appendix 5a. military expenditure data, 1999–2008 · 2018. 9. 30. · lumpur), pere ortega...
TRANSCRIPT
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* Contribution of military expenditure data, estimates and advice are gratefully acknow-ledged from Julian Cooper (Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham), David Darchiashvili (Center for Civil–Military Relations and Security Studies, Tbilisi), Dimitar Dimitrov (University of National and World Economy, Sofia), Paul Dunne (University of the West of England, Bristol), Iñigo Guevara y Moyano (Colectivo de Análisis de la Seguridad con Democracia, Querétaro), Iduvina Hernández (Asociación para el estudio y la promoción de la seguridad en democracia, Guatemala City), Nazir Kamal (United Nations, New York), Pavan Nair (Jagruti Seva Sanstha, Pune), Elina Noor (Institute of Strategic and International Studies Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur), Pere Ortega (Centre d’Estudis per la Pau J. M. Delàs, Barcelona), Tamara Pataraia (Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi), Thomas Scheetz (Lincoln University College, Buenos Aires), Ron Smith (Birkbeck College, London) and Ozren Zunec (University of Zagreb).
Appendix 5A. Military expenditure data, 1999–2008
PETTER STÅLENHEIM, NOEL KELLY, CATALINA PERDOMO, SAM PERLO-FREEMAN AND ELISABETH SKÖNS*
I. Introduction This appendix presents the SIPRI military expenditure data (tables 5A.1–5A.4) and describes the sources and methods for the data (section II). Table 5A.1 pre-sents military expenditure by region, by certain international organizations and by income group for the period 1999–2008 in US dollars at constant (2005) prices and exchange rates, and also for 2008 in current US dollars. Military expenditure by individual countries is presented in table 5A.2 in local currency at current prices for the period 1999–2008 and in table 5A.3 in US dollars at constant (2005) prices and exchange rates for the period 1999–2008 and for 2008 in current US dollars. Table 5A.4 presents military expenditure for the period 1999–2007 as a percentage of countries’ gross domestic product (GDP). Notes and explanations of the conventions used appear below table 5A.4. Con-version to constant US dollars has been made using market exchange rates (MERs) for all countries. The data is presented on a calendar-year basis.
Military expenditure data from different editions of the SIPRI Yearbook should not be combined because the data series are continuously revised and updated. This is true in particular for the most recent years as figures for budget allocations are replaced by figures for actual expenditure. In some cases entire series are revised as new and better data become available. Revisions in constant dollar series can also be caused by significant revisions in the eco-nomic statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that are used for these calculations. Changes in base years and method of currency conversion also hinder comparison between editions of the SIPRI Yearbook. The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, accessible at , includes consistent series dating back to 1988 for most countries. Data for the
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MILITARY EXPENDITURE 213
years 1950–87—published in previous editions of the SIPRI Yearbook—cannot always be combined with the post-1987 data since SIPRI conducted a major review of the data for many countries for the period beginning in 1988.
II. Sources and methods The purpose of the data
The main purpose of the data on military expenditure is to provide an easily identifiable measure of the scale of resources absorbed by the military. Military expenditure is an input measure, which is not directly related to the ‘output’ of military activities, such as military capability or military security. Long-term trends in military expenditure and sudden changes in trend may be signs of a change in military output, but interpretations of this type should be made with caution.
The purpose of the specific tables are as follows. The country data on mili-tary expenditure in local currency at current prices (table 5A.2) is the original data for all the other tables. This is provided to contribute to transparency and to enable comparison with data reported in government sources and else-where. Data in constant dollars is provided to allow for comparison over time for individual countries (table 5A.3) and for regions, organizations and income groups, as well as for the world total (table 5A.1). Data in current dollars for the most recent year (here 2008) is provided for the purpose of international com-parison across countries (table 5A.3) and across regions (table 5A.1). The cur-rent dollar figures also facilitate comparison with other economic indicators, which are often expressed in current dollar terms. Data on military expend-iture as a share of GDP is provided (in table 5A.4) as an indicator of the pro-portion of a country’s resources used for military activities, that is, as an indi-cator of the economic burden of military expenditure, also called the defence burden or the military burden.
The coverage of the data
The military expenditure data in tables 5A.1–5A.4 covers 168 countries for the 10-year period 1999–2008. Total military expenditure figures are calculated for three types of country groupings—geographical region, international organiza-tion and country income group (categorized by gross national income per capita). The coverage of each of these groupings is provided in the notes to table 5A.1.
The definition of military expenditure
The guideline definition of military expenditure used by SIPRI includes expenditure on the following actors and activities: (a) the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; (b) defence ministries and other government agencies engaged in defence projects; (c) paramilitary forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and (d ) military space activ-ities. It includes all current and capital expenditure on: (a) military and civil
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214 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social ser-vices for personnel; (b) operations and maintenance; (c) procurement; (d ) mili-tary research and development; and (e) military aid (in the military expend-iture of the donor country). It does not include civil defence and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobil-ization, conversion and weapon destruction. While this definition serves as a guideline, in practice it is often difficult to adhere to due to data limitations.
The limitations of the data
There are three main types of limitations of the data: reliability, validity and comparability.
The main problems of reliability are due to the less than comprehensive coverage of official military expenditure data, the lack of detailed information on military expenditure and the lack of data on actual, rather than budgeted, military expenditure. In many countries the official data covers only a part of total military expenditure. Important items can be hidden under non-military budget headings or can even be financed entirely outside the government budget. Many such extra-budgetary and off-budget mechanisms are employed in practice.1
The validity of expenditure data depends on the purpose for which it is used. Since expenditure data is a measure of monetary input, its most valid use is as an indicator of the economic resources consumed for military purposes. For the same reason, its utility as an indicator of military strength or capability is limited. While military expenditure does have an impact on military capability, so do many other factors such as the balance between personnel and equip-ment, the technological level of military equipment, and the state of main-tenance and repair, as well as the overall security environment in which the armed forces are to be employed.
The comparability of the data is limited by two different types of factor: the varying coverage (or definition) of the data and the method of currency con-version. The coverage of official data on military expenditure varies signifi-cantly between countries and over time for the same country. For the con-version into a common currency, as discussed below, the choice of exchange rate makes a great difference in cross-country comparisons. This is a general problem in international comparisons of economic data and is not specific to military expenditure. However, since international comparison of military expenditure is often a sensitive issue, it is important to bear in mind that the interpretation of cross-country comparisons of military expenditure is greatly influenced by the choice of exchange rate.2
1 For an overview of such mechanisms see Hendrickson, D. and Ball, N., Off-budget Military
Expenditure and Revenue: Issues and Policy Perspectives for Donors, Conflict, Security and Develop-ment Group (CSDG) Occasional Papers no. 1 (King’s College: London, Jan. 2002).
2 For comprehensive overviews of the conceptual problems and sources of uncertainty involved in military expenditure data sets, see e.g. Brzoska, M., ‘World military expenditures’, eds K. Hartley and T. Sandler, Handbook of Defense Economics, vol. 1 (Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1995); and Ball, N., ‘Measuring third world security expenditure: a research note’, World Development, vol. 12, no. 2
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MILITARY EXPENDITURE 215
Methods
SIPRI data is based on open sources and reflect the official data reported by governments. However, the official data does not always conform to the SIPRI definition of military expenditure. Neither is it always possible to recalculate data according to the definition, since this would require detailed information about what is included in the official defence budgets and about extra-budget-ary and off-budget military expenditure items. In many cases SIPRI is confined to using the data provided by governments, regardless of definition. If several data series are available, which is often the case, SIPRI chooses the data series that corresponds most closely to the SIPRI definition of military expenditure. Nevertheless, priority is given to choosing a uniform time series for each coun-try, in order to achieve consistency over time, rather than to adjusting the figures for individual years according to a common definition. In addition, esti-mates have to be made in specific cases.
