187M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

This appendix takes the place of a list of references. These Internet links will take you to websites that discuss the subjects covered in this book. The links are broken down into categories and then listed in alphabetical order. They can be used to gather even more information about the subjects included; for example, if you want to know more about the meteorological science behind the Perlan Project’s decision to fl y out of Argentina for their sailplane altitude record attempts, you can go to their website.

COMPANIES

Air-Lock Inc. (Pressure suit connectors) www.airlockinc.com

ATA Aerospace (Red Bull Stratos balloon launch and recovery) www.ata-aerospace.com

Buran-Energia (Volga gondola) www.Buran-Energia.com

David Clark Company (Pressure Suits including Stratos suit) www.davidclark.com

Lockheed-Martin (U-2, A-12, M-21, SR-71) http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/aeronautics/skunkworks.html

Mountain High (Perlan Project oxygen systems) www.mhoxygen.com

Micropore (Perlan Project CO 2 scrubbers) www.extendair.com

Appendix 1 Internet links

Perlan Project 501(c)(3) (Perlan Project Sailplane record attempts) www.perlanproject.com Please make donations to: EWarnock@PerlanProject.com

Red Bull Stratos (Felix Baumgartner fl ight) www.redbullstratos.com

Sage Cheshire Aerospace (Red Bull Stratos capsule) http://sagecheshire.com

Titan Dive Gear (Perlan Project oxygen rebreather) www.titandivegear.com

Windward Performance Ltd. (Perlan Project Perlan II sailplane system) www.windward-performce.com

Weather Extreme Ltd. (Perlan Project weather analysis) www.weatherextreme.com

PILOT ORGANIZATIONS

www.blackbirds.net

Black Cat Squadron (ROC U-2 pilots and history) http://www.hmhfp.info/sg_09e.html (can access through Roadrunners) http://www.hmhfp.info/sph/u2_china.html http://www.taiwanairpower.org

Order of the Daedalians (High altitude crews) http://www.daedalians.org

The Habu Organization (For data and links on the Blackbirds) www.habu.org

Jet Pilot Overseas www.jetpilotoverseas.wordpress.com

Road Runners Internationale (For data on the U-2, A-12, YF-12 and pilots during the Cold War) www.roadrunnersinternationale.com

Soaring Society of America (Perlan Project) www.ssa.org

The U-2 Dragon Lady Association www.u2dla.org

U.S. Parachute Association www.uspa.org

188 Appendix 1

MILITARY

Beale AFB, CA. (U-2C and SR-71A) www.beale.af.mil/index.asp

Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ (U-2C) www.pimaair.org www.dm.af.mil

Edwards AFB, CA (SR-71A) www.edwards.af.mil

Society of Experimental Test Pilots www.setp.org

USAF Test Pilot School www.edwards.af.mil/library

GENERAL RESEARCH

Aerospace Medical Association www.asma.org

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics http://www.aiaa.org

American Meteorological Society www.ametsoc.org

Commercial Space fl ight Federation www.comercialspacefl ight.org

General search engines www.bing.com www.google.com

Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements www.FAAM.ac.uk

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale http://www.fai.org

International civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) www.icao.int/pages/default.aspx

National Aerospace Training Center www.nastarcenter.com

The Space Review www.thespacereview.com

Appendix 1 189

Wikipedia (Please make a donation when you visit this site) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/main_page

Stratocat/Stratopedia (Stratospheric balloons) www.stratocat.com.ar/indexe.html

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

CIA

http://www.cia.gov

CIA Library (Publications, reports, declassifi ed info, A-12, museum) http://www.cia.gov/library/index.html

Area 51 www.area51specialprojects.com

NASA

Ames Research Center (U-2C) http://nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html

Dryden Flight Research Center (U-2 and Experimental Aircraft) www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html

Goddard Flight Research Center Library Repository of Balloon Technology http://gsfcir.gsfc.nasa.gov/balloontech

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX (Various aircraft projects) www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html

WB-57F http://jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov/wb57/contact.html

Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA (Aerodynamics, prototypes, testing) www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/home/index.html

MUSEUMS

Armstrong Air and Space Museum www.armstrongmuseum.org

Aviation Museums search site http://www.aero-web.org (Search hundreds of museums by State)

Air Force Armament Museum (SR-71A) www.afarmamentmuseum.com

190 Appendix 1

Air Force Test Center (A-12) (Formerly the Air Force Flight Test Center) www.edwards.af.mil

Blackbird Air Park (A-12) (Nearby the Air Force Test Center) www.afftcmuseum.org

California Science Center (A-12) www.californiasciencecenter.org

Castle Air Museum (SR-71A) www.castleairmuseum.org

Cold War Museum (From the Berlin Airlift, to the Cuban Missile Crisis) http://www.coldwar.org

Imperial War Museum/Duxford Museum, England (U-2C & SR-71A) www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-duxford

Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum New York City (A-12 and others) http://intrepidmuseum.org

Kalamazoo Air Zoo, MI (SR-71 and others) http://www.airzoo.org

Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, KS (SR-71A and others) www.cosmo.org

March Field Air Museum, CA (SR-71A and others) www.marchfi eld.org

Maryland Aviation Museum (Martin B-57) www.marylandaviationmuseum.org

Museum of Aviation (Warner Robbins AFB-SR-71A) http://www.museumofaviation.org

Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA (M-21 and others) www.museumoffl ight.org

National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC (U-2C) http://www.nationalairandspacemuseum.org

National Atomic Testing Museum (Area 51 lectures) www.nationalatomictestingmuseum.org

National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (U-2A, SR-71A and YF-12A) www.nationalmuseum.af.mil

Nevada Aerospace Hall of Fame (Info on people and projects at Area 51) http://nvahof.org

Norwegian Air Museum, Bodo, Norway (U-2C) www.avinor.no/en/airport/bodo

Appendix 1 191

Otto Lilienthal Museum http://www.lilienthat-museum.de/olma/ebarchi.htm

Pima Air Museum, AZ (SR-71A) www.pimaair.org

San Diego Aerospace Museum Balboa Park, San Diego, CA http://www.sandiegoairandspace.org

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Dulles A/P VA (SR-71A, Concorde, others) www.airandspace.si.edu/visit/udvar-hazy-center/

Southern Museum of Flight, AL (A-12) www.southernmuseumoffl ight.org

Strategic Air & Space (SAC) Museum, (U-2C, SR-71 and others) www.sasmuseum.com

Air Force Historical Research Agency (Hundreds of photos) www.afhra.af.mil

USS Alabama, AL (A-12) www.ussalabama.com/aircraft.php

U.S. Space & Rocket Center (A-12) www.ussrc.com

National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (U-2A, SR-71A and YF-12A) www.nationalmuseum.af.mil

Virginia Aviation Museum, VA (SR-71A) www.vam.smv.org

192 Appendix 1

193M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Appendix 2Feeding stratonauts

Liquids and special foods are required to keep crews fl ying long duration missions in full pressure suits at their peak of performance in stressful situations. This appendix describes the diffi culty of eating in a full pressure suit and how this problem has been solved.

What do you eat when you get hungry during a long mission at high altitude? Do you open your helmet visor and take out a ham sandwich and pop open a beer? I don’t think so! If the cabin decompresses while you have your visor open, they’ll fi nd your body with a piece of ham stuck in your grimacing teeth. In the early days, the helmet was equipped with a tube to accommodate a plastic straw for liquids. In the late 1960s and 1970s I would take perhaps just one small bottle of water or tomato juice and squeeze it through my hel-met port. Never would I even consider opening my visor. The longest mission I fl ew was 7 hours 30 minutes. Some U-2 pilots have gone 12 hours, but that is unusual. You can urinate in a modern pressure suit, but you had better also be hydrating and getting some nourishment in order to function at your peak performance.

This problem was solved by the Department of Defense Combat Feeding Directorate (CFD) at the Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center located in Natick, MA. While this Army group has been involved with feeding soldiers for years, they have also been feeding pilots for decades. Currently they prepare food for about 100 pilots, which results in making about 28,000 tubes per year. This food has a shelf life of about 3 years.

Until 2010 the CFD had no direct communication with the pilots, but that problem was solved by food technologist Dan Nattress and chef and physical science technician Deborah Haley ( Fig. A.2.1 ) paying a visit to Beale AFB. In addition, some pilots have visited the CFD directly and had the menu changed for the better.

The current menu has about 15 items, including the following relatively new dishes: Peach Melba, beef stroganoff, key lime pie, bacon and hash browns, and chicken tortilla soup. There is also a variety of juices and puddings, some with caffeine to provide an additional boost. All of these dishes must fi t into a metal tube similar to a tooth paste tube, as shown in Fig. A.2.2 . Pilots eat about one tube per hour.

Fig. A.2.1 Dan Nattress and Deborah Haley at the CFD kitchen. Photo courtesy of the Department of Defense CFD at Natick, MA.

Fig. A.2.2 The special metal tube that holds the food for the pilot. Photo courtesy of the Combat Feeding Directorate at Natick, MA.

194 Appendix 2

Fig. A.2.4 This shows a typical helmet port to accept the food tube. The pilot moves his mouth over to the plastic tube and squeezes. Photo courtesy of the DOD Combat Feeding Directorate.

Fig. A.2.3 Air Force S/Sgt. Suzzett Stalesky, 9th Physiological Support Squadron, demon-strates the use of the food tube. Photo courtesy of USAF and photographer Airman 1st Class Drew Buchanan.

Appendix 2 195

Flying long hours in a tense and often challenging environment in a very tight and rather claustrophobic cockpit, sometimes in the dark, and on 100% oxygen, takes its toll on a crew. Having something to eat and drink really takes the edge off. Many thanks to the people who care for the health and well-being of the pilots.

196 Appendix 2

197M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Appendix 3Area 51

There is so much false information about Area 51 that the place has been turned into legend. This appendix will describe it as a secret test site for the experimental aircraft that have pushed the state of the art and have gone on to provide the country with the intelli-gence capabilities and assets it needed in very perilous times. It is also a place where the aviation assets of our enemies were exploited and factored into our designs and counter-measures. In particular, it is where the science of stealth was examined and added to our arsenal of capabilities.

WHY IS THERE AN AREA 51?

There is not an area on any map in the world that can conjure up more curiosity and myths than the area called 51. What has caused this? A search for books on the subject will give you a list of everything from aliens to games to some that are factual. There is an entire industry geared around using the number 51 to sell anything from T-shirts to even blow-up dolls. If you believe in aliens, then you are likely to believe some of the sensational stories about Area 51. The curious nature of man will, in some people, lead to conspiracy theo-rists. People who have little scientifi c or technical knowledge have a tendency to put infor-mation together in a manner that will support their inherent beliefs. There is not a lot of scientifi c method to their madness. This has been true for millennia, and will probably remain so for millennia to come.

Now, in the digital age, information saturates our world. The term “TMI” comes to mind. During the Cold War this was not the case, and any tidbit of information could be coupled with other information to obtain different conclusions. The need for secrecy is real. The “art of war” and its history clearly tell us that the enemy will go to extremes to gather and utilize information against its adversary. To this day, military men still study Sun Tzu, who wrote on this subject 2,500 years ago. This is just as true today as it was in the truly scary 1950s.

After World War II, all the super powers wanted the atomic bomb and a means to deliver it. President Eisenhower was very concerned about the Russians, who had their own bombs and were working on new aircraft to deliver them. While we got Wernher von Braun (whom I once briefed for Apollo 7) and many of his team of scientists and engi-neers, the Russians got their hands on a lot of German scientists for their programs. They detonated their fi rst atomic bomb on August 29, 1949 and their hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.

It was the desire to know what our former ally (but now new enemy) was doing that spawned the need for a means of fi nding out just how far had they advanced. This led to the concept of a high altitude aircraft that could conduct reconnaissance well inside the Soviet Union and fl y higher than their interceptors. Of course, you need a new aircraft and a secret place to test it. This is the fundamental reason that the place called Area 51 came to be. And it was the degree of secrecy around the whole project that eventually prompted the curiosity of those not in the knowledge loop. Keep in mind that there were many Soviet spies in the U.S. during this period. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Klaus Fuchs were just the most well-known. There were many more. There still are. All kinds of secrets were being passed to the Soviets during this period involving atomic secrets, aviation secrets, weapons secrets; hell, you name it. When the government realized the extent of this spying, it is no wonder that they imposed such a degree of secrecy on the new aircraft and systems that were being sent for test-ing at Area 51.

