228

in the U.S. 228 Science for Stability xvi science management system 110 science-oriented initiatives 162 sciencespeak 183 scientific

-technical development 113 achievements 195 councils 58 infrastructure

101, 176, 177, 188, 189 problems 126, 127 training 195

scientific and research personnel 207 scientific and technical personnel

103, 104, 105 scientific and technical programs

in Kazakhstan 111 Scientific and Technical Research Council

of Turkey. See TOBIT AK Scientific and Technological Partnerships

60 scientists 197, 198, 199, 200 secrecy 178, 199, 240

need for in SMEs 178 sector programs 157 seismic conditions 124 semiconductor

lasers 55 properties 54

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Ground 116

senior management 186 Separated Branch Organizations 85 service sector 185, 208

sewage treatment 89 Seydisebir Aluminium Smelting Plant

205 shared patents 50 Sherwood, Robert M. 25, 41 Siberian

Accord 78, 82 economy 80, 84, 96 industry 80, 82, 85, 88, 94 research institutes 88, 93

signal analysis 241 silicon 126 Silicon Valley 225 silver 124, 126, 192 Singapore 17, 206, 249 Single Act 155 SKF 193 skilled personnel 101 Slovak Republic (Slovenia) 156 small and intermediate companies 194 small and medium-sized enterprises

289

xv, 160, 163, 175, 218, 226. See also SMEs

in the U.S. 226 small business

87, 117, 215, 218, 221, 226, 227, 233, 240, 245

Small Business Administration (U. S.) 251

Small Business Innovation Research (U.S.) 226

Small Business Innovation Research Act (U.S.) 215

Small Business Innovation Research Act of 1982 (U.S.) 215

Small Business Technology Transfer Act of 1992 (U.S.) 226

SMEs 171, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 187, 188. See also small and intermediate companies; small and medium-sized enterprises

SMls 167

290

Smith-Lever Act (U.S.) 219 social

customs 10, 12 development 157 effect 122 factors 64 problems xvii reform 156 sciences 181 stability 158 system 77

Social Welfare Theory 36 socialism 36 socio-economic

development 79, 202 system 228

in the U.S. 228 socio-technological

assessment 15 audit 14 environment 10, 13, 14, 15 forecast 15 interactions 3, 4, 20 pathologies 9

socio-technology x sociology 74 soft goods 109 soft technologies 73 software 2, 3, 6, 129, 141, 146,

151,218 solid state lasers 55 Soros Foundation 117 Soros Fund 100 sourcing natural resources 139 South Africa 249 South Kazakhstan 124 South Korea 205 South-East Asia 63, 129 sovereignty 112 Soviet 56, 120, 122, 204, 205. See

also USSR industry 54

research centers 57 satellite 112 technology system 204

soybeans 220 space

exploration 28 research 196 vehicles 58

specialists 138 turnaround 137

spin-offs 198, 199, 229 in Sweden 198

SPRU 129, 150 SSTP 57, 58 St. Catherine's College

at Oxford University 248 St. Petersburg Scientific Center 54 St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the

Russian Academy of Sciences 54 standards of living 80 start-up capital 157 starvation 192

in Sweden migration of Swedes to America 192

state and local governments in the u.S. 217

State Foundation in Kazakhstan 114

State Program of Privatization in Kazakhstan 114

State Research Institutes 87 state science and technology programs 57 State System for Science Engineering

Information 112 in Kazakhstan 112

State Technology Extension Program in the U.S. 227

state-dominated economies 31 steam engine 191 steel industries 157 Steldov Mathematical Institute 54

