AP Euro 2007-08LMHS Montaigne

Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th EditionPalmer, Colton, and Kramer

 2.5: The High Middle Ages: The Church  1. Introduction

a. Modern forms of society challenge cultures to reexamine their religious basei. Hindus, “Confuciusers” (Confucians?), Saudi Arabian Muslims each must

adapt their religious beliefs (Koran) with non religious elements of the modern world (technology, science, industrialization, military, economic power)

b. secularization allows the adaptation of modern economic, political and other non-religious activities outside religion

i. Latin Christendom was the first of the world’s major civilization to become secularized

1. Much of the world is following Europe’s lead and traditional cultures are becoming more secular

c. Challenges from withouti. Plague

ii. Mongol empire 1240 A.D.1. held Russia for 200 years

iii. Ottoman Turks1. took Constantinople in 14532. defeated the Serbian kingdom at battle of Kosovo in 1389 and took

over Balkansd. Challenges from within

i. Competing sects within Christianityii. Changing values of a modern civilization

1. government, law, philosophy, science, arts, economic activity were pursued with less regard to religion

2. power, beauty, wealth, knowledge, science were good in and of themselves

Section 5 Disasters of the Fourteenth Centurya. The Black Death and its Consequences

i. Struck Europe about 1348ii. disrupted marriage, family life

1. less people and time to marry (further decreased population)iii. About 45% of population is wiped outiv. Food production decreased

1. less able bodied people to do work2. less food made people more susceptible to disease

v. Spread by air (pneumonic) and fleas from rats (bubonic)1. Ring around the Rosie

vi. Effects of depopulation1. higher wages for some (labor shortage)2. disorganization

a. lords of the manor diedb. left some with no work (took to begging)

b. Revolts and Repression1. Flanders2. Jacqueries (French nickname for a peasant) in 1358

3. England and Wat Tyler’s rebellion (Peasants Revolt) a. large scale rebellion in 1381 that questioned the whole

structure of societyi. brutally repressed

ii. led to more favorable position for the peasant class1. fixed rents2. peasant property-owning class emerged

iii. Kings and Taxes1. kings needed money to pay for army & put down rebellions2. Nobility resisted taxes through parliaments

a. 1300 kings of England and France tried to tax the clergy(large land owners)

3. debasing currency led to inflationa. kings ordered a given weight of gold to be ‘worth’ more

i. eventually led to inflationc. Hundred Years War 1337 t0 1453 A.D.

1. between England and France2. Cause

a. Britain controls much of France (William)b. wine for wool

3. France is divided internally4. Early battles are disastrous for France

a. Longbowb. Poor logistics, weather hamper French

5. Joan of Arca. inspires France to make concerted effort against Britainb. Burned at the stake by English at Rouen in 1431

(Charles VII did not try to help her)c. Canonized (1920)

6. War is halteda. conflict in Englandb. Scots invade on behalf of Francec. French successes

7. Effectsa. Parliaments expand power as kings asked for more

moneyb. Nationalism in Englandc. War of the Roses (1455-1487)

i. Edward III (Plantagenet)1. Had four sons

ii. Lancaster Red Roseiii. York White Roseiv. Tudor (Pink)

d. Troubles in the Medieval Churchi. Church at its zenith in 1300

ii. Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France (1290s) issued taxes on land of Church

iii. Boniface VIII prohibited taxes on Church by civil ruler1. 1302 he issued the Unan Sanctam (every human creature was

subject to Roman pontiffiv. Philip the Fair arrests the Pope but the Pope dies

1. French Cardinals elects a new Pope and the Pope stays at Avignon on the lower Rhone River (Babylonian Captivity)

2. Papacy becomes of tool of the French king3. Status of the papacy is in question

v. 1347 French cardinals/anti French cardinals elect their own popes (one living in Rome, other in Avignon)

e. The Great Schism of the west goes on for 40 years1. 1387 two Popes are elected by the cardinals

ii. Extravagance of the Popes brought criticism1. who has the keys?

