ap biology biology community ecology!community "group of species living close enough together...
TRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology
Community Ecology
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AP Biologybiosphere
ecosystem
community
population
Studying organisms in their environment
organism
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AP Biology
Community Ecology! Community
" group of species living close enoughtogether for potential interaction
! Community Ecology" study of
interactionsamong allpopulationsin a commonenvironment
To answer:In what way do thepopulations interact?
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AP BiologyFundamental
nichesRealizedniches
High tide
Low tide
Species 1
Species 2
Niche! An organism’s niche is its ecological role
habitat = address vs. niche = job
Competitive ExclusionCompetitive ExclusionIf Species 2 is removed,then Species 1 will occupywhole tidal zone. But atlower depths Species 2out-competes Species 1,excluding it from itspotential (fundamental)niche.
Chthamalus sp.
Semibalanus sp.
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AP Biology
Niche & competition! Competitive Exclusion
" No two similar species can occupy thesame niche at the same time
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AP Biology
Resource partitioningReduce competition through microhabitats
“the ghost ofcompetition past”
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AP Biology
Interspecific interactions! Symbiotic interactions
" competition (-/-)! compete for limited resource
! 2 species cannot coexist in a communityif their niches are identical
" predation / parasitism (-/+)
" mutualism(+/+)! lichens (algae & fungus)
" commensalism (+/0)! barnacles attached
to whale
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AP Biology
commensalism
mutualism
predation competition
Symbiosis
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AP Biology
Predation drives evolution! Predators adaptations
" locate & subdue prey
! Prey adaptations" elude & defend
spines, thorns, toxins
horns, speed, coloration
Predation providesa strong selectionpressure on bothprey & predator
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AP Biology
Defense mechanisms! Camouflage
" cryptic coloration
whippoorwill lizard
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AP Biology frog
Cryptic coloration! Camouflage
toad
lizard
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AP Biology
Warning “aposematic” coloration! Bright warning to predators
Monarch butterfly & larvae
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AP Biology
Mimicrypalatable or harmless speciesmimics a harmful model
Hawkmoth Hawkmoth larva puffs up tolarva puffs up tolook like poisonous snakelook like poisonous snake
Batesian mimicry
hawkmoth larvae
green parrot snake
Convergent evolution
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AP Biology
Batesian mimicry
Monarch malepoisonous
Viceroy maleedible
Which is the fly vs. the bee?Which is the moth vs. the bee?
Convergent evolution
fly bee moth bee
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AP Biology
Mullerian mimicry
yellow jacket
cuckoo bee
two or more protectedspecies look like each other
- group defense?- group defense?
- predators may evolve innate avoidance- predators may evolve innate avoidance
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AP Biology
What kind of mimicry?
Coral snake is poisonousKing snake is not
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AP Biology
Coevolution! Predator-prey relationships! Parasite-host relationships! Flowers & pollinators
Long term evolutionary adjustments between species
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AP Biology
Characterizing a community! Community structure
" species diversity! how many different species
" composition! dominant species! most abundant species
or highest biomass(total weight)
" keystone species! key role! strong effect on composition
of the community
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AP Biology
Species diversitygreater diversity = greater stability
! Greater biodiversityoffers:" more food
resources" more habitats" more resilience
in face ofenvironmentalchange
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AP Biology
suburban lawnagricultural“monoculture”
The impact of reduced biodiversity
“old field”
compare these communities
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AP Biology
Keystone species! Influential ecological
role" exert important
regulating effect onother species incommunity
" keystonespeciesincreasesdiversityof habitat
Pisaster ochraceous
Sea star
diversity decreasesmussels out-competeother species
diversity increases
Washington coast
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AP Biology
Keystone species
Sea otter is akeystonepredator inNorth Pacific
What is theWhat is theimpact of theimpact of theOrca whale?Orca whale?
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AP Biology
Ecological succession! Sequence of community changes
" transition in species composition over time! years or decades
" usually after a disturbance
Mt. St. Helens
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AP Biology
Primary succession! Begins with
virtuallylifeless areawithout soil,then…" bacteria" lichens &
mosses" grasses" shrubs" trees
makesoil{
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AP Biology
Secondary succession! Existing community cleared,
but base soil is still intact
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AP Biology
Succession of species
lichens & mosses grasses
treesbushes & small trees
pioneer species
climax forest
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AP Biology
What causes succession?! Tolerance
" early species are weedy r-selected" tolerant of harsh conditions
! Facilitation & Inhibition" early species facilitate habitat changes
! change soil pH! change soil fertility! change light levels
" allows other speciesto out-compete
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AP Biology
Climax forest! Plant community dominated by trees
! Representing final stage of naturalsuccession for specific location" stable plant community
" remains essentially unchanged in speciescomposition as long as site remains undisturbed
! birch, beech, maple,hemlock
! oak, hickory, pine
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AP Biology
Climax forest
! solar energy levels! temperature! rainfall! fertility & depth of soil
The species mix ofclimax forest isdependent on theabiotic factors ofthe region
birch, beech, maple, hemlock
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AP Biology
Disturbances as natural cycle! Disturbances are often necessary for
community development & survival-recycles nutrients
-increases biodiversity
-increases habitats
-rejuvenates community
fire climax forests
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AP Biology
When people don’t learn ecology!
Building homes in fire climax zones
badidea!