AP European HistoryQuarter 2 Definitions

Chapter 16

Richelieu: closest advisor to Louis XIII. Was a politique in spite of being a cardinal

Treaty of the Pyrenees: 1659 ended a series of wars between Spain and France in which Spain lost substantial territory to France. The treaty signaled the end of Spain being a great power

Triennial Act: England. Parliament must meet at least once every three years

Moliere: Playwright at Versailles who produced comedies

Racine: Playwright at Versailles who produced tragic dramas

Mercantilism: advocated a nation’s self-sufficiency by a government’s rigid control of the economy through colonies, a favorable balance of trade, bullionism, and the encouragement of industry at home. Economic theory supported by Hobbes in The Leviathan

Mazarin: closest advisor of Louis XIV

Colbert: French Finance Minister who was the biggest fan of Mercantilism

French 17th Century Classicism: the official artistic style of Louis XIV’s court characterized by classical balance and restraint

Versailles: Baroque palace built by Louis XIV to glorify himself

Absolutist Government: a government in which the monarch has absolute power

John Locke: wrote The Second Treatise of Civil Government in celebration of the Glorious Revolution

Oliver Cromwell: established a Puritan military dictatorship in England during the Interregnum

Interregnum: the period after the English Civil War until the restoration in 1660

Restoration: 1660 when the Stewart dynasty was restored to the English throne

Long Parliament: when Parliament sat from 1640-1660

William of Orange: Stadtholder of the Netherlands who, with his wife, was invited to take the crown in England

Bodin: French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV

Bossuet: Bishop who championed the cause of Divine Right of Kings during the reign of Louis XIV

Stadtholder: Netherlands political and military leader always from the House of Orange

Sully: Henry IV’s closest advisor

Fronde: French nobles who tried to keep Louis XIV from the throne

Paulette: (French) an annual fee paid by royal officials to the crown to guanantee heredity of their offices

Intendants: had fiscal, judicial, and political authority of the king in each of the 32 French districts. They reported directly to the king and were intensely loyal (middle class roots)

The Bill of Rights 1689: signed by William and Mary signaling the Clorious RevolutionThe Test Act: After the Restoration, the Anglican Parliament ruled that only those who took communion at Anglican services could vote, assemble, teach, etc.

The Leviathan: written by Thomas Hobbes advocated rigid control of government and the economy

War of the Spanish Succession: Charles II, the last Spanish Hapsburg king left his throne to Louis XIV’s heir and grandson-a Bourbon- inspiring everyone else in Europe to make war on France and Spain in order to prevent a superpower emerging in Europe

The Sun King: Louis XIV

Peace (Treaty) of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession

Cervantes: wrote the first modern novel: Don Quixote

Edict of Fontainebleau: revoked the Edict of Nantes

Hobbes: wrote The Leviathan

Corvee: (France) All free peasants gave one month of labor to the king each year.

Chapter 17

Holy Roman Empire: 300-plus sovereign principalities in what is now present-day Germany. The Emperor has been Hapsburg since Charles V but power is nominal since the Peace of Westphalia.

Ottoman Empire: At its height of power under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent. After 1566. Empire began to diminish after the Siege of Vienna. Called, “The Sick Old Man of Europe.”

Sulieman the Magnificent: Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at its height.

Janissary Corps: Christian boys who served loyally in the Ottoman army.

Poland: Disappeared from the map of Europe after the partitions of the 1770’s and 1790’s. Was undone by the Liberum Veto.

Liberum Veto: Rule of the Polish Parliament that any governmental action needed unanimous vote of the legislature.

Serfdom: was reimposed in Eastern Europe during the early modern period to pacify the nobility in exchange for the nobles’ support of the king, tsar, emperor.

Robot: 3-4days of unpaid labor each week that a free peasant in Eastern Europe owed to the local noble.

Austrian Empire: Ruled by the HRE and included Hungary, Bohemia, Austrian Netherlands, etc.

Bohemia: Present-day Czech Republic. Birth place of the 30 Years’ War, was part of the Hapsburg Austrian Empire.

