Appendix A

Titles of diary novels studied in translation.

Author English Title Translator Language

Becker, M. The Diary of an Ugly J. Griffin French Duckling

Blicher, S. 'The Journal of a H. A. Larsen Danish Parish Clerk'

Cespedes, A. de The Secret I. Quigly Italian Hansen,M. The Liar J. J. Egglishaw Danish Koch, W. Pontius Pilate E. Fitzgerald German

Reflects Nansen, P. Julie's Diary J. Le Gallienne Danish Nansen, P. God's Peace J. Le Gallienne Danish Soderberg, H. DoctorGlas P. B. Austin Swedish Tanizaki, J. Diary of a Mad Old H. Hibbett Japanese

Man Tanizaki, J. The Key H. Hibbett Japanese Turgenev,I. The Diary of a C. Garnett Russian

Superfluous Man Zamyatin, Y. We B. G. Guerney Russian

172

AppendixB

English titles of French diary novels mentioned in the text.

French Title Author English Title

A. 0. Barnabooth. Son journal Larbaud The Diaries of A. 0. in time Barnabooth

Cahiers d'Andre Walter, Les Gide The Notebooks of Andre Walter

Carnets du Bon Dieu, Les Daninos God's Notebooks Cher Untel Gautier Dear Someone Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard, France The Crime of Sylvestre

Le Bon nard Des bleus a I' lime Sagan Scars on the Soul Ecole des femmes, L' Gide The School for Wives Emploi du temps, L' Butor Passing Time Eugene de Rothe lin Souza Eugene de Rothe lin Eva, ou le journal interrompu Chardonne Eva, or the interrupted

diary Fantome, Le Bourget The Phantom Femme rompue, La Beau voir The Woman Destroyed Gladys (ou I' amour moderne) LeRoux Gladys (or Modern

Love) 'Horla, Le' Maupassant 'The Horla' Journal de Salavin Duhamel Salavin's Diary Journal d'un cure de campagne Bernanos Diary of a Country

Priest Journal d'une femme, Le Feuillet The Diary of a Woman Journal d'une femme de Mirbeau The Diary of a

chambre, Le Chambermaid Journal d'une femme en blanc Soubiran Journal of a Woman in

White Journal d'une jeune fille Fremy Diary of a Young Girl Journal d'un homme trompe Drieu Ia Diary of a Man

Rochelle Betrayed

173

174 Form and Function in the Diary Novel

French Title Author English Title

Journal d'un salaud Queffelec Diary of a No-good Journal in time de Sally Mara Queneau The Intimate Journal of

Sally Mara Libraire, Le Bessette Not For Every Eye 'Mes vingt-cinq jours' Maupassant 'My Twenty-five

Days' Monsieur de Phocas Lorrain Monsieur de Phocas Nausee, La Sartre Nausea Noeud de viperes, Le Mauriac Vipers' Tangle Paludes Gide Paludes Peintre de Salzbourg, Le Nodier The Painter of Salzburg Pluche ou l'amour de l'art Dutourd Pluche or the Love of

Art Un Beau tene'breux Gracq Tall Dark Stranger Une vie de boy Oyono Houseboy 'UnFou' Maupassant 'A Madman' Vie et opinions de M. Frederic- Taine The Life and Opinions

Thomas Graindorge of M. Frederic-Thomas Graindorge

Notes

Chapter 1

1. Gerald Prince, 'The Diary Novel: Notes for the Definition of a Sub-Genre', Neophilologus, LIX, 4 (October 1975) 477-81.

2. Ibid., p. 477. 3. Ibid., p. 481. 4. E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel (Arnold, 1927) p. 15. 5. V. Raoul, The French Fictional Journal (University of Toronto Press,

1980). 6. G. B. Cotton and A. Glencross, Fiction Index (Association of Assistant

Librarians, 1953). 7. The epithets were provided, respectively, by Virginia Woolf and

Andre Gide. 8. Raoul, op. cit., p. 4. 9. R. Fothergill, Private Chronicles: A Study of English Diaries (Oxford

University Press, 1974) p. 3. 10. G. Bessette, Le Libraire Gulliard, 1960), translated as Not For Every

Eye (Macmillan Canada, 1962). 11. Teodoro Giuttari, White Nights in Gaol (Hutchinson, 1961). A transla­

tion of Notti bianche al carcere (1959). 12. R. M. Rilke, The Notebook of Malte Laura Brigge (Hogarth Press, 1978)

p. 211. 13. Romberg, Studies in the Narrative Technique of the First-person Novel

(Almqvist and Wiksell, 1962) p. 45. 14. The Notebook of Malte Laura Brigge, pp. 23--4. 15. F. Mauriac, Le Noeud de viperes (Livre de Poche edition, 1984) p. 36

(entry III). 16. Romberg, op. cit., p. 44. 17. Le Noeud de viperes, p. 197 (entry XV).

R. Tremain, Letter to Sister Benedicta (Arrow Books, 1978) p. 86. 19. Ibid., p. 160. 20. P. Purser, A Small Explosion (Seeker and Warburg, 1979) p. 4.

R. Hoban, Turtle Diary (Cape, 1975); (Picador edition, 1977) p. 124. J. Wainwright, Thief of Time (Macmillan, 1978) pp. 121-2. M. Stanier, The Singing Time (Michael Joseph, 1975) p. 162.

24. J. Rathbone, King Fisher Lives (Michael Joseph, 1976) p. 80. W. Collins, The Woman in White (Penguin edition, 1974) pp. 33, 640. R. P. Jhabwala, Heat and Dust Gohn Murray, 1975) p. 2.

27. Ibid., p. 47. 28. King Fisher Lives, p. 13. Sheerly out of interest, it is true that the

175

10.

10.

19.

23.

9.

9.

B.

18.

21. 22. 23.

26. 25.

176 Notes

only match between Southampton and WBA, in what we deduce from other dates to be 1974, took place on 9 November. (The previous season the teams were in different divisions, and did not meet in the Cup.)

29. M. Hansen, The Liar (Dent, 1954) p. 8. A translation of LBgneren (1950).

30. Ibid., p. 191. 31. Romberg, op. cit., p. 318. 32. M. Glowinski, 'On the First-person Novel', New Literary History, IX,

1 (Autumn 1977) 103-14. The article is a translation from his Gry powiesciowe or Novelistic Games (Warsaw, 1973) pp. 59-75.

33. J. Chocheyras, 'La Place du journal intime dans une typologie des formes litteraires', in V. Del Litto (ed.), Le Journal intime et ses formes litteraires (Droz, 1978) p. 232.

34. Ibid., p. 232. 35. W. Butler, The Butterfly Revolution (Peter Owen, 1961) p. 6. 36. D. Cohn, Transparent Minds (Princeton University Press, 1978)

p. 215. 37. Glowinski, op. cit., p. 108. 38. J. Pouillon, Temps et roman (Gallimard, 1946) pp. 61-2ff. 39. Quoted by Cohn, op. cit., p. 145. 40. The example is from The Mayor of Casterbridge. 41. See my article, 'The Internal Chronology of Jean Barois', Studi

Francesi, XVII, 2 (May-August 1973) 300-3. 42. J. Lindsay, Picnic at Hanging Rock (Penguin Books, 1970), p. 7. 43. K. Hamburger, The Logic of Literature, 2nd revised edition (Indiana

University Press, 1973). In this translation of Die Logik der Dichtung (Stuttgart, 1957) first-person narration is dealt with as part of a final chapter on 'Special Forms' (pp. 293-341).

44. Raoul, op. cit., pp. 6-7. 45. J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye (Hamilton, 1951) p. 169. 46. Orwell's novel interestingly contains a brief account of the central

character's writing a diary, but it is introduced in the third person: 'His small but childish handwriting straggled up and down the page, shedding first its capital letters and finally even its full stops: April 4th, 1984. Last night to the flicks ... ' (Penguin Books, 1954, p. 10). Seen thus from the outside, the description of the film merges into the account of Winston's sitting down to write, and is equally 'present' to the reader.

47. D. Sinclair and G. Warkentin (eds) The New World Journal of Alexander Graham Dunlop 1845 (Paul Harris-Dundurn Press, 1976) p. 57.

48. Ibid., p. 107. 49. W. Golding, Rites of Passage (Faber and Faber, 1980) p. 5. 50. H. Soderberg, Doctor Glas (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 16. A

translation of Doktor Glas (Stockholm, 1905). 51. E. Kern, Existentialist Thought and Fictional Technique (Yale University

Press, 1970) p. 25. 52. G. Greene, The End of the Affair (Heinemann, 1951) p. 109.