Estimation
Estimates of military expenditure are predominantly made when the coverage of official data diverges significantly from the SIPRI definition or when no complete consistent time series is available. In the first case, estimates are made on the basis of an analysis of primarily official government budget and expenditure accounts. The most comprehensive estimates of this type—those for China and Russia—have been presented in detail in previous editions of the Yearbook.3 In the second case, when only incomplete times series are available, the figures from the data series which corresponds most closely to the SIPRI definition are used for the years covered by that series. Figures for the missing years are then estimated by applying the percentage change between years in an alternative series to the data in the first series, in order to achieve con-sistency over time.
All estimates are based on official government data or other empirical evi-dence from open sources. Thus, no estimates are made for countries that do not release any official data, and no figures are displayed for these countries.
SIPRI estimates are presented in square brackets in the tables. Round brackets are used when data is uncertain for reasons beyond SIPRI’s control, for example, when the data is based on a source of uncertain reliability and in cases when data expressed in constant dollars or as shares of GDP is uncertain due to a lack of reliable economic data.
The data for the most recent years includes two types of estimate, which apply to all countries. First, figures for the most recent years are for adopted budget, budget estimates or revised estimates, the majority of which will be
(Feb. 1984). For African countries see Omitoogun, W., Military Expenditure Data in Africa: A Survey of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda, SIPRI Research Report no. 17 (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2003).
3 Cooper, J., ‘The military expenditure of the USSR and the Russian Federation, 1987–97’, SIPRI Yearbook 1998: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998); and Wang, S., ‘The military expenditure of China, 1989–98’, SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999).
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216 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
revised in subsequent years. Second, in table 5A.3 the deflator used for the final year in the series is an estimate based on part of a year or as provided by the IMF. Unless exceptional uncertainty is involved, these estimates are not bracketed.
The totals for the world, regions, organizations and income groups in table 5A.1 are estimates because data is not available for all countries in all years. These estimates are most often made on the assumption that the rate of change for that country is the same as the average for the region to which it belongs. Where data is available for an earlier year in the 10-year series, the estimates for missing values are calculated starting from the most recent avail-able value. Where data is only available for later years, the estimates are calcu-lated from the first available figure after the missing value. When no estimate can be made, countries are excluded from all totals.
Calculations
The original country data is provided in local currency at current prices (table 5A.2). The only calculation made on these data is to convert to calendar year figures the figures for those countries that have a financial year that differs from the calendar year. Calculations from financial years to calendar years are made on the assumption of an even rate of expenditure throughout the finan-cial year. This is done for all countries except the United States, for which SIPRI follows the reporting format of the source—a financial-year basis.4
Local currency data is converted to US dollars at constant prices and exchange rates (table 5A.3), using the national consumer prices index (CPI) for the respective country and the annual average market exchange rate. The use of CPIs as deflators means that the trend in the SIPRI military expenditure for each country (in constant dollars) reflects the real change in its purchasing power for country-typical baskets of civilian consumer goods.5
Market exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand of cur-rencies used in international transactions. However, the prices of many goods and services on domestic markets are determined in partial or complete iso-lation from the rest of the world. Therefore, the MERs do not always accur-ately reflect differences in price levels between countries. An alternative is to use purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors (or PPP exchange rates). The PPP dollar rate of a country’s currency is defined by the World Bank as ‘the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States’.6 The only PPP rates available for all countries are GDP-based
4 This exception for US military expenditure data follows the practice for NATO data, which is
the main SIPRI source for US military expenditure, in order to benefit from the standardization of NATO data. In addition, the USA is a large spender that dominates the world total, so it is important to avoid estimation.
5 A military-specific deflator is a more appropriate choice for the purpose of measuring pur-chasing power in terms of the amount of military personnel, goods and services that could be bought for the military expenditure. However, military-specific deflators are not available for most coun-tries.
6 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007 (World Bank: Washington, DC, 2007), p. 245.
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MILITARY EXPENDITURE 217
PPP rates, which are estimates based on statistical surveys of price data for a basket of goods and services that are major components of the gross domestic product.7 Such GDP-based PPP rates are designed to control for differences in price levels and thus to provide a measure of the real purchasing power of the GDP of each country.
Using GDP-based PPP rates instead of MERs for currency conversion results in much higher output and expenditure figures for many developing countries since they have relatively low prices for non-traded goods and services. A unit of local currency therefore has greater purchasing power within a developing country (which is better reflected by using PPP rates) than it has inter-nationally (which is what is reflected by using MERs).8 However, the reliability of such PPP rates is lower than for MERs, since PPP rates are statistical esti-mates, calculated on the basis of collected price data for a basket of goods and services for benchmark years. Between benchmark years, the PPP rates are extrapolated forward using ratios of prices indexes, either GDP deflators or consumer price indexes. Like all statistical estimates they are subject to a margin of error.
Furthermore, GDP-based PPP rates are of limited relevance for the con-version of military expenditure data into US dollars.9 Such PPP rates are designed to reflect the purchasing power for goods and services that are repre-sentative of consumption patterns in each country, that is, primarily for civilian goods and services. Military expenditure is used to purchase a number of goods and services which are not typical of national consumption patterns. For example, the price of conscripts can be assumed to be lower than the price of a typical basket of goods and services, while the prices of advanced weapon systems and of their maintenance and repair services can be assumed to be much higher. The extent to which this data reflects the amount of military goods and services that the military budget can buy is not known. Due to these uncertainties, SIPRI uses market exchange rates to convert military expend-iture data into US dollars, despite their limitations.
Sources
The sources for military expenditure data are, in order of priority: (a) primary sources, that is, official data provided by national governments, either in their
7 GDP-based PPP rates are estimated for all countries by the International Comparison Program
(ICP), coordinated by the World Bank. In Feb. 2008 the ICP released PPP data based on inter-national price comparisons for the benchmark year of 2005. See the ICP website, .
8 On the issues involved in international comparison and currency conversion and the use of PPP rates see Ward, M., ‘International comparisons of military expenditures: issues and challenges of using purchasing power parities’, SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2006), pp. 369–86.
9 The ICP notes that PPP rates should not be used for all international comparisons and that MERs should be used to measure such things as international trade, capital flows and the value of foreign debt. International Comparison Program (ICP), 2005 International Comparison Program: Tables of Final Results (World Bank: Washington, DC, Feb. 2008), p. 10.
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218 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
official publications or in response to questionnaires; (b) secondary sources which quote primary data; and (c) other secondary sources.
The first category consists of national budget documents, defence White Papers and public finance statistics as well as responses to a SIPRI question-naire that is sent out annually to the finance and defence ministries, central banks, and national statistical offices of the countries in the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database (see appendix 5C). It also includes government responses to questionnaires about military expenditure sent out by the United Nations and, if made available by the countries themselves, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
The second category includes international statistics, such as those of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the IMF. The data for the 16 pre-1999 NATO member states has traditionally been taken from military expenditure statistics published in a number of NATO sources. The intro-duction by NATO of a new definition of military expenditure in 2005 has made it necessary to rely on other sources for some NATO countries for the most recent years. The data for many developing countries is taken from the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, which provides a defence heading for most IMF member countries, and from country reports by IMF staff. This category also includes publications of other organizations that provide proper references to the primary sources used, such as the Country Reports of the Economist Intelligence Unit.
The third category of sources consists of specialist journals and newspapers. The main sources for economic data are the publications of the IMF: Inter-
national Financial Statistics, World Economic Outlook and country reports by IMF staff.
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MILITARY EXPENDITURE 219
Tab
le 5
A.1
. Mili
tary
exp
endi
ture
by
regi
on, b
y in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ion
and
by in
com
e gr
oup,
1999
–200
8 Fi
gure
s ar
e in
US
$b. a
t co
nsta
nt 2
005
pric
es a
nd e
xcha
nge
rate
s fo
r 19
99–2
008
and,
in t
he r
ight
-mos
t co
lum
n (m
arke
d *)
, in
curr
ent
US$
b. f
or 2
008.
Fi
gure
s do
not a
lway
s add
up
to to
tals
bec
ause
of t
he c
onve
ntio
ns o
f rou
ndin
g.