Hungary: Part of the Austrian Empire. Largest ethnic group: the Magyars

Leopold I: Successfully defeated the Turks during the Seige of Vienna

Siege of Vienna (1683) The Ottoman Turks’ last effort to expand into central Europe. Ottomans were repelled by successful efforts of HRE Leopold I

Pragmatic Sanction (1713): HRE’s Charles VI efforts to safeguard his daughter’s inheritance. Provided that the HRE never be broken up and that his heir was his daughter, Maria Theresa

Prussia: aka Sparta of the North. Ruled by the Hohenzollerns

Frederick William “the Great Elector” Hohenzollern. Unified Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhine holdings into a single state

Junkers: Prussian Nobility

Frederick William I: aka The soldiers’ king. The most important Hohenzollern in terms of paving the way for absolutism in Prussia

Sparta of the North: Prussia under the reule of the Hohenzollern dynasty

Muscovy: became the basis of what later became Russia

Boyars: Russian Nobility

Ivan III (the Great): established himself as hereditary ruler of Muscovy, ending Mongol rule (1480). Tried to make Moscow the Third Rome

Cossacks: Free Russian Peasants who ran off to the outskirts of the Russian Empire to avoid serfdom and formed outlaw gangs.

Ivan IV: aka The Terrible. His death (and the death of his son, Theodore) led to the Time of Troubles. He was first to have the title, “Tsar.”

Time of Troubles: The period of civil war in Russia between the death of Ivan the Terrible (and his son) and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty.

Romanov Dynasty: Established by Michael Romanov in 1613. His election ended the Time of Troubles

Old Believers: Russian Orthodox Catholics who refused to modernize their religion and were persecuted. They reacted to the persecution by setting themselves on fire.

Peter the Great: Tried to modernize and westernize Russia. Defeated the Swedes to gain his “Window on the West” and built St. Petersburg. He was the nth degree of Eastern European Absolutism.

Strelski: The Moscow guard who tried to keep Peter the Great from the Russian throne.

Window on the West: St. Petersburg. Land on the Baltic was gained by Russia as a result of winning the Great Northern War against Sweden.

St. Petersburg: The new capital of Russia. Was built by the forced labor of Russian peasants. Russian nobles, craftsmen, shopkeepers were forced to build and live in St. Petersburg.

Winter Palace: Peter the Great’s palace built in St. Petersburg in the Baroque style.

Chapter 18

Scientific Revolution: Sparked by the work of Copernicus. A movement that encouraged reliance on logic and reason rather than on superstition and tradition.

Copernicus: introduced the heliocentric view of the universe with his On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Heliocentric View: introduced by Copernicus. The sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the universe.

Tycho Brahe: Europe’s leading astronomer of the 16th century. Collected massive data that was later used to support Copernican theory though Brahe, himself, did not support Copernicus’s New World View.

Johannes Kepler: Proved Copernican theory with mathematics. Was Brahe’s assistant and the first great Protestant scientist of the Scientific Revolution. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Planetary Motion.

Galileo: Supported Copernican theory with his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Motion and was forced to recant his findings by the Catholic Church and placed under house arrest until his death by the Church.

Telescope: a tool used by astronomers. Galileo built his own.

Francis Bacon: introduced the Inductive method of reasoning which, combined with the deductive (empirical or experimental) method, became the Scientific method used today.

Empiricism: The experimental or inductive method

Inductive Method: the experimental or empirical method

Rene Descartes: responsible for the Deductive method (logic) which, when combined with the inductive method (formalized by Bacon) made up the modern scientific method.

Cogito Ergo Sum: IO think therefore I am . Rene Descartes proved his existence using the deductive method.

Cartesian Dualism: Everything in the universe was either physical (and best examined using the inductive method) or spiritual (best examined using the deductive method. Brainchild of Descartes

Scientific Method: result of the combination of the inductive and deductive methods.