Notes 177

53. F. Stanzel, 'Second Thoughts on Narrative Situations in the Novel: Towards a Grammar of Fiction', Novel, XI, 3 (Spring 1978) 247--64.

54. Hamburger, op. cit., p. 336.

Chapter 2

1. This extract (Act IV, scene i) is quoted in R. Fothergill, Private Chronicles: A Study of English Diaries (Oxford University Press, 1974) p.19.

2. Here and in the next paragraph I am again indebted to Robert Fothergill, op. cit., pp. 14-26.

3. J. Rousset, Nardsse romancier (Corti, 1973) pp. 92-3. 4. See A. Girard, Le Journal intime (Presses universitaires de France,

1963) pp. 66, 74-5. 5. See Fothergill, op. cit., p. 33. 6. See Girard, op. cit., pp. 97-8. 7. C. Nodier, Romans de Charles Nodier, preface of 1840 (Charpentier,

1873) p. 19. 8. Ibid., p. 53. The similarity with Lamartine may be seen by compar­

ing the French original ('Souvent ... , au soleil couchant, je m'as­sieds sur la pente d'un coteau, sous quelque vieux chene') with the opening of the poem 'L'Isolement':

Souvent sur la montagne, a l'ombre du vieux chene, Au coucher du soleil, tristement je m'assieds.

9. Marquise de Souza, Eugene de Rothelin, vol. 1 (Nicolle, 1808) pp. 5 and47.

10. Mme de I<riidener, Valerie (Charpentier, 1846) p. 1. 11. 'Mes vingt-cinq jours', in G. de Maupaussant, Contes et nouvelles,

vol. 2 (Gallimard, Pll~iade edition, 1979) p. 534. 12. 'Un Fou', in ibid., p. 546. 13. 'Le Horla', in ibid., pp. 913-38. For the 1886 version see pp. 822-30. 14. A. Fremy, Journal d'une jeune fille, 2nd edn (Levy, 1861). 15. Ibid., p. 1. 16. 0. Feuillet, Le Journal d'une femme (Calmann-Levy, 1887). 17. Ibid., p. 47. 18. A. France, La Vie litteraire (1889) pp. 89-91, as quoted by Girard, op.

cit., p. 569. 19. P. Bourget, Le Fantome (Plon-Nourrit, 1901) pp. 228, 327-8. 20. F. Rolfe, Don Renato, edited by C. Woolf (Chatto and Windus, 1963)

p. 7. 21. Ibid., p. 244. 22. H. SOderberg, Doctor Glas (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 16. 23. P. Purser, A Small Explosion (Seeker and Warburg, 1979) p. 4. 24. A. Gide, Les Cahiers d'Andre Walter (Gallimard, 1952) p. 82. 25. V. Raoul, The French Fictional Journal (University of Toronto Press,

1980) p. 75. 26. M. Sutor, L'Emploi du temps ('10/18' edition, 1966) p. 41 (entry for 15

May). 27. M. Sarton, As We Are Now (Gollancz, 1974) p. 45. An even more

178 Notes

explicit assertion is made by the diarist in We: 'Yes, I had made an entry of it. And, consequently, all that had really taken place.' See Y. Zamyatin, We (Penguin Modern Classics, 1983) p. 159.

28. Evan J. Connell, The Diary of a Rapist (Heinemann, 1967) p. 237. 29. A. de Cespedes, The Secret (Harvill Press, 1957) p. 211. A translation

of Quaderno proibito (1952) (entry for 24 May). 30. P. Ackroyd, The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde (Hamish Hamilton,

1983).

Chapter 3

1. W. Sansom, in his 1963 introduction to H. Soderberg, Doctor Glas (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 7.

2. For the two openings see S. de Beauvoir, La Femme rompue (Folio edition, 1982) pp. 121 and 9.

3. W. Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York: Knopf, 1941) p. 63. 4. H. Innes, The Last Voyage (Fontana, 1981) pp. 9 and 253. 5. Ibid., p. 120 (end of section 22). 6. For example, the entry (p. 201) for 4 December: 'By the Eclipse just

observed the mean longitude was 204°35'. On reducing all observa­tions to the Timekeeper at 4h30 it was 204°04'45''E.'

7. C. Thubron, Emperor (Heinemann, 1978) prefatory note. 8. Ibid., p. 158. 9. Berlin Diary, p.v.

10. Emperor, p. 7 11. F. Prokosch, The Missolonghi Manuscript (Farrar, Straus and Giroux,

1968) p. 14. 12. Ibid., p. 6. 13. G. Household, Dance of the Dwarfs (Michael Joseph, 1968) pp. 18,

38. 14. Ibid., p. 99. 15. B. Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (Routledge and

Kegan Paul, 1967) pp. vii-viii. 16. E. Huxley, The Red Rock Wilderness (Chatto and Windus, 1957)

p. 9. 17. D. Sinclair and G. Warkentin (eds) The New World Journal of Alexander

Graham Dunlop 1845 (Paul Harris-Dundurn Press, 1976) p. xxx. 18. Ibid., p. 105. 19. S. Bellow, Dangling Man (Penguin Books, 1963) p. 64 (29 Dec.). 20. The New World Journal ... , p. 101. 21. J. Chardonne, Eva (Grasset, 1930) p. 164. 22. W. Koch, Pontius Pilate Reflects (Putnam, 1961) p. 183. A translation

of Pilatus Erinnerungen (1959). 23. J. Lorrain, Monsieur de Phocas (Ollendorff, 1901) pp. 407, 253. 24. F. Oyono, Une vie de boy Gulliard, 1956) p. 14. 25. Ibid., p. 20. 26. L. C. Douglas, Dr Hudson's Secret Journal (Allen and Unwin, 1940)

p. 141. 27. J. Rathbone, King Fisher Lives (Michael Joseph, 1976) p. 105.

Notes 179

28. In a letter of 1901, quoted in F. Rolfe, Don Renato (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 4.

29. Don Renato, p. 32. 30. See H. Innes, The Last Voyage (Collins, 1978) pp. 10 and 12. 31. The New World Journal . .. , p. 105. 32. G. and W. Grossmith, The Diary of a Nobody (Dent, 1940) pp. 113-14

and 125. 33. P. Drieu Ia Rochelle, Journal d'un homme trompe (Gallimard, 1978)

p. 37. 34. A. Soubiran, Journal d'une femme en blanc (Livre de Poche, 1981)

p. 641 (16 August, second entry). 35. Ibid., p. 595. 36. P. Andrew, A Sparkle from the Coal (Hutchinson, 1964) p. 171. 37. V. Larbaud, A. 0. Barnabooth. Son Journal intime, in Larbaud's Oeuvres

completes (Gallimard, Plei:ade, 1957) p. 217 (18 June). (The original story was serialised in 1913 as the Journal d'un milliardaire.)

38. P. Tonkin, The Journal of Edwin Underhill (Hodder and Stoughton, 1981) p. 192.

39. L. Martens, The Diary Novel (Cambridge University Press, 1986) pp. 242-3.

40. D. Lessing, The Golden Notebook, new edition (Michael Joseph, 1972) pp. 353-72.

41. Ibid., pp. 206-13. 42. Ibid., p. 55. 43. Ibid., pp. 143, 212. 44. Ibid., p. 504. 45. For Leslie's remark see Jean Leslie, The Intimate Journal of Warren

Winslow (Hodder and Stoughton, 1953) p. 26. One might add that the error in de Beauvoir's text is corrected in the English translation by Patrick O'Brian (Collins, 1969).

46. Valerie Raoul, The French Fictional Journal (Toronto University Press, 1980) p. 21.

47. A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, p. 12. 48. The New World Journal ... , p. 103. 49. 'The Diary of a Man of Fifty', in L. Edel (ed.) The Complete Tales of

Henry James, vol. 4 (Hart-Davis, 1962) p. 418. 50. Don Renato, p. 234. 51. La Femme rompue, p. 235 (follows entry of 6 Feb.). 52. Eva, pp. 78-9. 53. Ibid., pp. 79, 111. 54. The Red Rock Wilderness, p. 77. 55. W. Golding, Rites of Passage (Faber and Faber, 1980) pp. 33, 45. 56. Ibid., p. 120. 57. Ibid., p. 264. 58. Ibid., pp. 51 and 125. 59. J. Tanizaki, Diary of a Mad Old Man (Seeker and Warburg, 1966)

p. 106. Like The Key, a translation from the Japanese. 60. M. Butor, L'Emploi du temps ('10118' edition, 1966) p. 264 (24 July). 61. The Journal of Edwin Underhill, p. 169.

