apes-area2b-energy flow

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Area IIB: The Living World

Energy Flow



Ecosystem Components

Ecosystems are composed of two

main components abiotic factors include all of the non-living

components

biotic factors include all of the biologicalcomponents of the ecosystem autotrophs (or producers) require only

inorganic nutrients and an external energy

source to produce food organic nutrients photoautotrophs use light for energy chemoautotrophs use chemicals for energy 6CO

2+ 6H

2O C

6H

12O

6+ 6O

2




biotic factors, continued

heterotrophs (or consumers) require asource of organic nutrients C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O herbivores are animals that eat plants carnivores feed on other animals omnivores eat plants or animals detritivores convert waste into food

decomposers (mostly bacteria and

fungi) recycle organic matter by breakingdown dead organic material

detritus feeders primarily eat detritus(decomposing organic matter) (termites,many beetles, etc.)



MushroomWoodreduced

to powder

Long-hornedbeetle holes

Bark beetleengraving

Carpenterant

galleries

Termite andcarpenter

antwork

Dry rot fungus

Detritus feeders Decomposers

Time progression

Powder broken down by decomposers

into plant nutrients in soil

Fig. 4-16 The work of detritivores




Energy flows through the populations

of an ecosystem, while chemicalscycle within and between ecosystems life is sustained by the sun, chemical

cycles, and gravity matter is cycled through the biosphere to be

reused gravity holds the atmosphere and causes

downward movement of matter




sustenance of life, continued

sunlight: there is one-way flow of high-quality energy

from the sun which eventually becomes low-quality energy and dissipated into space as

heat lights and warms the planet drives winds, ocean currents, and

precipitation powers cycling of matter the amount of energy reaching the Earth

through sunlight equals the amount ofenergy radiated by the Earth energy in = energy out



Carboncycle

Phosphoruscycle

Nitrogencycle

Watercycle

Oxygencycle

Heat in the environment

Heat Heat Heat

Fig. 4-8 Sustenence of life on Earth





sunlight, continued 34% of energy from the sun is reflected by

the atmosphere 66% makes it into atmosphere of the energy that gets through:

80% warms the troposphere andevaporates and cycles water

1% generates winds 0.1% is used by plants, algae, and

bacteria for photosynthesis



Solarradiation

Energy in = Energy out

Reflected byatmosphere (34%)

UV radiation

Absorbedby ozone

Absorbedby the earth

Visiblelight

Lower stratosphere(ozone layer)

Troposphere

Heat

Greenhouseeffect

Radiated by

atmosphereas heat (66%)

Earth

Heat radiatedby the earth

Fig. 4-9 Flow of energy to, from Earth





sunlight, continued the greenhouse effect helps Earth retain

heat infrared light is absorbed and re-radiated

by greenhouse gases (water vapor,carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,and ozone)

this causes the air to warm



Nature of an ecosystem



Fig. 4-15 Feeding relationships

Soil and

waternutrients

Producers(plants and

phytoplankton)

ConsumersFeeding on

Living Organisms

PrimaryConsumers

Feeding onProducers(rabbits, zooplankton)

Secondary & HigherConsumers Feeding on

Other Consumers(foxes, turtles, hawks)

Break downorganic matterfor recycling

Decomposers

(bacteria, fungi)

ConsumersFeeding on

Dead Organismsor the Organic Wastes of

Living Organisms

Detritus Feeders(crabs, termites)

Scavengers(vultures, hyenas)



Heat

Heat Heat

Heat

Heat

Abiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,

oxygen, nitrogen,minerals)

Producers(plants)

Decomposers(bacteria, fungus)

Consumers(herbivores,carnivores)

Solarenergy

Fig. 4-17 Energy, chemicals, organisms



Matter cycling in ecosystems



Energy and Nutrient Flow



Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Food chains and food webs show

how energy moves in an ecosystem food chain: pathway (through a sequence

of organisms) along which food and energy

are transferred from level to level arrows show direction of energy transfer

food web: complex network ofinterconnected food chains

trophic level: feeding level of an organismin a food chain




trophic levels, continued

first, some basic ecosystem processes: 1. production: rate of incorporation of

energy and materials into the bodies oforganisms

2. consumption: metabolic use of organicmaterials

3. decomposition: breakdown of organicmaterials into inorganic ones usable by

autotrophs carried out by prokaryotes and fungi links all trophic levels




trophic levels, continued

primary producers: use photosynthesis toproduce sugars and organic compounds;support all other trophic levels

primary consumers: herbivores (eat plants or

algae) secondary consumers: carnivores that eat

herbivores tertiary consumers, etc.: carnivores that eat

other carnivores



Example foodchains

Fi F d h i



Heat Heat Heat Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

First TrophicLevel

Second TrophicLevel

Third TrophicLevel

Fourth TrophicLevel

Solarenergy

Producers(plants)