a. Created great uncertaintyf. Reponses to Crisis

i. Mass neurosis 1. some become self indulgent 2. others preoccupied with death

a. plague still ravaging Europei. Dance of Death, Black Mass, witchcraft, The

Order of the Flagellants, anti-Semitismg. Lollards and Hussites

i. William Langland -humble cleric questioned the hypocrisy of the high Church with the poor and suffering in his book, Piers Plowman (1360s); social injustice

1. John Wycliff a. English clergyman who gives a voice to the Lollards

(who were poor and illiterate)i. Said that the organized Church might be

unneeded for salvationii. Translated the Bible into English

2. Jan Huss a. Slavic against German religious agitation

3. Both were branded as heretics (unacceptable deviations from the true Church doctrine)

a. call for reform spreadsh. The Conciliar Movement

i. 1409 Council at Pisa elected a new Pope now there are threeii. 1414 Council at Constance

1. end the schism2. they discourage heresy

a. reform the church from top to bottomb. Huss is executed

iii. Martin V is made Pope the others step down1. he dissolves the Council of Constance and refuses to reform

i. Church Corruption and Indulgencesi. indulgences - get out of hell free card (costs $)

1. their sale was encouraged by Boniface VIII in 1300ii. nepotism - appointment of family members to Church offices

iii. simony - the buying or selling of Church officesiv. mistresses

j. The Renaissance Popesi. Nicholas V, Pious II, Innocent VIII, Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X

ii. Modern Popes with strong secular ties1. men of their times, patrons of the arts

2.6: The Renaissance

1. Introductiona. Renaissance – “rebirth”

iii. Connection to the classical age of Greece and Rome1. saw Middle Ages as time of darkness

iv. they invented the concept of Ancient and Modern v. a new era in thought and feeling

vi. New topics of study – “humanities”vii. Quattrocento (Italians call the 15th Century)

viii. Rennaissance was High culture1. Only affected limited number

ix. Renaissance Italy is where almost purely secular attitude 1 st appears b. The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life

x. Primary focus of Renaissance was on moral and civic issues of what ideal humans should do/be like

xi. Proximity helps Italy prosper with trade1. Centrally located between East and West2. Gained foothold on trade during Crusades with Arabs

xii. Merchants control of trade routes generated wealth1. Wealth built financial institutions2. Banks – Sforza, Fugger, Medici

c. Italian City – Statesxiii. Independent, intrigue

1. Popes were in Avignon or embroiled in Great Schism2. Florence, Venice, Genoa governed as republics

xiv. Florence1. talented citizens

a. population of 60, 000b. grown wealthy in late MA from woolen productionc. produced Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, Machiavelli,

Leonardod. like Athens it lost its republican liberty and creativity

2. Medici Family – Giovanni, Cosimo, Catherinea. Giovanni (1360-1429) was merchant and bankerb. Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) known as poet,

patron of artsc. Two Medici women became queens of France

d. Secular conception of lifexv. Italians doubted that a quiet, contemplative life was greater than an

active, involved, wild lifexvi. They were captivated with the expression of the vast human powers

xvii. Less attention to the sacred messages of Christianity and its leaders1. hermitage, poverty, contemplation are rejected2. action, wealth, activity are embraced3. Individualism

a. virtu – vigor - b. Leonardo Bruni wrote in 1433 “The whole glory of man

lies in activity.”e. Individualism

xviii. A new civic consciousness or sense of public duty was expressedxix. Writings of Cicero were validxx. Emphasized the outstanding attainments of extraordinary men

xxi. A great man shaped his own destiny1. had virtu (possessed by most aggressive males)2. excelled in all that he did

a. Benvenuto Cellinixxii. Secular art

1. realism, space and time2. Architecture reflected neo-classical design

a. Brunelleschi’s Duomo of Florence 3. Free standing sculpture – portraiture

a. Medieval sculptor was confined to the niches of cathedrals

b. Renaissance artists i. Humans were primary subject

ii. Free standing so that entire figure could be admired

iii. Extensive use of the nude (paragon of animals) 4. Painting with perspective, boundaries

