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APES Test Review. Climate, atmosphere, air pollution . Composition. Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Water Vapor 0-4% Carbon DioxideTRANSCRIPT
APES Test Review
Climate, atmosphere, air pollution
Composition
• Nitrogen 78%• Oxygen 21%• Water Vapor 0-4%• Carbon Dioxide <<1%• Methane <<<1%• Nitrous Oxide <<<1%• Ozone <<<1%
Structure
Weather and Climate• Weather= caused by the mvt or transfer of heat– Influences temp, air pres, humidity, precip, avail sunshine, wind
velocity• Radiation: how earth gets solar energy– Flow of electromagnetic radiation
• Conduction:– Energy transferred by collisions between energy carrying
molecules• Convection:– Energy transfer from hotter to colder– Determinant of weather patterns
What Influences Climate?• Air mass
– Equatorial, tropical, polar, artic, etc..• Air pressure
– Low pressure: cloudy stormy weather– High pressure: clear skys, cool, dense air, fair
weather• Albedo
– Reflection of solar radiation – Snow has high albedo– Dark soil has low albedo
• Altitude: every 1,000 ft rise in elevation there is a 3°F drop in temp
• Angle of sunlight– Areas closest to equator=most sun and high
temps• Clouds
– Not going into types here.. You can on your own
• Distance to ocean• Fronts• Heat• Land changes• Latitude• Location• Humidity• Mountian ranges• Pollution• Rotaion• Wind patterns• Human activity
ENSO
El Nino• Stands for El Nino Southern
Oscillations • Occur late December
– Along west coast of pacific• Air pressure drops on W
coast of S amer and high pressure areas deveolp
• Normal trade winds reduced - Causing warmer than normal weather in S Amer
La Nina• Cold temps in the E
equatorial Pacific • Opp of El Nino• Wetter than normal
conditions in pac NW• Increase in hurricanes • Heavier monsoons in
india/asia
Air Pollution
• Can be from natural sources= volcanoes• Unnatural= cars• Stationary sources= smoke stacks• Examples) particulate matter (soot), sulfur
dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, carbon monoxide• Secondary pollutants= from primary pollutants
reacting w/ atmosphere to form a new pollutant- Sulfur trioxide
Major Air Pollutants
• Nitrogen Oxide- from burning fuels at high temps, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil– Forms nitric acid, contributes to acid rain
• Ozone= O3= major component of photchemical smog, formed by sunlight reacting w/ NOx and VOCs in the air
• Sulfur Dioxide- from oil and coal burning, smelting metals… combines w/ water vapor to produce acid rain, reduces plant productivity
• Also know VOCs and particulate matter
Indoor Air Pollution
• Strategies to improve indoor air pollution– Tax incentives or fines and penalties– Legislative standards for energy effic– More funding for research for renewable energy– Trade polices– Solar cookstoves in dev countries– Phase out gas engines– Building codes– Incentives for mass transit
Different indoor air pollutants
Know the different types
• Study the poems• Radon• Asbestos• Lead• smoke
Indoor air pollution Sick building syndrome
• Many people experiencing same illness
• Tied to same location
Health • Children, elderly, people
with respiratory issues
Kyoto Protocol
• 1997• Reduce green house emissions by 7%
compared to 1990 levels • Face penalties if not met• Agreement between 150 nations
Laws
• Air pollution control act 1955- – 1st legilslastion– Initiated research, really just made people aware
of problem• Clean Air Act- 1963– Reducing air pollution by setting emissions
standards for power plants, steel mills
Laws
Montreal Protocol- 1989– Agreement among nations to phase out chemicals
that damage ozone layer- CFCs
OZONE
• UV Radiation – UVA: 320-400 nm wvlght, blue light, a lot hits
earth– UVB: 290-320 nm causes sun burns and skin
cancer– UVC: 10-290nm only in stratophere responsible for
formation of ozone
Ozone depletion
• CFCs – Air conditioner leaks– Aerosol propellants– Electrical part cleaning solvents
Effects of Depletion
• Increase – skin cancer– Sunburns, skin damage– Cataract of eye
• Reduced crop prod• Reduction in food web production• Increase in mutations• Climate change• Cooling of stratophere
Reduce OZONE
• Alternatives to CFCs= HCFCs not perfect• Alternatives to halons- areosol in fire
extinguishers• Using alternatives as coolants
Global warming• Know the green house effect• Methods to reduce it – Carbon sequestration • Green house gases
– CO2– CCl4– CFC– Halons– HCFCs– HFCs– CH4– Nitrous oxide– Sulfur hexafluoride
Effects of global warming
• Acidification- decrease in pH in oceans, effects coral reefs
• Change in weather patterns, increase in extreme weather events
• Rise in ocean level- displace people, property loss• Forest fires• Health effects• Increase in disease• Melt of permfrost and release of methane