It was only logical that the CIA would head up this new project. It seems that when the CIA passed off the programs to the Air Force in 1979 (a quarter of a century after the fi rst program was conceived) the classifi cation process became rather distorted. This may well have contributed to the myths and conspiracies that exist to this day.

WHAT GOES ON THERE?

For this book about stratonauts, I went to the pilots who fl ew experimental aircraft to extreme heights out of Area 51. They are leaving this world pretty fast. Fortunately, the Roadrunners Internationale Associates website www.roadrunnersinternationale.com doc-uments many of their fascinating stories. I also went to some recently declassifi ed articles. Much of what went on at Groom Lake is now history, and is available to the public. The following lists some signifi cant dates from the Roadrunners Internationale website and other sources, and clearly identifi es what has gone on at Area 51 (shown in Fig. A.3.1 ) as well as the associated restricted air space ( Fig. A.3.2 ). The people that worked at Area 51 know what really went on there. This includes not only the pilots, but the contractors, technicians, and support personnel. It seems clear that there was public knowledge of the site for at least the last half century. It also seems clear that the more the government tried to make something secret, the more the facts were distorted. There is clearly a time to declassify, but this must be balanced to the threat.

Today the threat is much different and even more sophisticated. The new digital age has created the cyber war, a war which has many players and many battlefi elds. Russia is still a player of course, as are the Chinese, the Iranians and the terrorists who reside in many

198 Appendix 3

Figs. A.3.1 and A.3.2 (top) On this map Area 51 is the small yellow box near the Nevada Test Site and Nellis AFB areas. Las Vegas is in the lower right, and (bottom) the FAA restricted area 4808N is centered on Groom Lake. Photos courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

countries. The world is not safer, it’s more complex and the battlefi elds are other people’s computers. With the power of computers today, entire systems are potentially at risk. In the good old days of the Cold War you might worry about a secret subsystem being stolen or compromised. Today an entire system can be stolen or compromised overnight.

The following signifi cant dates in the history of Area 51 are offered to show you just what happened there and when. It is apparent that knowledge of Area 51 has been in the public domain for a long time.

Appendix 3 199

December 9, 1954 The Killian Committee of President Eisenhower’s Scientifi c Advisor Group gives the go-ahead for Project CL-282 “Angel.” Kelly Johnson starts work.

April 1955 Lockheed’s Kelly Johnson, Chief Pilot Tony LeVier, CIA program director Russell Bissell, and Air Force liaison Col. “Ozzie” Ritland check out the areas around Nellis Auxiliary Field No. 1 near Groom Lake area for Project AQUATONE.

May 4, 1955 First survey for a new runway for the U-2 at the site. May 18, 1955 An Atomic Energy Agency (AEC) press release is issued to 18 media

outlets in Nevada and Utah announcing the establishment of a small Nevada Test Site installation that became Area 51.

July 24, 1955 First U-2 arrives from the Lockheed plant to Area 51. August 1, 1955 First U-2 fl ight. October 17, 1955 AEC’s Col. Alfred Starbird releases a statement to the Las Vegas

Review- Journal that the construction of the previously announced site was continuing by REECo and was expected to be complete in 1956.

May 7, 1956 NACA Director Hugh Dryden issued a press release announcing the U-2 program with the Air Force to conduct high altitude weather research at the Watertown Strip, Nevada.

November 17, 1956 A C-54M transporting AQUATONE personnel crashes killing all 14 aboard. Press releases link the secret project to the Groom Lake site and the Watertown Airstrip.

May 1, 1957 AEC releases an information booklet again related the U-2 fl ight to Watertown and Groom Lake.

June 1957 U-2 operations move to Edwards AFB. Operational U-2s move to Laughlin AFB, Texas.

June 18, 1957 Nuclear fallout from AEC Nevada Test Site hits Watertown. July 28, 1957 An employee of Douglas Aircraft Company makes an emergency

landing at the Watertown Air Strip. Another press release relates to the site.

August, 1957 NACA releases press reports about a year’s worth of U-2 fl ights from the Watertown base.

June 20, 1958 Public Land Order 1662 removed 38,400 acres from public access and mentions Area 51 and the Watertown base.

September 10, 1959 EG&G moves its Radar Cross Section facility to the site. November 17, 1959 AEC spokesman makes a public call for sheet metal workers at the

Groom Lake Area 51 Nevada Test Site. January 15, 1960 An unclassifi ed Nevada Test Site bulletin publishes a telephone

directory for Area 51 workers. October 1, 1960 REECo begins construction of the A-12 facilities. January, 1961 Unclassifi ed Nevada Test Site road maps clearly identify Area 51. August 1961 Essential facilities completed, but other construction continues. An

unclassifi ed newsletter published by REECo announces that “Area 51 Wins Slow-Pitch tournament” and lists some members by name.

January 1962 FAA expands restricted air space R-4808N. April 25, 1962 First unoffi cial A-12 fl ight by Lockheed pilot Louis Schalk. August 7, 1963 First YF-12A fl ight by Lockheed pilot Jim Eastham. December 22, 1964 First launch of the M-21/D-21(drone captive, not launched).

(continued)

200 Appendix 3

March 5, 1966 First launch of the D-21 drone from the M-21. 1968 First MiG-21 evaluated. Testing went on for decades; evaluated

foreign aircraft and Soviet radar tracking and missile control radars. May, 1971 Air Force Headquarters offi cials are still trying to deny the existence

of Area 51. November, 1977 First HAVE BLUE aircraft Article 1001 arrives at the site. December 1, 1977 First fl ight of Article 1001 was monitored by the White House

Situation Room. 1979 CIA transfers control of the site to the Air Force Flight Test Center

(AFFTC) at Edwards AFB. The area is now called Detachment 3, AFFTC.

January 17, 1981 First YF-117A delivered. June 18, 1981 First YF-117A fl ight. February 5, 1982 First fl ight of the TACIT BLUE technology demonstrator for

low-observable surveillance aircraft. Nicknamed the “Schamu” because of its whale-like characteristics.

April 26, 1984 Lt. Gen. Robert M. Bond is killed fl ying a MiG-23; part of the testing of foreign aircraft at Groom Lake. This was reported in the press as part of Area 51.

September 29, 1992 President Clinton exempts the Air Force from disclosing classifi ed information regarding Groom Lake. This affectively recognized Groom Lake as a secret facility.

September 11, 1996 First fl ight of the Boeing “Bird of Prey” technology demonstrator for low- observable aircraft design; program concluded in 1999.

For further information try reading “My Odyssey to Area 51” by Thornton D. Barnes and “Images of Aviation: Area 51” by Peter W. Merlin. For information on current proj-ects see www.roadrunnersinternationale.com , www.area51specialprojects.com or www.dreamlandresort.com . However, when looking for books be aware that there are many science fi ction as well as other sensational books that use Area 51 in their titles.

“YOU CAN’T GET THERE FROM HERE”

If the secret aircraft were built at the Lockheed Skunk Works in Burbank, CA., how did they get to Area 51 in Nevada several hundred miles away? Would you believe that this was also secret! A-12 pilot and Roadrunners Internationale historian Frank Murray has penned the story of how they transported the A-12. You can read the full story on their website; here is a shortened version.

Thanks to former Lockheed Manager, Dorsey G. Kammerer, this story has not only been told, there are also great once-secret photos on the website. Once there, click on “War Stories” and you see the full article including the photos at the bottom of the third column.

The planning to transfer the fi rst A-12 to Area 51 began in 1959. This was no minor effort. It necessitated determining the routes, clearing them of obstacles, constructing the

(continued)

Appendix 3 201

carriage system, dovetailing the manufacturing of it with the Skunk Works aircraft manufacturing schedules, acquiring and modifying the transport vehicles, and of course coordinating with the California State Police. This activity went on until the transport system was ready to move the fi rst aircraft on February 26, 1962.

The A-12 was disassembled into pieces that could be carried in two large boxes that would fi t on the trailers. The largest was 35 feet wide and 105 feet long, far beyond the typical “wide load.” The tractor that carried it required steerable tail wheels. It would carry the main part of the airplane on its landing gear, tail fi rst, in the 35 foot wide box. The smaller box was 22 feet wide by 60 feet long and carried the outer wing/nacelles, rudders, forward fuselage section, and various bits and pieces. The route for this large secret load still had to be cleared of obstacles, including some earth, trees, and signage. All of this was coordinated well in advance with the police. The detailed trip plan is also on the website, which goes into such detail as to include where and when to make lunch and potty stops. Some stop-over areas were prepared for their arrival. The convoy included about a dozen vehicles. The trip took 3 days, arriving at Area 51 at the end of February.

Once the aircraft reached its hanger, work began to disassemble the carriage system and packaging, and that was returned to Burbank for the next trip. Then the Lockheed crews worked around the clock to assemble the aircraft, check out its systems, perform engine runs, and conduct taxi tests. Lockheed Test Pilot Lou Schalk made the fi rst test fl ight on April 26, 1962. This process was repeated many times as each aircraft rolled off the pro-duction line.

BASE OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT CONTRACTORS

The Air Force 1129th Special Activities Squadron ran the base on behalf of the CIA projects. Other Air Force squadrons provided the aircraft refueling support. The fl ights out of Area 51 were supported by many contractors, including the following:

Major Contractors

Reynolds Electric & Engineering Co. Base construction

Lockheed Aircraft (codename C&J Engineering) Aircraft, assembly and checkout

EG&G (code name Special Projects) Prime contractor

Pratt & Whitney (codename American Can Company) Engines and maintenance

Other Supporting Contractors (alphabetical order)

Applied Technology Inc. Big Blast, a barrage noise jammer for Chinese tracking radar

202 Appendix 3

Baird Electronics (codename The Boyd Company) Navigational aids

Collins Radios and navigation systems

David Clark Company Pressure suits

Firewel Corp. Oxygen regulators and supply systems

General Precision Doppler Radar navigation

HYCON Technical Objective Camera

Kodak Film and processing

Magnavox Research Labs (codename Vose Company) ARC 50 radios

Minneapolis Honeywell Aircraft systems

Perkin Elmer (codename United Aircraft Co.) Camera system

Sylvania (Electronic Defense Labs) Sensors and Missile Jammers

TRW ELINT Analog Receiver and Recorder

Westinghouse Chinese Radar Tracking-Threat Warning System

AREA 51 CODE NAMES

Secret projects have secret names. The projects at Area 51 were numerous and so there were many codenames; there still are. Thornton D. “TD” Barnes from the Roadrunners Internationale Association has summarized the declassifi ed ones and they are included in this Appendix (with his permission) because they are relevant to all the stratospheric fl ights that occurred here.

There is a history and protocol for codenames. This differs between the CIA and the USAF, and other services and government agencies. Some protocols for selecting the codenames are handed down from World War II and others are handed down within a given agency or mili-tary organization. Some are just part of the security classifi cation culture and that varies

Appendix 3 203

between agencies. Some are made up on the spur of the moment and some are named by individual commanders. In the case of the programs fl own out of Area 51 they are predomi-nately CIA and USAF names. The following lists those that have been declassifi ed.

CIA Codenames

CIA Nicknamed The customer, The Agency, and The Company. Area 51 The CIA never had a codename for Area 51 or the facility/base. U-2 project AQUATONE. CIA Security Offi ce An offi ce was set up near the Los Angeles airport named the Western

Industrial Liaison Detachment (WILD). U-2 aircraft Angel (nicknames include the Dragon Lady and the Deuce). A-12 OXCART (ironically, this is one of the slowest animals for the world’s

fastest aircraft). For this reason, some preferred the name Cygnus; Latin for swan.