Stevenson-Wydler Act (U.S.) 214 STORA 192 strategic

option 129, 138, 139, 141 policy approach 129 R&D 181, 183 research 177, 182, 183, 186, 187 teams 182 technology policy 142, 148, 152, 153

strategy of technical aid to Russia and CIS 67 of technology transfer 18

STIR 226 subcontracting

132, 139, 140, 144, 147, 163, 194, 197

subcontractor networks 133, 142 submarines 196 successes and failures of technology

transfer 21 Sultangazin, Prof. O.M. 261 supply-demand balance 103 surface research 197 surgical instrumentation 245 Surhandarya 124 survival strategy 135 Siizer, Dr. Seftk 264 Sweden

xi, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198 industry in 192, 193

Swedish Model 195 personnel and leadership 191 science and technical attache

Washington, D. C. 198 society 193

Switzerland 208 system

integration 137 of fmancial support 57

T

TACIS 65, 70, 76, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163

fmancing 159 Tadjikistan 161, 164

civil war in 161 Taimyr 78 Taiwan 8, 17, 205, 206 Tanriyar, H. 264 tar 191, 192, 193, 197 tariffs 206 tax

incentives in The Netherlands 175

legislation 71 taxation 162 techne 2, 3, 6, 9 technical

assistance

291

157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163 for the Commonwealth of Indepen­dent States 159

education xiv personnel 213 resources 248 universities 199

techno-economic needs 203 technological

aids to the blind 237 capability 130, 202, 210 cooperation 99, 102, 103, 105, 157 development xii, 131, 132, 230 infrastructure 205, 206 innovation 30, 31, 33, 104 knowledge 202, 204 problems 218, 227 progress 201, 205 research 179 spillovers 139 systems 2, 5

292

technology -based company group 171 -oriented institutes 179 and industrial policies 166 brokering 184, 217 defmed 65, 201, 245 diffusion

101, 195, 197, 198, 200, 213 disclosure 222 export 139 gap 204 implementation capability 131 import

130, 132, 133, 139, 140, 150 management xii partnerships 217 policy 142, 148, 151, 152, 153 programs 165, 167, 170, 172

for SMEs 170 in Finland 167

push 229 research parks 199 services 217 sourcing 217 strategy 182 systems 247 transfer. See code of conduct on

international transfer of technology; patent system; strategy of technology transfer and biomedical engineering 237 between NATO and CP countries 237 between Russia and Western coun­tries 99 demand-driven 229 direct 203 failure of 19 from laboratory to industry 54 from Russia to the U.S. 93 historical examples of 15, 16 in Central Asia 155

in Eastern European latecomer firms 129 in Finland 165 in Kazakhstan 107 in Russia 63. See also Russian Academy of Sciences in Siberia 77 in Siberian industry 85 in Sweden 191 in The K yrghyz Republic 119 in The Netherlands 175 in the U.S. 211, 237 in Turkey 201 in Uzbekistan 123 indirect 203 legal systems and technological development 25 master's degree in 250 mechanisms 105, 163, 203, 212, 226, 244 mechanisms (for promoting to developing countries) 247 mechanisms (for promoting to SMEs) 246 mechanisms and environments 4 NASA program (U.S.) 222 person-to-person 250 policy 72, 74 private, models in 245 problems x process 203, 205 strategy 6 support programs xvi to developing countries 247 to SMEs 246 unrestricted flow of 130 within the U.S. 239

Technology Development Centre 167. See also TEKES

Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (U.S.) 218, 223

Technology Utilization Officers of NASA Technology Transfer Pro-

gram 222 Technology/Economy Program 165 TEKES 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172 Tekin, Billent 264 telecom networks 114 telecommunications

69, 70, 74, 117, 157, 159, 166, 208

TEMPUS-II 157, 161, 163 TEP 165, 173 Tetra Laval 193 textiles 207

factories 205 Tezel, Ahmet 264 Theory of Natural Right 35 therapeutic devices 238 third world countries 63, 76, 100, 105 timber 82, 83, 84, 192 tissue engineering 242 TNC network 139, 142 TNO 8, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184,

