AP BIOLOGYBIG IDEA #3 GENETICS AND INFORMATION TRANSFERBIG IDEA #2 CELLULAR PROCESSES

CHAPTER 13, 31 (FUNGI), 38 (PLANTS), 46 (ANIMALS)

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Basic Sexual Life Cycle

Process of Meiosis

Questions about meiosis:

•Which is more like mitosis, meiosis I or II? Explain?

•When do sister chromatids separate?

•When do homologous chromosomes line up?

• How many times does S phase (interphase) occur?

• How do the cells produced by meiosis compare to the original cells?

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION•ALLOW FOR INCREASED VARIATION IN OFFSPRING:•INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES•CROSSING OVER•RANDOM FERTILIZATION

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES

CROSSING OVER

RANDOM FERTILIZATION

Animals and plants have evolved structures to aid in sexual reproduction:•Animals: Reproductive systems & associated hormonal control.

•Plants: Flowers•Investigation Question #1:•How do plants avoid self-reproduction?

Mechanisms for avoiding self-reproduction:•Plants can be separate sexes (monecious).•Plants can have flowers that are separate sexes.•Plants can have flowers that have both male and female parts but avoid “selfing” by:•Structural incompatibility•Temporal incompatibility•Genetic incompatibility

•Your job in lab will be to collect evidence to determine how Allostromeria species avoids self-reproduction!

Germination of Seeds Investigation #2•Experimental Question: Does temperature have an effect on germination?•Design an experiment to determine if warm or cool temperatures will impact the germination of seeds.

Investigation #3: Observing the process of meiosis in fungal spores

Patterns show crossing over:

Use the Lab Bench as a guide to help you understand what data you are collecting about your sample fungi:

• Experimental Question: What is the crossing over frequency of your Sordaria fungus?http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/design2.html

You will maintain a lab notebook for the genetics unit:• This lab notebook will be assigned a 100 point grade:

1) Flower reproduction lab2) Seed germination lab 3) Crossing over fungi lab 4) Embryo observations 5) Chi square and corn lab 6) Genetics problem set