Pilots Each had a “Dutch” number; e.g. CIA pilot Frank Murray was “Dutch 20” while fl ying, but used Alex P. Vanuatuans otherwise. Ken Collins was “Dutch 21.” CIA pilot Jack Layton was “Dutch 27” while fl ying the A-12 but “Dutch 72” fl ying the YF-12A. At other times he was Jack Dickhurst. The same was true for all the others.

USAF Codenames and nicknames

This includes the various squadrons; e.g. 4070 Special Activities Squadron (SAS) and the 1129 SAS and the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB.

Area 51 The nickname for Area 51 was once DREAMLAND. It is purportedly from an Edgar Allan Poe poem which describes lakes (i.e. Groom Lake) lone and dead and the separation between fantasy and reality. There certainly has been a lot of fantasy about Area 51. Here are some other nicknames: • Pilots called it “The Box” and “The Container.” Flight maps call it

“Homey.” • USAF and FAA designation; R4808N (for the 24 square mile area). • Later, when the MiGs were there, it was called “Red Square” by the

Nellis AFB pilots. • Although Groom Lake is part of the area, many people who worked

there would call it just that. Other original nicknames were: Out at the Range, Elsewhere, St. Elsewhere, Nowhere, The Test Site, or just The Site.

• Security would often refer to it as “Home Plate” or “C-Base.” • The initial mailing address was Pittman Station, Henderson, Nevada.

Development projects The fi rst code word for an Air Force project that was to develop a concept or a prototype but not a production article, had the word HAVE as its fi rst word; e.g. HAVE BLUE was the development aircraft for what eventually became the F-117. Its nickname was “Wobbly Goblin.” The YF-117D was called TACIT BLUE and nicknamed “Shamu” and the “Whale.”

(continued)

204 Appendix 3

Production projects The fi rst code word for an Air Force project intended to go into production would have the word SENIOR (sometimes in lower case, Senior). For example, SENIOR TREND would be the code word for the F-117.

Exploitation projects This involved evaluation of Soviet aircraft, and these also had the fi rst word HAVE.

MiG- 21 HAVE DOUGHNUT. MiG-17 HAVE DRILL and HAVE FERRY. Aggressors Air Force squadrons fl ying MiG-17s, MiG-21s and MiG-23s had various

codenames including CONSTANT PEG. They served as the Bandits and called themselves Red Hats and Red Eagles.

YF-12A KEDLOCK. M-21 Modifi ed A-12 to carry the D-21 drone (M for mother). D-21 The drone (D for daughter). SR-71 SENIOR CROWN (nicknames; SR, Lady in Black, Sled, Habu,

Blackbird).

Lockheed nicknames

Area 51 “Paradise Ranch” or just “The Ranch.” Any aircraft “Article” then its number.

Personal nicknames

CIA Site Manager German born Werner Weiss was known as the “Desert Fox.” CIA Operations Offi cer John “Hank” Meierdierck used the name Rufus Gelzaines. CIA Special Ops Offi cer McKinsey was probably a nickname for a person unknown. USAF OXCART Col. Hugh Slater used “Dutch 11” when fl ying, but the name Detachment Cdr. Harold Charles Straffi n. Radar/ECM Thornton D “TD” Barnes codename was “Thunder.” Roadrunner Deputy Commander Col. Maynard “AM” Amundson formed a closed

social association called Roadrunners Internationale. This was based upon the 1129th Squadron, identifying themselves as Roadrunners. Membership grew to include anyone affi liated with the OXCART project. This included CIA personnel, contractors, YF-12A, D-21, and associated personnel. Thornton TD Barnes is the current President. For more information go to their website at www.roadrunnersinternationale.com .

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Appendix 3 205

207M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Appendix 4Interesting trivia

While doing the research for this book, I uncovered what I thought were some very interesting stories and trivia; many having to do with being the fi rst to do this or that. Some have nothing to do with being the fi rst; just interesting stories about the people who made things happen. Some have to do with the equipment used by the stratonauts or about their aircraft. These are tidbits that few people know about. Here they are for your next game of aviation “Trivial Pursuits.”

AGE

As you get older and look about you, you just can’t believe that today’s young people can accomplish anything, let alone be responsible for a major project. But they have and they always will. Here are examples of the generation of youngsters that either became stra-tonauts or supported their efforts.

Kelly Johnson led the design effort of the P-38 at age 29, then went on to design the P-80, F-104, U-2, A-12, M-21, SR-71, and others.

NACA engineer Walter C. Williams became head of the X program at Muroc Army Field (now the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center) at age 26.

Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier at age 24. The average age of the fl ight controllers in NASA’s Mercury Control Center at Cape

Canaveral, FL, in 1962 was 27; I was 25 when I joined NASA. Many of the astronauts were stratonauts before they came to the space program. Many of them served as Flight Controllers before they made a space fl ight.

Gene Kranz (“White Flight” of Apollo 13 fame) fl ew F-86s in Korea at age 23 and joined the NASA Space Task Group at age 27.

Joe Kittinger made his fi rst high altitude fl ight on Manhigh I at 29 years of age. Clifton McClure made his fl ight on Manhigh III at 26 years of age. Neil Armstrong fl ew F9F Panthers in Korea at age 21, fl ew the Bell X-1 at age 27, and had

more aircraft incidents than most people know about; including hitting a pole and ripping

3 feet of wing off his plane (while airborne), ejecting twice, and a few other interesting events. He fl ew the X-15 at age 32 but did not achieve astronaut status; his fi rst space mission was Gemini 8 in 1966. He was 38 when he became the fi rst man to walk on the moon.

WOMEN

The fi rst women to take to the air were the Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas, and Miss de Lagard in a tethered balloon in Paris on May 20, 1784; a mere 6 months after the fi rst untethered fl ight by de Pozier and D’Allandes. The fi rst woman to fl y in an untethered balloon was the opera singer Elizabeth Thible, who fl ew over Lyon, France on June 4, 1784. While feeding its fi re box she sang two songs, making her the fi rst aeronaut diva! The fi rst woman to parachute from a balloon was Jeanne Genevieve LaBrosse on October 12, 1799; she jumped from an altitude of 2,952 feet.

The fi rst woman to fl y a powered aircraft was Rose Isabel Spencer on July 14, 1902 at the Crystal Palace in London, England. There was an advertisement on the side of the air-ship for “Mellin’s Food.” The fi rst women to solo in a balloon, believed to be Sophie Blanchard, was also the fi rst to lose her life fl ying; albeit some years later. She died on July 6, 1819 when her hydrogen balloon caught fi re and crashed. The fi rst woman to die in a powered aircraft was Denise Moore on July 21, 1911. Sadly she would not be the last.

The fi rst woman to get a U.S. pilot license was Harriet Quimby in 1911. She went on to become the fi rst to fl y across the English Channel on April 16, 1912. She died when her Bleriot monoplane crashed during the Boston Aviation Meet on July 1, 1912. Prior to her short aviation career she was a successful journalist and playwright.

The fi rst known woman to be a military pilot was Russian pilot Eugenie Mikailovna Shakhovskaya who was ordered into military service on November 19, 1914 to fl y as a recon-naissance pilot. The fi rst woman test pilot and the fi rst to fl y a jet was the German Hanna Reitsch.

The fi rst women stratonaut was Jeannette Piccard, who ascended to 57,579 feet on October 23 1934. This record lasted 29 years until Valentina Tereshova was launched into space on June 16, 1963. The fi rst woman to fl y in an SR-71 was NASA engineer Marta Bohn-Meyer in October, 1991.

“Behind every great man there is a great woman,” or so the saying goes. Well there certainly was a great woman behind all the activities at Area 51 from 1965 to 1996; a period of 31 years. That woman was Denise (Rodreick) Haen; wife of David Haen, who also worked there. She started out as a secretary with EG&G and over the decades held various jobs such as Security Offi cer, Safety Manager, Human Resources Manager and, fi nally, Director of Administration for Special Projects; the fi rst woman with that title. You can imagine how much she knows!

While not stratonauts, the aviation world had some great women pilots including Amelia Earhart, Jacqueline Cochran, and Louise Thaden. Louise’s daughter Patricia Thaden Webb once helped me put fabric on my biplane. Jacqueline Cochran set many records, including being the fi rst woman to exceed Mach 1 and Mach 2, and making a blind instrument landing. She was also a President of the FAI. She was a proponent of women astronauts but was repeatedly refused. Now there are many women astronauts; she was just decades before her time.

208 Appendix 4

PRISONERS OF WAR

Max Cosyns fl ew with Auguste Piccard in the early 1930s. During World War II he was a member of the resistance against the Germans, but was caught and imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp until the war’s end.

Hervey Stockman, the fi rst man to fl y a U-2 over the Soviet Union was shot down in Vietnam and spent almost 6 years in the Hoa Loi prison nicknamed the “Hanoi Hilton.” Joe Kittinger also spent 11 months there after being shot down during his third tour of duty in Vietnam.

U-2 pilot Gary Powers spent 2 years in a Soviet prison before he was traded for a Soviet spy.

Two Republic of China U-2 pilots were shot down and imprisoned in a Communist Chinese prison; Chang-Di “Robin” Yeh for 19 years and Li-Yi Chang for 17 years.

Famed World War II and Korean War pilot Bob Hoover was shot down in 1944 and spent 16 months in the German prison camp Stalag Luft 1. He escaped, stole a Fw-190 fi ghter, and fl ew to the Netherlands. After the war he became Chuck Yeager’s backup and chase pilot.

HUMAN BODY

Contrary to popular belief, if you were exposed to the outside air at 63,000 feet (the Armstrong Limit) your blood would not boil so long as your heart was beating. This is because your blood pressure prevents that. But the water in your lungs, mouth, and eyes would start to boil. Since you’ll still die if you don’t get pressurized oxygen, the point is moot.

When you take a breath, you inhale 13 billion trillion oxygen molecules. They force their way into 300,000 air sacs in your lungs, each a mere 1/50,000th of an inch thick. If removed from your lungs and spread out on a fl at surface they would cover about half a tennis court. There are approximately 35 trillion red blood cells in the body, each with 250 million hemoglobin molecules. A hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen, so each red blood cell can carry approximately 1 billion oxygen molecules.

While high g-turns make the pilot’s blood fl ow to the legs and away from the brain causing blackouts, RAF pilot Douglas Bader had a slight advantage in a dogfi ght since he had no legs.

ANIMALS

The fi rst animals to fl y were in a Montgolfi er hot air balloon on September 19, 1783 in a dis-play for the court of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The king had wanted to put prison-ers in the balloon but the Montgolfi er brothers decided on a sheep, a duck, and a rooster. The sheep was given the name “Montauciel” but the duck and the rooster remained anonymous.

Jeannette and Jean Piccard carried their pet turtle “Fleur de Lys” with them on their “Century of Progress” balloon fl ight to 57,579 feet on October 23, 1934. This makes the turtle the fi rst animal stratonaut!

Appendix 4 209

For two years, the CIA required fi ve Air Force K-9 handlers and their dogs to patrol Area 51; they patrolled from dusk to dawn in two shifts.

CERTIFICATION OF RECORDS

There is a stringent verifi cation process to confi rm aeronautical records such as the one achieved recently by the Red Bull Stratos team. There are some interesting side stories to this. The governing body is the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) but the offi -cial observer on site was Brian Utley of the National Aeronautic Association. He was the person responsible for certifying that all requirements for a World Record were satisfi ed, including analyzing and verifying data captured during Felix Baumgartner’s jump and sub-mitting it for confi rmation by the FAI. Many new sensors were developed to measure all of the pertinent parameters. The FAI recognized a new category for this mission: Maximum Vertical Speed. While three FAI world records were recognized (as discussed in Chapter 13 ) there are many more unoffi cial records that fall outside of the FAI offi cial categories:

First person to break the speed of sound in freefall without a vehicle. Highest untethered altitude outside a vehicle. Largest balloon ever fl own with a human aboard. Highest manned balloon ascent. Fastest overland speed of a manned balloon.

