AP Euro Tutoring Session

Agenda

• DBQ Thesis Practice (9- 10)• POV and Grouping (10- 11)• Break (11- 11:30)• Content Review (11:30- 12:45)• Questions (12:45- 1)

I. Middle Ages

A. Black DeathB. Medieval SocietyC. Medieval ChurchD. The Hundred Years’ WarE. Important Documents of the M.A.

A. Black Death

1. Introduced by seaborn rats from the Black Sea areaa) By 15th century Europe had lost 40% of its pop.

2. Lack of sophisticated medicineb) Led to superstitions about the plague

o Poisonous fumes released during earthquakeso Jews spread plague

c) Led to popular remedieso Use of leecheso Flagellants- believed that beating themselves until they bled

would bring about divine intervention

B. Medieval Society1. Decrease in population

a) Farm Labor decreasedb) Skilled artisans increased

o Economic power of trade guilds and artisans grew

c) Revoltso Peasants rebelled against govts that attempted to limit their wageso English peasants’ revolt of 1381

2. Cities d) After the plague cities prospered– need for more expensive goods

o Hansic League

e) Universities and Scholasticismo First university founded in early 13th c. (1200s)o Taught a variety of subjectso Mini Renaissance in 13th c.

St. Thomas Aquinas- world would be explained through Christian dogma

3. European Feudal Structure

King

Nobles

Knights

Vassal

3. Feudalism cont…

oEmerged during the High Middle AgesoReciprocal relationships based on loyalty and protection

C. Medieval Church1. Pope Innocent III (r. 1198- 1216)

a) Transformed the church into a secular power/ created a papal monarchyo Dispose benefices (gifts of land as a reward for services

rendered) o Can declare saints

2. Pope Urban IV (r. 1261- 1264)a) Continued secularization

o Est. Rota Romana (religious law court)o Broadened the distribution of beneficeso College of Cardinals became politicized

C. Medieval Church cont…

3. Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294- 1303)a) Refused English and French efforts to tax the clergy

without papal approvalo Clericis laicos

b) Unam Sanctumo Temporal authority is subject to the power of the church

4. Babylonian Captivityc) Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon to avoid

French king and Rome

C. Medieval Church cont…5. Pope John XXII (r.1316- 1334)

a) Tried to restore the papacy to Rome

6. Protests against the churchb) William of Ockham & Marsilus of Padua

o Protested papal power

c) John Wycliffe & John Huss led popular lay movements (Lollards and the Hussites) that protested the rights of the papacy

7. The Great Schism (1378- 1417)a) Pope Clement VII elected by the council of cardinals after the

election of Pope Urban VIb) Cardinals deposed both and elected a new pope Alexander Vc) 3 Popes claimed spiritual authority

Medieval Church cont…

8. Concilliar Movementa) an effort to control/ regulate the actions of the pope by councilsb)Council of Constance meets

o Sacrosancta recognizes the Roman pope Gregory XII the one pope

9. Crusades a) 1st crusade launched in 1095b) Against Islamic rule of the Holy Landc) Against Jewsd) Sack of Constantinople 1204

o During the 4th crusade

D. Hundred Years’ War1. War between the monarchs of England and France (1337- 1453)

a) Edward III (England) claims his right to the French throne after the death of Charles IVb) fight over Flanders

2. English successa) military superiority

o Longbow

3. French weaknessa) territorial in fighting b) lack of leadership

4. Battlesa) Crecy (1346)b) Poitiers (1356)c) Agincourt (1415)

D. Hundred Years’ War cont…

5. The Peace of Bretigny (1360)a) recognized English holdings in France in exchange for Edward III renouncing his claim to the French throne

6. Joan of Arc (1412- 1431)a) heard the voice of Godb) led the French to victory in the Battle of Orleansc) served as an inspiration to the French d) burned at the stake

7. France eventually wins the war

E. Important docs of the M.A.

1. Magna Carta 1215a) limited the power of the kingb) created a co- governing body which would later be known as parliament

II. Renaissance

A. Renaissance in ItalyB. HumanismC. Northern Renaissance

A. Renaissance in Italy1. 3 major city states

a) Florenceb) Milanc) Venice

2. Treaty of Lodi (1454- 1455)a) Alliance between Naples, Milan, Florence and their rivals, Venice

and the Papal States

3. Cosimo de Medici (1389- 1464)a) Influenced the local council Signoriab) Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449- 1492)

o Totalitarian rule (1478- 1492)

4. Piero de Medicic) Florence and Naples against Miland) Exiled after handing Pisa and other Florentine possessions to France