19
99
2000
20
01
2002
20
03
2004
20
05
2006
20
07
2008
20
08*
Wor
ld to
tal
847
877
895
952
1 01
5 1
071
1 11
3 1
142
1 18
2 1
226
1 46
4
Geo
grap
hica
l reg
ions
Afr
ica
14.6
13
.6
14.2
15
.1
15.1
16
.8
17.3
17
.8
(18.
6)
(20.
4)
(25.
8)
N
orth
Afr
ica
4.0
4.0
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.6
7.8
9.7
Su
b-Sa
hara
n A
fric
a 10
.6
9.5
9.1
9.9
9.7
10.9
11
.2
11.7
(1
1.9)
(1
2.6)
(1
6.0)
A
mer
icas
36
8 38
3 38
8 43
0 48
2 52
3 54
9 55
9 57
6 60
3 68
0
Car
ibbe
an
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
C
entr
al A
mer
ica
3.7
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.4
4.5
4.5
4.8
N
orth
Am
eric
a 34
1 35
4 35
7 39
9 45
3 49
3 51
6 52
5 54
0 56
4 62
7
Sout
h A
mer
ica
22.7
24
.8
27.4
27
.2
25.3
26
.6
29.0
30
.2
32.1
34
.1
48.1
A
sia
and
Oce
ania
13
6 13
9 14
7 15
4 16
0 16
9 17
7 18
6 19
6 20
6 24
8
Cen
tral
Asi
a 0.
5 . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
East
Asi
a 10
1 10
4 11
0 11
6 12
2 12
7 13
3 14
0 14
9 15
7 18
9
Oce
ania
12
.3
12.2
12
.7
13.2
13
.5
14.0
14
.5
15.4
16
.2
16.6
19
.9
So
uth
Asi
a 21
.9
22.8
23
.5
23.6
24
.2
27.5
28
.9
29.2
29
.9
30.9
37
.3
Euro
pe
281
287
289
298
302
303
303
309
314
320
413
Ea
ster
n 15
.9
21.4
23
.3
25.8
27
.6
28.9
32
.0
35.7
39
.3
43.6
66
.9
W
este
rn a
nd C
entr
al
265
266
265
272
274
274
271
273
275
277
346
Mid
dle
East
48
.6
53.8
56
.9
54.8
56
.4
59.3
66
.0
70.4
76
.5
75.6
97
.6
Org
aniz
atio
ns
ASE
AN
11
.6
11.7
12
.4
13.1
14
.7
14.8
15
.3
15.8
17
.3
17.4
22
.8
CIS
16
.4
21.9
23
.9
26.5
28
.4
29.7
33
.0
36.8
40
.8
44.9
68
.9
Euro
pean
Uni
on
225
227
227
232
235
248
246
247
253
255
317
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220 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
1999
20
00
2001
20
02
2003
20
04
2005
20
06
2007
20
08
2008
*
NA
TO
58
3 59
6 59
9 64
9 70
4 74
9 77
0 78
0 79
6 82
3 95
0
NA
TO
Eur
ope
242
243
242
249
251
256
253
256
257
259
323
OEC
D
673
689
693
743
800
841
863
874
893
921
1 05
7 O
PEC
33
.8
38.6
41
.0
37.5
38
.9
43.6
49
.7
54.6
60
.1
60.9
79
.7
OSC
E 62
1 64
2 64
6 69
8 75
5 79
7 82
1 83
5 85
5 88
6 1
042
Inco
me
grou
p Lo
w
8.9
8.7
9.0
9.8
9.6
10.0
10
.1
10.1
10
.5
10.7
13
.7
Low
er m
iddl
e 70
.7
76.3
83
.4
87.7
94
.9
105
113
123
132
141
190
Upp
er m
iddl
e 68
.3
74.7
78
.5
82.3
80
.5
82
86.6
91
.3
96.4
10
3 14
6 H
igh
699
717
724
772
830
875
903
917
943
971
1 11
4
(
) =
Tot
al b
ased
on
coun
try
data
acc
ount
ing
for
less
tha
n 90
% o
f th
e re
gion
al t
otal
; . .
= A
vaila
ble
data
acc
ount
for
less
tha
n 60
% o
f th
e re
gion
al t
otal
; A
SEA
N =
Ass
ocia
tion
of S
outh
east
Asi
an N
atio
ns; C
IS =
Com
mon
wea
lth o
f In
depe
nden
t St
ates
; NA
TO
= N
orth
Atla
ntic
Tre
aty
Org
aniz
atio
n; O
ECD
=
Org
anis
atio
n fo
r Ec
onom
ic C
o-op
erat
ion
and
Dev
elop
men
t; O
PEC
= O
rgan
izat
ion
of th
e Pe
trol
eum
Exp
ortin
g C
ount
ries
; OSC
E =
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r Se
curi
ty
and
Co-
oper
atio
n in
Eur
ope.
N
otes
: The
wor
ld to
tal a
nd th
e to
tals
for
regi
ons,
orga
niza
tions
and
inco
me
grou
ps in
tabl
e 5A
.1 ar
e es
timat
es, b
ased
on
data
in ta
ble
5A.3
. Whe
n m
ilita
ry
expe
nditu
re d
ata
for
a co
untr
y is
mis
sing
for
a fe
w y
ears
, est
imat
es a
re m
ade.
Whe
n no
est
imat
es c
an b
e m
ade,
cou
ntri
es a
re e
xclu
ded
from
the
tota
ls. T
he
coun
trie
s ex
clud
ed f
rom
all
tota
ls in
tab
le 5
A.1
are
Beni
n, C
uba,
Equ
ator
ial G
uine
a, G
uyan
a, H
aiti,
Nor
th K
orea
, Mya
nmar
, Qat
ar, S
omal
ia, T
rini
dad
and
Tob
ago,
and
Vie
t Nam
. T
otal
s fo
r ge
ogra
phic
al r
egio
ns a
dd u
p to
the
wor
ld to
tal a
nd s
ubre
gion
al to
tals
add
up
to r
egio
nal t
otal
s. T
otal
s fo
r re
gion
s an
d in
com
e gr
oups
cov
er th
e sa
me
grou
ps o
f cou
ntri
es fo
r all
year
s. T
otal
s for
org
aniz
atio
ns c
over
onl
y th
e m
embe
r cou
ntri
es in
the
year
giv
en.
The
cou
ntry
cov
erag
e of
inco
me
grou
ps is
bas
ed o
n fig
ures
of 2
007
gros
s na
tiona
l inc
ome
(GN
I) p
er c
apita
as
calc
ulat
ed in
Wor
ld B
ank,
Wor
ld D
evel
op-
men
t Rep
ort 2
007:
Dev
elop
men
t and
the
Nex
t Gen
erat
ion
(Wor
ld B
ank:
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, 200
6).
Afr
ica
incl
udes
the
50 c
ount
ries
in th
e fo
llow
ing
subr
egio
ns: N
orth
Afr
ica:
Alg
eria
, Lib
ya, M
oroc
co, T
unis
ia; S
ub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a: A
ngol
a, B
enin
, Bot
swan
a,
Burk
ina
Faso
, Bur
undi
, Cam
eroo
n, C
ape
Ver
de, C
entr
al A
fric
an R
epub
lic, C
had,
Con
go (R
epub
lic o
f the
), C
ongo
(Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic o
f the
, DR
C),
Côt
e d’
Ivoi
re, D
jibou
ti, E
quat
oria
l Gui
nea,
Eri
trea
, Eth
iopi
a, G
abon
, Gam
bia,
Gha
na, G
uine
a, G
uine
a-Bi
ssau
, Ken
ya, L
esot
ho, L
iber
ia, M
adag
asca
r, M
alaw
i, M
ali,
Mau
rita
nia,
Mau
ritiu
s, M
ozam
biqu
e, N
amib
ia,
Nig
er,
Nig
eria
, R
wan
da,
Sene
gal,
Seyc
helle
s, Si
erra
Leo
ne,
Som
alia
, So
uth
Afr
ica,
Sud
an,
Swaz
iland
, T
anza
nia,
Tog
o, U
gand
a, Z
ambi
a, Z
imba
bwe.