AIRCRAFT

All four variants of the Blackbird required special fuel due to the high temperatures that occur at Mach 3. The engines built by Pratt & Whitney were designated J-58 but were known within the company as the JT11D-20. The fuel designed for this engine was also used in the engine hydraulic system and as a heat sink for other aircraft components and accessories exposed to high temperatures. The fuel had to have a high thermal stability, specifi c burning qualities, and minimal sulfur impurities. It also had a cesium additive which aided in disguising the radar signature of the exhaust plume. Triethylborane (TEB) was injected into the engine in order to initiate combustion and facilitate afterburner oper-ation in fl ight. Ground crews fi lling up the TEB tank wore silver fi re suits because the additive was pyrophoric; that is, it would ignite spontaneously upon exposure to air. Because the JP-7 fuel could not be distilled, it had to be specially blended. Even the KC-135 tankers that refueled the Blackbirds had to be modifi ed (Q-model) to carry JP-7 in addition to the JP-4 or JP-8 fuel that the tanker needed. These aircraft and crews had to be pre-positioned for each fl ight, as all variants were refueled shortly after taking off and often again later in the fl ight. A typical Blackbird mission consumed 36,000 to 44,000 pounds of fuel/hour. In that hour, the aircraft could fl y up to 2,300 miles.

The engine start-cart for the SR-71 had two Buick Wildcat V-8 engines connected to an automatic transmission, with one vertical drive shaft to start the aircraft. It would rev up one of the J-58 engines to about 4,000 r.p.m. to start it. Then the ground crew would move

210 Appendix 4

the cart over to the other engine and then start that. Eventually they received an improved pneumatic system, but the carts were retained for deployments.

The tires on the Blackbirds were critical to fl ight safety, and were a major concern. They were made by B.F. Goodrich and were impregnated with aluminum powder to reject the airframe heat. From the side they resembled “white sidewall tires.” They were pressur-ized with nitrogen to 425 psi. They were 22 ply rated with 3 ply tread. When the gear was retracted, the tires went into a metal can in case they exploded from the heat in fl ight.

The fl at, square nose and tail of the TACIT BLUE aircraft resembled a platypus bill and the air inlet on its back resembled a whale’s “blow hole,” so it was nicknamed the “Whale” or “Shamu.” The team members referred to themselves the “Whalers.”

Development of pressurized aircraft cabins was very slow. The USD-9A biplane is considered to be the fi rst aircraft to have a pressurized cabin. It was originally a British design by Airco. One was specially modifi ed by the U.S. Army Air Corps with this new capability in 1921. The second was the Junkers 49 which fi rst fl ew in 1931. By 1935 it was routinely fl ying at 41,000 feet. The third was the Boeing 307 Stratoliner. It took the wings, elevators, rudder, engines, and landing gear of a B-17C and mated them to a new pressur-ized fuselage. The fi rst demonstration fl ight in 1938 resulted in rudder lock, with the loss of the aircraft and all aboard. The cause was found and fi xed. Howard Hughes purchased the fi rst such aircraft in order to fl y around the world but he abandoned that idea when World War II began in 1939; instead, he made it into a “Flying Penthouse.”

PEOPLE

The fi rst aeronaut to send a message to a president was Thaddeus Lowe. In June, 1861 he transmitted a telegraph message from his balloon to President Lincoln, who promptly saw the military applications of the technology. Lowe soon became the Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army Balloon Corps.

It is thought that Russian engineer Yevgeny Chertovsky designed the fi rst pressure suit with a helmet in 1931 for the USSR-3 balloon that burned on the launch pad. When infl ated, the pilot could hardly move because it had no joints.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin became interested in lighter-than-air aircraft when he visited Thaddeus Lowe in 1863, during the Civil War. He went to St. Paul, Minnesota and was given a ride in a tethered balloon. At that time he was 25 years old. He didn’t get fully involved in making dirigibles until he was 52 years old.

The creators of codenames have strange ideas about naming aircraft and missions. For example, the concept of the drone on the back of another aircraft gave the “code man” a great idea. He named the drone, which was originally codenamed Q-12, the new name D-21 and designated the A-12 that was modifi ed to carry it the M-21, where the “D” stood for “daughter” and the “M” for the “mother.”

For his high altitude fl ight on May 26, 1929 German pilot Willi Neuenhofen used a Dräger high altitude rebreather with a mouth piece to ward off hypoxia. But there was concern that he still might lose consciousness, and so Junkers designed and added an “attention button” to the control wheel. The pilot had to hold this button in or the engine would stop. The idea was that if he fell unconscious he would let go of the button, the

Appendix 4 211

engine would stop, and the airplane would glide to a lower altitude at which he would regain consciousness and press the button again to restart the engine. It sounds crazy today, but that is exactly what happened!

In the late 1930s Canadian scientist Dr. Wilbur Rounding Franks was experimenting with ways to fend-off the “blackout” effects of high g-forces. He noticed that when he put some of his test tubes in the centrifuge that they broke but when he put some water in them they didn’t break. He was also experimenting with mice. He put some of the mice into condoms that were fi lled with water and they didn’t pass out in the centrifuge. He did extensive testing on himself. This led him to develop the fi rst g-suit using water fi lled blad-ders. The “Franks Flying Suit” was fi rst worn by the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm pilots in North Africa in 1942. It was also used by the RAF Hurricane and Spitfi re pilots. Although the development of g-suits moved from water to air pressure, the Red Bull Race pilots wear g-suits which have water bladders. A new design by a Swiss and German team called the Libelle uses water fi lled bladders. It is being considered for the Eurofi ghter Typhoon and by the U.S. Air Force. What was old is new again!

I once had the opportunity to meet Alexey Leonov in Washington, D.C. He was with astronaut Tom Stafford, who fl ew with him on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission in 1975. As an Apollo Pressure Suit Test Subject and a Flight Controller on Ed White’s EVA fl ight on June 3, 1965, I was curious about the fl ight of Voskhod 2 on March 18, 1965. In particular, I was interested in Leonov’s EVA and the diffi culty he had getting back into the spacecraft. His pressure suit was a modifi cation of the SK-1 suit worn by Yuri Gagarin; it was made by NPP Zvezda and was called the Berkut “Golden Eagle.” When fully infl ated, the suit had little mobility. It had two pressure settings; 5.8 psi and 3.9 psi. He gave me a good description of how he lowered the pressure so that he could physically reenter the outer hatch of the airlock. In fl ight, he didn’t tell mission control that he was having trou-ble and was lowering the suit pressure. He didn’t say how much lower he went, but I would guess it was lower than the lowest setting. That fl ight had a lot of serious problems which have been described in various books. Leonov and NASA astronaut David R. Scott coau-thored Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race and you can read about their missions there.

Reverend Theodore M. Hesburgh, President Emeritus of Notre Dame, received a ride in an SR-71 in 1979. Now 96 years of age, he must surely be the oldest living person to have fl own in a Blackbird.

QUOTES

• “Sacrifi ces must be made,” Otto Lilienthal on his death bed after a glider crash in 1896. • “Of all the men who attacked the fl ying problem in the 19th century, Otto Lilienthal

was easily the most important,” Wilbur Wright. • “The discovery of the stratosphere is the most surprising discovery in the whole history

of meteorology,” Sir Napier Shaw in 1926. • “Human performance in an environment equivalent to space is now known to be pos-

sible,” Col. Dr. John Stapp after the 1957 fl ight of David Simons in Manhigh II.

212 Appendix 4

• “This is a truly experimental test program,” Kelly Johnson to the Skunk Works team, circa 1959.

• “Be quick, be quiet and be on time,” Kelly Johnson to the Skunk Works team. • “Starve before doing business with the damned Navy. They don’t know what the hell

they want and will drive you up a wall before they break either your heart or other exposed parts of you anatomy,” Kelly Johnson’s unwritten 15th rule for management.

• “I think the time has come for the bird to leave the nest,” Kelly Johnson to Gen. Jack Ledford in November, 1965 regarding the A-12’s readiness for operational deployment.

• “Mr. President, the termination of the SR-71 was a grave mistake and could place our nation at a serious disadvantage in the event of a future crisis. Yesterday’s historic transcontinental fl ight was a sad memorial to our short-sighted policy in strategic aer-ial reconnaissance,” Senator John Glenn addressing the Senate after the cancellation of the SR-71 and the historic records achieved in 1990.

• “The U-2 was indeed one of the CIA’s greatest intelligence achievements. In fact, it may be one of the greatest of any intelligence services achievements of any nation,” George J. Tenet, Director of the CIA, September 17, 1998.

• “I can think of no greater honor for myself, or for this team, than to know that people informed by our mission will use the data to take aerospace safety to the next level; or to spark children’s interest in science; or simply as inspiration to pursue their own goals. I look forward to seeing what the realization of their dreams hold for all of us,” Felix Baumgartner after his record breaking fl ight in 2012.

• “In my opinion, Bill Park was truly the unsung Skunk Works hero. He was a damn good pilot,” Ken Collins, a fellow Oxcart A-12 and SR-71 pilot.

William C. “Bill” Park was the second Lockheed test pilot to fl y the A-12 in 1964. He was a decorated Korean War F-80 pilot with 112 combat missions prior to joining the Lockheed Skunk Works. He fl ew and tested the F-102, F-104, U-2, A-12, SR-71, M/D-21, and the HAVE BLUE prototype that crashed and caused the injuries which grounded him. He had to eject on four other occasions. He also fl ew the A-12 a total of 10,198 miles in 6 hours in order to demonstrate its readiness for operations. In addition to numerous decora-tions, he had a Distinguished Flying Cross and two Iven Kincheloe Awards. He is in the Aerospace Walk of Honor.

Fighter pilots have some great humor. Oxcart Detachment Commander Col. Hugh “Skip” Slater gave his A-12 pilots strict fl ying instructions:

1. Try to fl y in the middle of the air. 2. Do not go to the edges of it. 3. The edges can be recognized by the appearance of ground, buildings, sea, trees, and

interstellar space. It is much more diffi cult to fl y there.

To which I say Amen.

Appendix 4 213

215M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

The following photographs were provided courtesy of those indicated:

Frontispiece: 1869 Painting of Daedalus and Icarus by Frederic Leightonby Wikimedia Commons ............................................................................................ ii

Fig. 2.1 The Space Shuttle Endeavor/Atmosphere by NASA and Wikimedia ........ 8

Fig. 3.1 Shock Waves by NASA Langley Research Center ..................................... 19

Fig. 5.1 Lâgari Hasan Çelebi by Wikimedia Commons .......................................... 28 Fig. 5.2 Leonardo de Vinci drawing by Institute of France ..................................... 29 Fig. 5.3 Joseph-Michel Montgolfi er by Wikimedia Commons ............................... 30 Fig. 5.4 Jacques-Etienne Montgolfi er by Wikimedia Commons ............................. 30 Fig. 5.5 Montgolfi er balloon by Mike Young and Wikimedia Commons ............... 30 Fig. 5.6 La Charliere balloon by the Library of Congress and Wikimedia .............. 31 Fig. 5.7 L’Intrepide balloon by Sandstein and the Military History

Museum of Vienna, Austria ........................................................................ 33

Fig. 6.1 Thaddeus Lowe in balloon by Wikimedia Commons ................................ 37 Fig. 6.2 Otto Lilienthal in glider by the Otto Lilienthal Museum............................ 38 Fig. 6.3 Professor Assmann & Dr. Berson by Wikimedia Commons ...................... 39 Fig. 6.4 Dr. Reinhard Suring by Wikimedia Commons ........................................... 40 Fig. 6.5 Leon Teisserenc de Bort by Wikimedia Commons .................................... 40 Fig. 6.6 Guido Guidi standing by his aircraft by Wikimedia Commons ................. 41

Fig. 7.1 Paul Kipfer & Auguste Piccard by their gondola by Wikimedia Commons ............................................................................ 44

Fig. 7.2 Max Cosyns & Auguste Piccard by the gondola by Wikimedia Commons ............................................................................ 44

Fig. 7.3 Jeannette & Jean Piccard by their gondola by NGS ................................... 45 Fig. 7.4 Chester Fordney & Thomas Settle by their gondola by the USN ............... 48 Fig. 7.5 Anderson, Stevens and Williams by their gondola by the NGS ................. 49

Credits

Fig. 7.6 Anderson & Stevens by their gondola by the NGS .................................. 49 Fig. 7.7 Explorer II gondola by the National Air and Space Museum .................. 50 Fig. 7.8 Wiley Post in a pressure suit by NASA and Wikimedia Commons ......... 51 Fig. 7.9 Mario Pezzi in a pressure suit by Wikimedia Commons .......................... 52 Fig. 7.10 Mario Pezzi in a pressurized shell by Wikimedia Commons ................... 52 Fig. 7.11 Mario Pezzi in his Caproni biplane by Enrico Pezzi Family Archives ........ 52

Fig. 8.1 Charles “Chuck” Yeager by USAF ........................................................... 56 Fig. 8.2 Frank “Pete” Everest by USAF ................................................................ 57 Fig. 8.3 Arthur “Kit” Murray by USAF ................................................................. 58 Fig. 8.4 Frank Everest by NACA/NASA and USAF ............................................. 59 Fig. 8.5 “Mel” Abt by USAF and Wikimedia Commons ...................................... 60 Fig. 8.6 Iven Kincheloe by USAF and Jet Pilot Overseas.