180 Notes

62. H. Queffelec, Journal d'un salaud (Stock, 1944) p. 69. 63. I. Fekete, Zandra (Macmillan, 1961) p. 124. 64. The respective references to Sunday and Thursday are in E. J.

Connell Jnr, The Diary of a Rapist (Heinemann, 1967) pp. 79 (contrast The New World Journal ... , p. 80) and 11.

65. The Missolonghi Manuscript, p. 83. 66. C. Bermant, Diary of an Old Man (Chapman and Hall) p. 41. 67. J.-P. Sartre, La Nausee (Folio edition, 1980) p. 63. 68. Dangling Man, p. 125 (14 Feb.). 69. Quoted by Beatrice Didier, Le Journal intime (Presses universitaires

de France, 1976) p. 171. 70. H. LeRoux, Gladys (Calmann-Levy, 1894) p. 262. 71. A. Lurie, Real People (Heinemann, 1970) pp. 113 !f. 72. The Diary of a Rapist, p. 229. 73. The Journal of Edwin Underhill, p. 151. 74. P. Nansen, Love's Trilogy (Heinemann, 1906) p. 80. The trilogy

includes translations of Julies Dagbog (1893) and Cuds Fred (1895). 75. L'Emploi du temps, p. 278 (30 July). 76. Ibid., p. 204 (2 July). 77. Ibid., pp. 319-23 (14 Aug.). 78. La Femme rompue, pp. 127, 129 (25 Sep.). 79. A. 0. Barnabooth. Son Journal intime, p. 218 (19 June); P. Bourget, Le

FantOme (Plon-Nourrit, 1901) p. 172; Monsieur de Phocas, pp. 321-3.

Chapter 4

1. The quotation is borrowed from one of the characters in William Golding's Close Quarters (Faber and Faber, 1987) p. 148.

2. P. Nansen, Julie's Diary, in Love's Trilogy (Heinemann, 1906) p. 1. 3. 'Le Horla', in G. de Maupassant, Contes et nouvelles, vol. 2 (Gallimard,

1979) pp. 929-30 (14August). 4. E. J. Connell Jnr, The Diary of a Rapist (Heinemann, 1967) p. 192. 5. G. and W. Grossmith, The Diary of a Nobody (Dent, 1940)

P· 72. 6. J. Tanizaki, Diary of a Mad Old Man (Seeker and Warburg, 1966)

pp. 84, 127. 7. P. Tonkin, The Journal of Edwin Underhill (Hodder and Stoughton,

1981) p. 13. 8. 'Le Demier Jour d'un condamne' (1829), in Victor Hugo, Oeuvres

completes, tome III, vol. 1 (Club fran~ais du livre, 1970) pp. 657-713. 9. W. Golding, Rites of Passage (Faber and Faber, 1980) p. 148.

10. H. Soderberg, Doctor Glas (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 125. 11. A. de Cespedes, The Secret (Harvill Press, 1957) p. 4. 12. Ibid., p. 65. For the Italian text see Quaderno proibito (Mondadori

paperback edition, 1967) p. 82 (7 February). 13. Ibid., p. 181 (5 May). 14. W. Koch, Pontius Pilate Reflects (Putnam, 1961) p. 245. 15. The Diary of a Rapist, p. 124. 16. Madame de Kriidener, Valerie (Charpentier edition, 1846) p. 19.

Notes 181

17. I. Fekete, Zandra (Macmillan, 1961) pp. 221, 56. 18. Love's Trilogy, p. 117. 19. M. Glowinski, 'On the First-person Novel', New Literary History, IX,

1 (Autumn 1977) p. 106. 20. 0. Feuillet, Le Journal d'une femme (Calmann-Levy, 1887) p. 329. 21. H. Le Roux, Gladys (Calmann-Levy, 1894) p. 294. 22. G. Household, Dance of the Dwarfs (Michael Joseph, 1968) p. 51. 23. Ibid., pp. 201 and 87. 24. S. de Beauvoir, La Femme rompue (Gallimard, 1967) p. 176 (20

November). 25. Ibid., pp. 186-7 (1 December). 26. Diary of a Mad Old Man, pp. 61, 84. 27. V. Larbaud, A. 0. Barnabooth. Son Journal intime in Oeuvres completes

(Gallimard, 1957) pp. 145-6 (10, 12 May). 28. M. Butor, L'Emploi du temps ('10118' edition, 1966) pp. 275-6 (29, 30

July). 29. Ibid., pp. 70, 98 (28 May, 5 June). 30. Ibid., p. 261 (24 July); A. Soubiran, Journal d'une femme en blanc

(Livre de Poche, 1981) p. 23. 31. J. Lorrain, Monsieur de Phocas (Ollendorf, 1901) pp. 321-3. 32. D. Sinclair and G. Warkentin (Eds), The New World Journal of Alex-

ander Graham Dunlop 1845 (Paul Harris-Dundurn Press, 1976) p. 93. 33. P. Purser, A Small Explosion (Seeker and Warburg, 1979) pp. 53, 152. 34. Ibid., pp. 133--8. 35. The Diary of a Rapist, pp. 111-12. 36. B. Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (Routledge and

Kegan Paul, 1967) p. 190. 37. P. Andrew, A Sparkle from the Coal (Hutchinson, 1964) p. 203. 38. F. Oyono, Une vie de boy Gulliard, 1956) p. 174. 39. J. Gracq, Un Beau Tene'breux (Corti, 1945) p. 49. 40. M. Hardwick, Mr Hudson's Diary (Milton House, 1973) p. 26. 41. I. Turgenev, The Diary of a Superfluous Man, in The Novels of Ivan

Turgenev, vol. 13 (Heinemann, 1920) pp. 86, 95. 42. J. Leslie, The Intimate Journal of Warren Winslow (Hodder and

Stoughton, 1953) pp. 14 and 92. 43. J. Chardonne, Eva, ou le journal interrompu (Grasset, 1930) p. 12. 44. The New World Journal . .. , p. 67. 45. A Small Explosion, p. 116. 46. Gladys, p. 38. 47. Ibid., p. 190. For La Princesse de Cleves, see the Livre de Poche

edition (1985) p. 169. 48. W. Golding, Rites of Passage (Faber and Faber, 1980) p. 67. 49. Ibid., p. 155. 50. Ibid., p. 102. 51. Ibid., p. 252. 52. Ibid., p. 199. 53. Ibid., pp. 216-18. 54. Ibid., p. 278. 55. Ibid., p. 262.

182 Notes

56. Ibid., p. 28. 57. J. Dutourd, Pluche ou l'amour de I' art (Flammarion, 1967) p. 74. 58. Zandra, p. 107. 59. Pluche ... , p. 95. 60. Doctor Glas, p. 16. 61. Rites of Passage, p. 29. 62. A Sparkle from the Coal, p. 87. 63. The Journal of Edwin Underhill, p. 13. 64. J. Tanizaki, Diary of a Mad Old Man, p. 35; and The Key (Seeker and

Warburg, 1960) pp. 156--8, 167. 65. Rites of Passage, p. 169. 66. Quoted by A. Girard, Le Journal intime (Presses universitaires de

France, 1963) p. 344. 67. Ibid., pp. ~. 68. Quoted by L.A. Renza, 'The Veto of the Imagination: a Theory of

Autobiography', in J. Olney (ed.) Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical (Princeton University Press, 1980) pp. 292-3.

69. The Diary of a Superfluous Man, pp. 4, 8. 70. Ibid., p. 13. 71. J. Rathbone, King Fisher Lives (Michael Joseph, 1976) p. 22. 72. S. Sherry, Girl in a Blue Shawl (Hamish Hamilton, 1978) pp. 15, 16. 73. Given that the inhabitants of Venus and Mars envisaged in We are

unusual, the formula used ('You whom it may befall to read this', Y. Zamyatin, We (Penguin Modern Classics, 1983) p. 61) is echoed in more recognisable worlds, as when Caro Spencer thinks of 'you who may one day read this' (M. Sarton, As We Are Now (Gollancz, 1974) p. 133).