Primaryconsumers(herbivores)

Tertiaryconsumers

(top carnivores)

Secondaryconsumers(carnivores)

Detritivores

(decomposers and detritus feeders)

Heat Heat

Fig. 4-18 Food chain

A i f d b



A marine food web

Fi 4 19 A i f d b



Humans

Blue whale Sperm whale

Crabeater seal

Killerwhale Elephant

seal

Leopardseal

Adéliepenguins Petrel

Fish

Squid

Carnivorous plankton

Krill

Phytoplankton

Herbivorouszooplankton

Emperorpenguin

Fig. 4-19 Antarctic food web

E Fl i E t




Pyramids are used to represent

energy available to each trophic level biomass: dry weight of all organic matter

contained in organisms

you eat biomass, and you contain biomass energy transfer through biomass is

inefficient percent usable energy from one trophic level is

called ecological efficiency ranges from 2% to 40% (usually 10%) explains why top carnivores are few

Fi 4 20 P id f fl



Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

10

100

1,000

10,000Usable energy

available ateach tropic level(in kilocalories)

Producers(phytoplankton)

Primaryconsumers

(zooplankton)

Secondaryconsumers

(perch)

Tertiaryconsumers

(human)

Decomposers

Fig. 4-20 Pyramid of energy flow

Fi 4 21 A l fl



Top carnivores

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

5,060

Decomposers/detritivores

20,810

3,368

383

21

Fig. 4-21 Annual energy flow

P id f N t P d ti it



Pyramid of Net Productivity

P id f N b



Pyramid of Numbers

P id f St di C Bi



Pyramid of Standing Crop Biomass

P id f St di C Bi



Pyramid of Standing Crop Biomass





Producers produce biomass at

different rates in differentecosystems energy budget depends on primary

productivity primary productivity: amount of light

energy converted to chemical energy by

autotrophs in a given time period can be measured as biomass added/area/time(g/m2 /yr)





primary productivity, continued

gross primary productivity (GPP) is totalproduction of chemical energy produced byautotrophs producers use some of the biomass they

produce to stay alive, grow, etc., so not allof it is available to higher trophic levels

the amount available to higher levels is callednet primary productivity (NPP) NPP = GPP – R (where R means

respiration: plant’s own energy needs)

Fig 4 23 GPP vs NPP



Fig. 4-23 GPP vs. NPP

Sun

Gross primaryproduction

Respiration Energy lost &unavailable toconsumers

Growth and reproduction

Net primaryproduction(energyavailable toconsumers)

Fig 4 24 NPP by zone



Fig. 4-24 NPP by zone

Swamps and marshes

Tropical rain forest

Temperate forest

Northern coniferous forest (taiga)

Savanna

Agricultural land

Woodland and shrubland

Temperate grassland

Tundra (arctic and alpine)

Desert scrub

Extreme desert

Estuaries

Lakes and streams

Continental shelf

Terrestrial Ecosystems

Open ocean

Aquatic Ecosystems

800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600

Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr)

Productivity of Ecosystems



Productivity of Ecosystems





primary productivity, continued

most productive communities (per unit area) algae beds and reefs, swamps/marshes tropical forests

estuaries least productive communities (per unit area)

desert alpine/tundra open ocean





NPP limits the number of consumers

on the planet only the biomass represented by NPP is

available as food to consumers, and

producers are limited in how fast they canproduce biomass Are humans using biomass faster than it

can be regenerated? If yes, bad things willprobably happen.

think sustainability

4 3 Ecosystem Components



4-3 Ecosystem Components

Biodiversity is a renewable resource

found in the Earth’s variety of genes,species, ecosystems, and ecosystemprocesses genetic diversity: variety of genetic material

within a species or population species diversity: number of different

species in different habitats ecological: variety of ecosystems in area functional: biological and chemical

processes needed for survival

Fig 4 11 Freshwater ecosystem



Sun

Producers (rooted plants)

Producers (phytoplankton)

Primary consumers (zooplankton)

Secondary consumers (fish)

