Appendix A List of Abbreviations

2G Second Generation

2,5G Second and half Generation

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2

4G AAA

AAL

ABR

ACK

AP

AR

AS

ATM

BER

BGP

B-ISDN

BPSK

BS

BSC

BSS

CAC

CAS

CBR

CDMA

CDV

CDVT

CH

CLP

CLR

CoA

CRC

CSCF

Fourth Generation

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

ATM Adaptation Layer

Available Bit Rate

Acknowledgement

Access Point

Access Router

Autonomous System

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Bit Error Rate

Border Gateway Protocol

Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network

BinaryPSK

Base Station

Base Station Controller

Broadcast Satellite Service

Connection Admission Conu'ol, Call Acceptance Control

Carrier Assignment Strategy

Constant Bit Rate

Code Division Multiplex Access

Cell Delay Variation

CDV Tolerance

Correspondent Host

Cell Loss Priority

Cell Loss Ratio

Care-of-Address

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Call State Control Flmction

172

CTD

DAB

DAMA

DBS

DCA

DiffServ

DNS

DQR

DS

DT-DVTR

DVB

EFC

EIRP

ES

ETSI

FA

FCA

F-CoA

FDMA

FEC

FES

FMA

FRES

FSS

FTP

GEO

GES

GFC

GFR

GGSN

GMA

GPRS

GPS

GSM

GTR

GTW

HA

Appendix A List of Abbreviations

Cell Transfer Delay

Digital Audio Broadcasting

Demand Assignment Multiple Access

Digital Broadcast Satellite

Dynamic Channel Allocation

Differentiated Service

Domain Name Server

Distributed QoS Routing

Differentiated Service

Discrete-Time Dynamic Virtual Topology Routing

Digital Video Broadcasting

Earth-Fixed Cell

Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

Earth Station

European Telecommunication Standard Institute

Foreign Agent

Fixed Channel Allocation

Footprint CoA

Frequency Division Multiplex Access

Forward Error Correction

Fixed Earth Station

Footprint Mobility Agent

Fixed Reservation

Fixed Satellite Service

File Transfer Protocol

Geostationary Earth Orbit

Gateway Earth Station

Generic Flow Control

Guaranted Frame Rate

Gateway GPRS Supporting Node

Gateway Mobility Agent

General Packet Radio System

Global Position System

Global System for Mobile communication

Graph Topology Representation

Gateway

Home Agent

Appendix A List of Abbreviations

HCA

HEC HLR

ID

IETF

ILR

IMT-2000

IntServ

IP

IPv4

IPv6

ISDN

ISL

ITU

IWF

IWU

LA

LAN LEO

LLC

MAC

MARO

MBS

MCAC

MCHO

MCR

MEO

MF-TDMA

MH

MIP

MNH

MPL MPLS

MSC

MSS

MT

MW1F

Hybrid Channel Allocation

Header Error Correction

Home Location Register

Identifier

Internet Engineering Task Force

Intermediate Location Register

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

Integrated Service

Internet Protocol

IP version 4

IP version 6

Integrated Service Digital Network

Inter-Satellite Link

International Telecommunication Union

InterWorking Function

InterW orking Unit

Location Area

Local Area Network

Low Earth Orbit

Logical Link Control

Media Access Control

Mobile Assisted Handover

Maximum Bmst Size

Multi-service Connection Admission Control

Mobile Controlled Handover

Minimum Cell Rate

Medium Earth Orbit

Multi-Frequency TDMA

Mobile Host

Mobile Internet Protocol

Minimum Number of Hops

Maximum Path Lifetime

Multi Protocol Label Switching

Mobile Switching Center

Mobile Satellite Service

Mobile Terminal

Mobile Wireless Internet Forum

173

174

NAHO

NAT

NCC

NCHO

NNI

NOC

OBP

OBS

O-QPSK

OSI

PC

PCR

PDA

PHB

PHY

PLMN

PNNI

PPP

PRP

PSK

PSTN

PTI

QGTR

QGTR-PT

QGTR-RL

QoS

QPSK