National Aviation Hall of Fame ................................................................ 60 Fig. 8.7 X-2 Team by USAF and Wikimedia Commons ....................................... 61 Fig. 8.8 “Bill” Bridgeman by Life and Jet Pilot Overseas. WordPress.com .......... 62 Fig. 8.9 Scott Crossfi eld by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ..................... 63 Fig. 8.10 Marion Carl by the USMC and AcePilots.com ........................................ 63 Fig. 8.11 X-Aircraft by NACA/NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .................. 64 Fig. 8.12 Michael J. Adams by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .................. 66 Fig. 8.13 X-15 Pilots by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ............................ 67 Fig. 8.14 Scott Crossfi eld by Lockheed and NASA ................................................ 67 Fig. 8.15 Neil Armstrong by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ..................... 67 Fig. 8.16 Robert White by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ......................... 68 Fig. 8.17 Joe Walker by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ............................. 68 Fig. 8.18 Forrest Petersen by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ..................... 69

Fig. 9.1 Hervey Stockman by Roadrunners Internationale .................................... 73 Fig. 9.2 Carmine Vito by USAF and Roadrunners Internationale ......................... 74 Fig. 9.3 Flight of four U-2s by Hervey Stockman ................................................. 74 Fig. 9.4 Gary Powers standing by the U-2 by the Cold War Museum ................... 75 Fig. 9.5 Richard Heyser standing by the U-2 by USAF ........................................ 77 Fig. 9.6 Briefi ng at the White House by the Library of Congress ......................... 77 Fig. 9.7 Rudolf Anderson by USAF ...................................................................... 78 Fig. 9.8 Mike Hua in a pressure suit by Roadrunners Internationale .................... 80 Fig. 9.9 Black Cat Squadron by the ROC Ministry of National Defense .............. 81 Fig. 9.10 Chen Huai-Sheng by the ROC Ministry of National Defense .................. 82 Fig. 9.11 U-2 on the deck of the USS America

by the U.S. Navy and Wikimedia ............................................................. 82 Fig. 9.12 U-2 instructor pilots at Beale AFB by USAF and John Schwab .............. 83 Fig. 9.13 Capt. Travis boards U-2 at Beale AFB by USAF and D. Buchanan ........ 84 Fig. 9.14 U2C with payloads by the DOD Operationally

Responsive Space Offi ce .......................................................................... 84 Fig. 9.15 ER-2 by NASA and photographer Carla Thomas .................................... 85

216 Credits

Fig. 10.1 A-12 First Flight by Lockheed and DOD and Wikimedia Commons ...... 91 Fig. 10.2 Louis Schalk by Lockheed and DOD and Wikimedia Commons .......... 92 Fig. 10.3 Oxcart pilots by CIA Library .................................................................. 92 Fig. 10.4 Walter L. Ray by Roadrunners Internationale ........................................ 93 Fig. 10.5 A-12 Monument by the CIA ................................................................... 94 Fig. 10.6 Jack Weeks by Roadrunners Internationale ............................................ 94 Fig. 10.7 Jack Weeks after an A-12 fl ight by Roadrunners Internationale ............ 95 Fig. 10.8 Jack Week’ A-12 by Lockheed Martin ................................................... 95 Fig. 10.9 Ken Collins by Roadrunners Internationale ........................................... 96 Fig. 10.10 USAF YF-12A team by Roadrunners Internationale ............................. 97 Fig. 10.11 Jim Eastham by Roadrunners Internationale .......................................... 98 Fig. 10.12 Sam Ursini by Roadrunners Internationale ............................................ 98 Fig. 10.13 Vern Henderson by Roadrunners Internationale ..................................... 99 Fig. 10.14 William Skiliar by Roadrunners Internationale ...................................... 99 Fig. 10.15 Jack Layton by Roadrunners Internationale ........................................... 100 Fig. 10.16 First YF-12A by USAF and Wikimedia Commons ............................... 101 Fig. 10.17 Donald Mallick by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ................... 101 Fig. 10.18 YF-12A and YF-12C by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .......... 102 Fig. 10.19 M-21 with D-21 drone by CIA Library and Wikimedia Commons ....... 104 Fig. 10.20 First SR-71 by Lockheed via Tony Landis ............................................. 105 Fig. 10.21 Robert Gilliland by Roadrunners Internationale .................................... 105 Fig. 10.22 SR-71 of Bill Weaver & Jim Zwayer

by Habu, Lockheed/Tony Landis ............................................................ 106 Fig. 10.23 Buddy Brown at Kadena AB by Roadrunners Internationale ................ 107 Fig. 10.24 Kelly Johnson and SR-71 crew by USAF and Pat Bledsoe .................... 108 Fig. 10.25 Pat Bledsoe and Reg Blackwell by Pat Bledsoe ..................................... 109 Fig. 10.26 Three NASA SR-71s by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ........... 110 Fig. 10.27 NASA SR-71 team by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .............. 112 Fig. 10.28 Rogers E. Smith by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .................. 112 Fig. 10.29 Stephen D. Ishmael by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center ............. 113

Fig. 11.1 English Electric B-57B2s by Wikimedia Commons .............................. 116 Fig. 11.2 Martin RB-57D-2 by USAF and Wikimedia Commons ........................ 117 Fig. 11.3 Restored B-57B by USAF Museum ....................................................... 117 Fig. 11.4 B-57G Viet Nam era night fi ghter by USAF .......................................... 118 Fig. 11.5 RB-57F by USAF ................................................................................... 119 Fig. 11.6 58th WRS Order of Daedalians by USAF and Joe Breen ...................... 119 Fig. 11.7 Joseph Breen from the 58th WRS by USAF and Joe Breen .................. 120 Fig. 11.8 First NASA RB-57F by NASA JSC ....................................................... 121 Fig. 11.9 Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried in the NASA RB-57F

by NASA JSC ......................................................................................... 122 Fig. 11.10 Tom Barrett in the RB-57F by Tom Barrett ............................................ 123 Fig. 11.11 Tom Barrett in A/P22S-6 pressure suit ................................................... 123 Fig. 11.12 NASA WB-57F by NASA High Altitude Research Program ................ 124

Credits 217

Fig. 11.13 Annotated view of the WB-57F by NASA/JSC ..................................... 124 Fig. 11.14 The WB-57F team at Ellington Field

by NASA High Altitude Program ........................................................... 125 Fig. 11.15 Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried in 2008

by former Manager, Ole Smistad ............................................................ 126

Fig. 12.1 English Electric PR.9 by Wikimedia Commons ..................................... 128 Fig. 12.2 Avro Vulcan by James Humpreys and Wikimedia Commons ................ 129 Fig. 12.3 Alexander V. Fedotov by Test Pilot-Russian website ............................. 130 Fig. 12.4 MiG-25 RBS by Ukrainian AF Museum and George Chernilevsky ...... 130 Fig. 12.5 M-55 by Leonid Faerberg and Wikimedia Commons ............................ 131 Fig. 12.6 M-55 by Rebrov Aleksandr and Wikimedia Commons ......................... 132 Fig. 12.7 G520 Egret by Grob Aircraft .................................................................. 132 Fig. 12.8 G850 Strato 2C by Grob Aircraft ........................................................... 133 Fig. 12.9 NF-104A by Edwards AFB Photo Gallery ............................................. 134 Fig. 12.10 SpaceShipOne and White Knight by Scaled Composites, LLC ............. 135 Fig. 12.11 SpaceShipOne in fl ight by Scaled Composites, LLC ............................. 135 Fig. 12.12 Mike Melvill by WPPilot and Wikimedia Commons ............................. 136 Fig. 12.13 Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie by Scaled Composites, LLC ................. 136 Fig. 12.14 British Concorde by Eduard Marmet

and Wikimedia Commons ...................................................................... 137 Fig. 12.15 TU-144L by NASA and Jim Ross .......................................................... 138 Fig. 12.16 Antarctic Map by bugbog.com (Antarctic Travel Site) .......................... 139 Fig. 12.17 Polar stratospheric cloud by NASA and Wikimedia Commons ............. 140 Fig. 12.18 Einar Enevoldson and Steve Fossett by the Perlan Project ..................... 141 Fig. 12.19 Perlan II team by the Perlan Project ....................................................... 141 Fig. 12.20 Perlan II sailplane by Windward Performance Ltd. ............................... 142

Fig. 13.1 Strato-Lab crew by the NGS and Tomas J. Abercrombie ....................... 145 Fig. 13.2 Cdr. Malcolm Ross & Lt. Cdr. M. Lee Lewis in Strato-Lab by USN ........ 145 Fig. 13.3 Photo of Malcolm Ross taken by Alfred H. Mikesell ............................ 146 Fig. 13.4 Maj. David Simons in the Manhigh II gondola by USAF ...................... 147 Fig. 13.5 Lt. Clifton McClure in the Manhigh III gondola by Winzen Research...... 148 Fig. 13.6 Capt. Joe Kittinger standing by the Excelsior III gondola by USAF ......... 150 Fig. 13.7 Capt. Joe Kittinger takes the highest step by the NGS and USAF ......... 151 Fig. 13.8 Yevgeni Andreyev by www.Stratocat.com ............................................. 152 Fig. 13.9 Pyotr Dolgov by Wikimedia Commons .................................................. 153 Fig. 13.10 The Volga gondola by Central Air Force Museum

of Russia (Monino) ................................................................................. 153 Fig. 13.11 Joe Kittinger and William White in the Stargazer

gondola by USAF ................................................................................... 154 Fig. 13.12 The Stargazer gondola by the National Museum of the Air Force ......... 155 Fig. 13.13 The Stratos capsule by Balazs Gardi/Red Bull Content Pool ................. 158 Fig. 13.14 Balloon Preparation by Joerg Mitter/Red Bull Content Pool ................. 159 Fig. 13.15 Air Force and ATA Aerospace launch crew by ATA Aerospace ............ 159

218 Credits

Fig. 13.16 View of the Stratos Suit by Joerg Mitter/Red Bull Content Pool ........... 160 Fig. 13.17 Mission Control by Joerg Mitter/Red Bull Content Pool ....................... 161 Fig. 13.18 Felix takes the big step by Red Bull Stratos/Red Bull Content Pool ..... 161 Fig. 13.19 Felix Baumgartner by Joerg Mitter/Red Bull Content Pool ................... 162 Fig. 13.20 The Stratos Team by Joerg Mitter/Red Bull Content Pool ..................... 162

Fig. A2.1 Dan Nattress & Deborah Haley by DOD CFD Natick ........................... 194 Fig. A2.2 Metal Tube by the DOD CFD Natick ..................................................... 194 Fig. A2.3 S/Sgt. Suzzett Stalesky by USAF and A1st Class Drew Buchanan ....... 195 Fig. A2.4 Helmet with food tube by DOD CFD Natick ......................................... 195 Fig. A3.1 Federal Lands in Nevada- Area 51 by Wikimedia Commons ................ 199 Fig. A3.2 Restricted area R-4808N by Wikimedia Commons ............................... 199 Fig. AA.1 A/P22S-6 pressure suit by NASA and

Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried ............................................................ 228 Fig. AA.2 A7LB pressure suit by NASA and

Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried ............................................................ 228

Credits 219

221M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Glossary

ADP Advanced Development Project (at Lockheed) AEC Atomic Energy Commission AFB Air Force Base AG German abbreviation for a company with shareholders A/P Apparel/Personal (pressure suit designation) AFFTC Air Force Flight Test Center (Edwards AFB) Now called

the Air Force Test Center AIM Aircraft, Intercept, Missile e.g. AIM 47A Falcon ANGEL The U-2 Ansari Anousheh Ansari was the sponsor of the X Prize Archangel The A-12 AQUATONE CIA code name for the U-2 Project BASE B uiding, A ntenna, S pan, E arth (parachuting) Berkut A modifi ed SK-1 Soviet pressure suit worn by Alexey

Leonov BLACK SHIELD Code name for A-12 fl ights from Kadena, Japan over North

Vietnam and North Korea in 1967-1968 Brass Knob U-2 fl ights over Cuba BS Bachelor of Science CAPCOM Capsule Communicator CARE Cabin Altitude Reduction Effort. An Air Force effort to

lower the effective cabin altitude in U-2s CL-282 Lockheed initial U-2 design CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research

Organization (of Australia) CDR Commander in the Navy CFD Combat Feeding Directorate (of the DOD)

Churchy Code name for an Offi ce of Naval Research project to launch unmanned balloons for atmospheric research in the late 1940s

CIA Central Intelligence Agency Coffi n Corner Shape of a group of curves-stall speed versus altitude CONSTANT PEG Code name for an Air Force Aggressor Squadron Cygnus Alternative codename for the A-12 D-21 and D-21B The drones launched from the M-21 and B-52 Detachment 3, AFFTC The USAF designation of Area 51 when, in 1979, they took

control of Area 51 from the CIA DREAMLAND Nickname for Area 51 around late 1960s Deuce/Dragon Lady Nicknames for the U-2 DOD Department of Defense D.O.D. Date of Death Dutch Code name for a CIA pilot while fl ying an A-12, YF-12 ECM Electronic Counter Measures EG&G Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier- the base prime contrac-

tor. Conducted radar cross section (RCS) experiments EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER-2 Earth Resources U-2 EVA Extra Vehicular Activity FAA Federal Aviation Administration (established the restricted

air space R-4080N around Area 51) FAI Fédération Aéronautique Internationale FNRS (1 and 2) Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifi que; the Belgian

research institute that supported Auguste Piccard’s balloon fl ights (1) and bathyscaphe (2)

FSD Full scale development (of a prototype into an operational aircraft)

G-1 Gradient Pressure Suit 1 G Grob (a German aircraft company) G gravity (acceleration as in g-loads) GmbH German for a limited liability company GPS Global Positioning System GRAND SLAM U-2 fl ights from Turkey and Pakistan over the Soviet Union;

Gary Powers fl ight was one Groom Lake The dry lake in Area 51 used as emergency runways HAVE The fi rst word of a code name for a developmental aircraft HAVE BLUE Code name for the fi rst experimental stealth aircraft (lead-

ing to the YF-117) HAVE DOUGHNUT Joint USAF and USN effort to evaluate pilots fl ying vari-

ous aircraft against the MiG-21 HAVE GLIB Area 51 tests of Soviet Tracking and missile radars IAS Indicated Air Speed JSC Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX

222 Glossary

Kármán Line Theodore von Kármán’s 100 kilometer (62 mile) altitude line to defi ne the upper boundary of the atmosphere from an aerodynamic point of view

KEDLOCK Air Force codename for the YF-12A KGB Komissariat Gossudarstuvennoy Bezopasnosti (Commission

for State Security) KINGFISH Code name for Convair’s design to compete with Lockheed’s

A-12 design KWF Killed While Flying LCDR Lieutenant Commander LCO Launch Control Offi cer LIDAR Light (Laser) Detection and Ranging LOROP Long-Range Oblique Photography LUSAC Lepere United States Army Combat (aircraft) M-17/M-55 Myasishchev design bureau aircraft Mach The ratio of the aircraft’s speed to the speed of sound Mach Tuck A term applied to a rapid pitch down; see Coffi n Corner Me Messerschmitt (German aircraft designer) MiG Mikoyan-Gurevich (Soviet aircraft design bureau) MS Master of Science MSC Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, TX (now the

Johnson Space Center) NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration NPP Russian for Research, Development & Production

Enterprise (life support systems company) NSF National Science Foundation NTS Nevada Test Site (formerly the Nevada Proving Ground) OILSTONE USAF code name for the U-2 program ONR Offi ce of Naval Research Osoaviakhim Russian for a society for assistance to the military OXCART Code name for the A-12 project Paradise Ranch Nickname for Area 51 to lure workers to the area sometimes

shortened to just “The Ranch” PRC Peoples Republic of China PSI Pounds per square inch RAF Royal Air Force RAINBOW CIA project to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of

the U-2 RQ-4 Global Hawk drone RAZOR Code name for the ROC U-2 program RCS Radar Cross Section (a stealth parameter) RB Reconnaissance Bomber

Glossary 223

REECo Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (an early base construction contractor)

RMI Reaction Motors Incorporated ROC Republic of China Roadrunners 1129th Special Activities Squadron-the original A-12s were

under this command Roadrunners Internationale The current Association of U-2, A-12, YF-12A pilots, con-

tractors and support staff RSO Reconnaissance Systems Offi cer SA/SAM Surface to air (missile) SAS Special Activities Squadron SENIOR BOWL Code name for the B-52 launched D-21 drones SENIOR CROWN Codename for the SR-71 missions out of Okinawa SENIOR TREND The full scale development of the HAVE BLUE into the

YF-117A Sheep-Dipped The process of decommissioning an Air Force pilot in order

to fl y as a civilian with the CIA SIGINT Signal Intelligence SK-1 Skafandr Kosmicheskiy (Russian for a model of a space suit

worn by Yuri Gagarin and others) Skybolt Astro inertial navigation system Skyhook Offi ce of Naval Research code name for an unmanned

research balloons in the late 1940s Skystreak Douglas D-558-1 Skyrocket Douglas D-558-2 Sqdr. Squadron SR Strategic Reconnaissance SST Super Sonic Transport Starbuster Bell X-2 STG Space Task Group (based at NASA Langley Research

Center) STS Space Shuttle System Tabasco Code name for the Chinese U-2 program TAS True Air Speed TACTIC BLUE A prototype aircraft nick named “The Whale” and “Shamu”

that researched technology related to low observability and low probability of detection

TAGBOARD Code name for the project to launch the D-21(originally designated Q-12) drone from the back of the modifi ed ver-sion of the A-12 designated the M-21

TEB Triethylborane (the pyrophoric additive to the fuel) TU Tupolev (Russian designer of their SST) U Utility; as in U-2 to disguise the true application USAF United States Air Force USN United States Navy

224 Glossary

USS United States Ship Voskhod A series of Soviet spacecraft VVA-1 Russian balloon of 1938. All four crew killed.(Not sure of

the Russian translation) WB Weather Bomber Watertown The CIA renamed the Area 51 base Watertown after CIA

Director Allen Dulles’ birthplace in Watertown, NY Whale Tail Code name for the modifi cation to aircraft carriers and the

U-2 to operate off the carriers at sea WILD Western Industrial Liaison Detachment (CIA Security for

Area 51 projects) WRS Weather Reconnaissance Squadron X Experimental Zvedza Russian for “star” (also the name of the company NPP

Zvedza)

Glossary 225

227M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried II had the very good fortune to be a Sensor Equipment Operator and Mission Manager on the high altitude RB-57F that was loaned to NASA by the USAF 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. This was in support of the Earth Observations Aircraft Program which continues to this day out of Ellington Field near Houston, TX. This allowed him to experience the challenges of stratospheric fl ight. In other duties at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (now the Johnson Space Center) he was an Apollo Pressure Suit Test Subject. This afforded him the opportunity to test pres-sure suits in a vacuum chamber to over 400,000 feet and experienced high g-loads in the centrifuge and zero-g in the “Vomit Comet.” He was also a Flight Controller in Mission Control for many Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions. These experiences, coupled with his interest in the history of fl ying, prompted him to write this book for his family, friends, and fellow aviators.

He was also a coauthor of From the Trench of Mission Control to the Craters of the Moon (ISBN 978-1-105-53844-5, published in 2012). It was written by the NASA Flight Controllers who sat in the front row of Mission Control, which was known as the “Trench.” He also authored Nuclear Terrorism – A Primer (ISBN 978-0-615-68675-2, published in 2012) based on his experiences with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s efforts to guard uranium and plutonium facilities.

About the author

Figs. AA.1 and AA.2 The author in an A/P22S-6 full pressure suit as used in the RB-57F aircraft (left), and an A7LB full pressure suit as used by later Apollo missions (right). Photos courtesy of NASA and Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried.

228 About the author

229

A 1st Reconnaissance Squadron , 83 58th WRS , 118–121, 176, 217 A-12 , 3, 17, 25, 87–105, 111, 165, 168, 169, 179,

184, 185, 187, 188, 190–192, 200–202, 204, 205, 207, 211, 213, 217, 221–224

A7LB , 25, 219 A/P (as in A/P22S-2,-4,-6) , 24, 25, 119, 120,

123, 217, 219 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) ATA , 157–159, 187, 217 Abercrombie, Tomas J. , 145, 218 Abel, Rudolf , 75 Abt, Milburn “Mel,” 183, 216 AFFTC. See Air Force Flight Test Center

(AFFTC) Aikins, Luke , 157 Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC) ,

90, 191, 201, 204, 221, 222 Aleksandr, Rebrov , 132, 218 Alexander the Great , 21 Amundson, Maynard , 90, 205 Anderson, Orvil Arson , 2, 48, 49, 53, 144,

166, 178, 215 Anderson, Rudolf , 78, 79, 184, 216 Andes Mountains , 5 Andreyev, Yevgeni , 152, 155, 181, 218 Ansari X Prize , 3, 136 Anschutz, Ottomar , 38 Antarctic , 39, 85, 131, 139, 218 Antarctic Map , 139, 218 Antoinette, Marie , 2, 29, 209 Applied Technology Association , 158 Archipenko, Vladimir , 131

Arctic , 17, 18, 85, 139 Armstrong, Harry George , 6 Armstrong Limit , 5, 6, 11, 175, 179, 209 Armstrong, Neil , 65–67, 138, 207, 216 Arrowhead Rubber Company , 24 ASRC Aerospace , 158 ATA Aerospace , 157–159, 187, 218 Assmann, Richard , 38, 39, 176, 215 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) , 200, 221 Avro Vulcan , 127–129, 216

B B-52 , 3, 65, 103, 133, 168, 222, 224 B-57A , 117 B-57B , 116, 117, 217 B-57C , 117 B-57D , 116 B-57E , 117 B-57G , 117, 118, 217 B-58 , 118, 168 Barnett, Lorenzo C. , 103 Barr, Norman Lee , 145 Barrett, Tom , 119, 123, 217 Bartlett, Robert O. , 118, 176, 184 Batalia, Michael , 141 BASE jump , 156 Baumgartner, Felix , 3, 21, 150, 152, 156, 162,

181, 182, 188, 210, 213, 219 Beale AFB , 83, 84, 108, 168, 171, 189, 193, 216 Beaupre, Francis , 149 Bell Aircraft Company , 55 Berger Brothers , 24 Berson, Arthur , 38, 39, 53, 165, 176, 215

Index

M. von Ehrenfried, Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02901-6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

B.F. Goodrich. See Goodrich, B.F. Binnie, Brian , 3, 136, 180, 218 Birket, Bob , 81 Bissell, Richard , 87, 90 Birnbaum, Ernst , 45, 178 Black Cat Squadron , 79, 81, 116, 184, 188, 216 Blackwell, Reginald , 109, 217 Blanchard, Sophie , 34, 163, 183, 208 Bledsoe, Pat , 108, 109, 217 Boyle’s Law , 10 Branson, Richard , 163 Breen, Joe , 16, 119, 120, 171, 217 Bridgeman, William “Bill,” 62, 179, 216 Brown, Buddy L. , 78, 106, 107, 217 Brown, Charlie , 119 Buchanan, Andrew , 84, 195, 216, 217 Bull, George, 78 Buran-Energia, 153, 187 Burj, Kalifa, 156