Isaac Newton: responsible for the Universal Principles of Gravitation. Wrote Principia. Introduced the notion of the natural laws of the universe. Invented Calculus

Principia: (Newton) the greatest book on science ever written

Vesalius: wrote The Structure of the Human Body

William Harvey: wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood

Van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy. The first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, and other living organisms using a microscope

Royal Society: England 1660. The most successful and prestigious of the Scientific societies in Europe

Enlightenment: fostered the Idea that science and reason could explain all aspects of life. Promoted a new reliance on logic and reason

Deism: The rational religion of the enlightenment

John Locke: Tabula Rasa. Two Treatises of Civil Government , Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The Natural Rights of man and the purpose of government.

Philosophes: Understood and communicated the work of the philosophers of the Enlightenment

Voltaire: Candide. Believed that an Enlightened Despot was the best government one could hope for. Was violently opposed to a religious education. Was patronized by Frederick the Great.

Essay concerning Human Understanding: by John Locke introduced the notion of Tabula Rasa. Believed that environment was the key to human nature. Progress through education (and controlling the environment)

Montesquieu: wrote Spirit of Laws. Was Mr. checks and balances.

Rousseau: Introduced the idea of the General Will. Wrote Emile was the Father of Romanticism…undermined the Enlightenment reliance on reason and science

The Social Contract (1762): Rousseau’s version of government authority (the General Will)

“Noble Savages” Rousseau’s term for those who are as one with nature (like Naïve Americans)

Diderot: compiled The Encyclopedia. Was patronized by Catherine the Great

The Encyclopedia: 1765 A collection of articles from philosophers, scientists, philosophes, etc. which promoted reliance on reason and skepticism. Was banned in France and made it to the list of Index of forbidden Books

Beccaria: Italian Wrote On Crimes and Punishment. Promoted equality under the law, an end to torture, the right to face one’s accuser in court, the right to a speedy trial, etc.

Quesnay: French Physiocrat who believed in free market capitalism when it came to French grain.

Physiocrats: Professional economists

Adam Smith: Promoted free-market capitalism in all areas. Believed that prices and wages would be held in check by the “Natural Laws” of economics (supply and demand)

Wealth of Nations: written by Adam Smith. Was the Bible of capitalism

Salon Movement: Wealthy French women hosted regular gatherings of Philosophers, scientists, etc. So that Ideas could be shared

Mary Wollstonecraft: English. Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women

Paul d’Holbach: Undermined the Enlightenment. Was a public atheist and introduced the philosophy of Determinism

David Hume: Scottish philosopher. Undermined the Enlightenment by denouncing faith in reason (as well as in faith)

Jean de Condorcet: wrote Progress of the Human Mind in which he identified 9 stages of human development and claimed that perfection was at hand

Immanuel Kant: came up with the Categorical Imperative. The greatest of the Germen Enlightenment philosophers

Classical Liberalism: the belief in laissez-faire capitalism, individual liberty, natural rights of man and the government’s job to protect these rights. Rights of citizenship and economy that most western countries’ citizens take for granted

German Pietism: a reaction against the rational religion of the Enlightenment. The quest for a personal God, faith, mystery in religion. Was called the Second Great Awakening in the U.S. Methodism and its “born again” philosophy was a part of it.

John Wesley: Founder of Methodism

Jansenism: a Catholic sect that incorporated some Calvinism in the form of predestination. Jansenists were persecuted in France by the Jesuits with the approval of Louis XIV

Methodism: founded by Wesley. “Born Again” philosophy

Silesia: was taken by Frederick the Great from Maria Theresa’s Austria

Enlightened Despotism: a belief that absolute rulers should enact reforms for the good of the people.

Frederick the Great: Prussia Began the War of the Austrian Succession. Took Silesia from Austria. An Enlightened Despot to a degree. Patronized Voltaire

Seven Years’ War: aka The French and Indian War. Attempt by Maria Theresa to regain Silesia and crush Prussia

First Servant of the State: was what Frederick the Great called himself

War of the Austrian Succession: In 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia attacked Maria Theresa’s Austria and took Silesia

Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War. No change to the European continent. Signaled the end of France as a colonial power.