R&M

RA

RAN

RFC

RMA

RMA

RR

RRM

RSVP

RTO

Appendix A List of Abbreviations

Network Assisted Handover

Network Address Translation

Network Control Center

Network Controlled Handover

Network-Network Interface

Network Operation Center

On-Board Processing

On-Board Switching

Offset QPSK

Open System Interconnection

Personal Computer

Peak Cell Rate

Personal Digital Assistant

Per-Hop forwarding Behaviour

Physical layer

Public Land Mobile Network

Private Network-Network Interface

Point-to-Point Protocol

Probabilistic Routing Protocol

Phase Shift Keying

Public Switch Telephone Network

Payload Type Identifier

QoS Routing Strategy

QGTR Path Lifetime

QGTR Remove unacceptable Links

Quality of Service

Quadrature PSK

Resource and mobility Management

Resource Allocation

Radio Access Network

Request For Comment

Regional Mobility Agent

Region Mobility Agent

Resource Reservation

Radio Resource Management

Resource Reservation Protocol

Retransmission Timeout

Appendix A List of Abbreviations

RTT

SAAL

SACK

SATM

SAU

SCC

SCI

SCR

SDH

SFC

SGMA

SGSN

SIM

S-LLC

SLS

S-MAC

SNR

S-PHY

S-PNNI

STR

S-UMTS

S-UNI

SVCI

SVPI

TCP

TDMA

TGMA

TOS

TT&C

UBR

UDP

UHF

UMTS

UNI

UPC

UT

VBR

Round Trip Time

Signalling AAL

Selective ACK

Satellite ATM

Satellite Adaptation Unit

Satellite Control Center

Satellite Connection Identifier

Sustainable Cell Rate

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Satellite-Fixed Cell

Satellite GMA

Serving GPRS Supporting Node

Subscriber Identity Module

Satellite LLC

Service Level Specification

Satellite MAC

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Satellite PHY

Satellite PNNI

Sequential Time-based resource Reservation

Satellite UMTS

Satellite UNI

Satellite Virtual Channel Identifier

Satellite Virtual Path Identifier

Transport Control Protocol

Time Division Multiplex Access

Terresstrial GMA

Type Of Service

Telemetry, Tracking and Command

Unspecified Bit Rate

Uuser Datagram Protocol

Ultra High Frequency

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

User Network Interface

Usage Parameter Control

User Terminal

Variable Bit Rate

175

176 Appendix A List of Abbreviations

VC Virtual Circuit

VCC Virtual Channel Connection

VCI Virtual Channel Identifier

VHF Very High Frequency

VLR Visitor Location Register

VPC Virtual Path Connection

VPI Virtual Path Identifier

VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

WLAN Wireless LAN

Appendix B List of Mathematical Symbols

E

U

Br C

c(ei)

C(P)

d

D

F

Kc L

lat

linkbandwidth

linkdelay

Lillter-orbit-ISL

Lintra-orbit-ISL Lo m

m(i,j)

Elevation angle

Nadir angle

Earth central angle

Wavelength

Angular offset

Sum of additional attenuations

Maximum value of \If for a footprint Semi-major axis

Earth surface

Area of a hexagonal cell

Semi-minor axis

Noise equivalent bandwidth of receive filter

Received power of carrier signal

Cost of link i on path P

Cost of path P

Distance between user terminal and satellite

End-to-end delay

Reuse distance

Eccentricity

Phasing factor

Gain ofreceiving antenna

Gain of transmitting antenna

Boltzmann constant

Number of cells that form FCA cluster

Total signal attenuation

Lattitude of inter-orbital ISL

Bandwidth of link

Delay of link

Length of inter-orbital ISL

Length of intra-orbital ISL

Free space loss

Number of satellites per orbital plane

Metric value of link (i,j)

178

m(P)

Me N

n

No N sat

pathbandwidth

pathdclay

Pbl~;

Pi

Pt

pr;