a. Brunelleschi invented linear perspectiveb. Da Vinci perfected chiascurro, invented sfumatoc. Idea was to tell a story and allow the viewer to enter into

the wold of the paintingd. Importance of portraying the individual human

i. Bellini’s condottiere viewers see a strong, real, and vivid personality

1. individualism wasn’t important in the medieval art

e. Early art f. Later art g. Reactionary Movement

i. Led by Savonarola (a priest)ii. Started the Bonfire of the Vanities

f. Humanism: The Birth of Literaturexxiii. Literary connection with the classical authors

1. medievals had studied and writtena. hymns, Song of Roland, legends of King Arthur written

2. Renaissance writers saw it as their life’s worka. Wrote to resolve questions, amuse themselves (secular

reasons)3. studied Latin and Greek

a. liked the Latin of Cicero instead of the Scholastic of medieval

4. recaptured the texts of the pasta. discovered a new rage of interests, politics, civic

questions without religious overtones5. use of the vernacular

a. most wrote in Latin and Italian (Florence) toob. language of Dante’s Divine Comedyc. vernacular=common spoken language

6. Petrarch first modern man of lettersa. Florentine exile, son of merchant, traveler of France and

Italy, trained in law, clergyb. Loved Cicero, Augusinec. Wrote about life, beauty, what a good life should be

(SECULAR)7. Boccaccio

a. Decameron (in Italian)b. Designed to entertain and teacher human character

8. Coluccio Salutati – history serves the statea. Was chancellor of France in 1375b. Florence threatened by Milan (Visconti Family)c. Wrote to inspire civic consciousness by glorifying

Florentine libertyd. Bruni (his successor) wrote history of Florence in

narrative formi. History can be useful to heighten sentiment and

collective consciousness (not quite nationalism yet)

9. Christine de Pisan a. Helped spread humanist themes in France in early 1400sb. Showed woman could be intellectuals

10. Lorenzo Valla a. Developed a critical method of evaluating the written

wordb. Donation of Constantine

i. He prove that this was a fraud by showing that phrases and language use were not used at that time

c. Pico della Mirandola i. Claimed that he could summarize all human

knowledge in 900 theses by using Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, Latin sources

1. looking for truth in other places besides the Bible

g. Schooling, Manners, and Family Lifexxiv. Secondary education developed

1. idea of putting different age groups, levels into separate classes, own teacher, promotion

2. curriculuma. learned Latin, Greek

i. in order to read ancient manuscriptsb. Rhetoric to heighten communication skillsc. Purpose of education was to develop personality and

character (virtu)xxv. Etiquette

1. Medievals acted like big children (belched, spat, sulked, etc.)2. Baldissere Castiglione

a. wrote The Courtieri. how to be a gentleman, or lady

ii. clothes should be neat, movements graceful, poised, affable, athletic, dance, appreciate music, be familiar with literature (but not a nerd), have effortless superiority in all

iii. women should be polite, pleasing to men3. Marriage

a. Arranged in order to enrich familyb. Usually 18 for women, 30 for established manc. Strong gender divisions

xxvi. Politics1. no centralizing force in Italy2. condottieri -private armed bands did fighting for city states b/c

citizens would not3. “Italian Cunning” was byword

a. To survive deep intrigue was practiced4. Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince (1513)

a. Dreamed that citizens of all Italy would be like the Romans (virile, citizen soldiers, patriotic, dignified)

b. Had to look to France (Loius XI), Spain (Ferdinand), England (Henry VII), to find heroes

c. Prince is a “how to rule for dummies” handbookd. promoted strong centralized statee. separated politics from theology and moral philosophy

i. described what effective rulers actually did, not what they ought to do

ii. anticipates scientific objectivityiii. they keep or break promises, are or are not

merciful

iv. Rulers must be both the Fox and the Lion (strong and cunning)

xxvii. Italy’s weak position in the face of rising nations left it vulnerable to attack and unorganized