74. A Small Explosion, p. 118. 75. F. Mauriac, LeNoeuddeviperes (Livre de Poche, 1932) p. 72(entryV). 76. Ibid., p. 197 (entry XV). 77. L'Emploi du temps, p. 387 (5 September). 78. Quoted by Girard, op. cit., p. 454. 79. A Sparkle from the Coal, p. 21. 80. G. Greene, The End of the Affair (Heinemann, 1951) p. 120. 81. G. de Maupassant, 'Le Horla', in Contes et nouvelles, vol. 2, p. 930

(14 August). 82. As We Are Now, pp. 108, 126. 83. Le Noeud de viperes, pp. 216-17 (entry XVII). 84. G. Duhamel, Journal de Salavin (Mercure de France) pp. 183, 247. 85. Ibid., pp. 34-5. 86. The Key, p. 179. 87. Ibid., pp. 101-2. 88. Ibid., pp. 57-9. 89. Ibid., p. 180. 90. Ibid., p. 40. 91. Love's Trilogy, p. 75. 92. D. Lessing, The Golden Notebook (Michael Joseph, 1962) p. 460.

Notes 183

Chapter 5

1. V. Raoul, The French Fictional Journal: Fictional Narcissism/Narcissistic Fiction (Toronto University Press, 1980) p. 24.

2. G. Greene, The End of the Affair (Heinemann, 1951) p. 7. 3. S. Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, aged 13! (Methuen,

1983) pp. 16, 84, 88. 4. R. Haydn, The Journal of Edwin Carp (Hamish Hamilton, 1954) p. 8. 5. Ibid., p. 122. 6. Ibid., p. 239. 7. R. Queneau, Journal intime (1950), in Les Oeuvres completes de Sally

Mara (Gallimard, 1979) pp. 33, 151 (24 February; 21 April). 8. Ibid., p. 23 (29 January). Readers may have recognised 'What?' and

'Qu' est-ce que c' est?' 9. Ibid., p. 29 (15 February). Lest my translation should fail to do

Queneau justice, I reproduce the original conversation: -... je que ne vous ne pas? ... demanda-t-il. -... re ce que je repeux ... ? repondis-je. -... alors vous vous vous oui oui ... , insista-t-il. -... mais si vous y en eu eut ... , repliquai-je. -... ba Ia ble ble hihi ... , poursuivit-il. -... ah ... Ah ... , fis-je. -... eu eu ... eu eu ...

II revint aussitot sur ce sujet: -... eu eu ... eu eu ...

10. Ibid., pp. 6S-9 (20 May). 11. Ibid., pp. 119, 144 (7 March; 17 April). 12. Ibid., p. 7 (4 February). 13. Ibid., p. 25. 14. C. Bermant,Diaryofan01dMan(ChapmanandHall,1966)p. 103. 15. Ibid., pp. 53-4, 33. 16. Ibid., pp. 98-9. 17. J. Fletcher, 'Sartre's Nausea: A Modem Classic Revisited', Critical

Quarterly, XVIII (1976) 11-20, p. 18. 18. Ibid., p. 12. 19. J.-P. Sartre, La Nausie (Folio edition, 1980) pp. 12-13. 20. Ibid., pp. 22-3 and 218. 21. Ibid., p. 59. 22. Ibid., pp. 64-5. 23. Ibid., p. 42. 24. D. Cohn, Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Conscious-

ness in Fiction (Princeton University Press, 1978) pp. 213-15. 25. La Nausee, p. 147. 26. Ibid., pp. 82, 84. 27. Ibid., p. 78. 28. Ibid., pp. 119-20. 29. Ibid., p. 145. 30. P. Axthelm, The Modern Confessional Novel (Yale University Press,

1967) p. 88.

184 Notes

31. H. Porter Abbott, 'Letters to the Self: The Cloistered Writer in Nonretrospective Fiction', Publications of the Modern Language Associ­ation of America, XCV, 1 Ganuary 1980) p. 26.

Chapter 6

1. G. Greene, The End of the Affair (Heinemann, 1951) p. 100. 2. Quoted by A. Girard, Le Journal intime (Presses universitaires de

France, 1963) p. 402. 3. M. Tournier, Vendredi, ou les limbes du Pacifique (Minuit, 1969). This

reference is to the Folio edition (1982) p. 55. 4. S. de Beauvoir, La Femme rompue (Folio edition, 1982) p. 239 (20

February). 5. J. Dutourd, Pluche ou I' amour de l'art (Flammarion, 1967) p. 242. 6. M. Becker, The Diary of an Ugly Duckling (Seeker and Warburg,

1955) p. 100. A translation of Le Journal de Cra-Cra (1953). 7. D. Sinclair and G. Warkentin (eds), The New World Journal of Alex­

ander Graham Dunlop 1845 (Paul Harris-Dundurn Press, 1976) p. 70. 8. P. Drieu Ia Rochelle, Journal d'un homme trompe (Gallimard, 1978)

p. 35. 9. H. Soderberg, Doctor Glas (Chatto and Windus, 1963) p. 108.

10. J. Lorrain, Monsieur de Phocas (Ollendorf, 1901) p. 102. 11. I. Fekete, Zandra (Macmillan, 1961) p. 106. 12. Girard, op. cit., p. 113. 13. Ibid., p. 481. 14. Ibid., pp. 113 and 19. 15. C. Nodier, Romans de Charles Nodier (Charpentier, 1873) p. 42. 16. P. Tonkin, The Journal of Edwin Underhill (Hodder and Stoughton,

1981) p. 86. 17. W. Koch, Pontius Pilate Reflects (Putnam, 1961) p. 249. 18. The Diary of an Ugly Duckling, p. 22. 19. S. Bellow, Dangling Man (Penguin Books, 1963) p. 7 (15 Dec 1942). 20. G. Household, Dance of the Dwarfs (Michael Joseph, 1968) p. 197. 21. Ibid., pp. 192-9. 22. E. J. Connell Jnr, The Diary of a Rapist (Heinemann, 1967) p. 36. 23. Ibid., pp. 146, 191-2. 24. SeeR. D. Laing, The Divided Self(Penguin Books, 1965) p. 158. 25. G. de Maupassant, Contes et nouvelles, vol. 2 (Gallimard, 1979)

p. 936 (19 August, second entry). The extra problems which dated entries can pose for critics may be illustrated here by quoting the speculation of Louis Forestier in the notes to the PU!i:ade edition: 'note that the narrator's diary includes the date of 19 August twice. The manuscript has no corrections at this point. Is this a slip - or is it rather the desire to draw attention to the crucial episode of the story?' (ibid., p. 1636).

26. Y.Zamyatin, We(PenguinModernClassics, 1983)p. 70(entryll). 27. A. de Cespedes, The Secret (Harvill Press, 1957) p. 100. 28. The Diary of an Ugly Duckling, p. 191; M. Hansen, The Liar (Dent,

1954) p. 101.

Notes 185

29. Pontius Pilate Reflects, p. 39. 30. Ibid., p. 250. 31. D. Lessing, The Golden Notebook (1972 edition) pp. 511 and 393. 32. A. Lurie, Real People (Heinemann, 1970) pp. 33, 42. 33. B. Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (Routledge

and Kegan Paul, 1967) pp. 12-13. 34. The Journal of Edwin Underhill, pp. 99, 113. 35. Ibid., pp. 104, 191. 36. G. Duhamel, Journal de Salavin (Mercure de France, 1927) p. 45. 37. Ibid., pp. 63-4. 38. Ibid., p. 199. 39. Quoted by Girard, op. cit., p. 440. 40. Ibid., p. 445. 41. Ibid., p. 444 ('une sorte de didoublement absolu'). 42. Reported by H. P. Abbott, 'Letters to the Self: The Cloistered

Writer in Nonretrospective Fiction', Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, XCV, 1 Ganuary 1980) p. 28.