5. Milana) Visconti- 1278b) Sforza- 1450

o Ruled without constitutional restraint or political competition

c) Ludovico il Moroo Asked France for help against Naples and its allieso France ends up with Florence as a resulto Ferdinand of Aragon creates the League of Venice

6. Girolamo Savonarola (1452- 1498)d) Radical Dominican monke) Convinced radical mob to exile Piero de Medicif) Ruled Florence until he was imprisoned and later

executed in 1498

7. Venice was ruled by merchant oligarchy & Doge

B. Humanism1. Believed in:

a) Study of the ideals expressed in Latin and Greek classicsb) Importance of a well rounded education

2. Baldassare Castiglione (1478- 1529)a) Book of the Courtier

o Espoused a program of study that included rhetoric, politics, moral philosophy, poetry, history and embraced classical and biblical sources

3. Florentine Platonic Acadamy b) Under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici

o Studied Plato and Neoplatonists

4. Francesco Petrarch (1304- 74)a) Father of Humanism

5. Giovanni Boccaciob) Decameron

o Tale of 10 people who escape Florence to avoid the plagueo Each tells a story with a theme

6. Dante Alighieric) The Devine Comedy

o Allegorical poem of Christian afterlifeo Helped est. the Tuscan dialect in which it is written as the

Italian standardo Draws on the theological teachings of Aquinas by telling the

story of a man who travels through hell, purgatory and heaven

7. Art of the Renaissancea) Techniques

o Secularismo Chiaroscuroo Linear perspective

b) Leonardo da Vincio Renaissance man (sculptor, writer, inventor, engineer, painter

etc.)o Mona Lisa, Last Supper

c) Raphaelo School of Athens

d) Michelangeloo Davido Last Supper

C. Northern Renaissancea) Also known as Christian Humanismb) Stimulated by the learning imported by students

returning to the Netherlands from Italyc) Effects spread further by the effects of the French

invasions of Italyd) Supported by the Brothers of the Common Life (lay

religious movement)o Diverse social backgroundo Interested in religious reform

e) Printing Presso Educational ideals to more people were spread

f) Figures of the northern Renaissanceo Desiderious Erasmus

o Tried to unite the classical ideal of civic virtue w/ Christian ideals

o Thomas Moreo Utopia a critique of society that envisioned an imaginary

society based on tolerance and communal property

III. Voyages of Discovery and New Empires of the West

A. Opening of the AtlanticB. ExplorersC. Empires

A. Opening of the Atlantic

1. God, gold, glory2. Inventionso Compasso Quadrant- measure latitudeo Portolani maps- provided detailed info on

directiono Caravel ship- lateen sail

B. Explorers1. Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506)

a) Italian b) Explored for the Spanish crown– “discovered” America

o Made four trips

2. Ferdinand Magellan (1480- 1521)a) Portuguese b) Sailed for Spainc) First to circumnavigate the Earth

3. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394- 1460)a) Portuguese prince– founded the school for seafarersb) Sought to conquer unknown worlds and bring riches and supplies back to Europe

4. Hernando Cortes (1460- 1547)a) Spanishb) Conquistador– conquered the Aztecs

5. Vasco de Gamaa) Portugueseb) First to make it around Cape of Good Hopec) Set up “choke points” to extract trade concessions

C. Colonial Empires1. Treaty of Tordesillas

a) Divided the world in half between Spanish and Portugueseo Portugal eventually gets Brazil & South Americao Spain gets Americas

2. Exploitationa) Encomienda system– reciprocal relationship

o Settlers received grants of land and native laboro Had to provide Christian education and protection

3. Bartolome de las Casas (1484- 1566)a) Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1542)

o Black Legend– Spanish as cruel and violent

IV. Reformation

A. Protestant ReformationB. Protestant LeadersC. Counter- ReformationD. English Reformation

A. Protestant Reformation1. Those who opposed the church were called

Protestants after the protests they led2. Causes

a) The Great Schismb) Sale of indulgences, nepotism, simony

o Angered Protestants who believed that they were not scripturally sound

c) Clerical immorality & absenteeismo Protestants were alienated by these conditions

d) Humanismo Rise of scholarship during the Renaissanceo Humanists’ interests in returning to classical texts made study

of and access to the Bible of great importance

B. Protestant Leaders1. Martin Luther (1483- 1546)

a) German theologianb) Did not like Christian teachings that God required

perfect righteousness for salvationo “justification by faith alone”

c) Ninety- five Theses posted on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg

d) Attacked the Catholic system of indulgences promoted by preachers like John Tetzel

e) Condemned to heresy in 1520o Translated the New Testament into German using Erasmus’s