R

Rc Se T

Tacccss

Taut

THo~Brk

tL, EXT

tL, lNT

tp~ISL

tp~user~link

TRA Treleasc

Tsat~MT

tt

Vem"lh

V sat

Vuser

Yo

Appendix B List of Mathematical Symbols

Metric value of path

Number of channels in a PCA cluster

Number of satellites in a LEO constellation

Number of orbital planes in a LEO constellation

Thermal noise power

Minimum number of satellites for global coverage

Residual bandwidth of path

Total delay of path

Handover blocking probability of service i Processing delay of message i

Transmitted power

Processing and transmission delay of message i

Radius of spotbeam

Radius of earth

Number of channels allocated per cell in a PCA cluster

Effective noise temperature

Time for accessing radio link

Authentication time

Handover break time

Lifetime of inter-orbital ISL

Lifetime of intra-orbital ISL

ISL delay

Uplink/downlink propagation delay

Beacon period of broadcast router advertisement

Time for releasing radio link

Propagation delay between MT and end-satellite

Link transmission delay

Speed of earth rotation

Speed of satellite

Speed of user

X-axis speed

Y-axis speed

Weight factor of inter-orbital ISL

Weight factor of intm-orbital ISL

X-axis position of user

Y-axis position of user

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[PriOO]

[Pri99]

H. N. Nguyen, S. Olariu and P. TodOl'ova, "A Novel Mobility Model and Resource Reservation Strategy for Multimedia LEO Satellite Net­works", Proc. of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC '02), Orlando, FL, USA, March, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 832-836. M. Nishio, N. Shinagawa, T. Kobayashi, "A Lossless Handover Method for Video Transmission in Mobile ATM Networks and its Subjective Quality Assessment", IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 37 No. 11, November 1999, pp. 38-44. V. Obradovic, M. Kanth, "Improvement of The Capacity of the LEO Mobile Satellite Systems using Channel Reshuming", Proc. of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2000 (GLOBECOM '00), San Francisco, CA, USA, November 2000, Vol. 2, pp. 1166-1170. C. Oliveria, J.B. Kim and T. Suda, "An Adaptive Bandwidth Reserva­tion Scheme for High-speed Multimedia Wireless Networks", IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16, No.6, August 1998, pp. 858-874. A. Orda, "Routing with End to End QoS Guarantees in Broadband Net­works", Proc. of the IEEE Conference of Computer and Communications Societies (lNFOCOM '98), San Francisco, CA, USA, March 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 27-34. A. Orda, "Routing with End-to-End QoS Guarantees in Broadband Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions of Networking, Vol. 7, No.3, June 1999, pp. 365-374. T. Ors, "Traffic and Congestion Control for ATM over Satellite to Pro­vide QoS", Doctorate dissertation, University of Surrey, 1999 R. Pandya, D. Grillo, E. Lycksell, P. Mieybegue and H. Okinaka, "IMT-2000 Standards: Network Aspects", IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 4, No.4, August 1997, pp. 20-29. G. Patel and S. Dennett, "The 3GPP and 3GPP2 Movements Toward an all-IP Mobile Network", IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 7, No.4, August 2000, pp. 62-64.

C. Perkins, "Mobile IPv6 and Cellular Telephony", Keynote speech in the International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT '00), Beijing, China, August 2000. S. Pratt, R. Raines, C. Fossa and M. Temple, "An Operational and Per­formance Overview of the Iridium Low Earth Orbit Satellite Systems", online IEEE Communication Survey Vol. 2, No.2, 1999. http://www .comsoc.orgllivepubs/surveys/public/2q99issue/raines.html F. D. Priscoli, M. De Santis, A. Faggiano, "Resource Management in Broadband Satellite Networks", Proc. of the First International Confer­ence on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, 2000, pp. 392-400. F. Priscoli, "Interworking of a Satellite System for Mobile Multimedia Applications with the Terrestrial Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 17, No.2, February 1999, pp.

186

[ProOO]

[Qia99]

[Red99]

[RIC95]

[Ser97]

[Sky] [Spa] [Sta99]

[Ste94] [Ste97]

[Tel] [Tod01)

[Toh98]

[Uzu97]

[Uzu98]

[Uzu99]

[Vi199)