1. Other countries will vie for control of Italy2. Italy will lose its privileged economic position

2.7: The Renaissance Outside Italy

  1. Introductiona. Renaissance in northern Europe was less of a break with existing cultureb. Religious element was strongerc. Development of vernacular was stronger than identification with Latin or

Greek2. Religious Scholarship and Science

a. Study of Greek and Latin was intended to help better understand the Bibleb. Universities, rejected by southern humanists continued to grow in northern

Europei. 14 were established in German

c. Germany is major center of commercei. Undefined language and cultural region

1. politically not centralized (even with Holy Roman Emperor)ii. Fugger family helped develop the financial infrastructure

iii. Mining was developediv. Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) laid foundations for a mathematical

conception of universev. Printing press – Gutenberg – movable type

vi. Flemish school of painting1. Jan Van Eyck invented oil based paint (linseed oil)

vii. Copernicus – heliocentric universeviii. Cartography

ix. Dr. Faustus1. legendary figure who supposedly sold his soul for knowledge

1. in writing of Christopher Marlowe (1593), Goethe and Oswald Spenger (Decline of the West in 1918

1. Faustian word used to describe inordinate ambitions of modern man

x. The development of the concept of controlling the natural world was more northern

xi. The development of the concept of controlling the mind was more southern

xii. Combining these ideas establishes the modern intellect or Renaissance spirit

3. Mysticism and Lay Religiona. Religious interests stay alive in the north b. In the south religious interests became more a stylized practice of Glorifying God

through works – artc. German mystics promote personal communion with God

i. Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas a Kempis (d. 1471)1. essence of mysticism is belief that individual soul could (in

solitude) commune with God1. no need of reason, word, mass, sacraments, priests, or

the Church1. this attracted Luther

d. Lay persons are staying out of the Church and refusing Holy Orders

e. The lack of new, reform oriented priests hinders the Churches ability to reform itself within

i. Impatient and headstrong lay leaders, local rulersf. Gerard Groote

i. 1374 founded the Sisters and the Brother of the Common Life1. took no vows, free to leave2. relieved the poor and taught3. established modern schools4. Separate grades and classes5. emphasized Literacy, Character development

1. called Modern Devotion4. Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

a. Most notable figure of the entire humanist movementb. Promoted reform of the clergy from within

i. Education, enlightened discussion and gradual moral improvementii. Against violence

iii. Promoted use of the vernacular to promote Christian idealsc. In Praise of Folly

i. Satirizes all worldly pretensions and ambitionsii. Emphasizes mildness, reasonableness, tolerance, restrain, good manners,

scholarly understanding, peace, critical and reforming zeal that worked to make people think without shouting or ranting

d. Achieved international staturee. Advised heads of statef. Guest lectured at universitiesg. Challenged the Church to do better in reform effortsh. Never advocated breaking away from Rome

2.8: The “New Monarchies” 

1. Introductiona. Wars and feudal rebellion weakened much of Europe by the 1400sb. Efforts by rulers to stabilize their territories led to the “New Monarchs”

i. Not really new in styleii. New in organizing the modern states of Europe

1. Guarantee of law2. Heredity is the legitimate form of power3. Appeal to the rising middle class tired of feudal feuds4. Parliaments are labeled breeders of conflict5. Kings use taxes to hire private armies

a. Long bow and pike made peasants competitive with nobility on the field

6. Kings had to break down the mass of feudal common law and custom

7. Kings adopt Roman law and title majesty and/or sovereigna. Law maker, enforcer, and judge on behalf of the people

2. The New Monarchy in England, France, and Spaina. England’s New Monarchy

i. Tudor family comes to power after the War of the Roses1. Henry VII 1485-15092. Law against livery and maintenance are passed against the

weakened baronsa. Prevented great lords from maintaining private armies

and wearing their livery or insignia3. Star Chamber , Kings private council meets and Parliament is