Greek text and Latin translation

2. Ulrich Zwingli (1484- 1531)a) Headed the Reformation in Switzerlandb) Opposed to the sale of indulgences and religious

superstitionc) Petitioned for the end to clerical celibacy and the right

to marryd) If it was not in the bible it was not to be believede) Questioned traditional behaviors

o Fastingo Adoration of saintso Pilgrimageso Other sacraments

f) Disagreed with Luthero Marburg Colloquy– over the presence of Christ’s body in the

Eucharist

3. John Calvin (1509- 1564)a) Leader of the Calvinists b) Believed in predestination

o “the elect”o Institutes of Christian Religion– theological statement of the

Protestant faith

c) Sovereignty of Godo Believed in the unity of church and stateo Led a theocracy in Geneva

C. Counter- Reformation1. Society of Jesus (aka: Jesuits)

a) Ignatius of Loyolab) Spiritual Exercises

o Embodied a program of spiritual disciplines that encouraged believers to transform their spiritual selves through discipline and practice

2. Council of Trenta) Effort by Emperor Charles V to force Pope Paul to reassert

church doctrineb) Met from 1545- 1563c) Reforms

o Restricting the selling of church offices and religious relicso Strengthened the authority of local bishopso Subjected them to new rules that required them to reside in their

dioceses and must be visible and accessible to their congregations

D. English Reformation1. Took hold in England in the 16th century2. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1475- 1540)

a) Minister to Henry VIIIb) Guided royal response to English Protestantism

3. Sir Thomas More (1478- 1535)a) Author of Utopiab) Minister to Henry VIII

4. Henry VIIIa) Converted himself and all of England to Anglicanism

5. Thomas Cranmer (1489- 1556) & Thomas Cromwell (1485- 1540)a) Lutheran sympathizers helped Henry VIII declare himself supreme ruler

over English affairsb) Took charge of the Church of England

V. Age of Religious Wars

A. French Wars of ReligionB. Imperial SpainC. England and SpainD. Thirty Years’ War

A. French Wars of Religion1. French Protestants (Huguenots) were persecuted under Henry II and it

continued until Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) took the throne in 15892. Catherine de Medicis

a) Sought alliances b) 1562- January Edict

o Granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside town

3. Warsa) Began when the Guise family led a massacre on the Huguenotsb) Catherine aligned herself with the Guises and plotted against the leader of the

Huguenotso Catherine supported the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (3k were killed– in 3 days

20k were killed)

c) The Peace of Beaulieu– led by Henry IIIo Granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedomo Henry III’s murdered led to the rise of Henry IV– converted to Catholicism

d) Edict of Nantes o Granted Huguenot’s rights within France (freedom of worship & right of assembly among

others)

B. Imperial Spain1. Philip II

a) Catholic ruler of Habsburg lands of Bohemia, Austria, Hungary & Castile Spain

b) Battle of Lepanto– Turkish fleet was put downc) Annexation of Portugal

o Gained access to their empires in Africa, India and the Americas

d) Pacification of Ghent 1576o Catholic and Protestant provinces come together in opposition to

Spain

e) Twelve Years’ Trucea) Peace with Spain is achieved when independence is given to the

northern provincesb) Recognition of this independence was finalized under the Peace

of Westphalia in 1648

C. England and Spain1. Mary Tudor (Mary I)

a) Married to Philip IIb) Restored Catholicism and executed Protestant leaders

2. Elizabeth Tudor (Elizabeth I)a) 1559 Act of Supremacy– undid anti- Protestant

legislationo Attempted to maintain peace between both Catholics and

Protestants

3. Mary Stuart Queen of Scottsa) Executed by Mary

o Catholic and French heir to the Scottish throne

D. Thirty Years’ War (1618- 48)1. Four Phases

a) Bohemian (1618- 1625)o Calvinists demand more freedom from Catholic Habsburg ruler Ferdinando Defenestration of Prague– Protestant nobility throws two of his regents out a

window

b) Danish (1625- 1629)o King Christian IV of Denmark attempts to bring Protestantism to Germany and is

forced to retreat by Maximiliano Ferdinand outlaws Calvinism by issuing the Edict of Restitution

c) Swedish (1630- 1635)o Military tactics of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden helps Protestants win battleso Swedes refuse to join the Peace of Prague Agreement– a compromise between