43. The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, aged 13!, p. 60. 44. S. Chitty, Diary of a Fashion Model (Methuen, 1958) p. 8. 45. Doctor Glas, p. 90. 46. Marquise de Souza, Eugene de Rothelin, vol. 1 (Nicolle, 1808) p. 2. 47. A. Fremy, Journal d'une jeune fille, 2nd edition (Levy, 1861) p. 6. 48. P. Nansen, Love's Trilogy (Heinemann, 1906) p. 78. 49. Ibid., pp. 18-19. 50. Ibid., pp. 171, 137. 51. The Diary of an Ugly Duckling, pp. 6,44, 55-6. 52. R. Tremain, Letter to Sister Benedicta (Arrow Books, 1978) pp. 8,

173. 53. The Secret, pp. 39, 42 (18 January). 54. Love's Trilogy, p. 171. 55. B. Didier, Le Journal intime (Presses universitaires de France, 1976)

p. 116. 56. Girard, op. cit., p. 178. 57. A. Gide, Les Cahiers d'Andre Walter (Gallimard, NRF, 1952) p. 93. 58. 'Eterniser ... un reve d'un instant', in the poem 'Impromptu'. 59. Les Cahiers d'Andre Walter, p. 65. 60. R. Hoban, Turtle Diary (Picador edition, 1977) p. 69. 61. Quoted by Girard, op. cit., p. 172. 62. F. Prokosch, The Missolonghi Manuscript (Farrar Straus and Giroux

and W. H. Allen, 1968) pp. 160,185. 63. M. Butor, L'Emploi du temps ('10/18' edition, 1966) p. 273 (28 July). 64. Ibid., p. 405 (12 September). 65. J. Tanizaki, Diary of a Mad Old Man (Seeker and Warburg, 1966)

p. 35. 66. Doctor Glas, pp. 16, 93. 67. The Diary of a Rapist, p. 73. 68. Ibid., p. 43. 69. Letter to Sister Benedicta, p. 160. 70. C. Thubron, Emperor (Heinemann, 1978) pp. 14, 30, 123.

186 Notes

71. Dangling Man, p. 32 (22 December). 72. Ibid., pp. 21-4 (18 December). 73. Ibid., p. 125 (15 February). 74. Ibid., p. 56 (26 December). 75. Ibid., p. 93 (18 January). 76. Love's Trilogy, p. 188. 77. The Secret, p. 90. 78. Ibid., p. 46. 79. The Golden Notebook, pp. 283-314. 80. Ibid., p. 108. 81. Ibid., p. 135. 82. Ibid., p. 141. 83. La Femme rompue, p. 222. 84. Ibid., p. 222 (15 January). 85. G. Gennari, J'avais vingt ans (Grasset, 1961) pp. 187-8. 86. R. Fothergill, Private Chronicles: A Study of English Diaries (Oxford

University Press, 1974) pp. 39-42. 87. Ibid., p. 48. 88. V. Larbaud, A. 0. Barnabooth. Son journal intime, in Oeuvres completes

(Gallimard, 1957) p. 282 (3 October). 89. Journal d'un homme trompe, pp. 16, 20. 90. The Diary of an Ugly Duckling, pp. 5, 79. 91. Ibid., pp. 211-12. 92. Girard, op. cit., p. 263. 93. I. Turgenev, The Diary of a Superfluous Man, in The Novels of Ivan

Turgenev vol. 13 (Heinemann, 1920) p. 36. 94. The Missolonghi Manuscript, pp. 335--6. 95. Ibid., p. 152. 96. We, p. 145 (entry 16). 97. Ibid., p. 35 (entry 4). 98. Ibid., p. 162 (entry 28). 99. Ibid., pp. 116, 134 (entries 19, 23).

100. Ibid., pp. 54, 138 (entries 8, 24). 101. Ibid., p. 220 (entry 40). 102. Ibid., p. 20 (entry 1). 103. F. Mauriac, Le Noeud de viperes (Livre de Poche, 1984) p. 280. 104. Ibid., p. 36 (entry III). 105. Fothergill, op. cit., p. 50.

Bibliography

The following sections include major works or those referred to frequently in the text.

A DIARY NOVELS

Andrew, P., A Sparkle from the Coal (London: Hutchinson, 1964). Beauvoir, S. de, La Femme rompue (Paris: Gallimard, 1967). Becker, M., The Diary of an Ugly Duckling (London: Seeker and

Warburg, 1955). Bellow, S., Dangling Man (New York: Vanguard Press, 1944). Bermant, C., Diary of an Old Man (London: Chapman and Hall,

1966). Bernanos, G., Journal d'un cure de campagne (Paris: Plon, 1936). Bessette, G., Le Libraire (Paris: Julliard, 1960). Blicher, S., 'The Journal of a Parish Clerk', in Twelve Stories

(Princeton University Press, 1945) pp. 49-78. Bourget, P., Le Fantome (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1901). Box, S., Diary of a Drop-out (London: Triton, 1969). Butler, W., The Butterfly Revolution (London: Peter Owen, 1961). Butor, M., L'Emploi du temps (Paris: Minuit, 1957). Cespedes, A. de, The Secret (London: Harvill Press, 1957). Chardonne, J., Eva, ou le journal interrompu (Paris: Grasset, 1930). Charles, E., Diary of Mrs Kitty Trevelyan (London: Nelson, 1878). Charles, E., On Both Sides of the Sea (London: Nelson, 1868). Chitty, S., Diary of a Fashion Model (London: Methuen, 1958). Connell, E. J. Jnr, The Diary of a Rapist (London: Heinemann,

1967). Douglas, L., Dr Hudson's Secret Journal (London: George Allen and

Unwin and Peter Davies, 1940). Drieu la Rochelle, P., Journal d'un homme trompe (Paris: Gallimard,

NRF, 1978). Duhamel, G., Journal de Salavin (Paris: Mercure de France, 1927).

187

188 Bibliography

Dutourd, J., Pluche ou I' amour de l'art (Paris: Flammarion, 1967). Fekete, 1., Zandra (London: Macmillan, 1961). Feuillet, 0., Le Journal d'une femme (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1887). France, A., Le Crime de Sylvestre Bannard (Paris: Calmann-Levy,

1881). Fremy, A., Journal d'une jeune fille (Paris: Levy, 1853). Gascoigne, B., Cod Streuth (London: Cape, 1986). Gautier, J.-J., Cher Untel (Paris: Plon, 1974). Gide, A., Les Cahiers d'Andre Walter (Paris: Gallimard, NRF, 1952). Gide, A., L'Ecole des femmes (Paris: Gallimard, 1929). Gide, A., Paludes (Paris: Librairie de L'Art independant, 1894). Gide, A., La Symphonie pastorale (Paris: Gallimard, 1919). Golding, W., Close Quarters (London: Faber and Faber, 1987). Golding, W., Rites of Passage (London: Faber and Faber, 1980). Gracq, J., Un Beau tene'breux (Paris: Corti, 1945). Grossmith, G. and W., The Diary of a Nobody (Bristol: Arrowsmith,

1892). Hansen, M., The Liar (London: Dent, 1954). Hardwick, M., Mr Hudson's Diary (London: Milton House, 1973). Haydn, R., The Journal of Edwin Carp (London: Hamish Hamilton,

1954). Household, G., Dance of the Dwarfs (London: Michael Joseph,

1968). Hugo, V., 'Le Dernier Jour d'un condamne' (1829), in Oeuvres

completes, tome III, vol. 1 (Paris: Club fran~ais du livre, 1970) pp. 639-713.

Huxley, E., The Red Rock Wilderness (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957).

Innes, H., The Last Voyage (London: Collins, 1978). James, H., 'The Diary of a Man of Fifty', in L. Edel (ed.) The

Complete Tales of Henry James, vol. 4 (London: Hart-Davis, 1962) pp. 389-425.

Koch, W., Pontius Pilate Reflects (London: Putnam, 1961). Kriidener, Mme de, Valerie, 2 vols (Paris: Charpentier, 1804). Larbaud, V., A. 0. Barnabooth. Son Journal intime (1922), in Oeuvres

completes (Paris: Gallimard, 1957) pp. 81-306. Le Roux, H., Gladys (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1894). Leslie, J., The Intimate Journal of Warren Winslow (London: Hodder

and Stoughton, 1953). Lessing, D., The Diaries of Jane Somers (London: Michael Joseph,

1984). Lessing, D., The Golden Notebook (London: Michael Joseph, 1962).

Bibliography

Lorrain, J., Monsieur de Phocas (Paris: Ollendorff, 1901). Lurie, A., Real People (London: Heinemann, 1970).

189

Maupassant, G. de, 'Le Horla' (1887), in Contes et nouvelles, vol. 2 (Paris: Gallimard, 1979) pp. 913--38.