C C-130 , 103 Campbell, William J. , 103 Canberra , 3, 115, 116, 127–128, 179 Caproni Ca. 161, 23, 51, 52 Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) , 156, 221 Carl, Marion , 62, 63, 73, 74, 179, 216 Carswell AFB , 120 Caudron G.4 , 2, 22, 40 CFD. See Combat Feeding Directorate (CFD) Chapin, Al , 72, 184 Chen, Huai-Sheng , 81, 82, 184, 216 Cosyns, Max , 2, 22, 43, 44, 178, 209, 215 Celebi, Lagari Hasan , 27, 215 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) , 17, 71–72, 75, 79,

87–91, 93, 94, 96, 100, 104, 167–170, 185, 190, 198, 200–205, 210, 213, 217, 221–225

Champion, Carleton Cole , 177 Chang, Hsieh “Billy,” 81, 184 Chang, Li-Yi “Jack,” 80, 184, 209 CARE , 83, 221 Charles’s Law , 12 Chernilevsky, George , 130, 218 Chertovsky, Yevgeny , 22, 211 Chien, Simon , 81 Chih, Yao-Hua , 81, 184 Childers, Sean , 142 Chiu, Mike , 81 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Clark, Jonathan Dr. , 156 Coca, Edmund , 157 Cochran, Jacqueline , 133, 208

Cole, Duane , 141 Cole, Greg , 140, 141 Collins, Ken , 93, 96, 171, 204, 213, 217 Coffi n Corner , 14, 16, 171, 222, 223 Combat Feeding Directorate (CFD) , 193–195,

219, 221 Concorde , 6, 19, 137, 175, 192, 218 Convair , 87, 88, 120, 223 Cortez , 79, 80 Crossfi eld, Scott , 18, 24, 62, 63, 65, 67, 70, 136,

185, 216 Crull, Tom , 72 Curtis, Billy A. , 100, 103 Cygnus , 204, 222

D D-21 , 17, 103, 201, 205, 211, 217, 222, 224 Daedalus , 27, 146, 174, 215 Daedalians, Order of , 119, 188, 217 Dalton’s Law , 10 Dana, William H. , 103 Danielson, Bob , 120, 121 David Clark Company , 24, 158, 182, 187, 203 Davis, Robert Henry , 21, 22 Day, Don , 73, 157 D’Allandes, Marquis , 2, 30, 31, 174, 208 de Bort, Leon Teisserenc , 38, 40, 176, 215 de Rozier, Pilatre , 2, 29–32, 34, 163, 165, 174,

176, 183 de Vinci, Leonardo , 29, 215 Death Zone , 5, 175 Detre, Georges , 23, 177 Dieck, Dwayne , 119 Dittmar, Heini , 53 D.O.D. , 222 DOD , 84, 88, 91, 92, 97, 193–195, 216, 217,

221, 222 DOD CFD , 193, 194, 219 Donati, Renato , 177 Doyle, Heather , 84 Dolgov, Pyotr , 152, 153, 181, 183, 218 Dragon Lady , 72–73, 188, 204, 222 Dulles, Allen , 71, 87, 88, 192, 225 Dunaway, Glen , 73, 74

E Eisenhower, Dwight , 71 Eastham, Jim , 98, 200, 217 English Electric , 3, 116, 127–128, 217 Edwards AFB , 110, 133, 167, 170, 189,

200, 201, 204, 218, 221

230 Index

Ejection , 9, 12–14, 17–19, 21, 24, 72, 76, 81, 93, 103, 106, 125, 149, 152, 158, 169, 173, 176, 181, 184

Eilmer of Malmesbury , 27 El Calafate , 139, 142, 182 Elliot, Larry , 109 Elst, Neree van der , 43, 178 Emerling, Edwin G. , 78 Enevoldson, Einar K. , 3, 103, 132, 133, 138,

140–142, 179, 182, 218 English Electric Company , 115, 116, 127 ER-2 , 25, 84–85, 135, 158, 180, 216, 222 ERTS , 120 Erickson, Bob , 73 Everest, Frank “Pete,” 57–59, 179, 216 Evenson, Mervin L. , 103 Excelsior , 24, 143, 149–152, 158, 181, 218 Exosphere , 7–8 Explorer I , 48 Explorer II , 2, 48–50, 53, 144, 178, 216

F F-104 , 3, 59–61, 66, 71, 72, 133–135, 179, 184,

207, 213 FAI , 8, 25, 28, 39, 46, 48, 66, 129, 131, 133, 147,

155, 160, 161, 178, 180, 185, 189, 208, 210, 222

Fedoseenko, Pavel , 46, 166, 178, 183 Fedotov, Alexander V. , 3, 129, 130, 179, 218 Firmas, Abbas Ibn , 27 Fisher, Vilyam , 75 Fleurant, Monsieur , 32 Fordney, Chester , 48, 166, 178, 215 Fossett, Steve , 3, 132, 140, 141, 163, 182,

185, 218 Foxbat , 128, 130 Fox, Len , 141 Frazier, William J. , 103 Fuller, John , 108 Fulton, Fitzhugh L. , 103

G g’s , 12, 13, 24 G-Load , 9, 12–14, 22, 149 Gardi, Balazs , 158, 218 Gerber, Tracy , 157 General Dynamics , 118, 120 Giffard, Henri Jacques , 34, 35 Gilliland, Robert J. , 104, 217 Glenn, John , 113, 133, 152, 167, 213 Godunov, Konstantin , 45, 178

Goodrich, B.F. , 17, 22, 24, 144, 211 Goudey, Ray , 170 GPS , 125, 160, 222 Grace, Frank G. , 72, 183 Gray, Hawthorne C. , 178, 183 Greenamyer, Darryl , 104, 133 Greenwell, Edric , 141 Grob Aircraft AG , 131, 138 Grob Strato 2C , 23, 133, 138, 179,

216, 218 Grob 520 Egrett , 131, 132 Grumman, F11F-1F , 3 Guidi, Guido , 2, 22, 40, 41, 215

H Habu , 105, 106, 188, 205, 217 Haines, Dave , 119 Haldane, John Scott , 21, 22 Haughland, Paul , 72, 184 Haley, Deborah , 193, 194, 219 Heidelbaugh, Gary I. , 103 Helt, Bob , 109 Henderson, Vern , 99, 204, 217 Henry, James Paget , 23 Henry’s Law , 11 Herman, Roger H. , 78, 152 Hewett, Marle Dr. , 157 Heyser, Richard , 77, 78, 216 Hirth, Wolf , 138 Hoewing, Ralph , 169 Holbury, Robert J. , 90 Holloman AFB , 144, 147, 149, 154 Horton, Victor W. , 103 Hua, Hsichuan “Mike,” 79, 80, 216 Huai-Sheng, Chen , 81, 82, 184, 216 Huang, Chi-Hsien “Denny,” 81, 184 Huang, Jung-Bei “Tom,” 81, 184 Hull, Ed , 120, 121 Humpreys, James , 218 Hycon , 89, 203

I IAS. See Indicated airspeed (IAS) Icarus , 27, 174, 215 Indicated airspeed (IAS) , 15, 16,

76, 222 Inertia coupling , 14, 18, 59, 173 International Latex Corporation , 24, 25 Intrepid , 191 Irwin, Walter W. , 133 Ishmael, Stephen D. , 113, 217

Index 231

J Jacobs, Shane Dr., 158 J-60, 16, 118, 119 Jewett, Calvin F., 103 JF-104 , 133 Joersz, Al , 108, 109 Johnson, Clarence Kelly , 71, 88–90, 95, 97,

104, 108, 110, 169, 200, 207, 213, 217 Johnson, Howard C. , 179 Jones, Brian , 43 Jordan, Joe B. , 3, 133, 179 Junkers , 2, 177, 211

Ju-87 , 2

K Kadena AB , 94, 106, 107, 217 Kármán Line , 8, 223 Kelly, John , 90 Kennedy, John , 71 Kepner, William , 48, 49, 166 Kern, Charles W. , 78 Killed while fl ying (KWF) , 182–185, 223 Kincheloe, Iven , 58, 60, 61, 72, 179, 184,

213, 216 Kipfer, Paul , 22, 43, 44, 178, 215 Kirtland AFB , 121, 158 Kittinger, Joe , 3, 24, 149–152, 154–156, 158, 207,

209, 218 Kodak , 89, 203 Kokkinaki, Vladimir , 177 Kosmicheskiy, Skafandr , 142, 224 Kraft, Christopher Columbus , 56 Krier, Gary E. , 103 KS-67A camera , 133 KWF. See Killed while fl ying (KWF)

L La Charliere , 31, 215 La Mountain, John , 2 Lackey, Lester L. , 118, 184 Land, Edwin Dr. , 71, 87 Landis, Tony , 105, 106, 217 Laughlin AFB , 72, 78, 79, 200 Layton, Jack , 90, 93, 99, 100, 204, 217 Layton, Ronald J. , 103 Lee, Nan-Ping “Terry,” 81, 184 Ledford, Brig. Gen. , 90, 213 Lee, Chris , 81 LeMay, Curtis , 77, 103 Lemoine, Gustave , 177 Leonard, Charles “Chuck,” 119 Leonov, Alexey , 212, 221

Liang, Te-Pei “Sonny,” 81, 184 Lilienthal, Otto , 35, 36, 38, 165, 174, 183, 192,

212, 215 Lindstrand, Per , 3, 163 L’Intrepide , 27, 32, 33, 215 Lockheed Aircraft , 202 Lop Nur , 79 LOROP , 80, 223 Louis XVI, King , 2, 29, 209 Lovelace Clinic , 168, 170 Lowcock, Ford , 72, 183 Lowe, Thaddeus , 2, 35, 37, 165, 174, 211, 215 Lowe, Pancho , 36

M Mark III , 24 Mark IV , 24, 144 M-17 , 129–131, 179, 223 M-21 , 17, 87, 101, 103, 104, 111, 179, 184, 187,

191, 200, 205, 207, 211, 217, 222, 224 M-55 , 129–132, 179, 218, 223 Mach Tuck , 15–16, 72, 118, 173, 176, 184, 223 Malik, Sultan , 118 Mallick, Donald L. , 101, 103, 217 Martin Aircraft Company , 116 Manhigh I , 144, 207 Manhigh II , 146, 147, 150, 212, 218 Manhigh , III, 147, 207, 218 Manke, John A. , 103 Marmet, Eduard , 137, 218 Matey, Robert , 170 Martin Aircraft Co. , 116 Martin-Baker , 17 MC-2 , 24 MC-3A , 24 McCoy AFB , 78 McCravy, James , 16, 118, 184 McGee, Ed , 121 McLlmoyle, Gerald E. , 78 McMurtry, Thomas C. , 103 McNamara, Robert , 100 Meer, Rashid , 118 Mercury Control Center , 56, 207 Medical , 11–14, 24, 41, 157, 162, 168, 171,

172, 189 Messerschmitt , 53, 223

Me-109 , 2 Me-163 , 3, 23, 53 Me-262 , 23, 167

Melvill, Mike , 3, 136, 180, 218 Mesopause , 7 Mesosphere , 3, 7, 8 Meyer, Hans-Ludwig , 138, 179

232 Index

Michie, Preston , 141 MiG

MiG-21 , 179, 201, 205, 222 MiG-23 , 201, 205 MiG-25 , 25, 128–130 MiG-25RB , 129 MiG-25RBS , 130

Millau Viaduct , 156 Mitter, Joerg , 159–162, 218 MIT , 154 MK-4 , 24 Montgolfi er, Jacques-Etienne , 29, 30, 174, 218 Montgolfi er, Joseph-Michel , 30, 32, 215 Moore, Harold Jr. , 16, 118, 184 Morgan, George , 108 Mt. Kebnekaise , 140 Muroc Army Field , 56, 207 Murray, Arthur “Kit,” 57, 58, 179, 216 Murray, Francis J. , 90 Murray Frank , 93, 94, 168, 201, 204 Myer, Bob , 112 Myer, Marta-Bohn , 112 Myashishchev Design Bureau , 129 Mystic , 129, 131