Catherine the Great: Czarina of Russia. Wife of Peter III. Daughter of the Enlightenment. Least enlightened of the Enlightened despots. Did improve culture at Russian Court. Ended persecution of the Old Believers.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756: Arranged by Maria Theresa. Allied with France and Russia against Britain and Prussia in preparation for the Seven Years’ War.

Polish Partitions: 1770’s and 1790’s Russia, Prussia and Austria divided Poland among themselves.

Joseph II: The most enlightened but least effective of the Enlightened Despots. Freed the serfs in Austria.

Pragmatic Sanction of 1713: Charles Vi of Austria tried to safeguard the inheritance of his daughter, Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa: inherited the Austrian Empire in 1740 and was immediately at war with Frederic the Great of Prussia. Was the author of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and went to war in that same year in an attempt to regain Selisia.

Liberum Veto: The rule of the Pollish legislature calling for a unanimous vote before any action could be taken. Made Poland vulnerable .

Pugachev Rebellion: Large scale Cossack rebellion causing Catherine the Great to forgive noble taxes and military service in order to gain their help in her efforts to crush this rebellion.

Chapters 19 and 20

Agricultural Revolution: was characterized by crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock, reintroducing nitrogen to the soil with crops such as clover and turnips, drainage, and other features.

Open Field System: was the way farming was done prior to enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution

Cornelius Vermuyden: Was the most important European authority on drainage

Charles Townsend: brought the Agricultural Revolution to England from the Netherlands

Crop Rotation: the introduction of different crops to fields on a rotating basis in order to replenish the soil

Jethro Tull: used the scientific method to invent the seed drill

Seed Drill: invented by Jethro Tull. Allowed a more efficient, productive method of planting seeds

Robert Bakewell: was foremost in selective breeding of livestock

Columbian Exchange: European crops were introduced to the New World and New World crops were introduced to Europe (also disease, animals)

Enclosure Movement: The first was limited to England and involved enclosing fields and raising sheep instead of crops. The second began in England and spread slowly to the continent and involved fencing in farm land to introduce new crops and new methods of production.

Corn Laws: (England) made it illegal to import foreign grain, allowing domestic producers to charge artificially high prices for their product. Prices were so high that many could not afford grain or bread. It was the most obvious example of Parliament favoring the interests of the wealthy land owners over the well-being of most of the population

Population Explosion: Began after a plateau period (1650-1750) and directly related to more food and a variety of food being available after the Agricultural Revolution.

Proto-Industrialism: just prior to the steam engine being introduced to the machinery of the textile industry. Was characterized by cottage industries.

Cottage industry: many of those thrown off of the land during the enclosure movement supplemented the family income by producing goods within their homes

Flying Shuttle: allowed the weaver to push the shuttle with only one hand. Invented by John Kay

Spinning Jenny: Hargreaves mechanized the spinning wheel

Water Frame: Arkwright improved thread spinning

Spinning Mule: Crompton combined features of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame

Mercantilism: the predominant economic theory of the 16th century. Encouraged the government to micromanage the economy. Was championed by Hobbes in The Leviathan

Atlantic Economy: European powers enriched themselves with trade with their colonies

Sugar: The crop most responsible for the introduction of the American form of slavery

Bullionism: a feature of mercantilism. The effort to amass great amounts gold and silver and to keep it within the country

Bank of England: was second only to the banks in the Netherlands whose interest rates were better

Act of Union 1707: Scotland and England joined to create Great Britain in order for the Scots to benefit from English trade

Navigation Acts (England): 1651, 1660 & 63: designed to steer colonial trade exclusively to the Mother country

Triangular Trade: different trade routes including England, her American colonies, Africa, and the British West Indies

Dutch Republic: Began the Agricultural Revolution in order to feed the burgeoning urban population

Anglo-Dutch Wars: a series of wars between the English and the Dutch which generally began as trade wars. Contributed to the decline of the Dutch Golden Age

Slave Trade: (asiento) the Portuguese began the slave trade in order to obtain workers for its sugar plantations