187 Tomsk 78, 82, 83, 93

Polytechnic University 77 tools 191 tort liability 11 totalitarian regime 122 tourism 208

in Turkey 208 trade 155, 158, 159, 163

agreements 105 negotiations 105 secrets 31, 36, 240

trademarks 31, 32, 164, 201, 202, 250

legislation on 164, 195 trading 246, 250 training 157, 159, 161, 180, 186, 188

in biomedical engineering 244 of personnel 186

of scientists 20 programs xiv, xv

in the West 120 trans-national corporation 139, 202 transaction cost 134, 141 transfer

of information 6, 9 of inventions 49

293

of know-how 159, 162 transformative management 134 transit and open trading conditions 162 transportation 104, 208 Transsiberian railway 79 Treaty of Washington 47 Trelleborg 193 IT. See technology transfer TlmiTAK

vii, 201, 210, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265

Tulunay, Ersin 265 tungsten 124 Turkan, E. 209 Turkey x, xi, xviii, 12, 60, 201,

203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265

Turkmenistan xi, 160, 260 Tfirksoy, Omfir 265 turn-key contract 202 Tuva 78 twinnings 159 Tyumen 78, 82, 83, 84

phenomenon 80

u U.S. See United States Ukraine 116, 156, 159, 161, 162 U.N. See United Nations unemployment rate

in Sweden 194 unified trade policy 155 United Kingdom x, 129, 208 United Nations 99, 176

294

United States xi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 23, 84, 93, 100, 116, 125, 156, 162, 193, 196, 198, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, 223, 225,226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 245, 250, 251, 252, 260

Congress 66 Congressional Office of Technology

Assessment 15 Constitution 28, 35 Department of Agriculture

37, 216, 219 Department of Commerce 215, 218 Department of Defense 223, 239 Department of Energy 239 Food and Drug Administration

223, 241 government 251 National Aeronautics and Space

Administration 222. See also NASA

policy 211 universities 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12,

16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 142, 167, 168, 175, 176, 177, 182,187, 188, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 211, 212, 215, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 232, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 249, 259, 260,261,262,263,264

and federal laboratories partnerships in the U. S. 225

of technology in The Netherlands 186

PACT aid in China 251 university

-industry collaboration Metrotech (U.S.) 8,22 Route 128 corridor (U. S.) 225 Silicon Valley (U.S.) 225

-industry cooperative agreements 230

-industry interactions 8, 196, 213 -industry link 133 -industry parks 8 intellectual property 224 labortories 206 research

196, 197, 222, 224, 226, 229 technical

first in Sweden 193 University of California 225 University of Chicago 225 University of Sussex 129 upper lithosphere 126 Ural mountains 78 uranium 121, 122 USA. See United States USAID 65, 66 users' needs 130, 131 users of technology 227

industrial 224 USSR 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,

119, 120, 121, 122,205,250. See also Soviet

Academy of Sciences 53, 54 collapse of 112, 119 disentegration of 109, 122 State Committee of Science and

Technology 53 Ust-Ordynsk Buryat 78 Uzbekistan

v

123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 161, 164

State Committee for Science 127

Vahapoglu, Nevin 265 value adding partners 171 value-added 131, 135, 144, 199 venture capital 105, 199, 217,

225, 240 firms 217

in the U.S. 225

partnerships 7 sourcing 217

vertical market niche 139, 141 Volvo

failed merger with Renault 194

w wages and salaries 100 'wait and see' syndrome 138 war industry 55 Washington, D.C. (U.S.) 93, 198 waste utilization 89 water

intake plants 124 reactors 196

weapons 110 Weisman, Jack

and Energy Sciences Inc. 248 welfare services 134 West 204, 205, 208 West Germany 208 West-East cooperation 162 Western

banks 125 business 105 countries

44, 45, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106

European countries 100, 155, 191 management skills 118 markets 248 partners 102, 103, 105 security 65 technology 119

Western Siberia 78, SO, 82, 84, 96 wheat 220 Whitaker Foundation 237, 239 wind power device 126 Windows 246 WlPO Convention 117, 164

wood 82, 83, 84, 88, 89 processing 166 products sector 84

work ethic 72 world

economy 130, 139, 163 market xvii, 56, 60, 87, 102, 127, 212,246

competition in 212 quality standards 123

World Bank 19, 157 World Trade Organization 30 World War II 20, 191, 192, 220 world wars 192

y

Yamalo-Nenets 78 Yang, Y.C. 1 Yeltsin, President (Russia) 71 Yousurbekov, Prof. N.R. 123, 261 Yugoslavia 155

295