[W3GA]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

385-394. Project ATM-Sat: "ATM-Based Multimedia Communication via LEO­Satellites, System Architecture Report", GMD-Fokus, December 2000. Hu Yi Qian, H. Abu-Amara, P. Maveddat, "Connection Admission Control for a High Capacity Multimedia Satellite Communi­cation System", Proc. the of IEEE Global Telecommunications Confer­ence, 1999 (GLOBECOM'99), Rio De Janiro, Brazil, December 1999, Vol. 5, pp. 2763-2767. E.D. Re, R. Fantacci and G. Giambene, "Handover Queuing Strategies with Dynamic and Fixed Channel Allocation Techniques in Low Earth Orbit Mobile Satellite Systems", IEEE Transactions on Communica­tions, Vol. 47, No. 1, January 1999, pp. 89-102 M. Richharia, "Satellite Communication Systems", McGraw-Hill, Inc. publisher, 1995, ISBN 0-07-052374-6. M. Sexton and A. Reid, "Broadband Networking-ATM, SDH and SONET", Artech House 1997. www·o5kybridgesatellite.com www.spacewav.com W. Stalling, "ISDN and Broadband ISDN with frame relay and ATM", 4th ed., Prentice Hall 1999. W. Stevens, "TCP/IP Illustrated", Volume 1. Addison Wesley, 1994. W. Stevens, 'TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms", IETF RFC 2001,1997 www.teledesic.com P. Todorova and H. N. Nguyen, "Resource Allocation for Intra-satellite handoff in LEO Satellite ATM Networks", Proc. of the fourth Interna­tional Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC '01), Aalborg, Denmark, September 2001, Vol. 2, pp. 1083-1088. C-K. Toh, V. O. Li, "Satellite ATM Network Architectures: An Over­view", IEEE Network, Vol. 12, No.5, September 1998, pp 61-71. H. Uzunalioglu, 'Managing Connection Handover in Satellite Net­works", Proc. of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1997 (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, f\Z, USA, November 1997, Vol. 3, pp.1606-1610. H. Uzunalioglu, "Probabilistic Routing Protocol for Low Earth Orbit Satellite", Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Communica­tion 1998 (ICC'98), Atlanta, GA, USA, June 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 89-93. H. Uzunalioglu, "A COIDlection Admission Control Algorithm for LEO Satellite Networks", Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Communication 1999 (ICC '99), Vancouver, Canada, June 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 1074-1078. M.E. Villapol, J. Billington, "RSVP for LEO satellites", Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Networks 1999 (ICON '99), Bris­bane, Australia, September 1999, VoLl, pp. 295-302 www.3GPP.org

BIBLIOGRAPHY 187

[W3GB] [Wa184]

[Wer95]

[Wer97]

[WisOO]

[WooOla]

[WooOlb]

[WooOlc]

[Zha97]

RFC2205

RFC2475

www.3GPP2&rg J.G.Walker, "Satellite Constellations", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 37, 1984, pp. 559-571. M. Werner, A. Jahn, E. Lutz and A. Botscher, "Analysis of System Pa­rameters for LEOIICO Satellite Communication Networks", IEEE Jour­nal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. l3, No.3, February 1995, pp. 371-381. M. Werner, "Dynamic Routing Concept for ATM-based Satellite Per­sonal Communication Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 15, No.8, October 1997, pp. 1636-1648. D. R. Wisely, "The Challenges of an All IP Fixed and Mobile Tele­communication Networks", Proc. of the Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Communications 2000 (PIRMC '00), London, UK, September 2000, Vol. 1, pp. l3-18. L. Wood, "Intemetworking with Satellite Constellations", PhD book, Surrey University, Surrey, UK, 2000. L. Wood, A. Clerget, 1. Andrikopoulos, G. Pavlou and W. Dabbous, "IP Routing Issues in Satellite Constellation Networks", International Jour­nal of Satellite Communication, John Wiley & Son, Vol. 19, No.1, January 2001, pp. 69-92. L. Wood, G. Pavlou, B. Evans, "Effects on TCP ofrouting strategies in satellite constellations", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 3, March 2001 , pp. 172-181. W. Zhao, R. Tafazolli and B. G. Evans, "Internetwork Handover Per­formance Analysis in a GSM-Satellite Integrated Mobile Communica­tion System", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 15, No.8, October 1997, pp. 1657-1671. R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog and S. Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) Version 1 Functional Specification", IETF RFC 2205, proposed standard, September 1997. http://www .ietf.orglrfc/rfc2205. txt S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", IETF RFC 2475, December 1998. http://www .ietf.org/rfc/rfc2475 .txt