Middle Passage: the route between the western coast of Africa and the Caribbean which was used most often to transport slaves to the New World

South Sea Bubble: the first great financial disaster of modern times. Began as a scheme to pay off the English debt

Succession (War of the): Spain and France v the universe. Began when Charles II (Sp.) left his throne to the grandson and heir of Louis XIV

Mississippi Bubble: Financial disaster in France similar to the English South Sea Bubble

Treaty of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1713)

Asiento: the slave trade. Went to England from Spain as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht

Seven Years’ War: called the French and Indian War in the New World. In Europe it was a result of Maria Theresa’s Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and her effort to regain Silesia from Frederick the Great

Treaty of Paris: 1763 Ended the Seven Years War and signaled the end of France as a major colonial power

American Revolution: with French and Spanish help, the American colonies successfully broke their ties to England

Creoles: had Spanish parents but were not born in Spain

Mestizos: those with European and Native American blood

Edward Jenner: introduced the smallpox vaccine

Pietism (German): religious reaction against the rational influence of the Enlightenment. People wanted a personal God who was interested in their day-to-day affairs. Was called the Second Great Awakening in America

Spare the rod… creditied to Defoe. The belief that a parent’s most sacred duty was to break the will of the child and make him obedient

Wesley: introduced Methodism. The belief that one could foster a personal relationship with God through a “born again” kind of experience

Methodism: introduced the concept of the “born again” religious experience. Was a part of German Pietism.

Chapter 21

Louis XV: great grandson of Louis XIV. Allowed his friends and mistresses to have great influence over the French court. Went into great debt as a result of the War of the Austrian Succession and his mistress was the most famous of the 18th century (Madame Pompadour)

Madame de Pompadour: Mistress of Louis XIV

Parlement: the French court system theoretically independent of the crown

Rene de Maupeou: was instructed by Louis XV to dissolve the Paris Parlement

Louis XVI: King of France, guillotined during the Reign of Terror

Marie Antoinette: daughter of Maria Theresa and wife of Louis XVI

First Estate: The French Clergy

Gallican Church: the official religion of France (Catholic)

Second Estate: French nobility

Third Estate: the bulk of the population in France (not the clergy or nobility)

Bourgeoisie: French upper middle class

Corvee: France. The labor obligation that an independent peasant had to the monarch

Lettre de cachet: arrest without cause. Universally hated in France

Ancient Regime: Feudal French Society

Jacque Necker: French minister of finance under Louis XVI who tried to tax the French nobility but was blocked by the Paris Parlement

Assembly of Notables: high-ranking nobles and clergy called together by Louis XVI who refused to allow themselves to be taxed and who insisted that any change in taxation be approved by the Estates General

Estates General: a meeting of the representatives of the three French estates

Cahiers de doleances: List of grievances that Louis XVI asked the Estates General to produce

Abbe Sieyes: member of the third estate who wrote What is the Third Estate and who later arranged for Napoleon to take power through the Coup d’Etat Brumarie

What is the Third Estate? : written by Sieyes explaining why the Third Estate was the true representative of the French people

Age of Montesquieu: The first phase of the French Revolution whose constitution provided for a constitutional monarchy

National Assembly: formerly the Third Estate who pledged to continue to meet at Versailles until they had written a constitution

Tennis Court Oath: the pledge of the National Assembly to continue to meet until they had finished writing a constitution for France

Storming the Bastille: The mobs in Paris, fearful that the king’s soldiers were getting ready to crush those involved in bread riots, broke into the Bastille in an effort to arm themselves against the soldiers

Great Fear: inspired by rumors from Paris, peasants in the French Countryside attacked nobles and their estates

Declaration of Rights and Man: the French constitution written by the National Assembly

Olympe de Gouges: wrote Rights of Women. Was guillotined during the Reign of terror

The Rights of Women: written by de Gouges, an early French feminist, as a reaction to The Declaration of Rights of Man which ignored the rights of women

Wollstonecraft: (English) wrote Vindication of the Rights of Womenin support of The Rights of Women