Maupassant, G. de, 'Mes vingt-cinq jours', in ibid., pp. 531-9. Maupassant, G. de, 'Un Fou', in ibid., pp. 540-7. Mauriac, F., Le Noeud de viperes (Paris: Grasset, 1932). Mirbeau, 0., Le Journal d'une femme de chambre (Paris: Fasquelle,

1900). Muller, R., The Lost Diaries of Albert Smith (London: Cape, 1965). Nansen, P., Love's Trilogy (London: Heinemann, 1906). Oyono, F., Une vie de boy (Paris: Julliard, 1956). Prokosch, F., The Missolonghi Manuscript (London: Farrar, Straus

and Giroux, and W. H. Allen, 1968). Purser, P., A Small Explosion (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1979). Queffelec, H., Journal d'un salaud (Paris: Stock, 1944). Queneau, R., Journal intime de Sally Mara (1950), in Les Oeuvres

completes de Sally Mara (Paris: Gallimard, 1962). Rolfe, F., Don Renato (1909), (London: Chatto and Windus, 1963). Sagan, F., Des bleus a l'ame (Paris: Flammarion, 1972). Sarton, M., As We Are Now (London: Gollancz, 1974). Sartre, J.-P., La Nausee (Paris: Gallimard, 1938). Soderberg, H., Doctor Glas (1905), (London: Chatto and Windus,

1963). Soubiran, A., Journal d'une femme en blanc (Paris: Kent-Segep, 1963). Souza, Marquise de, Eugene de Rothelin, 2 vols (Paris: Nicolle, 1808). Stanier, M., The Singing Time (London: Michael Joseph, 1975). Taine, H., Vie et opinions de M. Frederic-Thomas Graindorge (Paris:

Hachette, 1867). Tanizaki, J., Diary of a Mad Old Man (London: Seeker and Warburg,

1966). Tanizaki, J., The Key (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1960). Thubron, C., Emperor (London: Heinemann, 1978). Tonkin, P., The Journal of Edwin Underhill (London: Hodder and

Stoughton, 1981). Townsend, S., The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, aged 131 (London:

Methuen, 1982). Tremain, R., Letter to Sister Benedicta (London: MacDonald and

Jane's, 1978). Turgenev, 1., The Diary of a Superfluous Man (1850), in The Novels of

Ivan Turgenev, vol. 13 (London: Heinemann, 1920). Zamyatin, Y., We(1920)(London: Cape, 1970).

190 Bibliography

B NOVELS WITH MAJOR DIARY ELEMENTS

Collins, W., The Woman in White (London: Sampson Low, 1860). Greene, G., The End of the Affair (London: Heinemann, 1951). Hoban, R., Turtle Diary (London: Cape, 1975). Jhabwala, R. P., Heat and Dust (London: John Murray, 1975). Nodier, C., Le Peintre de Saltzbourg (1803), in Romans de Charles

Nodier (Paris: Charpentier, 1873). Rathbone, J., King Fisher Lives (London: Michael Joseph, 1976). Sherry, S., Girl in a Blue Shawl (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978). Wainwright, J., ThiefofTime (London: Macmillan, 1978).

C REAL DIARIES

Malinowski, B., A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967).

Sinclair, D. and Warkentin, G. (eds) The New World Journal of Alexander Graham Dunlop 1845 (Edinburgh!foronto: Paul Harris­Dundurn Press, 1976).

D CRITICAL WORKS

Abbott, H. P., 'Letters to the Self: The Cloistered Writer in Nonretrospective Fiction', Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, XCV, 1 ijanuary 1980) 23-41.

Axthelm, P., The Modern Confessional Novel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).

Cohn, D., Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Con­sciousness in Fiction (Princeton University Press, 1978).

Del Litto, V. (ed.), Le Journal intime et ses formes litteraires (Geneva: Droz, 1978).

Didier, B., Le Journal intime (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1976).

Fothergill, R., Private Chronicles: A Study of English Diaries (Oxford University Press, 1974).

Girard, A., Le Journal in time (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1963).

Hamburger, K., The Logic of Literature, 2nd revised edition (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973).

Bibliography 191

Kern, E., Existential Thought and Fictional Technique (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).

Ong, W., 'The Writer's Audience is Always a Fiction', PMLA, XC, 1 (January 1975) 9-21.

Pascal, R., 'Tense and Novel', Modern Language Review, LVII, 1 (January 1962) 1-11.

Pouillon, J., Temps et roman (Paris: Gallimard, 1946). Prince, G., 'The Diary Novel: Notes for the Definition of a Sub­

Genre', Neophilologus, LIX, 4 (October 1975) 477-81. Prince, G., Narratology - The Form and Functioning of Narrative

(Amsterdam: Mouton, 1982). Raoul, V., The French Fictional Journal: Fictional Narcissism/

Narcissistic Fiction (Toronto University Press, 1980). Romberg, B., Studies in the Narrative Technique of the First-person

Novel (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1962). Rousset, J., Narcisse romancier (Essai sur Ia premiere personne dans le

roman) (Paris: Corti, 1973). Stanzel, F., 'Second Thoughts on Narrative Situations in the Novel.

Towards a Grammar of Fiction', Novel, XI, 3 (Spring 1978) 247--64.

Index

An asterisk preceding an author's name indicates that all references quoted are to one novel written by that person.

addressees,S-10, 120-5,137 Age of Discretion, The (Beauvoir) 55 Amiel H.-F., 31, 42, 123, 147, 15H Andrew, Prudence, see, A Sparkle

from the Coal A. 0. Barnabooth, The Diaries of

(Larbaud), 74, 92, 104, 107, 125 166-7 I

As We Are Now (Sarton), 51, 66, 124, 182n73

autobiography, 23, 40 see also, memoirs

Balzac, Honore de, 34 Beadle, John, 31 Beaglehole, J. C., 56 Beau voir, Simone de, see, The

Woman Destroyed Becker, Marianne, see, The Diary of

an Ugly Duckling Beckett, Samuel, 28 Bell?w, ?aul, see, Dangling Man Berlm Dtary (Shirer), 55, 58 Bermant, Chaim, see, Diary of an Old