Index

Additive QoS metric ............ ......... 117 Gateway Earth Station ..................... 21 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Gateway mobility agent (GMA) ...... 64

......................... ..... ......... ......... 1,22 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) ..... . 8 ATM over satellite ............ ...... 22, 185 Global Positioning System (GPS) ... 30 Autonomous system (AS) .... .......... .43 Global state information ....... .... ..... 115 Available Bit Rate (ABR) ............... 25 Graph model .......... .................. ...... 122 Available_bandwidth .... ... .......... ... 151 Ground segment ..... ...... ......... ............ 8 Boltzmann constant. ............ ............ 16 Guaranteed frame rate (GFR) ......... . 25 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS). 7, 9 Handover break time ................... .... 98 Class-based CAC .... ....... ........... .... 150 Handover delay ......... ................. ..... 88 Code Division Multiple Access Handover management.. ............ 74, 84

(CDMA): ......... ........... ......... ........ 47 Data flow control... ............. .... ..... 74 Concave QoS metric ......... ....... ..... 116 Initiation ............................ .......... 74 Congestion avoidance ................... .. 28 New connection generation ..... .... 74 Congestion control in TCP .............. 28 Handover prediction ...................... 108 Connection admission control (CAC) Handover QoS ... ........... ............. 87, 95

.... ........... ............... ....... ....... .... 3,44 Home Agent (HA) ....... ............... ..... 63 Connection handover ........ .... 2, 71, 76 Home location register .......... ........ .. 81 Constant Bit Rate (CBR) .. ......... ...... 25 Inclined orbits .. .................. ......... ..... 35 Constellation design ............ ............ 33 Integrated Services architecture .. .... 69 Co-rotating planes ......................... .. 36 Integration levels ............. ......... ....... 52 Correspondent Host (CH) ............ ... 64 Inter-domain mobility .. ................ .... 54 Counter-rotating planes ................. .. 36 Inter-satellite handover ............. ......... 2 Differentiated Services architecture 69 Inter-satellite link .... ........................ 21 Earth central angle ....... ..................... 9 Inter-segment handover ........ ......... 101 Earth rotation .. ..... ........................... 75 Interworking scenarios .. .................. 53 Earth Station (ES) ........ ................... 21 Interworking units (IWU) ............... .41 Earth-fixed cell (EFC) ..................... 37 Intra-domain mobility ...................... 54 Effective noise temperature ........... .. 16 Intra-satellite handover. .... .... ....... ...... 2 Elevation angle .... .. ............................ 9 Intra-segment handover ............. .... 1 06 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Proactive scheme ...... .... .......... ... 106

(EIRP) ............. ............ ..... ........... 16 Reactive scheme .......... .......... ... . 1 06 Fast recovery .... ......... ....... ........... .... 28 IP over non-IP satellite networks .. .. 27 Fast retransmit.. ........ ....... ........... ..... 28 IP over satellite IP networks .... ....... . 27 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) ........ 7, 9 Link Access Methods .................. ... .4 7 Footprint... ....................... .......... 10,35 Link budget ...... ... ......................... ... 16 Footprint mobility agent (FMA) ... 100 Link constraint... ..................... ....... 115 Forward error correction (FEC) ...... 46 Link halldovers ............. ........... .......... 2 Free space loss ... .... .. ....................... 15 Local router ............................ ......... 64 Frequency Division Multiple Access Local state int'ormation ...... ............ 115

(FDMA): ........... ..... .................. ... 47 Location management ............. ....... . 74

Call delivery .... ....... ............ ...... ... 74 Additive .............................. ....... 115 Location registration ........... .... .... 74 Concave ............ ........... ............. . 115

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) ...... ...... ......... 8 QoS routing ... ........... ... ..... ...... .. .4, 113 MAC schemes .. .... ...... ........... .... ... .. .48 Quality-of-Service (QoS) ... ...... ..... .... 2

Adaptive Access .... ... .... ... ....... ..... 48 Radio resource management ... .. 51, 58 Demand Assignment .. ........... ..... .48 Region mobility agent (RMA) ...... 100 Fixed Access ... .......... ................. .48 Reserved_bandwidth ..................... 147 Random Access .... ............... ........ 48 Resource management. ........ ....... ..... 57

