appendix 9 - oberon council 9.pdf · appendix 9 middle creek quarries report no.930/01 a9 appendix...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED

Appendix 9 Middle Creek Quarries

Report No.930/01

A9

Appendix 9

Aboriginal Heritage

Due Diligence Assessment

(Total No. of pages including blank pages = 24)

OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Middle Creek Quarries Appendix 9

Report No.930/01

A9

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Report No.930/01

Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd A9

ABORIGINAL HERITAGE

DUE DILIGENCE ASSESSMENT

Proposed Quarry Extension

Middle Creek Quarries

Sewells Creek Road, Oberon

Oberon Local Government Area

for

Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited

APRIL, 2016

Prepared by

Danny O’Brien

Environmental Assessments Pty Limited

(Ecological & Heritage Consultancy)

P.O. Box 314,

Gosford, 2250

Ph: 0405 585 557

Email: [email protected]

This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment provides a true and fair review of the

proposal and its impact on Aboriginal relics or sites in accordance with the Due Diligence Code

of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (DECCW, 2010). It

addresses to the fullest extent possible all matters affecting or likely to affect Aboriginal objects

and sites as defined under the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974 as a result of the proposal.

mailto:[email protected]



Report No.930/01

A9-ii Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS PTY LTD

A.B.N. 47 128 424 288

P.O. BOX 314,

GOSFORD, NSW 2250

Tel: 0405 585 557

E: [email protected]

Document Control

Version Date Issue Author Review /

Approved

A 26-04-16 Issued to RW Corkery & Co DO



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Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd A9-iii

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. IV

1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ................................................................... 1

2.0 THE PROPOSAL ................................................................................................. 1

3.0 AIMS .................................................................................................................... 2

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ............................................................................ 2

4.1 Site Description ................................................................................................. 2

5.0 THE GENERIC DUE DILIGENCE PROCESS ..................................................... 5

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 8

7.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 9

FIGURES

Figure 1: Key Geographic Features ............................................................................ 3

Figure 2: Location of the lithic scatter and isolated find. .............................................. 4

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 PEJAR LOCAL ABORIGINAL LAND COUNCIL REPORT (April, 2016)



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A9-iv Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED commissioned Environmental Assessments Pty Limited to

prepare an Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment for the proposed extension to the existing

Middle Creek Quarries operation located at Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon within

the Oberon Local Government Area (LGA). This assessment was undertaken in accordance with the

Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (2010). The

proposed extension to the existing quarry will be referred hereafter as ‘the proposed extension area’,

whereas the wider property boundaries inclusive of the proposed extension area are referred to as the

‘wider study area’ or the ‘study area’.

The Due Diligence Assessment was to determine whether Aboriginal objects or Aboriginal sites

(including Aboriginal Places as defined under the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974) are present within

or adjacent to the study area (including the proposed extension area) that may be impacted by the

proposal and if sites or objects are present, to develop mitigation measures to avoid or minimise

impacts. Steps 1-5 of the Due Diligence were followed in the assessment process. A basic Office of

Environment & Heritage (OEH) Aboriginal Heritage Management Systems (AHIMS) search was

undertaken for the study area and environs on the 27th of October, 2015. The search revealed that there

are zero (0) registered Aboriginal ‘objects’ within, or within the vicinity (a buffer of 50 metres) of the study

area and there are no designated Aboriginal Places as described under the National Parks & Wildlife

Act, 1974 present within or adjacent to the study area.

Two representatives of the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) and

the Consultant (Danny O’Brien) had undertaken a site assessment of the proposed extension area as

well as the wider project site boundary on the 10th of March, 2016 and no Aboriginal objects or sites

were recorded. However, on the following day on the 11th of March, 2016 the Consultant had located a

lithic scatter and an isolated find outside of the project site boundary in an exposed area near Sewells

Creek Road. The proposed quarry extension would not impact on the above Aboriginal sites or any

registered Aboriginal sites in the locality. It is an offence under Section 89A of the National Parks &

Wildlife Act, 1974 once a person becomes aware of not to notify the OEH of the location of the above

Aboriginal objects, therefore an AHIMS Site Recording Form has been prepared for the above objects

and submitted to the AHIMS Registrar.

