AP Psych Class Announcements:Test make-ups: Evalyn, Jenny,

291-303 Quiz make-up:

Aim: to identify the schedules of reinforcementDiscuss role of observational learning

Do NOW: quiz 304-22

HW: 1.Practice questions2. Study notes for TEST

Monday!!!!!!3. Bring in ch 7 notecards

Learning

Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

What behaviors have you learned?

• List all your behaviors you can think of since waking up this morning.

• How many are learned?

Watch these two clips and answer on scrap sheet of paper:

• 1. What do they both have in common?

• 2 What is different about the techniques used to help the subject acquire the behavior?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXZPwZjipS0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI

Associative Learning

• Associative Learning: learning by linking two things together.

• “When I wear this shirt, the girls really notice me!”

Two types of associative learning:

1. *Classical conditioning- learning by association

“When I hear ‘We Are Family’ it reminds me of Bayside”

2. *Operant Conditioning- learning by consequences

“No, I can’t hang out with you guys until my grades come up.”

Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov

• Studied Digestion of Dogs.

• He noticed that dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)

• Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho

e

Classical Conditioning

• This is passive learning It is automatic…learner does NOT have to think).

• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.

• Unconditional Response (UCR)- natural response to the UCS.

• EX: Do you have to be taught to feel pain when you get a shot? No! It’s natural.

Classical Conditioning Con’t

• Conditioned stimulus (CS) – what is being introduced, is a new stimulus.

• Conditioned Response (CR)- is the newly conditioned behavior

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtv2_-2mHck

Answering classical conditioning questions:

*I always teach my students to use Pavlov’s conditioning as a template to help you figure out any question. Let’s review:

UCS- food CS-bellUCR-salivation CR-salivation

Practice exercise:

• Captain Hook had a nasty encounter with a crocodile in Never-Never Land. As a result of the battle, he lost his hand to the croc which also swallowed an alarm clock. Fortunately for Hook, the loud ticking warned him of the croc’s approach. Unfortunately, now ANY clock’s ticking how ushers a full-blown anxiety attack for him.

• UCS- CS-• UCR- CR-

Classical Conditioning

• After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.

• This is called Acquisition

Acquisition• The initial stage of learning.• The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated

with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS).

Does timing matter? YES!!!!

•The CS should come BEFORE the UCS( bell then food)

•They should be very close (like half a second) together in timing.

Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition does not last forever.

• The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.

Extinction• The diminishing of a conditioned response.• Will eventually happen when the UCS does

not follow the CS.

Is extinction permanent?

Spontaneous Recovery

• Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.

Spontaneous Recovery

• The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Generalization and DiscriminationGeneralization

• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.

Discrimination

• Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR.

Generalization

• The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.

Practice:

• During extinction, the _____ is omitted; as a result, the ___ seems to disappear.

• A. UCS; UCR• B. CS; CR• C. UCS; CR• D. CS; UCR

Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that

together make up classical conditioning.

• Acquisition• Extinction• Spontaneous Recovery• Generalization• Discrimination

Practice: Match the principle with the example.

• A. Extinction B. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Spontaneous Recovery

• 1. Carla had to go to her dentist often to have painful work done on her teeth. The dentist wears a certain aftershave and now Carla finds herself becomes tense and anxious if she is around another man wearing the same scent.

• 2. Carla does not feel anxious around the smell of cologne or perfume.

• 3. Carla began to date a guy that wore the same aftershave as her dentist. After a while, she stopped feeling tense when she noticed the smell.

• 4. A year later, Carla happened to bump into her dentist in the store. She noticed that she began feeling tense after smelling his aftershave.

Classical Conditioning and Humans

• John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to psychology with his Baby Albert experiment.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE&feature=related

This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning.

What did Watson teach Albert to Fear?

• UCS- CS-• UCR- CR-

• BTW…Was this experiment ethical?????

Learned Taste Aversions

• When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong.

• Even when food and sickness are hours apart.

John B. Watson

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

????Question????

• So….is it possible to train humans to associate two things automatically, thus control their behavior???

• Can we use this for a good cause, like helping people get rid of their addictions?

• Do we have that kind of power over others?

Cognitive Processes• treating alcoholism, using the

drug Antabuse– causes nausea and violent vomiting

when combined with alcohol– attempts to create a taste aversion

to alcohol• Problem: alcoholics tend to stop

taking Antabuse so they can drink again

• Treatments that ignore cognition (our thought processes) often fail!!!!!!!! Classical conditioning is not just “stamping in” associations

The Garcia effect

• People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

Biological Predispositions:Garcia and Koelling Study

• Studied rats and how they make associations.

• Some associations seem to be adaptive.

• Why did the rats begin to avoid the water?

CS UCS Learned Response

Loud Noise Shock Fear

Loud Noise Radiation (nausea) Nothing

Sweet Water Shock Nothing

Sweet Water Radiation (nausea) Avoid Water

Biopsychosocial influences on learning

How have our emotions or behaviors been classically conditioned?

• In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women.

• Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?

Operant Conditioning

The Learner is NOT passive.Learning based on consequence!!!

Operant conditioning When an organism associates its behaviors

with a reinforcement.

The organism associates the behavior with consequences; either negative or positive.

Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”-

• quickly rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk6H7Ukp6To&feature=related

What is Behaviorism?

• School of psychology- studies scientifically observable behaviors, not unconscious drives.