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) ....... .. ..... 8 Route optimization .... .... .......... ..... ... 64 Mobile Host (MH) .... ....... ..... .. ........ 63 Routing strategies .. .......... .............. 117 Mobile IPv6 principles ................... . 63 ·Hierarchical routing ..... ............. l17 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) .... 7, 9 Distributed routing .... ................ 117 Modulation schemes ... ... ........ ........ .46 Source routing .. .......... .... ........... 117 Multicast rouling ... ..... .......... .... .. ... 116 Satellite ATM Layer. ..... .... ......... .... .49 Multimedia application .... ...... ........ . 30 Satellite Control Center ... .... ...... .... .. 22 Multimode mobile terminaL ..... ..... 75 Satellite LLC (S-LLC) .............. .. .... .43 Multipath routing strategy ............. 117 Satellite MAC (S-MAC) protocol .. .41 Multiple Frequencies TDMA (MF- Satellite motion .... .......................... . 75

TDMA): .. ....... ..... ... ..... ... ........... .. 47 Satellite network architecture .......... 17 Nadir angle .. .... .. ... .... ... ... ..... .............. 9 Access ..... ........ .... ....... ............ .. ... 18 Network address translation (NAT) 62 Interconnection ... .. .... ........ ..... ...... 18 Network control center (NCC) ..... .. . 2 1 Mesh .... ....... ........................ ........ . 1 8 Network resource management.. .. ... 58 Relay ... ........................................ 17 New VC establishment handover Satellite orbits ................................ .. 11

scheme ............ .. ..... .. .. ................ .. 91 Satellite-fixed cell (SFC) ............ .. ... 37 NP-complete problem ......... ... ....... 117 Satellite-UMTS ..... .... ............ ...... .. .. 14 On-board processing (OBP) ...... 18, 67 Sequential Time-based resource On-board switching ..... .................... 19 Reservation (STR) ..................... 146

Cell switch ...... ........ ..... ............... 19 Service differentiated CAC ........ ... 154 Circuit switch ... .. ... ...... ................ 19 Signal. .. ... .. .................. .. ............... .... 15 Hybrid switch .... ....... .... ... ..... ...... . 19 Attenuation ................................. . 15 Packet switch ......... ... ....... ....... .... 19 Propagation .... .... .... .. ........ ......... ... 15

Orbital parameters ...... ... ... ........... ... . 33 Single path routing strategy ........ ... 117 Eccentricity ........ ... .......... .. ... ....... 33 Slow start.. ................................... .. .. 28 Inclination ............ .... ............. ...... 34 Space segment .............................. .... . 7 Longitude of the ascending point 34 Space-based network ....................... 38 Semi-major axis .. ....... .... ....... .... .. 33 Spotbeam .. .... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .... XIII, 37, 76

Partial global state information ..... 116 Antenna .... ... .... ... ... ... ................... 67 Path constraint... ... .......... ............... 115 Telemetry Tracking and Command Path selection ....... ....... .... ............. . 117 (TT&C) ........................................ . 7 Path-extension handover scheme .. .. 91 Third Generation Partnership .......... 60 Path-reduction handover scheme .... 91 Project (3GPP) ..... ... .. ..... .............. 60 Polar orbit... ...... .... .... ...... ........ .. ....... 35 Project 2 (3GPP2) .... ....... ... .... ...... 60 Propagation delay ....... ... .................. 40 Time Division Multiple Access QoS categories ........ .... .................... 24 (TDMA) ........... .. ........................ . 47 QoS metric .... ......... ..... ... ............... 115

INDEX 191

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User movement ............ ........... ........ 75 .... ................................ ......... .... ... 27 User terminal ...... ......... ........... ....... .. 22

Transmission delay ........ ........ ... ...... 40 Variable Bit Rate (VBR) .............. ... 25 Tree constraint ..... ......... ........ ....... . 115 Visitor location register ................... 81 Unicastrouting ................... ....... .... 116 Walker constellation ... ....... ....... ....... 35 Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ........... 25 Weighted graph model ............ ...... 113 User mobility modeL ...... ... ........ .... 76 Wireless ATM (WATM) ...... ........ .. . 24