Although the newly recorded lithic scatter, the isolated find and other registered Aboriginal sites would

not be impacted as a result of the proposed extension to the quarry, several standard recommendations

are made in relation to the proposal. These recommendations are as follows:

Recommendation No. 1: That the proposed extension of the quarry development proceed (with

caution) without making an application or applying for an AHIP.

Recommendation No. 2: That the area containing the lithic scatter be fenced (12m x 7m) to

prevent vehicles from entering this area to protect the stone artefacts present within that area.

Appropriate signage should be placed on the fence stating ‘Conservation area-keep out’. No mention

should be made to the presence of any Aboriginal sites or relics at the lithic scatter site. No

management recommendations are made in relation to the Isolated Find in this instance.

Recommendation No. 3: That ground disturbance be minimised and limited to the proposed

extension area only.

Recommendation No. 4: Should any potential Aboriginal relics or objects be observed during

quarrying operations such as any Aboriginal sites, objects and relics including Aboriginal skeletal

remains, then all works should cease and that the OEH office at Dubbo (ph: 68835330) should be

contacted for further advice.



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Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd A9-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited commissioned Environmental Assessments Pty Limited to prepare an

Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment for the proposed extension to the existing Middle Creek

Quarries operation located at Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon within the Oberon

Local Government Area (LGA) within the Central West of New south Wales. This assessment was

undertaken in accordance with the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal

Objects in New South Wales (2010) and forms part of the Environmental Impact Statement for the

proposed continuation and expansion to the Middle Creek Quarries quarry.

The cadastral details of the quarry are Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon, Parish of

Oberon, County of Westmoreland, within the Oberon Local Government Area. The study area can be

found on the Oberon 1:25,000 topographical map (Series 8830-1S, 3rd

Edition). The grid reference to

the approximate centre of the study area is Zone 55, GR: 759800E: and 6267250N:. The mean

elevation of the study area is approximately 1,100 metres ASL. Access to the Middle Creek Quarries

quarry is directly from Sewells Creek Road at Oberon.

This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment is a more detailed assessment of the overall study

area to the initial Constraints Analysis (biodiversity and heritage) report previously prepared for the

proposed quarry extension (Environmental Assessments Pty Limited, November, 2015).

The proposed extension to the existing quarry will be referred hereafter as ‘the proposed extension

area’, whereas the wider property boundaries inclusive of the proposed extension area are referred to as

the ‘wider study area’ or the ‘study area’.

This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment forms part of the Environment Impact Statement

prepared by RW Corkery & Co Pty Limited for the overall proposal by Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited.

This assessment was undertaken in accordance with the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the

Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (2010). The Due Diligence Assessment was to

determine whether Aboriginal objects or Aboriginal sites (including Aboriginal Places as defined under

the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974) are present within or adjacent to the study area and may be

impacted by the proposal, and if sites or objects are present, to develop mitigation measures to avoid or

minimise impacts. Aboriginal objects also include ‘Aboriginal remains’ under the National Parks &

Wildlife Act, 1974.

2.0 THE PROPOSAL

The existing quarry and the material within the proposed extension is gravel material primarily for the

use for road construction and other civil works. For greater details of the proposed extension to the

quarry, refer to the detailed description of the proposal outlined within the Environmental Impact

Statement (EIS) prepared by R.W. Corkery & Co Pty Limited.



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A9-2 Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd

3.0 AIMS

The aims of the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South

Wales (2010) process are broadly as follows:

To determine whether or not Aboriginal objects are, or likely to be present,

To determine whether or not the proposed activities (the quarry extension) is likely to harm

Aboriginal objects (including burials) if present,

Determine whether an AHIP (Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit) is required.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

4.1 Site Description

The study area is located approximately 5 kilometres to the west of the township of Oberon within the

Central West of New South Wales. The study area (including the proposed quarry extension area) is a

largely cleared open pasture area of land that is heavily grazed by beef cattle.