N NACA. See National Advisory Council

on Aeronautics (NACA) NASA

Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) , 18, 63, 64, 66–69, 101, 102, 110, 207, 216–217

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) , 121 Johnson Space Center (JSC) , 121, 124,

125, 217 Langley Research Center (LRC) , 18, 102,

214, 224 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) , 122, 166

National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) , 55–57, 59, 62, 63, 65, 200, 207, 216, 223

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) , 125, 223

National Science Foundation (NSF) , 125, 223 Nattress, Dan , 193, 194, 219 Negrone, Carina Contessa , 177 Neuenhofen, Willi , 177, 183, 211 NF-104A , 25, 133, 134, 218 NGS , 215, 216, 218 Nimbus 4 , 122 NOAA , 121, 122, 125, 223 Nole, Jack , 72 NPP Zvezda , 152, 212 NSF. See National Science Foundation (NSF)

O Offi ce of Naval Research (ONR) , 143, 222,

223, 224 Oilstone , 72, 223 O’Malley, Jerome F. , 106 Omarama, NZ , 140 ONR. See Offi ce of Naval Research (ONR) Otway, Leo R. , 118, 176, 184 Osoaviakhim , 46–48, 166, 223 OXCART , 89, 96, 168, 204, 205, 223

P Park, William C. , 103 Pakistani Air Force , 118 Parangosky, John , 90 Payne, Edward D. , 106 Payne, Jim , 141, 142, 182 Polar stratospheric cloud , 139, 140, 215 Polar vortex , 139 P-3A , 120 PR.7 , 127 PR.9 , 127, 128, 218 Perkins, Cy , 90 Petersen, Forrest , 66, 69, 216 Pezzi, Enrico , 52, 216 Perlan Project , 132, 138–142, 182, 187, 188, 218 Perlan II , 132, 139–142, 188, 218 Perronod, Doug , 141 Petronas Towers , 156 Pezzi, Mario , 23, 51–53, 177–179, 216 Philips, Frank , 22 Piantanida, Nicholas , 155, 181, 183 Piccard, Auguste , 2, 22, 43, 44, 178, 209, 215, 222 Piccard, Bertrand , 43 Piccard, Don , 43, 45 Piccard, Jacques , 45 Piccard, Jean , 44, 45, 209, 215 Piccard, Jeannette , 166, 208 Pirelli, 156 Post, Wiley , 22, 49–51, 166, 183, 215 Powers, Francis Gary , 72, 73, 75, 76, 185, 209,

216, 222 Prather, Victor , 3, 144, 180, 183 Pratt & Whitney , 88, 96, 118, 202, 210 Pressure Suit History , 21–25 Prinrose, Robert L. , 78 PRC. 79, 223 Prokofi ev, Georgy , 45–47, 178 Purcell, Edward Dr. , 88, 89

Q Qualls, James A. , 78

Index 233

R RAF. See Royal Air Force (RAF) RQ-4 Global Hawk , 83, 223 Ray, Walter L. , 90, 91, 93, 184, 217 RAZOR , 79, 223 RB-57D , 116, 183, 184 RB-57F , 15–17, 25, 115, 118–123, 126, 171,

172, 176, 184, 217 RF-104G , 133 Reaction Motors Inc. (RMI) , 65, 224 Red Bull Content Pool , 158–162, 218 Red Bull Stratos balloon , 150, 187 Red Bull Stratos capsule , 157, 188 Red Bull Stratos gondola , 157 Renger, Wolfgang Dr. , 138 Republic of China (ROC) , 79, 81, 82, 116, 184,

185, 188, 209, 216, 223 Reveillon, Jean-Baptise , 29, 30 Ridge, Mark , 22 Roadrunners Internationale Association , 73, 74,

80, 92, 105, 203 Robert, Jacques Charles , 31, 32, 174 Robert, Nicolas-Louis , 31, 32, 174 ROC. See Republic of China (ROC) Rogers, Joseph W. , 103 Rodgers, Will , 22 Rolls Royce , 56, 127 Rose, David , 133 Ross, Jim , 138, 218 Ross, Malcolm , 3, 143–146, 180, 183, 218 Royal Air Force (RAF) , 23, 72, 106, 116, 129,

166, 169, 177, 183, 209, 212, 223

S SA , 73, 79–82, 118, 184, 224 SAM , 224 S-1 , 23 S1034 , 25, 83, 140, 158, 159, 182 SK-1 , 152, 212, 221, 224 Safronove, Sergei , 75 Sage Cheshire Aerospace Inc. , 156 Sandercock, Morgan , 141, 142, 182 Scaled Composites , LLC, 135, 218 Schalk, Louis , 90, 92, 168, 200, 202, 217 Schjeldahl, J.T. , 154 Schmarr, Daniel W. , 78 Schumacher, Robert , 170 Schwab, John , 83, 216 Scott, Hanson , 119 Scott, Russell , 90 Settle, Thomas , 48, 166, 178, 215 Shepard, Alan , 144, 152 Shinn, John , 73

Shock waves , 9, 14, 15, 17–19, 76, 96, 106, 173, 215

Short Brothers , 128 Sieker, Robert , 72, 183 Signal intelligence (SIGINT) , 79, 224 Simons, David , 146, 147, 150, 180, 212, 218 Singhania, Vijaypat , 3, 163, 181 Skiliar, William L. , 99, 185, 217 Skybolt , 224 Skyhook , 144, 224 Skyrocket , 62–63, 224 Skystreak , 62–63, 224 Slater, Hugh C. , 90, 103, 205, 213 Smistad, Ole , 126, 216 Smith, Robert W. , 133 Smith, Rogers , 111, 218 Sommerfeld, Arnold , 111 SPARC , 131 SpaceShipOne , 3, 135–136, 180, 218 SP-2 Komsomol (VR60) , 47 Stargazer , 24, 143, 154–155, 181, 218 Stevens, Albert Williams , 2, 48, 49, 53, 144,

166, 178, 215 SR-71 , 3, 12, 16, 18, 19, 25, 83, 87, 89, 98,

101–113, 158, 168, 170, 179, 187, 189–192, 205, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 215, 217, 224

Stalesky, Suzzett , 195, 219 Stapp, John Paul , 13, 146, 149, 180, 212 Stewart, Leo , 81 Stockman, Hervey , 73, 74, 209, 216 Strato-Lab I , 144 Strato-Lab II , 144 Strato-Lab III , 144 Stratos Suit , 160, 187, 219 Stratos team , 160, 210, 219 Stratopause , 7 Sullivan, Dennis , 90, 93 Sullivan, James V. , 103 Suring, Reinhard Dr. , 38, 40, 176, 215 Swain, Francis Ronald , 177 Systems , 13, 17, 23, 47, 85, 89, 93, 100, 104,

106, 107, 111, 120, 125, 140, 142, 143, 156, 157, 160, 167, 169, 170, 187, 198, 199, 202, 203, 223, 224

T TAGBOARD , 17, 224 Tanner, Robert , 142 TAS. See True Air Speed (TAS) Taoyuan AB , 79 TF-33 , 118, 119 TF-104G , 133

234 Index

Tago-Sato-Kosaka comet , 121 Temperature , 5–7, 9–15, 17, 19, 22, 38, 65, 94,

104, 122, 147, 149, 157, 163, 173, 175, 176, 210

Tenet, George J. , 213 Tereshkova, Valentina , 45 Thermosphere , 3, 7–8 Thible, Elizabeth , 32, 165, 208 Thomas, Carla , 85, 215 Thompson, Art , 156, 157 Time of useful consciousness , 14, 22, 137 Tito, Dennis , 140–141, 182 Todd, Mike , 157 Travis, Captain , 83, 84, 216 Tropopause , 6, 38, 146, 165, 175, 176, 182 Troposphere , 2, 6, 8, 16, 38, 165, 175 True Air Speed (TAS) , 15, 224 Tsai, Mory , 81

U U-2 , 15–17, 25, 71–85, 87–90, 106, 115, 116, 130,

135, 158, 165, 168, 170–171, 176, 179, 180, 183–185, 187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 204, 207, 209, 213, 216, 221–225

U-2C , 72, 79, 84, 180, 189–192 U-2R , 25, 80, 81 TU-2S , 83

Ufi mtsev, Pyotr , 111 Uppstrom, R. , 103 Ursini, Sam , 97, 98, 217 USAF , 6, 17, 56–61, 71, 77, 78, 83, 84, 87, 101,

103, 108, 115–121, 123, 147, 150, 151, 154, 165, 170, 180, 182, 189, 195, 203–205, 216–218, 222–224

USS America , 82, 216 USS Ranger , 81 USSR-1 , 45–47 USSR-1bis , 47 USSR-2 , 47 USSR-3 , 47–48, 211 Usyskin, Ilya , 46, 166, 178, 183 Utley, Brian , 160, 210 Uwins, Cyril F. , 177

V Valkyrie , 25, 66, 103 Vasenko, Andrey , 46, 166, 178, 183 Vasenkov, Viktor , 131, 179 Verigo, Alexander , 47, 178 Vida, Joseph T. , 109 Virgin Pacifi c Flyer , 163 Vojvodich, Mele , 90, 93, 168

Volga , 48, 152–153, 181, 187, 218 von Braun, Wernher , 64, 198 von Ehrenfried, Manfred “Dutch,” 217, 218, 219,

227, 228 von Zeppelin, Ferdinand , 2, 36, 211

W WB-57F , 16, 17, 25, 120–126, 135, 158, 165,

171–172, 176, 180, 190, 217 Walsh, Don , 45 Walshe, Andy Dr. , 157 Walker, Christopher , 72, 183 Walker, Joe , 3, 66, 68, 70, 184, 216 Walter, Lon , 90 Wang, Cheng-Wen “Pete,” 81, 184 Wang, Tom , 81 Warburton, Ernst , 169 Warnock, Ed , 141 Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons (WRS) ,

118, 225 Weaver, Bill , 25, 105, 106, 217 Weeks, Jack , 90, 93–95, 184, 217 Wegner, Peter , 83 Wei, Joe , 81 White Knight , 135, 218 Widdifi eld, Noel , 109 Wikimedia , 8, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37–39, 44,

52, 60, 61, 82, 101, 104, 116, 117, 128–133, 136, 137, 153, 155, 199, 215–218

Williams, Walter , 55, 207 Windward Performance Ltd. , 140, 142, 188, 218 Winnie Mae , 49, 51 Winzen, Otto , 146 Winzen Research Inc. , 146 White, Robert , 66, 68, 179 White, William C. , 154, 181, 217 Wolf, Don , 119 Wright, Wilbur , 36, 212 Wright Apache , 43, 177 Wright-Paterson AFB , 102, 144, 149, 155, 170 WRS. See Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons Wu, Tsai-Shi “Charlie,” 81, 184

X X-1 , 55–58, 65, 167, 179, 207 X-1A , 18, 56–58, 179 X-2 , 18, 58–61, 65, 179, 183, 216, 224 X-3 , 59 X-15 , 3, 19, 24, 25, 56, 59, 64–70, 138, 179, 180,

184, 208, 216 XB-70 , 25, 66, 184

Index 235

Y Yates, Robert , 118, 184 Yeager, Charles “Chuck,” 18, 36, 56, 57, 167, 170,

177–179, 207, 209, 216 Ye-266M , 129 YF-104A , 133 Yeh, Chang-Di “Robin,” 80, 184, 209 YF-12A , 18, 25, 87, 89, 97–104, 110–112, 179,

185, 191, 192, 200, 204, 205, 217, 223, 224 Yielding, Raymond E. , 109

Yost, Ed , 43 Young, David P. , 90 Young, Mike , 30, 215 Young, William R. , 103 Yu, Ching-Chang “Mickey,” 81, 184

Z Zille, Christian , 47, 178 Zwayer, Jim , 25, 105, 106, 184, 217

236 Index