Madame de Stael: hosted intellectual salons and was a writer during the Romantic period. Was an early advocate for women’s rights and was banished from France by Napoleon (daughter of Jacque Necker)

Vindication of the Rights of Women: written by Wollstonecraft (English) in support of Rights of Women

Assignats: paper money whose value was backed by confiscated Church lands and which became worthless over time

Women’s March to Versailles: Parisian fish wives and others marched to Versailles, killed the king’s guards, and demanded that the royal family live at the Tuleries Jean-Paul Marat: incited the Paris mobs with his newspaper editorials and who constantly called for heads to roll

Edmund Burke: wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France defending the monarchy and nobility and cautioned the English to go slow with reform. He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the Revolution

Thomas Paine: wrote propaganda for the French Revolution and defended the revolution against Burke and others with Rights of Man

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy: provided for the election of the clergy and that the clergy take an oath of allegiance to the new revolutionary government and renounce their ties with the Pope. Was perhaps the biggest mistake of the revolutionaries as it polarized the country

Jacobins: Republicans of the Revolution

Rights of Man: written by Paine in defense of the French Revolution

Flight to Varennes: un unsuccessful attempt by the French royalty to escape Paris and gain support for a counterrevolutionary army

Girondins: Republican revolutionaries in the National convention who fought with the Mountain to control the government

The Tuleries: the royal residence in Paris

Reflections on the Revolution in France: written by Burke. Was the most famous defense of monarchy and nobility and privilege He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the revolution

Sans-Culottes: the French working-poor who had the sympathy of Robespierre and the Mountain

Legislative Assembly: the lawmaking body under the new French Republic

Brunswick Manifesto: a warning issued by Prussia and Austria to the French Revolutionaries cautioning the French to do no harm to the French royal family

Robespierre: led France during the Reign of Terror as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety

Declaration of Pillnitz: a bluff by Leopold II and Prussia saying that they would be willing to send troops to France if order was not restored soon

Paris Commune: a revolutionary provisional government centered in Paris and headed by Danton took power from the Legislative Assembly

Lazare Carnot: reorganized the French Revolutionary Army during the War of the First Coalition

Emigres: French nobles who fled France and who tried to form counterrevolutionary armies to take France from the revolutionaries

The First Coalition: The alliance of Prussia and Austria against the French Revolutionary Army

Law of Suspects: tribunals were established during the Reign of Terror allowing for the arrest and execution of enemies of the state

Danton: colleague of Robespierre who was ordered to his execution by Robespierre after questioning the continuation of the Reign of Terror

Age of Rousseau: the phase of the French revolution characterized by the republic and the Reign of Terror

Louis Saint-Just: a confidant of Robespierre who arranged for the arrests under the Law of Suspects.

National Convention: the lawmaking body of the new French Republic that sentenced Louis XVI to death

Enrages: (Angry men) even more violent than the Sans-Culottes. Wanted economic reform. Were farther left than the Jacobins

Reign of Terror: Rousseau’s “General Will” The execution of tens of thousands as enemies of the state often with the new, humane guillotine.

Committee of Public Safety: Usurped the power of government from the National Convention. Was led by Robespierre and commenced the Reign of Terror while fighting the War of the First Coalition

Law of Maximum: to provide for maximum production, employment, and prices

Levee en masse: the drafting of all French citizens into the army

Cult of the Supreme Being: the rational religion introduced to France by Robespierre

Temple of Reason: the former Notre Dame Cathedral

The Directory: The Government of France after the fall of Robespierre

Thermidorian Reaction: Signaled the fall of Robespierre after he had Danton and others executed and after introducing the Cult of the Supreme Being

Conspiracy of Equals: led by Babeuf against the Directory. Hoped to enforce equality with a dictatorship

Coup d’Etat Brumarie: overthrew the Directory in favor of Napoleon who was invited to join by Adde Sieyes

Consulate Era: Napoleon was first Consul for the Consulate which ruled in france from 1799-1804

Plebiscite: an election featuring universal male suffrage. A plebiscite approved of Napoleon’s rule by a huge majority