German Protestant states and Fredinand

d) Swedish- French (1635- 1648)o Final phaseo French, Swedish and Spanish soldiers wreak havoc on Germanyo Most destructive point in the war in which religious issues become secondary to

political ones

2. Treaty of Westphaliaa) Stopped Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution and

recognized Calvinistsb) The independence of the Swiss Confederacy and

provinces of Holland was proclaimedc) German princes were acknowledged as the supreme

rulers over their principalities (seus regio eus religio)d) Broadened the legal status of Protestantism in the

realm but it perpetuated Germanys internal division and political weakness

VI. State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th centuries

A. The Netherlands: Golden Age to DeclineB. Two Models of European Political

DevelopmentC. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart

EnglandD. Rise Absolute Monarchy in FranceE. Central Eastern EuropeF. Russia’s entrance into the Political ArenaG. Ottoman Empire

A. The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline

1. The Netherlands: Golden Age to Declineo Only new state to appear in Europe during the

modern periodo Formal republic– cooperation of provinceso Religious toleration o Economic prosperity– Advanced Dutch capital

system

B. Two Models of European Political Development1. Monarchy-

a) England’s monarchs’ efforts to get new sources of income threatened the country’s political and economic stability

b) France– Louis XIV made French nobility dependent upon his patronage c) Allowed the Parlement of Paris to oversee his royal decrees and regional

parlements to administer local taxation

2. Religiona) In England the Protestant religious movement of Puritanism opposed the

Stuart monarchy and sought to limit its powersb) In France Louis XIV with the support of Roman Catholics crushed the

Protestant dissident movement to create religious unity

3. Governmenta) In England– representative Parliament (not a very strong inst. At the

beginning and they were mostly concerned with limiting the power of the king)

b) In France– strong monarchy nobility preferred the support of Louis XIV (estates general would not meet on a regular basis)

C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement 1. King James I

a) Scottish b) Advocated the divine rights of kingsc) Forced levies on his subjects

o Impositions were unpopular with parliament

d) Puritan separatists left England o Founded Plymouth Colony in North Americao Another group later founded Massachusetts Bay Colony

2. Charles Ia) Forced more unpopular levies and taxes on the English b) Stationed troops in private homesc) Petition of Right

o Required monarch to gain consent of Parliament before levying taxes or quartering soldiers in private homes

o 1629 Parliament declared that Charles’ levying of taxes without consent was an act of treason

d) Grand Remonstranceo Summary of grievanceso Charles invaded Parliament in response Parliament raised an army of its own

e) Civil War (1642- 1646)

C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement

3. Oliver Cromwella) New Model Army

o Won against Charles

b) Puritan Republic (1649- 1660)o Led as “Lord Protector”o Considered a military dictator

C. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement 4. Charles II

a) Stuart Restoration– brought England back to the conditions of 1640so Anglican Church as main religion o Monarch had little responsibility to call Parliament

5. James IIb) Catholic fear

o Appointed Catholics to high positions in the court and in the army

6. William and Mary of Orangec) James fled to France William of Orange’s army was more superiord) Led the Glorious Revolutione) Bill of Rights

o Limited the powers of the monarchyo Prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the throneo Guaranteed the role of Parliament in govt.

D. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France1. Louis XIV “Sun King”

a) Strict Catholic Ruleo Suppressed discontent among nobility and landownerso “One king, one law, one faith”o Helped suppress the rise of Jansenistso Revoked the Edict of Nantes– resulted in the immediate closure of Protestant

churches and schools, expulsion of Protestant ministers, the forced conversion of the laity

b) Advisorso Cardinal Mazarin continued Richelieu’s centralization effortso Jean- Baptiste Colbert controlled general finances, helped Louis XIV consolidate

Franc’s wealth and create an economic base for funding waro Mercantilism– aimed to maximize exports and internal stores of bullion

c) Divine Righto L’etat C’est Moi

d) Symbols of his powero Versailles o Led a series of foreign wars

E. Central and Eastern Europe1. Less economically advanced2. Economy more agrarian than maritime3. Main Leaders

a) Charles XIIo Sweden came to the throne and led a strong campaign agains the

Russians in the Great Northern War (1700- 21)o Ultimately defeated and exhausted military and economic resources

b) Austrian Habsburgsa) Consolidated their political power in Czech Republic, Moravia, Silesia,

Hungary, Croatia b) In early 18th century they received the former Spanish Netherlandsc) Faced problems with the Magyar resistance in Hungary

c) Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg- Prussiaa) Frederick William (1640- 88) “The Great Elector”b) Organized a Royal Bureaucracy

F. Russia Enters the European Political Arena

1. Ivan the Terrible ended the anarchy known as the Time of Troubles

2. Romanovs take powera) Peter the Great– ascended the Russian throne as

co- ruler with his half brother Ivan V.b) Strelsy- guards of Moscow c) Boyards- nobles