The study area is bounded by private landholding to the north, the Sewells Creek Road to the south,

other private landholdings to the east and the Essington State Forest to the west. The adjacent

Essington State Forest is a monocultural softwood pine forest plantation.

The proposed extension is primarily located within cleared and grazed land although there are also

occurrences of remnant natural vegetation that flank the upper slopes of the proposed extension area.

Captain Kings Creek flows through the area and several open dams are located within the drainage

lines within the wider property.

There are two main areas of remnant woodland vegetation units remaining on the far upper slopes of

the study area dominated by eucalypts. These remnant areas of vegetation are referred to as remnant

vegetation area #1 located within the northern precinct of the study area and remnant vegetation area

#2 located within the southern precinct of the study area. The understorey within both of these remnant

areas of vegetation are also grazed and lack an indigenous understorey vegetation shrub stratum. There

is a lineal area of roadside vegetation present along the road reserve of Sewells Creek Road to the

south of the study area however this area of vegetation is located outside of the study area property

boundary. The remaining areas of natural vegetation within the study area are isolated small patches or

groves or individual trees consisting entirely of eucalypts primarily Narrow-leaved Peppermint

Eucalyptus radiata.

There are several dams present within the wider study area, however all of these dams are located

outside of the proposed quarry extension area and would not be affected by the proposal.

The broader environs of the wider study area would have been a highly exploitable resource area for

local Aboriginal people with the localised creeks, rivers and swamps with bountiful supplies of fishes,

tortoises, macropods, molluscs (bivalves), waterbirds, monitors and likely flying foxes, possums and

snakes etc. Localised creeks and rivers include Middle Creek, Licking Holes Creek, Wisemans Creek,

Captain Kings Creek and the Duckmaloi River and Fish River.

Plant foods would have also been in abundant supply especially in ecotonal areas of localised creeks

and open forests and woodlands. Plant foods likely to have been exploited in the area are likely to

include the reeds Typha orientalis (Bulrush) etc. A range of exploitable tuberous climbers likely to be

present in the vicinity may include Dioscorea transversa (Native Yam) and the Eustrephus latifolius

(Wombat Berry). Other exploitable food plants likely to have (and still probably do occur in nearby forest

margins include Cissus antarctica (Kangaroo Vine), Cissus hypoglauca (Giant Water Vine) and Acmena

smithii (Lilly Pilly).



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Figure 1: Key Geographic Features

Essington State Forest Water tank Remnant Vegetation Area #1

Remnant Vegetation Area #2

Site access Existing quarry



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Figure 2: Location of the lithic scatter and isolated find.

Location of Lithic Scatter

Location of Isolated Find Site entry access



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5.0 THE GENERIC DUE DILIGENCE PROCESS

Step 1: Will the activity disturb the ground surface?

The proposed quarrying activities and associated works would result in the disturbance of the ground

surface as the quarrying activities would continue progressively over time throughout the proposed

quarry extension area. However, the ground surface of much of the quarry extension footprint has been

previously disturbed by past land use activities (including clearing and quarrying activities) and

recontouring works. In regards to above-ground Aboriginal relics (i.e. dendroglyphs/ scar trees/culturally

modified trees), the consultant (Environmental Assessments) and the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land

Council representatives (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) undertook a site survey and scarred tree

assessment of the study area on the 10th of March, 2016 and determined that no ‘culturally modified

trees were recorded and that there are no culturally modified trees present within the study area (see

Appendix 1-Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report). Trees with scars present were determined to be

a result of either limb-tear, lightning strikes or a result of bovines stripping bark on the boles of some

trees, forming an occlusion.

Step 2a: Search the AHIMS database and use any other sources of

information of which you are already aware.