Man *Bernanos, Georges, 49, 108 Bessette, Gerard, see, Not For Every

Eye Biran, Maine de, 147, 155, 157, 158 *Blicher, Steen S., 3-4, 35, 86-7 Booker Prize, 17

~~~:,g;;::n:~: it-ii' 119

*Butler, William, 21-2 Butor, Michel, see, Passing Time Butterfly Revolution, The (Butler) 21-

22 I

192

Byron,Lord,26,31,58,117 see also, The Missolonghi

Manuscript

Camus, Albert, 3, 10, 28 cassette~, see, tape-recordings Catcher m the Rye, The (Salinger) 21

25--6 I I

Cespedes, Alba de, see, The Secret chapters, 22, 39, 41, 73, 171

headings, 15, 34, 67, 106, 115 Chardonne, Jacques, see, Eva Charles, Elizabeth, 38 Chasles, Robert, 31 *Chitty, Susan, 130, 154 Christmas, 81, 83, 87, 93, 104 Close Quarters (Golding), ix, 180nl Cod Streuth (Gascoigne), 136-7 Collector, The (Fowles), 13 *Collins, Wilkie, 16 Communist Party (of Great Britain),

75, 165 Connell,. Evan J ., see, The Diary of a

Rapzst Constant, Benjamin, 42, 68, 82 Constantine, Emperor, 137

see also, Emperor Cook, Captain James, see, The Last

Voyage Corvo, Baron, see, Don Renata Crime of Sylvestre Bannard, The

(France), 89 Crossman, Richard, 10,58

Dance of the Dwarfs (Household), 59-60,97-8,103,148-9

Index 193

Dangling Man (Bellow), 63, 89, 148, 161-3

*Daninos, Pierre, 49 dates (in diary novels), 21, 37, 44,

77-89 errors: in fiction, 23-5,36-7,47,

73,77-8,141-2;inreal diaries, 62, 79

rronicaluse,36,111,132,135,162 mimetic function, 18-19, 22, 23,

54-5,60,72,145 non-necessity in diary novel, 1, 7,

9,34,66 poor use, 33, 35, 41, 46, 101, 137 see also, mimeticism; writing

(precise time of) Dear Someone (Gautier), 50 death (as narrative device), 33, 100

of fictional diarist, 36, 85, 97-8, 108, 110, 113-14, 126-7

killing by diarist, 36-7, 45, 106 suicide of diarist, 37, 87, 148, 151,

160 Deborah's Diary (Manning), 38-9 Defoe, Daniel, see, Robinson Crusoe Delacroix, Eugene, 42, 117, 144 Dernier Jour d'un condamne, Le

(Hugo), 97 Descartes, Rene, 142 diaries

as opposed to novels, 1, 36, 62-3, 100

fake, 6, 53, 59, 139 fictional diaries of real people, 53,

55-9 overlap between real/fictional

diaries,18,20,54,61-2 real,5,20,30-2,42,166, 171

diary novel as opposed to diary, 20, 58, 90,

160-1 definition, ix, 1-8, 11 general characteristics, 45-6, 118,

127,170-1 length, 2-3, 45, 48 see also, novel

Diary of a Chambermaid, The (Mrrbeau), 41-2

Diary of a Drop-out (Box), 13-14

Diary of a Fashion Model (Chitty), 130,154

Diary of a Horse (Goll), 4 Diary of a Mad Old Man (Tanizaki),

23, 51, 86, 95, 100, 104, 116, 160

Diary of a Man Betrayed (Drieu Ia Rochelle), 72, 111, 145, 167

'Diary of a Man of Fifty, The' Games), 79-80, 89

Diary of a Nobody, The (Grossmiths), 43-4,46,49,72,95,116,130,131

Diary of a No-good (Queffelec), 87, 146

Diary of an Old Man (Bermant), 51, 88,137-8,140

Diary of Antoine Roquentin, The, see, Nausea

Diary of an Ugly Duckling, The (Becker), 94, 145, 146, 148, 150, 156,167-8

Diary of a Rapist, The (Connell), 87-89,90,94,100,106-7,146,149, 153,160

Diary of a Seducer (I<ierkegaard), 27 Diary of a Superfluous Man, The

(Turgenev), 35-6, 86, 97, 110, 118-19, 168-9

Diary of a Woman, The (Feuillet), 39, 40-1,64,77-8,103

Diary of a Young Girl (Fremy), 39-40, 64,109,155

Diary of Mrs Kitty Trevelyan (Charles), 38

drrectspeech,34,49,79,106 Disraeli, Benjamin, 110 Doctor Glas (Soderberg), 45-6, 98-9,

116, 123, 145, 149, 154, 160 Dr Hudson's Secret Diary (Douglas),

68-9,80,146-7 Don Renato (Rolfe), 43, 69-70, 76, 81 *Douglas, Lloyd C., 68-9, 80, 146-7 DreyfilsAffarr,41,46,145 Drieu Ia Rochelle, Pierre, see, Diary

of a Man Betrayed *Dubois La Chartre, Andre, 49 du Bos, Charles, 89 Duhamel, Georges, see, Salavin's

Diary

194 Index

Dunlop, Alexander G., 26-7, 62-3, 71-2,79,87,106,110,145

Dutourd, Jean, see, Pluche

Easter, 85 editors (real), 10, 62

author of diary novel as editor, 39-40,44,50-1,56,60,69-71, 109,136-7

fictional editors, 15-16, 18, 36, 63-9,139-40,141

see also, frame devices; prefaces Emerson, R., 118 Emperor (Thubron), 14-15,57--8, 73,

161 End of the Affair, The (Greene), 13,

27--8,124,130,184n1 Eugene de Rothelin (Souza), 1, 33-4,

154-5 Eva (Chardonne), 7, 50, 64, 82, 110,

120, 125, 146, 156 existentialism, 27, 115, 141-3, 157,

163,165

fact versus fiction, 18-19,20,50-1, 57,64,75,110

see also, diaries; Hamburger Fekete, Irene, see, Zandra *Feuillet, 0., 39, 40-1, 64, 77--8, 103 forewords, see, prefaces Forster, E. M., 2 *Fowles, John, 13 frame devices, 24, 36-7, 43

see also, editors France, Anatole, 42, 89 *Fremy,A.,39-40,64, 109,155

*Gascoigne, Bamber, 136-7 *Gautier, Jean-Jacques, 50 Gennari, Genevieve, 4, 166 Gide,Andre,3,175n7

and diaries, 31, 46, 117, 154, 158 diary novels, 46--8; see also under

individual titles other works: The Counterfeiters, 4,

46, 82; Strait is the Gate, 4, 13; The Vatican Cellars, 69

Girl in a Blue Shawl (Sherry), 15, 119-20

*Giuttari, Teodoro, 7 Gladys (Le Roux), 42-3, 89-90, 95,

103, 110-11, 119 Glowinski, Michal, 20-1,22, 102 God, 49, 57, 108, 114, 134, 136, 153,

163 as addressee, 9, 123-5, 137

God's Notebooks (Daninos), 49 God's Peace (Nansen), 45, 83, 94 Golden Notebook, The (Lessing), 50,

51,75-7,127--8,150,164-5 Golding, William, ix, 180n1

see also, Rites of Passage *Goll, Claire, 4 *Gracq, Julien, 109 Grand Meaulnes, Le (Alain-Fournier),

5 Greene, Graham, see, The End of the

Affair Grossmith, George and Weedon,

see, The Diary of a Nobody Guerin, Maurice de, 117

Hamburger, Kate, 25-9, 54, 59, 72-73, 138

see also, narration *Hansen, Martin, 19-20,150 *Hardwick, Michael, 12-13, 109, 125 Hardy, Thomas,23, 107 *Haydn, Richard, 131-3 Heat and Dust Ohabwala), 17-18 hiding (diary in fiction), 98-100,

125,126-7,164 Hitler, Adolf (fake diaries), 6 *Hoban, Russell, 11, 158 'Horla, The' (Maupassant), 37, 66,

89, 94, 124, 149, 151, 154 Houseboy (Oyono), 67--8,82-3, 108 Household, Geoffrey, see, Dance of

the Dwarfs *Hugo, Victor, 97 *Huxley, Elspeth, 61-2, 64, 82 Ides of March, The (Wilder), 14 illustrations in text, 44, 49, 130, 137 Innes, Hammond, see, The Last

Voyage interior monologue, 4, 5, 11 Intimate Journal of Sally Mara

(Queneau), 133-6, 138

Index 195

Intimate Journal of Warren Winslow, The (Leslie), 50, 78, 110, 129

James,lfenry,8,23,79-80,89 Jean Barois (Martin du Gard), 23 *Jhabwala, Ruth P., 17-18 Jocelyn (Lamartine), 78 Johnson, Samuel, 31 Jonson, Ben, 30 Journal d'une bourgeoise (Gennari),

4 Journal of a Country Priest

(Bernanos), 49, 108 'Journal of a Parish Clerk, The'

(Blicher), 3-4, 35, 86-7 Journal of a Woman in White

(Soubiran), 73, 91, 105, 163 Journal of Edwin Carp, The (lfaydn),

131-3 Journal of Edwin Underhill, The

(Tonkin), 74, 87,90-1,93, 95-6, 116, 129, 148, 151-2

Julie's Diary (Nansen), 44-5, 83, 91, 93-4, 101, 102, 127, 155-6, 157, 164

Key, The (Tanizaki), 52-3, 100, 116, 125--8, 146, 153

*Kierkegaard,Seren,27 King Fisher Lives (Rathbone), 15-16,

18--19,69,119 Koch, Werner, see, Pontius Pilate

Reflects Kriidener, Madame de, 32, 34, 100

Laing, R. D., 149 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 33, 78 Larbaud, Valery, see, The Diaries of

A. 0. Barnabooth Last Voyage, The (Innes), 6, 53, 56-7,

58,70-1,120 Lavater, J. C., 32 Leap years, 24, 88, 142