-
MILITARY EXPENDITURE 221
Am
eric
as in
clud
es th
e 28
coun
trie
s in
the
follo
win
g su
breg
ions
: Car
ibbe
an: B
aham
as, B
arba
dos,
Cub
a, D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
, Hai
ti, J
amai
ca, a
nd T
rini
dad
and
Tob
ago;
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a: B
eliz
e, C
osta
Ric
a, E
l Sal
vado
r, G
uate
mal
a, H
ondu
ras,
Mex
ico,
Nic
arag
ua, P
anam
a; N
orth
Am
eric
a: C
anad
a, U
SA; S
outh
Am
eric
a:
Arg
entin
a, B
oliv
ia, B
razi
l, C
hile
, Col
ombi
a, E
cuad
or, G
uyan
a, P
arag
uay,
Per
u, U
rugu
ay, V
enez
uela
. A
sia
and
Oce
ania
incl
udes
the
32 c
ount
ries
in th
e fo
llow
ing
subr
egio
ns: C
entr
al A
sia:
Kaz
akhs
tan,
Kyr
gyzs
tan,
Taj
ikis
tan,
Tur
kmen
ista
n, U
zbek
ista
n; E
ast
Asi
a: B
rune
i, C
ambo
dia,
Chi
na, I
ndon
esia
, Jap
an, K
orea
(Dem
ocra
tic P
eopl
e’s
Rep
ublic
of,
Nor
th K
orea
), K
orea
(Rep
ublic
of,
Sout
h K
orea
), La
os, M
alay
sia,
M
ongo
lia, M
yanm
ar, P
hilip
pine
s, Si
ngap
ore,
Tai
wan
, Tha
iland
, Vie
t Nam
; Sou
th A
sia:
Afg
hani
stan
, Ban
glad
esh,
Ind
ia, N
epal
, Pak
ista
n, S
ri L
anka
; Oce
ania
: A
ustr
alia
, Fiji
, New
Zea
land
, Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a, T
onga
. Eu
rope
incl
udes
the
44
coun
trie
s in
the
follo
win
g su
breg
ions
: Cen
tral
and
Wes
tern
Eur
ope:
Alb
ania
, Aus
tria
, Bel
gium
, Bos
nia
and
Her
zego
vina
, Bul
gari
a,
Cro
atia
, Cyp
rus,
Cze
ch R
epub
lic, D
enm
ark,
Est
onia
, Fin
land
, Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y, G
reec
e, H
unga
ry, I
cela
nd, I
rela
nd, I
taly
, Lat
via,
Lith
uani
a, L
uxem
bour
g,
Mac
edon
ia (F
orm
er Y
ugos
lav
Rep
ublic
of,
FYR
OM
), M
alta
, Mon
tene
gro,
Net
herl
ands
, Nor
way
, Pol
and,
Por
tuga
l, R
oman
ia, S
erbi
a, S
lova
kia,
Slo
veni
a, S
pain
, Sw
eden
, Sw
itzer
land
, Tur
key,
UK
. Eas
tern
Eur
ope:
Arm
enia
, Aze
rbai
jan,
Bel
arus
, Geo
rgia
, Mol
dova
, Rus
sia,
Ukr
aine
. M
iddl
e Ea
st: B
ahra
in, E
gypt
, Ira
n, Ir
aq, I
srae
l, Jo
rdan
, Kuw
ait,
Leba
non,
Om
an, Q
atar
, Sau
di A
rabi
a, S
yria
, Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irat
es (U
AE)
, Yem
en.
ASE
AN
: Bru
nei,
Cam
bodi
a (1
999–
), In
done
sia,
Lao
s, M
alay
sia,
Mya
nmar
, Phi
lippi
nes,
Sing
apor
e, T
haila
nd, V
iet N
am.
CIS
: Arm
enia
, Aze
rbai
jan,
Bel
arus
, Geo
rgia
, Kaz
akhs
tan,
Kyr
gyzs
tan,
Mol
dova
, Rus
sia,
Taj
ikis
tan,
Tur
kmen
ista
n, U
krai
ne, U
zbek
ista
n.
Euro
pean
Uni
on: A
ustr
ia, B
elgi
um, B
ulga
ria
(200
7– ),
Cyp
rus
(200
4– ),
Cze
ch R
epub
lic (2
004–
), D
enm
ark,
Est
onia
(200
4– ),
Fin
land
, Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y,
Gre
ece,
Hun
gary
(20
04–
), Ir
elan
d, I
taly
, Lat
via
(200
4– )
, Lith
uani
a (2
004–
), L
uxem
bour
g, M
alta
(20
04–
), N
ethe
rlan
ds, P
olan
d (2
004–
), P
ortu
gal,
Rom
ania
(200
7– ),
Slo
vaki
a (2
004–
), S
love
nia
(200
4– ),
Spa
in, S
wed
en, U
K.
NA
TO: B
elgi
um, B
ulga
ria
(200
4– ),
Can
ada,
Cze
ch R
epub
lic (1
999–
), D
enm
ark,
Est
onia
(200
4– ),
Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y, G
reec
e, H
unga
ry (1
999–
), I
cela
nd,
Ital
y, L
atvi
a (2
004–
), L
ithua
nia
(200
4– )
, Lux
embo
urg,
Net
herl
ands
, Nor
way
, Pol
and
(199
9– )
, Por
tuga
l, R
oman
ia (
2004
– ),
Slov
akia
(20
04–
), Sl
oven
ia
(200
4– ),
Spa
in, T
urke
y, U
K, U
SA. N
ATO
Eur
ope
excl
udes
Can
ada,
USA
. O
ECD
: Aus
tral
ia, A
ustr
ia, B
elgi
um, C
anad
a, C
zech
Rep
ublic
, Den
mar
k, F
inla
nd, F
ranc
e, G
erm
any,
Gre
ece,
Hun
gary
, Ice
land
, Ire
land
, Ita
ly, J
apan
, Sou
th
Kor
ea, L
uxem
bour
g, M
exic
o, N
ethe
rlan
ds, N
ew Z
eala
nd, N
orw
ay, P
olan
d, P
ortu
gal,
Slov
akia
(200
0– ),
Spa
in, S
wed
en, S
witz
erla
nd, T
urke
y, U
K, U
SA.
OPE
C: A
lger
ia, A
ngol
a (2
007–
), In
done
sia,
Iran
, Ira
q, K
uwai
t, Li
bya,
Nig
eria
, Qat
ar, S
audi
Ara
bia,
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irat
es, V
enez
uela
. O
SCE:
Alb
ania
, Arm
enia
, Aus
tria
, Aze
rbai
jan,
Bel
arus
, Bel
gium
, Bos
nia
and
Her
zego
vina
, Bul
gari
a, C
anad
a, C
roat
ia, C
ypru
s, C
zech
Rep
ublic
, Den
mar
k,
Esto
nia,
Fin
land
, Fra
nce,
Geo
rgia
, Ger
man
y, G
reec
e, H
unga
ry, I
cela
nd, I
rela
nd, I
taly
, Kaz
akhs
tan,
Kyr
gyzs
tan,
Lat
via,
Lith
uani
a, L
uxem
bour
g, M
aced
onia
(F
orm
er Y
ugos
lav
Rep
ublic
of,
FYR
OM
), M
alta
, Mol
dova
, Mon
tene
gro
(200
6– ),
Net
herl
ands
, Nor
way
, Pol
and,
Por
tuga
l, R
oman
ia, R
ussi
a, S
erbi
a (2
000–
),
Slov
akia
, Slo
veni
a, S
pain
, Sw
eden
, Sw
itzer
land
, Taj
ikis
tan,
Tur
key,
Tur
kmen
ista
n, U
K, U
krai
ne, U
SA, U
zbek
ista
n.