Napoleon Bonaparte: Born to a noble family in Corsica. Was an artillery specialist who was able to rise through the ranks of the French Revolutionary army due, in part, to the absence of the emegris

War of the Second Coalition: Austria, England & Russia v France

Consulate Period: 1799-1804. Napoleon was First Consul

Treaty of Luneville: ended the War of the Second Coalition in Napoleon’s favor

Empire Period: 1801-1814 with Napoleon as Emperor of France

First Consul: Napoleon as head of government 1799-1804

Jacques-Louis David: painted The Death of Marat

Grand Empire: France proper and Napoleon’s continental conquests

Napoleonic Code: Napoleon’s legal, criminal, penal code which was spread throughout Europe as he conquered. It was his longest-lasing and most wide-spread reform.

War of the Third Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria v France after Napoleon conquered Italy

Milan Decree: part of Napoleon’s continental System concerning neutral countries

Battle of Trafalgar: 1805 England’s Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon at sea

Horatio Nelson: Defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile (1799) and the Battle of Trafalgar but he died here

Battle of Austerlitz: 1805 Napoleon’s victory against the British on land. Was the reason for the building of the Arc de Triomphe

Concordat of 1801: Napoleon’s peace with the Catholic Church

Arc de Triomphe: was built by Napoleon to celebrate his victory at Austerlitz

Treaty of Tilsit: 1807 Prussia ceded land and ½ of its population to France and Russia acknowledged Napoleon’s dominance of the European Continent and agreed to respect Napoleon’s Continental System

Bank of France: created to help to stabilize the French economy

Continental System: Napoleon’s effort to starve the British out. The Berlin and Milan Decrees

Berlin Decree: part of Napoleon’s Continental System which closed most European ports to the British

Confederation of the Rhine: Napoleon’s reorganization of the HRE

Order in Council: England’s answer to Napoleon’s Continental System

Peninsular War: Began with Napoleon’s invasion of Spain to get to Portugal and was met with Spanish guerilla fighters

Duke of Enghien: was executed by Napoleon although he proved to be no threat and the execution without cause

Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s ill-fated invasion of Russia

Battle of Borodino: 1812 France v Russia ended in a draw

War of the Fourth coalition: 1813-14 England, Austria, Russia, Prussia v France

Battle of Leipzig: aka Battle of the Nations The largest battle in world history until the 20th century

Frankfort Proposals: Metternich’s generous offer to Napoleon to end the fighting. Napoleon refused

Quadruple Alliance: England, Austria, Russia, Prussia (1814) allied to fight Napoleon to the finish

Louis XVIII: Brother of Louis XVI who was restored to the French throne after Napoleon’s defeat

Charter of 1814: French constitution providing for a constitutional monarchy. Was given to the French people by Louis XVIII

First Treaty of Paris: Ended the War between the Quadruple Alliance and Napoleon in 1814

Congress of Vienna: was dedicated to the balance of power in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat and was successful in preventing liberalism and nationalism with few exceptions until Germany and Italy formed and also prevented world war for 100 years

Metternich: Austrian minister who was the foremost diplomat in Europe from 1814-1848

Legitimacy: The effort of the congress of Vienna to restore legitimate families to their respective thrones after Napoleon’s defeat

Compensation: The Congress of Vienna was careful to compensate those who helped to defeat Napoleon

Balance of Power: a third principle of settlement that concerned the congress of Vienna

German Confederation: The result of the Congress of Vienna reworking the Confederation of the Rhine

Hundred Days: from Napoleon’s escape from Elba until his final defeat in 1815

Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon’s final defeat at the hands of Wellington in 1815

Concert of Europe: the Congress System and the Quadruple alliance worked together to safeguard the status quo (harmony) and the balance of power in Europe beginning in 1815

Holy Alliance: brainchild of Alexander I of Russia asking world powers to sign off agreeing to treat each other with Christian values of charity,etc. The Ottomans, the English, and the Pope refused to sign (only the Russians took it seriously)

Alexander I Czar of Russia who offered the Holy Alliance