a&p test 4 fall 2012. know the following muscles/groups pectoralis major deltoids biceps brachii...
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Cardiovascular System Heart Blood vessels BloodTRANSCRIPT
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A&P Test 4
Fall 2012
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Know the following muscles/groups
• Pectoralis major• Deltoids• Biceps brachii• Triceps brachii• Quadriceps• Hamstrings
• Tibialis anterior• Gastrocnemius• Latissimus dorsi• Trapezius• Gluteus maxmius
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Cardiovascular System
• Heart • Blood vessels• Blood
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Functions of the Cardiovascular System
• Transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones• Removal of metabolic wastes• Protection white blood cells• Regulation of body temperature, pH and
water content
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Blood• Red blood cells
– Transport O2 and CO2• White Blood Cells
– Protection• Platelets
– Stoppage of bleeding• Plasma
– Liquid portion of blood– Water, proteins, waste
products, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases
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Circulatory Pathways• Arteries Capillaries Veins• Pulmonary circulation
– From right side of heart to the lungs• Systemic circulation
– From left side of heart to the rest of the body
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Respiratory System• Deliver air to the lungs• O2 diffuses out of the
lungs & into the blood• CO2 diffuses out of the
blood & into the lungs• Pulmonary ventilation –
breathing• External respiration – gas
exchange between lungs and blood
• Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and cells
• Gas transport – accomplished by CV system
• Respiratory Control– Medullar oblongata– Influenced by stimuli
received from sensory neurons
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DigestionFood
– Consumption and processing is vital for maintaining body tissues and providing fuel
The Digestive Process• Mouth
– Food is chewed and broken down• Stomach
– Further break down• Small intestine
– Absorption• Large intestine
– Water re-absorption– Elimination of unneeded/unusable
compounds
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Fates of Food• Proteins–Muscles and other tissues maintain
structural integrity, repair damage• Fats and Carbohydrates– To working muscle or other metabolically
active area to be burned for energy– Supplies in excess of demands are stored• Carbohydrates liver and muscle glycogen• Fats in adipose tissue as body fat
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Urinary System• Maintains homeostasis
– Regulates water balance– Removes harmful
substances from the blood
• Blood is filtered by the kidneys
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Lymphatic System
• The other circulatory system• Collects excess fluids and plasma proteins and
returns them to the blood• Absorbs lipids and fat soluble materials from
the digestive tract• Filters lymph– destroys pathogens– Lymph nodes immune response centers
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Circulatory Fluid Movement
• Lymph– 3 liters per day– Moved by muscle contraction and breathing
• Blood– 5 liters per minute– Moved by the heart
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Lymph Nodes
• Filter lymph – prevent the spread of microorganisims and toxins
• Destroy bacteria and toxins
• Produce antibodies
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Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)– Brain & Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)– Nerves outside the CNS
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Endocrine System vs. Nervous System
Endocrine• Influence other cells with
chemicals (hormones)• Effect takes seconds to days
to be produced• Effects last as long as
hormones remain in blood• Distal influence
Nervous• Influence other cells with
chemicals (neurotransmitters)
• Effects are immediate• Effect is short lived• Proximal influence
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Key Metabolic Hormones• Insulin– Secreted in response to elevated blood glucose
levels– Tells the body to store nutrients
• Glucagon– Secreted in response to elevated amino acid levels– Tells the body to release nutrients
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)– Secreted in response to lipids– Hunger suppressant