A basic Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) database search was conducted

for the study area on the 27th of October, 2015 via the Office of Environment & Heritage’s Basic AHIMS

Web Services. The coordinates searched were Zone 55, Eastings: 759250-760400 and Northings:

6266000-6268000. This AHIMS searched revealed that zero (0) Aboriginal sites were found within or

near the study area and that zero (0) Aboriginal Places have been listed within or near the study area

(see Environmental Assessments Pty Limited 2015). Although there are no known or registered

Aboriginal sites or relics present within the study area, the proposed extension area is partially located

within 200 metres of drainage lines which fall under the definition of ‘waters’ in accordance with the

OEH’s Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New south Wales

guidelines (2010c). The study area is not located on a ‘ridge top or ridgeline’ but is considered to be

rolling hills. As the proposed extension area is located within 200 metres of ‘waters’, this geomorphic

feature indicates that it is likely that Aboriginal objects are present as outlined in the Office of

Environment & Heritage Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects (2010c).



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Step 2b: Activities in areas where landscape features indicate the presence

of Aboriginal objects.

This step in the Due Diligence process is to determine if the impact area (i.e. the proposed quarry

extension area) is located in an archaeologically sensitive landscape area where known AHIMS sites or

Aboriginal objects are known or predicted to be present. The following landscape features indicate the

likely presence of Aboriginal objects where Aboriginal people utilised these landscape areas as part of

their everyday activities (DECCW, 2010).

Within 200 metres of waters, or

Located within a sand dune system, or

Located on a ridge top, ridge line or headland, or

Located within 200 metres below or above a cliff face, or

Within 20 metres of or a cave, rock shelter, or a cave mouth

............ and is on land that is not disturbed land.

The study area is situated in a ‘landscape feature’ area that is within 200 metres of drainage lines that

drain into the Captain Kings Creek, which are considered ‘waters’ for the purposes of this assessment.

The majority of the proposed extension area is within cleared land; although the proposed extension

area partially incorporates two areas of remnant arborescent vegetation located on relatively steep

topography. This landscape feature is considered to be ‘rolling hillsides’ and not ‘ridge-top or a ridge-

line’ per se. Clearing of vegetation is a form of disturbance as defined in ‘Definitions’ of the Code of

Practice (2010).

Nonetheless, due to the proximity to water the study area is located within a ‘landscape feature’ unit

which is likely to indicate the existence of Aboriginal objects. A field assessment was undertaken within

the study area by the Consultant (Danny O’Brien, Director of Environmental Assessments Pty Limited)

and the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council on the 10th of March, 2016. Although no Aboriginal objects

were observed within the proposed extension area during this field assessment, the Consultant located

an Aboriginal site (a lithic scatter and an isolated find) outside of the proposed quarry extension area

(impact zone) on the 11th of March, 2016 (see Figure 2).

Step 3: Can you avoid harm to the object or disturbance of the landscape

feature?

The proposed quarry extension area will avoid impacting on drainage lines, the lithic scatter and the

isolated find. This Step of the Due Diligence assessment process applies to the land that is not

disturbed land or contains ‘known’ Aboriginal objects. The proposed extension area is located on both

disturbed and undisturbed land, there are no known or registered Aboriginal sites or relics present within

the proposed extension area and no previously known registered Aboriginal sites adjacent to the study

area according to the OEH’s Basic AHIMS web services database records (see Environmental

Assessments Pty Limited 2015). Disturbance of the two recorded sites located on the 11th

of March

2016 namely the lithic scatter and the isolated find can be avoided, and as a result, an Aboriginal

Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) is not required.



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It is not feasible to relocate the proposed quarry development in this instance as the possibility to

encounter ‘undisturbed’ ground in alternative sites nearby may result in Aboriginal relics being

encountered and triggering the need for an AHIP.

Step 4: Desktop assessment and visual inspection.

The desktop assessment (AHIMS register) indicated that there are no known Aboriginal objects present

within or adjacent to the study area (see Environmental Assessments Pty Limited 2015). A visual

assessment of the proposed extension area was also undertaken by Pejar Local Aboriginal Land

Council representatives (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) and by the Consultant and no Aboriginal

sites were observed within the proposed extension area. There is little archaeological visibility within or

adjacent to the study area (approximately 5%) however there are small intermittent areas of exposure

within or adjacent to the quarry extension area footprint such along existing tracks, bovine trails along

fencelines, around dams and surrounding a large wombat burrow. Due to the disturbance history of the

study area, it is considered that any relics (if ultimately found to be present) such as stone artefacts are

unlikely to be in-situ or in undisturbed ground.