ignoreda. Met in room decorated with stars

b. Decided property disputes, infraction of public peacec. Accepted as it kept order, later despisedd. No jury present

b. France’s New Monarchyi. Louis XI of the Valois family

1. French kings had continued to expand power and influence from the epicenter of Paris

2. Louis XI expanded the boarders of France3. Build up a royal army4. Controlled taxes 5. French monarchy has control over the clergy

a. 1516 Louis XI and Pope Leo Xi. Concordat of Bologna

1. Rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction1. Pope receives annates ($ from

French ecclesiastics)2. Louis XI appoints bishops and

abbotsii. Major reason why France does not turn to

Protestantismc. Aragon and Castile :Spain’s New Monarchy

i. Aragon and Castile are the main territories of Spainii. Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage

iii. True unifying force was spirit of duty to Catholicism and crusade against the Moors

iv. The Inquisition served as a unifying legal presencev. Church served as common denominator for Spain

1. Religious conformity2. “Spanishness” was a sense of Catholicity

a. Spanish had been most tolerant of Europeansb. Jews and Moors are expelled from Spain 1492

i. Jews had been expelled from England 1290ii. Jews had been expelled from France 1306

1. Expulsions are related to early sense of nationalism in group out group

vi. Some Jewish and Moorish families place a veneer of Catholicism over their public lives “Moriscos” (Christians of Moorsih background) and “Marranos”(Christians of Jewish background)

1. Fear of the “unfaithful” fueled the Inquisitiona. Thousands were torturedb. Rigid (Doctrinaire) Catholicism and Spanish

Nationalism fused into one: you were a Spanish nationalist if you were super-Catholic

vii. Spain becomes the reforming force in the Catholic Churchviii. Spain exports Catholicism to the “New” world

ix. Spanish become the “defenders of the faith” and a crusade mentality prevails

3. The Holy Roman Empire and The Hapsburg Supremacya. The New Monarchy in the HRE

i. Three Kinds of States1. Princely states

a. hereditary dynasties – Brandenburg2. Ecclesiastical (large amount of territory)

a. Abbacies3. Imperial free cities (about 50)

a. Dominated commerce and financeii. Imperial knights (lords of small estates)

1. sworn fealty to the HREb. Emperor

i. Elected by Princes1. Princes were jealous of their local liberties and voted to protect

themii. Electors dwindled to seven

1. Count Palatine, Duke of Sazony, Margrave of Bradenburg, King of Bohemia, archibops of Mainz, Trier, and Cogne

iii. 1452: the Hapsburgs are elected from Austria1. Nearly uninterrupted reign until 1806

c. The Rise of the Hapsburgsi. Maximilian I 1493-1519

1. Efforts of HRE to centralize power fail because of strong states rights

2. Hapsburgs use marriages to grow family influenceii. Maximilian marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands

1. Son of Maximilian I and Mary is Philipa. Mary is heiress of dukes of Burgundy (Netherlands,

Burgundy)2. Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and

Isabella)a. Son of Philip is Charles I of Spainb. Charles Inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain,

New World Holdingsi. Charles is elected HRE (in 1519) over

“Germany” and becomes Charles Vc. Charles brother Ferdinand is elected king of Hungary

and Bohemia3. Hapsburgs control most of Europe and universal monarch is

feared by other European statesa. balance of power 

d. The stage is set for revolution i. Protestantism is the spark that sets off the wars of religion

ii. decline of the churchiii. lay religious leaders staying out of the churchiv. Rise of centralizing monarchiesv. resistance of feudal elements to centralizing monarch

vi. Popes fear of church councilsvii. Much divided Germany

viii. Turkish threatix. zealous actions of Spainx. Charles V threat of universal monarch

2.9: The Protestant Reformation

 1.     Introductiona. Three factors contributing to the religious conflicts of the 1500s

i. Dissatisfaction with the opulence of the Church by the poor 1. religious ideas are mixed with class conflict - Mennonites

ii. Drift toward autonomy of independent city-states fostered disconnect between the middle-class and the Church