Dissolvedchemicals Tertiary consumers

(turtles)

Sediment

Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)

Fig. 4-11 Freshwater ecosystem

Fig 7 8



Herring gulls

Snowy

egret

Peregrine falcon

Cordgrass

Short-billeddowitcher

Marshperiwinkle

Bacteria

Clamworm

Soft-shelledclam

Zooplankton andsmall crustaceans

Phytoplankton

Smelt

Producerto primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondary

consumer

Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer

All producers andconsumers todecomposers

Fig. 7-8

Fig 7 12 Reef trophic levels



Gray reef shark

Green seaturtle

Sea

nettle

Fairybasslet

Bluetangs

Brittlestar

Bandedcoral

shrimp

Sergeantmajor

Parrot

fish

Hardcorals

Algae

Phytoplankton

Symbiotic

algae

Zooplankton

Sponges

Bacteria

Morayeel

Blackcap

basslet

Coney


Primary

to secondaryconsumer


All consumers andproducers todecomposers

Fig. 7-12 Reef trophic levels

Fig 4-12 Terrestrial ecosystem



Fig. 4-12 Terrestrial ecosystem

Sun

Producer

Precipitation

Falling leaves

and twigs

Producers

Primary consumer(rabbit)

Secondary consumer(fox)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Oxygen (O2)

Water

Soil decomposers

Fig 6-20 Temperate desert ecosystem



Producer

to primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer



Fungi

Gambel'squail

Red-tailed hawk

Collaredlizard

Jackrabbit

Yucca

Kangaroo ratKangaroo rat

AgaveAgave

RoadrunnerRoadrunner

Diamondback rattlesnakeDiamondback rattlesnakeDarklingbeetle

Darklingbeetle

BacteriaBacteria

Pricklypearcactus

Pricklypearcactus

Fig. 6-20 Temperate desert ecosystem

Fig 6-24 Tall-grass prairie ecosystem






All producers andconsumers to

decomposers

Fungi

Bacteria

Golden eagle

Prairiedog

Blue stem

grass

Blue stem

grass

CoyoteCoyote

GrasshopperGrasshopper

Grasshoppersparrow

Grasshoppersparrow

Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope

Prairie

coneflower

Prairie

coneflower

Fig. 6-24 Tall-grass prairie ecosystem

Fig 6-26 Arctic tundra ecosystem



Producer to

primaryconsumer

Primary tosecondaryconsumer


All consumers

and producersto decomposers

Lemming

Arcticfox

Horned lark

Mosquito

Grizzly bear

Long-tailed jaeger

Caribou

Willow ptarmiganWillow ptarmigan

Snowy owlSnowy owl

Dwarfwillow

Dwarf willow

Mountaincranberry

Mountain cranberry

Moss campionMoss campion

Fig. 6-26 Arctic tundra ecosystem

Fig 6-29 Tropical rain forest ecosystem



Producer

to primaryconsumer




Fungi

Bacteria

Bromeliad

Ants

Tree frog

Green tree snake

Katydid

Climbingmonstera palm

Squirrelmonkeys

Blue andgold

macaw

Harpyeagle

Ocelot

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Fig. 6-29 Tropical rain forest ecosystem

Fig 6-31 Temperate deciduous forest



Producer

to primaryconsumer



All producers and

consumers todecomposers

Bacteria

Fungi

Wood frog

Racer

Shagbark hickory

White-taileddeer

White-footedmouse

White oak

Graysquirrel

Hairywoodpecker

Broad-wingedhawk

Long-tailedweasel

Long-tailedweasel

May beetleMay beetle

Mountainwinterberry

Mountainwinterberry

Metallicwood-boringbeetle and

Metallic wood-boring beetleand larvae

Fig. 6-31 Temperate deciduous forest

Fig 6-32 Taiga forest ecosystem



Producer

to primaryconsumer



All producers and

consumers todecomposers

Bacteria Bunchberry

Starflower

Fungi

Snowshoehare

Bebbwillow

Moose

Wolf

Balsam fir

Blue jay Greathornedowl

Greathornedowl

WhitespruceWhitespruce

Pine sawyerbeetle and

larvae

Pine sawyerbeetle and

larvae

MartenMarten

Fig. 6-32 Taiga forest ecosystem

Biomagnification



Biomagnification

many types of poisons in environment

some stored in fatty tissue: DDT get concentrated in upper trophic levels of concern to humans since we are in an

upper trophic level

Biomagnification



Biomagnification

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