Low
-inco
me
coun
trie
s (G
NI
per c
apita
�$9
35 in
200
7): A
fgha
nist
an, B
angl
ades
h, B
enin
, Bur
kina
Fas
o, B
urun
di, C
ambo
dia,
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
ublic
, Cha
d,
Con
go (D
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
of t
he, D
RC
), C
ôte
d’Iv
oire
, Eri
trea
, Eth
iopi
a, G
ambi
a, G
hana
, Gui
nea,
Gui
nea-
Biss
au, H
aiti,
Ken
ya, N
orth
Kor
ea, K
yrgy
zsta
n,
Laos
, Lib
eria
, Mad
agas
car,
Mal
awi,
Mal
i, M
auri
tani
a, M
ozam
biqu
e, M
yanm
ar, N
epal
, Nig
er, N
iger
ia, P
akis
tan,
Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a, R
wan
da, S
eneg
al, S
ierr
a Le
one,
Som
alia
, Taj
ikis
tan,
Tan
zani
a, T
ogo,
Uga
nda,
Uzb
ekis
tan,
Vie
t Nam
, Yem
en, Z
ambi
a, Z
imba
bwe.
-
222 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
Low
er-m
iddl
e-in
com
e co
untr
ies
(GN
I pe
r ca
pita
$93
6–$3
705
in 2
005)
: Alb
ania
, Alg
eria
, Ang
ola,
Arm
enia
, Aze
rbai
jan,
Bol
ivia
, Bos
nia
and
Her
zego
vina
, C
amer
oon,
Cap
e V
erde
, Chi
na, C
olom
bia,
Con
go (R
epub
lic o
f the
), D
jibou
ti, D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
, Ecu
ador
, Egy
pt, E
l Sal
vado
r, G
eorg
ia, G
uate
mal
a, G
uyan
a,
Hon
dura
s, In
dia,
Ind
ones
ia, I
ran,
Ira
q, J
orda
n, L
esot
ho, M
aced
onia
(Fo
rmer
Yug
osla
v R
epub
lic o
f, FY
RO
M),
Mol
dova
, Mon
golia
, Mor
occo
, Nam
ibia
, N
icar
agua
, Par
agua
y, P
eru,
Phi
lippi
nes,
Sri L
anka
, Sud
an, S
waz
iland
, Syr
ia, T
haila
nd, T
onga
, Tur
kmen
ista
n, T
unis
ia, U
krai
ne.
Upp
er-m
iddl
e-in
com
e co
untr
ies
(GN
I pe
r ca
pita
$37
06–$
11 4
55 in
200
5): A
rgen
tina,
Bel
arus
, Bel
ize,
Bot
swan
a, B
razi
l, Bu
lgar
ia, C
hile
, Cos
ta R
ica,
Cro
atia
, C
uba,
Fiji
, Gab
on, J
amai
ca, K
azak
hsta
n, L
atvi
a, L
eban
on, L
ithua
nia,
Lib
ya, M
alay
sia,
Mau
ritiu
s, M
exic
o, M
onte
negr
o, P
anam
a, P
olan
d, R
oman
ia, R
ussi
a,
Serb
ia, S
eych
elle
s, So
uth
Afr
ica,
Tur
key,
Uru
guay
, Ven
ezue
la.
Hig
h-in
com
e co
untr
ies
(GN
I pe
r ca
pita
�$1
1 45
6 in
200
5):
Aus
tral
ia,
Aus
tria
, Ba
ham
as,
Bahr
ain,
Bar
bado
s, Be
lgiu
m,
Brun
ei,
Can
ada,
Cyp
rus,
Cze
ch
Rep
ublic
, Den
mar
k, E
quat
oria
l Gui
nea,
Est
onia
, Fin
land
, Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y, G
reec
e, H
unga
ry, I
cela
nd, I
rela
nd, I
srae
l, It
aly,
Jap
an, S
outh
Kor
ea, K
uwai
t, Lu
xem
bour
g, M
alta
, Net
herl
ands
, New
Zea
land
, Nor
way
, Om
an, P
ortu
gal,
Qat
ar, S
audi
Ara
bia,
Sin
gapo
re, S
lova
kia,
Slo
veni
a, S
pain
, Sw
eden
, Sw
itzer
land
, T
aiw
an, T
rini
dad
and
Tob
ago,
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irat
es, U
K, U
SA.
-
MILITARY EXPENDITURE 223
Tab
le 5
A.2
. Mili
tary
exp
endi
ture
by
regi
on a
nd c
ount
ry, i
n lo
cal c
urre
ncy,
1999
–200
8 Fi
gure
s are
in lo
cal c
urre
ncy
at c
urre
nt p
rice
s and
are
for c
alen
dar y
ears
, unl
ess o
ther
wis
e st
ated
. Cou
ntri
es a
re g
roup
ed b
y re
gion
and
subr
egio
n.
Cou
ntry
C
urre
ncy
1999
20
00
2001
20
02
2003
20
04
2005
20
06
2007
20
08
Afr
ica
Nor
th A
fric
a A
lger
ia1
m. d
inar
s 12
1 59
7 14
1 57
6 16
1 50
5 16
7 38
0 17
0 76
4 20
1 93
0 21
4 32
0 22
4 76
7 27
3 41
5 33
4 04
5 Li
bya
m. d
inar
s 53
5 55
6 49
6 57
5 70
0 89
4 90
4 80
7 80
7 1
347
Mor
occo
m
. dir
ham
s 11
569
9
129
16 6
19
16 2
54
17 4
18
17 1
82
18 0
06
18 7
75
19 7
30
22 8
24
Tun
isia
m
. din
ars
424
456
483
491
525
554
608
662
601
[652
]
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afr
ica
Ang
ola§
|| 2
b.
kw
anza
s 3.
0 5.
9 8.
9 19
.1
50.0
68
.3
119
158
172
182
Beni
n m
. CFA
fran
cs
10 9
86
10 3
21
9 61
2 18
122
20
077
22
072
[2
4 67
7]
[25
601]
. .
[3
0 33
0]
Bots
wan
a m
. pul
a 78
4 94
2 1
229
1 41
5 1
490
1 47
4 1
533
1 65
4 [1
945
] [3
086
] Bu
rkin
a Fa
so†
m. C
FA fr
ancs
[2
1 20
0]
[21
500]
22
259
24
666
25
571
30
289
33
649
37
081
45
448
63
642
Bu
rund
i b.
fran
cs
28.5
30
.5
44.2
41
.8
47.0
49
.4
53.6
46
.0
50.1
52
.0
Cam
eroo
n§
m. C
FA fr
ancs
89
095
87
598
91
118
10
1 50
0 10
9 55
6 11
6 80
8 11
7 67
0 13
4 34
5 14
2 19
8 15
5 20
3 C
ape
Ver
de
m. e
scud
os
518
814
572
530
565
573
614
614
635
663
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
.‡ 3
m. C
FA fr
ancs
. .
. .
. .
7
445
8 72
9 7
979
8 12
1 . .
9
160
14 1
11
Cha
d4
b. C
FA fr
ancs
16
.0
18.8
22
.5
23.9
23
.8
26.7
(2
9.3)
(3
0.9)
(3
3.3)
(3
6.1)
C
ongo
, Rep
ublic
of§
m
. CFA
fran
cs
. .
. .
28 3
74
35 0
35
38 7
28
40 0
50
41 9
54
44 0
70
50 8
49
63 0
20
Con
go, D
RC
5 m
./b.
fran
cs
600
2 90
1 . .
. .
|
31.9
55
.0
78.3
96
.0
106
89.5
C
ôte
d’Iv
oire
§ b.
CFA
fran
cs
. .
. .
. .
. .
124
133
132
140
151
154
Djib
outi
m. f
ranc
s 4
759
4 62
5 4
629
5 90
9 7
422
6 63
9 7
970
[8 8
00]
6 13
5 6
447
Equa
tori
al G
uine
a m
. CFA
fran
cs
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Eritr
ea
m. n
akfa
2
225
2 22
0 1
884
2 10
4 2
520
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Ethi
opia
6 m
. bir
r 5
589
5 07
5 2
959
2 47
6 2
397
2 68
6 2
965
3 00
7 3
253
3 75
0 G
abon
7 b.