1. Church is feudal in organization and city-states are moving toward modern organizational models – Calvinists

iii. Competition between local kings and lords with the Church over property, taxes, jurisdiction and influence

1. Kings wanted to master their territoriesb. Kings and city-states realizes their demandsc. The lowest class does notd. Religious lines are drawn and over a century of war Protestantism and

Catholicism begin to co-exist 1560 to 16482. Martin Luther

a. Found little personal assurance in salvation through the sacramentsb. Peace of mind came through “justification by faith” rather than worksc. Challenge to indulgences “95 Theses”

i. Revolutionary idea that penance and the priesthood are unnecessary to achieve absolution

d. Challenges the authority of the Popei. Claims there is no earthly authority of God

ii. The Bible must be read and interpreted individuallye. Luther’s perspectives

i. Two sacramentsii. No purgatory

iii. Transubstantiation by “presence”iv. Clergy should marryv. End monasticism

vi. State should direct religious affairs of the statevii. Luther was excommunicated

1. Diet of Worms: appeared but did not recant2. Found sanctuary in the dominions of the Northern German

Princesf. Luther’s challenges spread

i. Some use the opportunity to advance personal interests1. Land, liberty2. Extended Luther’s ideas about religious affairs to state affairs

ii. Luther modifies position in face of social rebellions1. Clergy has place over laity for instruction2. Submissiveness to the state

g. States in the HR Empire respond to HR Emperor’s aggressive actions against Lutheranism

i. Demand among their liberties autonomy in religious mattersii. Reform the church in their area

iii. Secularized church propertyh. French response

i. Alliance with Schmalkaldii. Overtures extended to the Ottomans

iii. Intrigue with Lutheransiv. Keep Germany divided

i. Papacy’s responsei. Delay action and avoid a Church Council

j. Resulti. Germany falls into civil war

ii. Peace of Augsburg 15551. Victory for Lutheranism and states rights

a. States get to choose religionb. Clergy that convert must leave property of Church

iii. Lutheranism spreads to Scandinavia3. John Calvin

a. Born in 1509, trained as priest and lawyerb. Had conversion experience at 24c. Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) addresses the whole world (not just

Germany as Luther had done)d. French origin

e. Institutes of the Christian Religioni. Challenges to the Church found application in many areas around the

worldf. Rejected consubstantiation in favor of symbolic communion g. Predestination

i. Salvation is by God’s grace – he then destines some to be saved1. the elect2. Lives must reflect the characteristics of one “chosen”

h. Christianize the statei. Presbyteries replaced bishops and brought lay figures into the church making the

leadership of the church more secularj. Still the Calvinists were the reverse of secular in their ideas to Christianize all

societyk. Sets up a community in Switzerland

i. Elders ruled Genevaii. Repressed frivolous living

iii. Exiled non-conformersiv. Iconography was bannedv. Black apparel

vi. Singing without instrumentsl. Geneva becomes the capital of Protestantism

i. Reformers from around the world study in Geneva and return to their homes to spread Calvinist ideas

1. Puritans, Huguenots, Presbyterian, Congregationalistm. Calvinism and democracy

i. The state is subject to moral judgmentii. Mechanisms of democracy evident in election of Presbyteries

iii. Democratic view on life roles (trades/professions) as all work was “Godly”

n. Many nobles adopted Calvinism to challenge established authorities4. The Reformation in England

a. Henry VIII i. Devout Catholic

ii. Needed an heir to extend Tudor ruleiii. Asked Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was aunt of

Charles the Viv. Henry took over Canterbury, disestablished Rome and took a new wife –

