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Animals: The Chordata Phylum Review

Chapters 30-32:

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Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals internal bony skeleton

backbone encasing spinal column

skull-encased brain deuterostome

postanaltail notochord

hollow dorsalnerve cord

pharyngealpouches

Chordata

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae

becomes gills or Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

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Vertebrates: Fishsalmon, trout, sharks450 mya450 mya

Characteristics body structure

bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales

body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart;

single loop blood circulation ectotherms

reproduction external fertilization external development in

aquatic egg

gills

body

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Transition to LandEvolution of tetrapods

Tibia

Femur

Fibula

Humerus Shoulder

RadiusUlna

Tibia

FemurPelvis

Fibula Lobe-finned fish

Humerus

Shoulder

Radius

Ulna

Pelvis

Early amphibian

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lung

buccalcavity

glottisclosed

Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics

body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin

body function lungs (positive pressure) &

diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart;

veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms

reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

frogssalamanders toads

350 mya350 mya

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Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics

body structure dry skin, scales, armor

body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms

reproduction internal fertilization external development in

amniotic egg

250 mya250 myadinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakesalligators, crocodile

embryoleatheryshell

chorion

allantoisyolk sac

amnion

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Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics

body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone;

flight skeleton body function

very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization external development in

amniotic egg

150 mya150 myafinches, hawk ostrich, turkey

trachea

anteriorair sacs

lung

posteriorair sacs

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Vertebrates: Mammals220 mya / 65 mya220 mya / 65 mya

mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans

musclescontract

diaphragmcontracts

Characteristics body structure

hair specialized teeth

body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus

nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk

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Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups

monotremes egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna

marsupials pouched mammals

offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum

placental true placenta

nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans

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Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which

are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals

very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-

groups of mammals?

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Comparing Chordates

Chapter 33:

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Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates

Adaptive Radiation: process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways

Rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms

Convergent Evolution: process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

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The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates…

Particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely within time of day and with season

Body Temperature & Homeostasis

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Body Temperature & Homeostasis

Ectotherm: animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature (“cold blooded”)

Reptiles, fishes and amphibians

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Body Temperature & Homeostasis

Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within (“warm blooded”)

Birds and mammals

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Feeding Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding

on a much wider assortment of foods

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Respiration Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes,

and amphibian larvae

GILLS

Land vertebrates: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

LUNGS

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Circulation

Single-loop Circulation

Double-loop Circulation

Heart Chambers (3 or 4)

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Excretion Carried out by the

kidneys

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Response Nonvertebrate chordates

have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain

Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function

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Movement The skeletal and

muscular system support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement

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Reproduction Almost all chordates reproduce sexually

Oviparous: eggs develop outside the mother’s body

Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the mother’s body –young born alive

Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body-young born alive

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Animal Behavior

Chapter 34:

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Elements of Behavior

Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment

Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries information

Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus

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Types of Stimuli Light Sound Odors Heat

THE SENSES

Some are different for different animals; i.e. echolocation in dolphins

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How Animals Respond When an animal

responds to a stimulus, the body systems…

sense organs nervous system muscles

…interact to produce the resulting behavior

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Behavior and Evolution Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn

behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed

Learned Behavior: behavior that is altered as a result of experience

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Learned Behavior Habituation

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Insight learning

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Habituation Learning process by which an animal

decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it

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Learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment

Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

Learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment

Trial-and-error learning

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Insight Learning Learning process in

which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error

Reasoning

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Imprinting Learning based on

early experience

Once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed

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Patterns of Behavior Behavioral Cycles

Courtship

Social Behavior

Competition and Aggression

Communication

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Behavioral Cycles

Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior

Migration: periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another

Circadian Rhythm: behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern; i.e. sleep

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Courtship Type of behavior in which an

animal sends out stimuli…

Sounds Visual displays, or Chemicals

…in order to attract a member of the opposite sex

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Social Behavior Usually members of a society

are related to one another

Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes

Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring

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Competition and Aggression Territory: specific

area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals

Aggression: threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another

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Communication Passing of information from

one organism to another

Visual signals

Chemical signals

Sound signals

Language**

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Animal Behavior Terminology Behavior

Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment

Innate behavior Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive) Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.

Fight-or-flight response Preparation of the body to either fight or run

from the danger Controlled by hormones

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Instinct A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins

with a stimulus and continues until all responses have been completed

Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial behavior

Circadian rhythm A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and

wakefulness Mimicry

The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators

Animal Behavior Terminology

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Migration The instinctive seasonal movement of animals Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon

Hibernation A state in which the body temperature drops

substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute in order to conserve energy

Ex. Bears Habituation

A repeated stimulus that the animal finally ceases to respond to

Animal Behavior Terminology

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Imprinting When an animal at a critical time of its life

forms a social attachment to another object Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother

Conditioning Learning by association

Insight Learning when an animal uses previous

experiences to respond to a new situation

Animal Behavior Terminology