CFA
fran
cs
. .
65.0
66
.0
66.0
63
.0
65.0
60
.0
58.0
(5
9.0)
. .
G
ambi
a‡
m. d
alas
is
40.1
42
.5
38.5
45
.0
57.0
58
.0
85.3
78
.2
113
. .
-
224 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
C
ount
ry
Cur
renc
y 19
99
2000
20
01
2002
20
03
2004
20
05
2006
20
07
2008
Gha
na||
8 m
. ced
is
15.8
27
.7
23.2
29
.3
46.2
50
.7
58.2
69
.4
118
120
Gui
nea9
b.
fran
cs
76.6
80
.3
171
194
167
182
. .
. .
. .
. .
Gui
nea-
Biss
au||
10
m. C
FA fr
ancs
. .
6
786
4 53
3 4
435
4 36
2 . .
6
391
. .
. .
. .
Ken
ya
m. s
hilli
ngs
10 6
84
12 6
14
15 3
49
16 8
44
18 6
76
20 5
70
23 9
36
27 0
96
33 3
01
41 1
32
Leso
tho
m. m
alot
i 20
8 21
2 20
1 20
6 20
7 20
3 21
4 23
9 28
1 34
6 Li
beri
a m
. dol
lars
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
10
9 31
6 34
3 22
1 . .
M
adag
asca
r|| 11
b.
ari
ary
56.6
63
.9
85.7
78
.9
89.8
10
2 10
8 11
6 15
4 17
6 M
alaw
i m
. kw
acha
63
5 69
8 91
6 1
136
1 27
8 2
391
4 02
7 [5
257
] [5
823
] . .
M
ali1
2 b.
CFA
fran
cs
36.0
41
.4
43.8
45
.8
51.6
54
.5
63.2
68
.9
75.6
77
.3
Mau
rita
nia1
3 b.
oug
uiya
s 6.
7 9.
1 13
.3
9.9
16.4
18
.6
17.7
22
.0
. .
29.4
M
auri
tius
m. r
upee
s 22
8 24
6 26
2 28
5 30
4 30
1 32
1 34
3 37
0 . .
M
ozam
biqu
e||
m. m
etic
ais
722
843
1 04
8 1
267
1 42
2 1
753
1 43
6 1
459
1 77
3 2
034
Nam
ibia
14
m. d
olla
rs
646
641
833
928
979
1 07
9 1
221
1 34
6 1
606
2 20
0 N
iger
b.
CFA
fran
cs
14.5
14
.3
18.2
14
.4
14.3
16
.7
17.3
. .
. .
. .
N
iger
ia
b. n
aira
45
.4
37.5
63
.5
108
75.9
85
.0
88.5
99
.9
122
192
Rw
anda
15
b. fr
ancs
27
.0
23.9
25
.2
24.3
24
.3
23.8
25
.1
30.1
30
.4
37.0
Se
nega
l m
. CFA
fran
cs
48 2
00
44 4
00
50 5
00
51 8
29
56 2
93
56 8
19
65 6
19
77 6
78
92 4
07
97 1
16
Seyc
helle
s m
. rup
ees
59.3
59
.0
64.8
64
.1
66.1
87
.6
81.0
79
.3
102
77.0
Si
erra
Leo
ne16
m
. leo
nes
. .
48 7
69
59 4
08
56 9
55
66 8
41
62 0
26
68 0
56
[83
686]
[8
7 99
8]
[133
080
] So
mal
ia
shill
ings
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
So
uth
Afr
ica
m. r
and
11 3
53
14 3
22
17 0
21
19 9
85
22 1
29
22 6
33
25 3
06
26 4
68
[28
699]
[3
1 05
8]
Suda
n‡ ||
17
m. p
ound
s 1
085
1 51
0 1
004
1 27
6 1
039
3 20
0 2
838
3 33
8 . .
. .
Sw
azila
nd‡
m. e
mal
ange
ni
158
170
169
193
242
276
378
396
436
. .
Tan
zani
a b.
shill
ings
95
.7
108
132
136
130
139
157
185
202
227
Tog
o m
. CFA
fran
cs
. .
. .
. .
. .
16 7
57
16 7
57
17 5
32
. .
. .
25 5
29
Uga
nda
b. sh
illin
gs
232
232
239
256
299
355
386
400
478
. .
Zam
bia
b. k
wac
ha
134
. .
. .
. .
. .
490
626
747
596
982
Zim
babw
e|| 1
8 m
. dol
lars
10
.1
15.4
15
.8
37.3
13
6 1
300
2 94
2 (2
6 60
4)
(22
700)
. .
-
MILITARY EXPENDITURE 225
Am
eric
as
Car
ibbe
an
Baha
mas
m
. dol
lars
34
.1
28.6
28
.1
30.2
32
.9
34.9
35
.7
44.5
58
.3
48.9
Ba
rbad
os
m. d
olla
rs
39.8
42
.8
46.1
47
.2
47.0
46
.9
51.7
[5
2.8]
. .
. .
C
uba
m. p
esos
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
m
. pes
os
2 00
5 2
872
3 74
2 4
440
3 57
8 4
093
6 68
7 6
339
7 60
9 [9
216
] H
aiti
gour
des
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Jam
aica
m
. dol
lars
1
762
1 87
3 2
133
2 75
5 3
167
3 33
7 3
695
4 77
6 5
778
5 84
5 T
rini
dad
and
Tob
ago
dolla
rs
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a Be
lize
th. d
olla
rs
. .
14 2
32
14 9
09
15 6
60
17 1
04
18 9
72
21 4
22
24 2
52
. .
. .
Cos
ta R
ica1
9 m
. col
ones
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
El
Sal
vado
r20
m. U
S do
llar
99.8
11
2 10
9 10
9 10
6 10
6 10
9 11
6 12
2 11
8 G
uate
mal
a m
. que
tzal
es
914
1 22
5 1
546
1 23
9 1
420
913
798
1 03
1 1
083
1 41
8 H
ondu
ras†
21
m. l
empi
ras
. .
516
646
898
919
928
1 00
4 1
041
1 59
8 1
807
Mex
ico†
22
m. p
esos
25
363
28
664
30
171
30
631
31
941
32
241
34
039
33
081
46
150
48
223
N
icar
agua
23
m. c
órdo
bas
318
390
389
460
537
527
568
614
717
809
Pana
ma
m. b
albo
as
112
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Nor
th A
mer
ica
Can
ada
m. d
olla
rs
12 1
99
12 3
26
12 9
72
13 3
32
13 9
52
14 7
49
15 7
39
16 8
00
18 7
08
20 5
83
Uni
ted
Stat
es24
m
. dol
lars
28
0 96
9 30
1 69
7 31
2 74
3 35
6 72
0 41
5 22
3 46
4 67
6 50
3 35
3 52
7 66
0 55
6 96
1 60
7 26
3
Sout
h A
mer
ica
Arg
entin
a§
m. p
esos
3
852
3 73
9 3
638
3 78
4 4
433
4 80
3 5
553
5 71
9 6
092
[7 8
60]
Boliv
ia25
m
. bol
ivia
nos
970
999
1 21
3 1
243
1 37
3 1
388
1 41
2 1
490
1 79
8 1
806
Braz
il m
. rea
is
17 8
98
20 7
53
25 5
57
27 9
35
25 8
29
28 2
23
32 5
70
32 2
56
38 7
30
42 7
30
Chi
le§
26
b. p
esos
1
367
1 50
2 1
615
1 76
5 1
843
2 15
9 2
388
2 89
2 2
939
3 11
0 C
olom
bia2
7 b.