Step 5: Further investigations and impact assessment

It is considered that further investigation and impact assessment of the study area and the proposed

extension area is not warranted, as an application for an AHIP is not required or sought in this instance

as harm to Aboriginal sites is unlikely to occur as a result of the proposed development. As a result the

proposal could proceed with caution subject to the recommendations of this Aboriginal Heritage

Due Diligence Assessment report and the recommendations made by the Pejar Local Aboriginal

Land Council report as harm to the known Aboriginal sites can be avoided.



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6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Environmental Assessments Pty Limited has lodged the site recording form for the lithic scatter and

isolated find to the OEH’s AHIMS registrar.

Step 5 of the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South

Wales (DECCW, 2010) indicates that if the Code is followed, and it has been reasonably decided that an

AHIP application is not necessary either because Aboriginal objects are not present, or harm to those

objects can be avoided, the proponent can proceed with caution.

The Code also states that while undertaking the activity (i.e. the progressive quarry extension

works) that if an Aboriginal object is found, then all works in that area must cease, and the

proponent notify the DECCW (now OEH, Dubbo office ph: 68835330) and that an application for

an AHIP would be required.

Recommendations

Recommendation No. 1: That the proposed extension of the quarry development proceed (with

caution) without making an application or applying for an AHIP.

Recommendation No. 2: That the area containing the lithic scatter be fenced (12m x 7m) to

prevent vehicles from entering this area to protect the stone artefacts present within that area.

Appropriate signage should be placed on the fence stating ‘Conservation area-keep out’. No mention

should be made to the presence of any Aboriginal sites or relics.

Recommendation No. 3: That ground disturbance be minimised and limited to the proposed

extension area only.

Recommendation No. 4: Should any potential Aboriginal relics or objects be observed during

quarrying operations such as any Aboriginal sites, objects and relics including Aboriginal skeletal

remains, then all works should cease and that the OEH office at Dubbo (ph: 68835330) should be

contacted for further advice.



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7.0 REFERENCES

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Code of Practice for Archaeological

Investigation of Objects in NSW, 2010a.

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

Community Consultation requirements for Proponents Part 6, National Parks & Wildlife Act,

1974. 2010b.

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Due Diligence Code of Practice for

the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales. 2010c.

Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report (April, 2016).



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Appendix 1

Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report.



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Glossary of Terms

Anthropogenic waste: Waste materials eg: dumped bricks, tyres, household rubbish, bottles etc.

Anticline Upward folded beds, strata dipping away from a central crest (after

Branagan & Packham, 2000).

Archaeological deposit Sediment deposits that contain evidence of Aboriginal use of a locality in

the past. Archaeological deposits may contain artefacts, burials, hearths or

fauna remains such as shellfish.

Archaeological visibility The degree to which past human presence or activity is evident from

observable archaeological remains (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).

Artefact An object that shows physical evidence of use or manufacture by human

hands or as a consequence of human activity. Stone artefacts may include

flakes, cores, hammerstones, axe heads, seed grinders, scrapers etc.

Backed blade A stone tool that has been manufactured from a flake in which one margin

has been modified by the removal of small flakes to blunt the edge or

margin opposite the cutting edge.

Basalt Fine grained, dark mafic volcanic rock (after Branagan & Packham, 2000).

Frequently used by Aboriginal people for the manufacture of stone axes.

Biota: The flora and fauna of a given region.

Bora ground A ceremonial site comprising one or two connected circles of raised or

compacted earth, generally used in male initiation rites.

BP: Before Present.

Bioregional: A regional perspective of plant and animal assemblages.

Bulb of percussion: The rounded or conchoidal prominence on the cleavage or inner face of a

knapped piece which swells and radiates from the point of percussion (after

Lowe).

