ap human geography unit 2. migration terms mobility circulation—“short term” migration...
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Migration
AP Human GeographyUnit 2
Migration Terms
Mobility Circulation—“short
term” Migration (vs.
Circulation) Emigration Immigration
Net Migration Net in-migration:
Immigrants > Emigrants:
Net out-migration: Immigrants < Emigrants CIA Worldfactbook, April 2006
Using the Population Data Sheet…1. Identify the three countries with the highest
“net in-migration” rate.2. Identify the three countries with the highest
“net out-migration” rate. 3. What problems does using the rate versus the
raw number present?
Net-migration
1. Most people migrate for economic reasons.2. Cultural & environmental factors may also be
important, but not as important as economics3. Most migrants move a short distance, and stay
within a country.4. Long-distance migrants go to major centers of
economic activity.5. Most long-distance migrants are males.6. Most long-distance migrants are adults, not
families with their children. **Theory of Human Migration:1885**
E.G. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
Causes of Migration
Push vs. Pull Factors ECONOMIC
North Dakota Oil Boom
CULTURAL Iraq War (2003-
present) ENVIRONMENTAL
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Overcrowdingin Europe
Overcrowdingin Europe
Overcrowdingin Europe
Plenty of foodin USA
Plenty of foodin USA
Plenty of foodin USA
Persecution ofRussian Jews
Persecution ofRussian Jews
Persecution ofRussian Jews
Povertyin Europe
Povertyin Europe
Povertyin Europe
The US Billof Rights
The US Billof Rights
The US Billof Rights
Higher pay forUS worker
Higher pay forUS workers
Higher pay forUS workers
Europeanclass system
Europeanclass system
Europeanclass system
Religiousfreedom in US
Religiousfreedom in US
Religiousfreedom in US
Refugee
Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]:
The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality … who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President … may specify, any person … who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Refugee
Global Refugees—There are about 20,000,000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were:
Afghanistan: 1,908,100 Sudan: 693,300 Burundi: 438,700 DR Congo: 4430,600 Somalia: 394,800 Vietnam: 358,200 Palestinians: 349,700 [or more than 4,300,000, depending on
definitions] Iraq: 262,100 Azerbaijan: 233,700 Liberia: 231,100
Refugee
US Refugees: 2003-2006—The ceiling on US refugee admissions is 70,000 per year. 2003 2004 2005 2006
Africa 20,000 25,000 20,000 20,000East Asia 4,000 6,500 13,000 15,000Eastern Europe 2,500 na na naThe Former Soviet Union 14,000 na na naEurope &Central Asia na 13,500 9,50015,000Latin America & Caribbean 2,500 3,500 5,0005,000Near East & South Asia 7,000 2,0002,5005,000Unallocated Reserve 20,000 20,000 20,000 10,000
Refugee
Migration Patterns
Wilbur Zelinsky… Demographic Transition Migration patterns change
depending on demographic stage Stage 2—international
migration, also rural to urban migration
Stage 3 & 4—internal migration, also urban to suburban , the destination of those in stage 2
Gravity Model Step Migration
Migration Terms
Intervening Obstacle— “Lee Model”
Environmental (oceans) Cultural (laws)
International Migration Voluntary vs. Forced
Migration “Chain migration”
Internal Migration Interregional Migration Intraregional Migration (ie.
rural to urban, Counterurbanization) U.S. side of the border is
uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence
Migrant Characteristics
Is Ravenstein still correct? Today, in the US, most
international immigrants are women, not men.
Although most immigrants to the US are still single adults, increasing numbers of immigrants are children (17 years of age or less).
Mexican migrants to the US come from the interior.
Why do we see changes?
Global Migration Patterns
Only 5% of the world’s population are international migrants (still more than 300 million people)
Net out-migration areas: Asia, Latin America and Africa
Net in-migration areas: North America, Europe, Oceania
US Immigration Patterns
1st Era: Colonial Period (1607-1840)
2 million Europeans (90% British), 650,000 Africans Why/Results
US Immigration Patterns
2nd Era: Later European Migration (1840s-1930s)
1st Peak (1840s-1850s)—4.3 million (German/Irish) Stage 2 (Migration
transition)—repeatedly… “safety valve”
2nd Peak (1880s)—German, Irish, Scandinavian
3rd Peak (1900-1930)—Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary 1910—14% of US
population was 1st/2nd generation immigrant
US Immigration Patterns
3rd Era: Modern Immigration (1970s to Present)
Asian—1970s-1980s (China, Philippines, India, Vietnam)—7 million
Latin American—1980s-Present (Mexico, Dominican Rep, El Salvador)
Immigration Policies
Quota System Undocumented Immigration
No one knows how many immigrants are in the US illegally Mexico Central America, Asia, Europe
Enter illegally; or “overstay” visas
Inconsistencies…Haiti vs. Cuba Economic vs. Political migrants
(political asylum)
California, Texas, and Florida are the leading
destinations for undocumented immigrants to the
U.S.
Immigration Policies
36% Luxembourg 19% Switzerland 9% Austria 9% Germany 9% Belgium 6% France 6% Sweden
5% Denmark 4% Netherlands 4% Norway 4% United Kingdom 3% Ireland 2% Spain 2% Italy
Foreign Born as % of European populations
Immigration Policies
Guest Workers— temporarily for employment, not considered permanent migrants
Middle East—wealthy oil states import workers from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Foreign workers represent 60 to
90% of labor force in most oil-exporting countries
Time-contract workers— Chinese migrants in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand
Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.
Internal Migration
Interregional Migration Spreading westward since
colonial times. Southern shift since the
1980s Intraregional Migration—
migration within a single region Rural to Urban Cities to suburbs
1800, 5% of the US population lived in suburbs
75% of the US population lives in suburbs
Counterurbanization
Internal Migration
The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration ofpeople to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to thesouthern sunbelt.
Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there hasbeen net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains
Internal Migration
Brazil – migration from the coast to the interior
Indonesia –migration from Java to less populated islands
Russia (Soviet Union) –forced and voluntary migration to the west
India – limits migration Europe – migrants moving
from South to North, looking for better jobs
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital
In 1960 and since then has attracted
Thousands of migrants in search of jobs.
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.
Emigratio
n from China
Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.
Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.
Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah
Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.
Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003
U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995
Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.