pes
os
4 22
2 5
818
6 93
2 7
833
9 77
8 10
209
11
099
13
125
14
238
17
858
Ec
uado
r|| 28
m
. US
dolla
rs
296
266
384
505
739
710
954
950
1 31
0 1
548
Guy
ana
m. d
olla
rs
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
-
226 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
C
ount
ry
Cur
renc
y 19
99
2000
20
01
2002
20
03
2004
20
05
2006
20
07
2008
Para
guay
† 29
b. g
uara
nies
26
2 27
7 27
0 28
8 29
4 36
4 34
7 43
1 47
6 57
7 Pe
ru30
m
. nue
vos s
oles
(2
773
) (3
228
) 3
187
2 98
2 3
092
3 39
7 3
820
4 01
1 3
918
4 67
5 U
rugu
ay
m. p
esos
[4
174
] [3
663
] 4
384
4 33
3 4
967
5 26
1 5
696
6 16
8 6
812
8 22
8 V
enez
uela
|| m
. bol
ívar
es
853
1 21
6 1
383
1 24
4 1
588
2 74
0 4
292
6 43
6 6
377
7 12
1
Asi
a C
entr
al A
sia
Kaz
akhs
tan
b. te
nge
17.2
20
.4
32.5
37
.7
47.5
58
.0
78.7
10
0.0
167
[159
] K
yrgy
zsta
n31
m. s
om
1 26
7 1
864
1 73
4 2
055
2 40
8 2
688
3 10
0 3
606
4 33
6 [4
484
] T
ajik
ista
n th
. som
oni
18 7
23
21 4
96
29 5
77
70 7
00
106
500
134
000
. .
. .
. .
. .
Tur
kmen
ista
n32
b. m
anat
58
2 . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
U
zbek
ista
n33
b. su
m
34.9
. .
41
.1
. .
53.0
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
East
Asi
a Br
unei
m
. dol
lars
43
8 42
1 39
0 40
5 42
4 (3
37)
(414
) [4
33]
[447
] [4
47]
Cam
bodi
a b.
riel
33
6 30
9 28
0 26
5 27
0 27
2 28
9 32
8 [3
88]
. .
Chi
na34
b.
yua
n [1
65]
[182
] [2
20]
[256
] [2
82]
[327
] [3
68]
[434
] [5
04]
[590
] In
done
sia
b. ru
piah
10
254
13
945
16
416
19
291
27
446
32
100
[3
4 65
8]
[41
736]
[4
8 25
7]
[48
599]
Ja
pan†
§ 35
b.
yen
4
934
4 93
5 4
950
4 95
6 4
954
4 91
6 4
868
4 82
4 4
804
4 78
5 K
orea
, Nor
th
b. w
on
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Kor
ea, S
outh
b.
won
13
337
14
477
15
497
16
364
17
515
18
941
21
049
22
214
23
740
26
649
La
os
b. k
ip
(110
) (1
07)
(112
) (1
15)
(115
) (1
21)
(125
) (1
35)
(140
) . .
M
alay
sia
m. r
ingg
it 6
321
5 82
6 7
351
8 50
4 10
950
10
728
11
817
11
981
13
649
14
552
M
ongo
lia
m. t
ugri
ks
18 4
16
26 1
26
25 3
84
28 0
71
27 8
99
32 8
91
35 9
14
46 2
32
66 2
00
. .
Mya
nmar
36
b. k
yats
43
.7
58.8
63
.9
73.1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Ph
ilipp
ines
m
. pes
os
32 9
59
36 2
08
35 9
77
38 9
07
44 4
40
43 8
47
47 6
34
51 5
27
62 1
88
60 1
45
Sing
apor
e m
. dol
lars
7
616
7 46
6 7
721
8 10
8 8
230
8 52
5 9
094
9 53
4 9
966
10 6
22
Tai
wan
b.
dol
lars
25
8 24
3 24
8 22
5 22
8 24
9 24
9 23
7 25
7 32
6 T
haila
nd
m. b
aht
74 8
09
71 2
68
75 4
13
76 7
24
77 0
27
[75
498]
[7
9 51
9]
[86
706]
[1
10 5
40]
[137
135
] V
iet N
am
b. d
ong
. .
. .
. .
. .
12 3
74
13 2
66
14 9
88
18 9
44
23 6
30
29 8
00
-
MILITARY EXPENDITURE 227
Sout
h A
sia
Afg
hani
stan
37
m. a
fgha
nis
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
5 44
0 5
521
6 22
3 10
648
12
032
Ba
ngla
desh
m
. tak
as
31 2
77
33 3
77
34 0
20
34 1
05
36 1
50
39 6
30
43 0
05
49 4
20
56 7
45
61 7
80
Indi
a38
b. ru
pees
59
8 64
2 68
9 71
7 76
1 91
6 1
010
1 07
4 1
166
1 30
6 N
epal
¶ m
. rup
ees
3 23
9 3
648
4 83
7 6
621
7 95
1 9
756
11 1
53
11 2
21
[11
578]
[1
2 03
1]
Paki
stan
‡ b.
rupe
es
147
154
170
188
207
232
263
287
309
336
Sri L
anka
† ‡ 3
9 b.
rupe
es
40.1
56
.9
54.2
49
.2
47.0
56
.3
61.5
81
.4
102
133
Oce
ania
A
ustr
alia
m
. dol
lars
[1
1 93
7]
[12
435]
13
503
14
568
15
373
16
353
17
405
19
134
20
668
21
935
Fi
ji† 40
m
. dol
lars
46
.9
68.2
74
.7
67.6
70
.7
81.1
72
.9
71.6
75
.9
[76.
7]
New
Zea
land
m
. dol
lars
1
380
1 42
2 1
428
1 41
1 1
468
1 52
3 1
587
1 72
6 1
841
1 96
0 Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea‡
41
m. k
ina
80.0
85
.0
85.5
66
.3
68.8
78
.7
94.2
93
.7
103
95.0
T
onga
th
. pa’
anga
s 3
535
3 83
7 4
211
4 31
9 4
559
4 36
6 5
119
6 87
8 7
566
. .
Eur
ope
Alb
ania
§ ¶ 4
2 m
. lek
s 5
891
6 51
9 7
638
8 22
0 9
279
10 3
73
11 0
00
13 8
31
17 6
19
21 6
50
Arm
enia
† 43
b. d
ram
s 36
.5
36.7
36
.8
36.8
44
.3
52.3
64
.4
78.3
95
.8
[116
] A
ustr
ia
m. e
uros
[1
994
] [2
090
] [1
999
] 1
999
2 11
1 2
158
2 16
0 2
105
2 56
6 2
424
Aze
rbai
jan|
| m
. man
ats
[99.
1]
[107
] [1
23]
[136
] [1
73]
[224
] 28
8 64
1 81
2 1
020
Bela
rus
b. ro
uble
s [4
1.4]
[1
23]
247
366
475
679
975
1 35
5 1
603
1 77
5 Be
lgiu
m
m. e
uros
3
378
3 46
3 3
393
3 34
4 3
434
3 43
3 3
400
3 43
4 3
773
3 77
5 Bo
snia
-Her
zego
vina
† ¶ 4
4 m
. mar
ka
. .
. .
. .
501
351
315
273
278
281
345
Bulg
aria
† 45
m. l
eva
[656
] [7
46]
[887
] [9
47]
[986
] 1
025
1 10
1 1
171
1 47
5 1
460
Cro
atia
m
. kun
as
[7 3
67]
[5 4
61]
[5 2
51]
[5 7
75]
[4 7
57]
4 25
0 4
323
4 87
2 5
133
6 22
4 C
ypru
s† ||
m. e
uros
[2
69]
[299
] [3
60]
[253
] [2
55]
271
302
304
295
365
Cze
ch R
epub
lic46
m
. kor
uny
41 6
88
44 6
70
44 9
78
48 9
24
53 1
94
52 4
81
58 4
45
55 3
58
51 3
78
54 4
72
Den
mar
k m
. kro
ner
19 4
28
19 3
39
21 0
17
21 2
69
21 0
75
21 4
41
20 8
00
23 1
73
22 7
31
22 7
41
Esto
nia
m. k
roon
i 1
083
1 32
9 1
640
2 02
8 2
376
2 58
1 3
344
3 92
4 5
259
5 62
5 Fi
nlan
d m
. eur
os
1 55
2 1
691
1 65
3 1
712
2 00
6 2
131
2 20
6 2
281
2 20
3 2
419
Fran
ce47
m
. eur
os
36 5
10
36 7
02
37 1
87
38 6
81
40 6
84
42 6
90
42 5
45
43 4
57
44 2
73
44 8
35
Geo
rgia
48
m. l
ari
[52.