Carved Tree The bark of the tree was used for constructing, canoes, shelters,

coolamons and shields. Distinctive scars are left from bark removed and

can usually be differentiated from natural scars. Carved trees are more

distinctive exhibiting patters etched into the wood of the tree. Carved and

scarred trees occur throughout the state although clearing and forestry

practices have greatly reduced their numbers (NPWS, 1997). The scarred

tree within the subject site has characteristics of both carved and scarred

tree.

Chert Hard, dense, compact, very fine grained sedimentary rock, mainly

composed of quartz or amorphous silica, sometimes of partly organic

origin, usually breaks with conchoidal fracture (after Branagan & Packham,

2000). A raw stone material frequently utilised for the manufacture of stone

tools or artefacts by the Australian Aborigines.

Core: A piece of stone where flake pieces are produced that have been struck

from the core that are intended to be utilised as a stone tool.



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Cortex: The natural weathering on the exterior of a rock’s surface.

Dreaming An Aboriginal concept of an era in the past, normally remote, when creation

activities took place (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).

Eraillure scar: The scar remaining following the removal of a scale on the bulb of

percussion of a knapped piece of stone. Also known as the bulbar scar.

Ethnography: An anthropological description of ‘traditional’ or non-industrial cultural and

society (after Mulvaney and Kamminga, 1999).

Exotic: An introduced plant or animal not native or indigenous.

Fish Traps Stones that have been arranged to entrap fish, usually during the ebb of a

tide at a river mouth or along the coast but also in inland creeks and rivers.

Flake A fragment of raw stone material that has been removed from a stone core

as a result of deliberate knapping activities. Flakes contain a platform, bulb-

of percussion and an eraillure scar.

Grinding grooves Grooves are located on flat rock exposures close to a stream or rock hole.

They vary in size but are generally long (about 30-40 cm in length) and

elliptical in shape. Stone axes were ground into the softer stone allowing a

working edge to be created or sharpened. Deeper grooves may have been

used to work spears or other thin implements (NPWS, 1997).

Holocene Period The period from about 10,000 years ago to the present.

Indigenous: A native plant or animal to any given area.

In situ In its original place of rest [usually referring to the occurrences of stone

artefacts].

Isolated find A solitary artefact recorded or observed in situ on its own. A solitary stone

artefact that is at least 50 metres away from the nearest artefact. Two

artefacts within 50 metres constitute a ‘site’.

Hearth Camp fire

Midden A rubbish dump-site where usually pieces of shell are discarded often

resulting in accumulated mounds of shells.

Natural sacred/

mythological sites

Many features of the landscape, such as mountains, rocks, waterholes etc,

are regarded as sacred sites by Aborigines. These are places associated

with the Dreamtime ancestors and usually can only be identified by

Aboriginal people. They retain a high significance to Aborigines (NPWS,

1997).

Obsidian Volcanic glass-sharpest natural material occurring in nature.



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Open camp site Open camp sites are situated in open areas and usually contain evidence

of Aboriginal activities such as evidence of knapping of stone raw materials

for the manufacture of stone tools or artefacts. Scatters of artefacts may be

associated with charcoal, shell or bone.

PADs PAD (Potential Archaeological Deposit). A site location that has the

potential to contain archaeological material although none is visible from

the surface.

Palaeochannel A former ‘old’ channel that no longer acts as a drainage channel due to a

change in localised geomorphic drainage patterns.

Pleistocene Period The period from about 10,000 years ago to 2,000,000 years ago.

Retouch: A remodification of a stone tool where ‘fine tuning’ is of the tool is required.

Secondary flaking is usually the result of ‘retouching’ the artefact/tool.

Rock engraving Rock engravings are often pictures engraved onto the surface of rocks.

Rock shelter Rock shelters are rock overhangs that provided shelter for Aborigines.

Often rock shelters contain evidence of art and or archaeological deposits

in the form of stone artefacts, charcoal, bone or shell etc.

Scarred Tree Trees that show evidence of Aboriginal use. Many scarred trees had been

used for the manufacture of coolamons, shields or even canoes.

Syncline A downward fold, with the youngest rock in the centre (after Branagan &

Packham, 2000).

Taphonomy The study of processes in which relics accumulate and preserve after

deposition (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).



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