Anne Boleynv. 1534 Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy making Henry the head of

the Church of England1. Thomas More refused to take oath of supremacy and was

executedvi. Closed the monasteries

vii. Seized Church lands and established gentryviii. Maintained “Catholic” rites – transubstantiation

ix. Soon to be challenged within England from Protestantsb. Edward VI is Protestant but dies youngc. Mary – daughter of Catherine of Aragon

i. Tries to re-Catholicize Englandii. Marries Philip of Spain –

iii. Burns 300 Protestants at the stakeiv. Unpopular queen dies young

d. Elizabeth I 1558 – daughter of Anne Boleyni. Could not be Catholic – illegitimate

ii. English Church is run by the crown through Parliamentiii. English replaces Latiniv. Much doctrine was vague

v. Established Church of England over Ireland5. Consolidation of Protestantism by 1560

a. The institution of Latin Christendom was brokenb. All Protestants

i. Rejected papal authorityii. Rejected special character of the priesthood

iii. Protestant clergy could marryiv. No monasteriesv. Replaced Latin with vernacularvi. Reduced sacraments to two or three

vii. Denied transubstantiationviii. Gave up the confessional and priestly absolutionix. Denied the concept of purgatoryx. Gave up the saints and cult of the Virgin

xi. True source of Christianity was the Holy Scripturexii. Allowed private judgment in matters of conscience

c. Economic motivations of Protestant movements were secondary to religious convictions

d. Protestantism and the familyi. Parenthood become honorable for Protestant leaders

ii. Autonomy of women was lost and domestic roles defined

2.10: Catholicism Reformed and Reorganized 

1. The call for reforma. Counter Reformation

i. Reform responded explicitly to the Protestant challengeii. Counter activity aimed at the elimination of Protestantism

b. Reform movements focused on a church councilc. Charles V joins the conciliar movement in effort to unite Germanyd. Francis I

i. Fears potential Universal monarchy of Hapsburgs1. Encourages the Protestant princes in Germany2. Discourages the Pope from conciliar movement

e. Council of Trent 1545-1563i. Not well attended (as low as 20-30 when 500 had attended earlier

councils)ii. International council may becoming anachronistic

iii. Authority of bishops is deniediv. Papal power is not limited

1. No act of the council would be valid unless accepted by the Pope2. Steps toward 1870 proclamation of Popes infallibility

v. Council avoids fragmentation of Church into state Churchesvi. Doctrine

1. Justification by faith and works2. Seven sacraments are reaffirmed3. 3.     Priesthood is spiritually apart from laity4. Transubstantiation 5. Vulgate (St. Jerome in 4th Century) is only true Bible6. Church interpretation of Bible is superior to personal7. Latin is preserved as language of the Church8. Celibacy, Monasticism, Purgatory upheld9. Correct practice of indulgences restated10. Saints and Virgin can intercede on behalf of faithful

vii. Reform of Monastic orders1. Bishop must live in dioceses

a. Control over mendicant friars

2. Pluralism is addressed3. Competency of Church officials

a. Seminary should be established to train priests2. The Counter Crusade

a. Call for reform also had a grass roots movement of supportb. Sack of Rome led to call for reform of Papacy

i. Reform Popes follow Renaissance Popesc. New Religious orders begin – strictness, awe, reverence

i. Jesuitsd. Missionary zeal

i. Poor, Natives in New World, Slavese. Spain is epicenter of Counter Crusadef. Ignatius Loyola

i. Military backgroundii. Founded the Society of Jesus

1. More active order2. Iron discipline3. Favored Rationality4. Famous schoolmasters5. Worked closely with leadership of Europe6. Supported ultramontanism

a. “The white which I see is black if the Pope so decrees.”g. Catholic Church goes on offensive

i. Support Catholics in England against Elizabeth Iii. Returned many to the fold as reform is achieved

iii. Censorship – Index of Prohibited Books last until (1960)iv. Inquisition – Spanish and Roman courts

1. torture2. burning alive

h. Most influential component in religious matters was the statei. If Protestants won control of the state the people become Protestant

ii. If Catholics retained control of governments Protestants remained a minority

iii. Catholic states did not unite to wipe out Protestantism and wars leave Europe divided along religious lines