AP Review: Unit 6Late Modern Era (1900 – Present)

The Big PictureHegemony: first western Europe (1900-1945); then

U.S. and USSR (1945-1991); finally U.S. (1991-present?)

Importance of international organizationsNationalism continues with new patterns (fascism,

genocide, breakup of USSR)Political revolutions in “Third World”Social reform continues (women, peasants, Marxism,

religious fundamentalism)Demographic changes (especially in “Third World”)Globalization

Why was Europe “winning” at the beginning of this time

period?They formed nation-states before everyone

else.People bound together by identity and law – easier

for governments to mobilize popular support. (As opposed to those still under absolutist rule.)

They industrialized before everyone else.Coal in Britain + natural resources from New World

+ capitalism in EuropeThey colonized everyone else.

World War ICauses Long-Term:

• Militarization (esp. Britain and Germany)• Alliances (Triple Entente, Central Powers)• Imperialism• Nationalism (Self-determination)

Short-Term:• 1914: Serbian nationalist assassinates Austrian Prince Franz Ferdinand

Events Western and Eastern Front

Trench warfare

Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram > U.S. enters (1917)

Bolshevik Revolution > Russia exits (1917)Effects Long-Term: Treaty of Versailles > WWII, self-determination in Europe

(What about colonies?), mandate system in Middle East, League of Nations created

Short-Term: Women involved in war effort

Revolutions in Russia and China

Russia ChinaYears 1917 (devastation from

WWI)1949 (devastation from WWII)

Leader V.I. Lenin, Bolsheviks (communists)

Mao Zedong, Communist Party

Previous attempts to rebel

Decembrist RevoltRevolution of 1905 (after loss in Russo-Japanese War)

Taiping RebellionSelf-Strengthening Movement

Stage One of Revolution Overthrow tsar – provisional gov. under Kerensky > democracy?

Revolution of 1911 > overthrow Qing > Sun Yat-sen

Stage Two of Revolution “Vanguard” leads October/November Revolution > communism

Civil war b/w Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) and Communists > 1949 Communists win

Interwar YearsGermany

1920s – Weimar RepublicHyperinflation

“The West”ProtectionismRise of fascism (Mussolini in Italy)

Great DepressionU.S. > FDR’s New DealGermany > Hitler

World War IICauses Long-Term:

• Treaty of Versailles• Failure of League of Nations• Economic depression

Short-Term:• Appeasement by the West (Munich Conference in 1938)• Aggression by Germany (invasion of Poland in 1939)

Events Battle of Britain (Keep Calm and…)

Hitler invades Russia (breaks nonaggression pact) – Battle of Stalingrad

Pearl Harbor attack > U.S. entry (1941) > Battle of Midway

D-Day invasion > Battle of the Bulge > end of war in Europe

Hiroshima & Nagasaki > end of war in PacificEffects Long-Term: end of European domination, Cold War, creation of Israel

(1948), decolonization & democratization in “Third World”

Short-Term: Nuremberg Trials, Germany split into East and West

Cold WarU.S. U.S.S.R.

Breaking of the alliance

Yalta Conference (1945) – can’t agree; divide GermanyPotsdam Conference (1945) – Truman/Churchill protest Stalin installing communist gov. in eastern Europe; Truman tells Churchill about atomic bomb, but not Stalin

Goals Containment (Truman Doctrine)

Spread Communism as “satellites” of the Soviet Union

Economics Marshall Plan Strip satellites of industrial goods to build up USSR

Security NATO Warsaw Pact

U.S. Intervention during Cold War

Korean War (1950) For: South Korea Against: North Korea (Kim Il Sung)

Vietnam War (1954-1973) For: South Vietnam Against: North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)

Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Latin America – “The Bully of the North”

Communist China 1911-1925 – Nationalist rule under Sun Yat-sen 1925-1949 – civil war (Nationalists vs. Communists) + war with

Japan (Chinese vs. Japanese) 1949 – Communists win civil war and establish People’s

Republic of China (PRC) 1949-1976: Mao Zedong

Great Leap Forward – utopian idea; move people onto communes where they would farm/work/industrialize; huge failure (18-45 million people died)

Cultural Revolution – “purify” China of anyone not communist; turned into civil war and chaos

1976-1997: Deng Xiaoping “Open Door” trade policy Restored legal system and bureaucracy of Old China 1989 – Tiananmen Square protest & massacre

Decolonization in Africa and Asia

India Gandhi – civil disobedience Muslim League (Jinnah) vs. Indian National Congress (Nehru) >

partition

British Africa Ghana – Kwame Nkrumah (1st black African country to win

independence) Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta South Africa

Mandela leads African National Congress against apartheid

Belgian Africa Congo – civil war > partition (DRC and Congo) Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsis

French Africa Algeria – civil war

Post-war Middle East Turkey

Ataturk > modern, secular state Iran

Pahlavi dynasty (1925) – independence from British and Russian mandate > established rule of a Shah (allied with U.S., secularized gov.)

Iranian Revolution (1979) – Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew Shah and established Islamic state

Egypt Nasser – nationalist leader, nationalizes Suez Canal from Britain After Nasser – Hosni Mubarak (dictator – overthrown in 2011)

Israel/Palestine 1948 – creation of Israel (two states: Israel and Palestine) > warfare leads

to Israel winning most of the land > PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) founded to represent stateless people

1979 – Camp David Accords – U.S. President Carter negotiates peace between Egypt (Anwar el-Sadat) and Israel (Menachem Begin)

End of the Cold War (1980s)

GorbachevGlasnost, Perestroika Democratization

ReaganStar WarsBerlin Wall speech – “Tear down this wall!”

Nationalist movements in the Soviet satellite states

1991 – Present The War on Terror

Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden - 9/11 attack 2003 – U.S. invasion of Iraq – remove Saddam Hussein and

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) (none found)Rise of China

Deng Xiaoping – socialist market economy 1990s – allowing for “private business” (still controlled by

Communist Party) Established four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for foreign

investment and tradeSupranationalism – EU, NATO, UN, NAFTA, World Trade

Organization, World BankGlobalization

Analyze changes and continuities in political and social life in ONE of the following countries from 1900 to the present.

Russia

China

Essays

EssayCompare and contrast the economic and political impact of the Cold War on TWO of the following regions from 1945 until 1991.

Latin AmericaMiddle EastSoutheast Asia

EssayAnalyze the political and economic changes and continuities in Europe that led to World War I.

EssayCompare and contrast U.S. foreign policy from 1914-1945 with U.S. foreign policy from 1945-1991.