• Behaviorists like tabula rasa (blank slate)• Free will is an illusion.• Includes classical, operant and social learning

theory

John B. Watson

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

Principles of Reinforcement

• What is a reinforcement? It is anything that increases the frequency of

the respondent’s behavior

Two kinds of Reinforcers

• Positive Reinforcers:

Uses a reward (pleasurable stimulus) in increase the respondent’s behavior. For Ex:

praise smile approval compliment high score securitypay raise good feeling

recognition

Negative Reinforcers

These increase respondent behavior by reducing or removing a negative or aversive stimulus.

Examples:Keeping you on restriction until your grades improveTaking aspirin to relieve a headachePutting up your umbrella to stop from getting wetFollowing prison rules to get out of confinementFanning yourself to relieve the heatSmoking to relieve your anxiety

Positive reinforcement

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related

• How is Penny reinforced?• What is inaccurate about this clip?

Some reinforcers are stronger than others:

• Primary – are rewarding in and of themselves,fills a biological need i.e. Avoiding pain, food

Secondary – the value of these are learnedi.e. affection, achievement, money, recognition,things…..

Token Economy

• Every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given.

• They can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforcers)

• Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and schools.

• EX: star, points …

PunishmentMeant to decrease a

behavior.• Addition of

something unpleasant.

OR• Removal of

something pleasant.Punishment works

best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh!

Positive or Negative?

Putting your seatbelt on to stop the buzzing sound.

Studying for a test.

Having a headache and taking an aspirin.

Faking sick to avoid AP Psych class.

Privileges inPrison for Good behavior

Getting a kiss for doing the dishes.

B.F. Skinner• The Mac Daddy of

Operant Conditioning.

• Used a “Skinner Box” ( a.k.a.Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

Skinner Box

How do we actually use Operant Conditioning?

Do we wait for the subject to deliver the desired behavior?

Sometimes, we use a process called shaping.

Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior.

To train a dog to get your slippers, you would have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth. Then to bring them to you and so on…this is shaping behavior.

To get Barry to become a better student, you need to do more than give him a massage when he gets good grades. You have to give him massages when he studies for ten minutes, or for when he completes his homework. Small steps to get to the desired behavior.

So How Do Shape Behavior???Successive approximations

• Suppose you want to condition a pigeon to walk a circle after every time it pecks at the red disc.

• 1. You build on existing behaviors. You might give the pigeon food each time it approaches the disc. etc.

• 2. Once it approaching regularly, you might require it to move closer before giving the reward.

• 3. Finally you would require the bird to touch or peck at the disc before giving the reward

shaping

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6F0bRTurPk

• Dwight on “The Office”: http://mypsychstuff.blogspot.com/search/label/learning

YouTube - shaping Rat Basketball .url

Reinforcement Schedules

How often do you give the reinforcer?

• Every time or just sometimes you see the behavior????

Ratio = numberfixed= set

Interval = period of timevariable= varies

Continuous v. Partial Reinforcement

Continuous• Reinforce the behavior

EVERYTIME the behavior is exhibited.

• Usually done when the subject is first learning to make the association.

• Acquisition comes really fast.

• But so does extinction.

Partial

• Reinforce the behavior only SOME of the times it is exhibited.

• Acquisition comes more slowly.

• But is more resistant to extinction.

• FOUR types of Partial Reinforcement schedules.

Which is best?Partial produces the greatest resistance to

extinction!!!

Girls….seriously……which guy keeps you most interested?The one that calls/texts predictably at 9:00 every night or the

one who keeps you guessing?

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement:

Fixed ratio• reinforcement comes after a set number of

desired responsesExamples: -10 stickers = pizza party

-salesman get a bonus for every 10 cars he sells

Variable Ratio

• reinforcement comes after a varied number of desired responses

• Examples: - playing a slot machine,- playing the lottery

Fixed Interval

• reinforcement comes after a set period of time

• Examples: semester exam, paycheck,A boyfriend that calls every

night at 11:00

Variable Interval

• reinforcement comes after a varied period of time; “you never know when”

• Examples: text/call from that special someone, a compliment, a speeding ticket, pop quiz

• Which schedules (ratio or interval) produces a higher response rate?

• Which schedule (variable or fixed) produces the most consistent responses?

Latent Learning

• Latent means hidden.

• Sometimes learning is not immediately evident.

• Rats needed a reason to display what they have learned.

Cognitive Map

• A mental representation of an area

• Rats explore a maze with no obvious rewards. They find the food at the end of one just as quickly whether rewarded with food or not!

• This proves that learning also involves cognition!

Motivation

• Intrinsic motivationThe desire to perform a

behavior effectively and for its own sake.

“I want to do well in that class because I enjoy learning the information”

• Extrinsic motivationThe desire to behave in

certain ways to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

“I want to do well in that class because I need my GPA to remain high. My parents expect it.”

Observational Learning

• Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll

• We learn through modeling behavior from others.

• Observational learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWsxfoJEwQQ&feature=related

Mirror Neurons

• Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another person’s actions.

Do we model what we see?

Prosocial effects

• Positive, helpful models• Most effective when their words and actions

are consistent

Antisocial effects of media

• For ex: we may “learn” that

• Tough guys don’t show emotion• Free and easy sex brings pleasure without the

later misery or disease• To become desensitized to repeated images of

violence or immoral behavior

2. Shaping isa) a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completedb) rewarding behaviors that get closer and

closer to the desired goal behaviorc) completing a set of behaviors in a succession

before a reward is givend) giving you chocolate pudding to increase

the likelihood you will eat more carrots

3. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?

a) fixed ratiob) fixed intervalc) variable ratiod) variable interval

4. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as

a) primary reinforcersb) classical conditioningc) secondary reinforcersd) unconditioned reinforcers