see also, dates Le Roux, lfugues, see, Gladys *Leslie, Jean, 50, 78, 110, 129 Lessing, Doris, see, The Golden

Notebook

letters (in diary novels), 8--9, 10, 34, 102-3, 109, 113

see also, novel (types) Letter to Sister Benedicta (Tremain),

9-10,23,78,123,156-7,161 Liar, The (lfansen), 19-20, 150 Life and Opinions of M. F.

Graindorge (Taine), 38 *Lindsay, Joan, 23-4 Lorrain, Jean, see, Monsieur de

Phocas Lost Diaries of Albert Smith, The

(Muller), 80-1 Love's Trilogy (Nansen), 44-5, 83

see also, God's Peace, Julie's Diary *Lurie, Alison, 90, 150-1, 152

McCarthyism, 21 'Madman, A' (Maupassant), 36-7,

66 Magnificent Obsession (Douglas), 68 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 61, 79, 107-

108, 151 *Manning, Anne, 38--9 Martens, Lorna, ix, 75 *Martin du Gard, Roger, 23 Maupassant, Guy de, 36-7

see also, 'The lforla' Mauriac, Franc;ois, see, Vipers'

Tangle memoirs (real), 120, 147

element in diary novels, 15, 34, 68,159

memoir-novel, see, novel (types) Milton, John, 38 mimeticism, 14,21-3,54-92, 129,

130 see also, dates; Glowinski;

lfamburger; writing *Mirbeau, Octave, 41-2 mirrors,93, 149, 15~7, 164 Missolonghi Manuscript, The

(Prokosch), 24, 53,58--9,88, 159,169

Mr Hudson's Diary (lfardwick), 12-13,109,125

Monsieur de Phocas (Lorrain), 45, 66-67, 92, 106, 145

196 Index

Morgan, Janet, 10 *Muller, Robert, 80-1 Musset, Alfred de, 158 'My Twenty-five Days'

(Maupassant), 36

Nansen, Peter, see, Julie's Diary narration

first-person, 7, 22-9, 35, 54-5, 96, 100,105,119

third-person: in novels, 14, 18, 25,27,37,43,176n46; describing self, 149-50, 152, 154,155,162,165

see also, unreliable narrators Nausea (Sartre), 22, 49-50, 88, 115,

138--43, 146 Nineteen eightyfour (Orwell), 26,

169 Nodier, Charles, see, The Painter of

Salzbourg Notebook of Malte Laura Brigge

(Rilke), 7-8 Notebooks of Andre Walter, The

(Gide), 46, 79, 147, 158 Not For Every Eye (Bessette), 7, 88,

146,160 nouveau roman, 51, 88 novel (general), 3, 5, 29

types: composite (part-diary), 13-18, 32, 65; confession, 5, 9, 43; epistolary, 2, 5, 8-9,32, 114, 120; memoir, 5, 8, 41-2, 59, 139; 149; recit, 3, 4, 28; sotie, 3, 46-7

see also, diary novel, narration

On Both Sides of the Sea (Charles), 38 *Orwell, George, 26, 169 *Oyono, Ferdinand, 67-8, 82-3, 108

Painter of Salzburg, The (Nodier), 32-3,34,109,147

Paludes (Gide), 20, 4(}.-7 Pamela (Richardson), 114 parody,43-4,46,49-50,129-43 Pascal, Blaise, 85 Passing Time (Butor), 22, 51, 71-2,

78, 87, 88, 91, 101, 104-5, 116, 123,147,159-60,168

Pastoral Symphony, The (Gide),47-8, 51

Paul et Virginie (Saint-Pierre), 78 Pepys, Samuel, 30, 91, 93, 166 Phantom, The (Bourget), 43, 92 Picnic at Hanging Rock, 23-4 Pilate, Pontius, see, Pontius Pilate

Reflects plague (of 1665), 38, 39 Plague, The (Camus), 4 Pluche ou ['amour de l'art (Dutourd),

115,145,163 Pontius Pilate Reflects (Koch), 53, 65-

6, 100, 148, 150 Powell, Mary (The Maiden and

Married Life of M.P.), 38-9 preface~39-40,58-62, 135-6

see also, editors present time (versus past),8, 1(}.-18,

158-62,165 see also, re-reading; tenses

Prince, Gerald, 1-2,6 Princesse de Cleves, La (Lafayette),

111 Prokosch, Frederick, see, The

Missolonghi Manuscript Proust, Marcel, see, Remembrance of

Things Past Punch, 44, 130 Purser, Philip, see, A Small Explosion

*Queffelec, Henri, 87, 146 *Queneau, Raymond, 133-6, 138

Rabelais, Fran~ois, 136 Raoul, Valerie,4--6, 7,25, 50, 78,

129 Rathbone, Julian, see, King Fisher

Lives readership,

fictionalaudience,2,35-6,48,117-28,130,137

readers of diary novel, 9, 19, 41-2, 133-4

Rea1People(Lurie),90,150-1,152 recit, 3, 4, 28 Red Rock Wilderness, The (Huxley),

61-2,82

Index 197

religion, attitudes seen in diary novel, 57,

67-8, 96, 150, 161 clergy as diarists, 81, 108, 113-14 treatment in diary novel, 35, 70,

85,108,136 see also, God

Remembrance of Things Past, 2, 102, 142, 147

re-reading, 12, 158, 159, 165-8, 170, 171

Restif de Ia Bretonne, 31 *Rilke, R. M., 7-8 Rites of Passage (Golding), ix, x, 27,

83-5,98,111-15,116-17,122, 137

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 13, 87, 144 Rolfe, Frederick, see, Don Renato Romantic(ism), 31, 32, 97, 109, 147,

166

*Sagan, Franc;oise, 50 St Augustine, 125 StJohn of the Cross, 85 St Teresa d' Avila, 85 Sainte-Beuve, C. A., 34, 100 Salavin's Diary (Duhamel), 49,85--6,

96-7, 100, 124-5, 148, 152-3 *Salinger, J.D., 21,25--6 Sand, George, 31 Sarton, May, see, As We Are Now Sartre, Jean-Paul, 49, 157

see also, Nausea Scars on the Soul (Sagan), 50 schizophrenia, 37, 94, 148-53, 157,

161-2,167 School for Wives, The (Gide), 48 Scott, Sir Walter, 31 Searle, Ronald, 131 Secret, The (Cespedes), 52, 55, 66, 81,

90,98,99, 146,150,157,164 Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, aged

13%, The (Townsend), 49, 130-131, 154

self-conscious fiction, 2, 22, 65, 73, 129

*Sherry, Sylvia, 15, 119-20 Shirer, William, 55, 58 short stories, 2--4, 34-8

simultaneous writing, 92, 106-7, 132

Singing Time, The (Stanier), 12 Small Explosion, A (Purser), 10, 46,

50-1, 106, 110, 120-1 Soderberg, Hjalmar, see, Doctor

Glas sotie, 3, 46-7 *Soubiran, Andre, 73, 78, 91, 105,

163 Souza, Madame de, see, Eugene de

Rothelin Sparkle from the Coal, A (Andrew),

73--4,108,116,123--4 Stael, Madame de, 31 Stalin, Joseph, 77 *Stanier, Maida, 12 Stanzel, Franz, 28 stream of consciousness, 11, 19, 74,

101 Sunday,87-8,99, 141,160 *Taine, Hippolyte, 38 Tall Dark Stranger (Gracq), 109 Tanizaki, J unichiro, see, Diary of a

Mad Old Man, and The Key tape-recordings, 10-11, 16, 106,

120-1 tenses

exploitation of, 12, 17-18, 19,25-26, 27-8, 91, 138, 142, 165

individual tenses: 'fictive present', 26-9; historic present, 12, 141; passe compose, 40, 142; passe simple (past historic), 33--4, 40, 136, 142; past, 7, 26-7, 37, 41; present, 4, 10, 11-12, 37, 59, 76, 141

see also, present time (versus past) Tess of the d'Urbervilles (Hardy), 107 ThiefofTime (Wainwright), 11-12 Thubron, Colin, see, Emperor Tolstoy, Leo, 146 Tonkin, Peter, see, The Journal of

Edwin Underhill *Tournier, Michel, 13, 144 *Townsend,Sue,49, 130-1,154 Tremain, Rose, see, Letter to Sister

Benedicta

198 Index

Turgenev, Ivan, see, Diary of a Superfluous Man

Turtle Diary (Hoban), 11, 158

unreliable narrators, 47, 78, 95, 103-104,111-13,119,165-6

Valentine's Day, 23-4 Valerie (Mme de Kriidener), 32, 34,

100 Vendredi, ou les limbes du Pacifique

(Tournier), 13, 144 verisimilitude, 40-1, 86, 93-128,

139--40 see also, writing

Vipers' Tangle (Mauriac), 8-9, 85, 97, 98,121-2,124,161,171

Volpone Gonson), 30

Wainwright, John, 11-12 We (Zamyatin), 1, 149, 169-70,

177n27,182n73 White Nights in Gaol (Giuttari), 7 Wilde, Oscar, The Last Testament of,

53

•wilder, Thornton, 14 Woman Destroyed, The (Beauvoir), 3,

23,54-5,78,81-2,92,103-4, 144,158,165-6

Woman in White, The (Collins), 16 women's identity, 52, 75-6,99,150-

151 Woolf, Virginia, 175n7 Wordsworth, Dorothy, 31 writing (within fiction)

comments on style of, 41, 109-11, 114,142

diarist's awareness of, 34, 44, 91, 104-7,115,131,133-4,148, 160

materials for, 22, 73, 116, 132, 137 precise time of, 40, 80, 89-92, 106,

107, 115, 132, 140 see also, mimeticism; re-reading;

simultaneous writing

Zamyatin, Yevgeny, see, We Zandra (Fekete), 87, 101, 182n58,

184n11