4]
[37.
2]
[49.
4]
74.6
91
.5
135
388
720
1 55
6 1
547
-
228 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
C
ount
ry
Cur
renc
y 19
99
2000
20
01
2002
20
03
2004
20
05
2006
20
07
2008
Ger
man
y m
. eur
os
30 6
03
30 5
54
30 6
48
31 1
68
31 0
60
30 6
10
30 6
00
30 3
65
31 0
90
31 9
21
Gre
ece
m. e
uros
5
439
5 92
1 5
986
6 08
5 [5
355
] [6
028
] [6
818
] [7
321
] [7
496
] [8
620
] H
unga
ry
m. f
orin
t 19
1 48
5 22
6 04
1 27
2 42
6 27
9 56
9 31
4 38
0 31
0 73
1 31
8 55
2 29
6 66
5 32
6 20
5 32
1 48
6 Ic
elan
d kr
onur
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 Ir
elan
d m
. eur
os
[696
] [7
54]
858
862
855
887
921
949
1 00
3 1
079
Ital
y49
m. e
uros
22
240
24
325
24
592
25
887
26
795
27
476
26
959
26
631
27
572
[2
7 70
8]
Latv
ia
m. l
ats
33.1
42
.4
54.6
91
.0
108
124
154
206
251
305
Lith
uani
a m
. lita
i 46
1 79
6 86
0 90
8 1
077
1 13
9 [1
150
] [1
292
] [1
516
] [1
741
] Lu
xem
bour
g m
. eur
os
132
139
179
192
205
[213
] [2
38]
[263
] [2
68]
. .
Mac
edon
ia, F
YR
50
m. d
enar
s 3
769
4 60
2 15
397
6
841
6 29
2 6
683
6 25
9 6
149
7 27
2 8
160
Mal
ta† |
| th
. eur
os
26 0
05
25 8
77
28 4
30
28 6
90
29 9
87
32 5
37
34 2
94
35 2
84
35 7
66
33 9
63
Mol
dova
† ¶ 51
m
. lei
63
.0
63.3
76
.7
94.7
11
5 11
6 15
1 21
6 27
6 27
9 M
onte
negr
o52
m. e
uros
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
42
.3
39.9
48
.6
Net
herl
ands
m
. eur
os
6 59
5 6
482
6 92
9 7
149
7 40
4 7
552
7 69
3 8
145
8 38
7 8
348
Nor
way
m
. kro
ner
25 8
09
25 7
22
26 6
69
32 4
61
31 9
85
32 9
45
31 4
71
32 1
42
34 4
39
33 1
02
Pola
nd
m. z
loty
s 12
800
13
763
14
864
15
401
16
249
17
793
19
023
19
959
22
768
25
873
Po
rtug
al
m. e
uros
2
259
2 39
3 2
598
2 76
5 2
755
2 99
6 3
248
3 24
2 3
190
3 28
5 R
oman
ia||
m. l
ei
1 46
5 2
031
2 86
4 3
491
4 15
1 4
994
5 75
7 6
324
6 35
8 7
543
Rus
sia5
3 b.
roub
les
[165
] [2
71]
[365
] [4
70]
[568
] [6
56]
[806
] [9
67]
[1 1
44]
[1 4
58]
Serb
ia54
m
. din
ars
8 60
0 21
292
33
060
43
695
42
070
43
154
41
996
47
342
56
792
63
648
Sl
ovak
ia†
m. k
orun
y 13
532
15
760
19
051
19
947
22
965
22
944
25
537
27
064
28
131
31
464
Sl
oven
ia||
m. e
uros
20
8 20
7 27
5 32
8 36
0 39
6 41
3 48
5 49
8 60
8 Sp
ain
m. e
uros
7
092
7 59
9 7
972
8 41
4 8
587
9 13
2 9
508
11 5
06
12 2
19
13 1
05
Swed
en55
m
. kro
nor
42 5
41
44 5
42
42 6
39
42 4
01
42 9
03
40 5
27
41 2
40
41 1
50
43 1
63
41 6
36
Switz
erla
nd† ¶
56
m. f
ranc
s 4
416
4 50
3 4
476
4 46
1 4
437
4 38
1 4
344
3 97
2 4
120
4 38
9 T
urke
y||
m. l
iras
4
168
6 24
8 8
844
13 6
41
15 4
26
15 5
68
16 1
97
[19
326]
[1
8 01
3]
[20
585]
U
nite
d K
ingd
om57
m
. pou
nds
22 5
30
23 3
01
24 5
44
26 4
62
28 7
51
29 4
78
30 3
33
31 2
41
32 9
92
35 3
20
Ukr
aine
§ m
. hry
vnia
s 3
890
6 18
4 5
848
6 26
6 7
615
8 96
3 12
328
15
082
20
685
25
341
-
MILITARY EXPENDITURE 229
Mid
dle
Eas
t Ba
hrai
n58
m. d
inar
s 12
3 12
1 12
6 15
0 17
5 18
0 18
3 20
3 22
2 [2
20]
Egyp
t m
. pou
nds
9 88
1 10
847
11
859
12
741
13
948
14
684
15
368
16
927
18
636
20
534
Ir
an¶
b. ri
als
12 9
92
21 9
84
26 9
96
23 2
11
31 6
33
45 9
60
64 6
55
78 3
78
76 2
83
86 5
02
Iraq
59
b. d
inar
s . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
(8
92)
(1 6
49)
(2 1
17)
(2 4
37)
(4 2
50)
Isra
el60
m
. she
kels
38
016
39
587
41
788
48
957
46
350
43
988
46
240
50
757
[5
7 63
9]
[58
106]
Jo
rdan
m
. din
ars
363
375
375
370
434
416
428
497
732
886
Kuw
ait
m. d
inar
s 69
6 82
7 82
4 85
8 93
3 1
017
1 02
5 1
049
1 24
3 1
254
Leba
non
b. p
ound
s 1
251
1 40
2 1
445
1 36
8 1
392
1 43
9 [1
463
] [1
561
] [1
912
] [1
961
] O
man
‡ 61
m. r
ials
68
7 80
9 93
3 95
8 1
010
1 14
4 1
404
1 55
0 1
663
1 73
5 Q
atar
m
. riy
als
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Saud
i Ara
bia§
62
m. r
iyal
s 68
700
74
866
78
850
69
382
70
303
78
414
95
146
11
0 77
9 13
2 92
2 14
3 33
6 Sy
ria6
3 b.
pou
nds
47.6
49
.3
53.4
55
.3
67.1
70
.2
75.7
74
.9
82.7
86
.8
Uni
ted
Ara
b Em
irat
es64
m
. dir
ham
s 8
790
8 68
8 8
796
9 13
9 9
244
8 94
3 9
399
. .
. .
. .
Yem
en
b. ri
yals
61
.5
76.6
[9
1.1]
13
0 14
8 13
6 15
6 16
2 20
9 23
9
-
230 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008
Tab
le 5
A.3
. Mili
tary
exp
endi
ture
by
coun
try,
in c
onst
ant U
S do
llars
for 1
998–
2008
and
cur
rent
US
dolla
rs fo
r 200
8 Fi
gure
s ar
e in
US
$m. a
t co
nsta
nt 2
005
pric
es a
nd e
xcha
nge
rate
s fo
r 19
99–2
008
and,
in t
he r
ight
-mos
t co
lum
n (m
arke
d *)
in c
urre
nt U
S$ m
. for
200
8.
Figu
res a
re fo
r cal
enda
r yea
rs u
nles
s oth
erw
ise
stat
ed. C
ount
ries
are
gro
uped
by
regi
on a
nd su
breg
ion.
C
ount
ry
1999
20
00
2001
20
02
2003
20
04
2005
20
06