stanley phylum chordata

7/29/2019 Stanley Phylum Chordata

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Phylum Chordata

Charactertistics of Chordates

All chordates possess a notochord.

Long felxable rod between gut & nerve cordRuns most of length of animal

Possess a dorsal, hollow, nerve cord

Possess pharangeal slits

Muscular post-anal tail


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Urochordates

Subphylum Urochordata

Commonly called

turnicates

Sessile marine animalsas adults - Motile as larva

Larva possess a clear

notochord which is less

evident in adults

Filter feed through use of

siphon


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Subphylum Cephalochordata

Commonly known as

lancets

Have all features of

the ideal chordate Bury selves in sand,

and filter-feed through

mouth


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Phylum Chordata: The

Vertebrates

Subphylum Vertebrata

Seven extant classes

First 3 commonly called fishes Remaining 4 called tetrapods (4 feet)

All possess some form of segmented

vertebra


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Class Agnatha

Commonly known as Jawless Fish

Include hagfish & Lampreys Lack paired appendages

Lack bony skeleton

Lack jaws Usually have circular sucking mouthparts

Lampreys parasitize other fish


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Lampreys


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Hagfish


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Class Chondrichthyes

Include sharks & skates, & rays

Very successful class

Called cartilagenous fishes because skeleton is

cartilage not bone Approx. 750 species

Have paired appendages

Many have acute senses

Sharks have a lateral-line system

Allows shark to detect water pressure changes


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Sharks


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Noteworthy Shark Species

Great White SharkTiger Shark

Whale Shark Bull Shark


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Rays & Skates

Manta Ray Southern Stingray

Skates


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Class Osteichthes Called Bony fish

Most diverse of all fish

Have skeleton made of bone Have Cycloid Scales

Have paired fins

Allowed evolution of 4 limbed amphibians (tetrapods)

Possess scales for protection

Have bony flap called operculum Allows water to be drawn over gills by fins

Have Swim bladder Gas content can be manipulated allowing for changes in bouyancy


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Bluefish


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Class Amphibia

First vertebrates to inhabit land

Most are 4 limbed (tetrapods)

Include frogs, salamanders & caecilians Have 3 chambered heart

Have more complicated gas exchange

organs (often a combination of lungs, gillsand skin)


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Order Urodela(Salamanders & Newts)

Urodela ("tailed ones" - Salamanders)

More dependent on water

Many species possess gills as adults


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Class Apoda

("tail-less ones" - Frogs & toads) Have more developed

lungs than salamanders Lack a diaphragm & must

swallow air

Most diverse andcommon of amphibians.

Toads are the firstamphibians to evolvekeratinized skin.

This waterproofs the skinpreventing water loss

Toads must still return towater to lay eggs.


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Common North American Frogs

North American Toad Green Frog Bullfrog

Leopard Frog Peepers

Poison Arrow Frog


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Caecilia ("legless ones")


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Reproduction

Lack internalfertilization & amnioticeggs

Reproduction must occurin H2O

Most species undergometamorphosis Larval stage (tadpole) is

usually an aquaticherbavore

Lacks legs, respiration isthrough gills

Develops into tetrapodadult (usually carnivorous)


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Class Reptilia Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians

Over 7000 species Possess several advanced features over amphibians

Most adaptations towards independence from H2O

Possess scales containing keratin

Keratin is a waterproofing protein which prevents water

loss in an organism Possess an amniotic egg.

Prevents water loss of embryo. Allows for eggs to be laid on dryland

Combined with internal fertilization, allows reptiles to

reproduce independently of water Reptiles are "cold blooded" orectotherms

Cannot internally regulate body temperatures

Reptiles can regulate body temperatures behaviorally (eg.Basking or swimming)

Nutritional requirements are lower than warm blooded animals


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The Amniotic Egg


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Modern Reptiles

OrderChelonia (Turtles

& Tortoises)

Inhabit aquatic and

terrestrial environment.

Are herbavores,carnivores, and omnivores

Characterized by

possessing a hard dorsal

shell

Made from bone,extensions of backbone

and rib cage


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Common North American Turtles


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Order Squamata

OrderSquamata (Lizards & Snakes)

Most numerous & diverse of the reptiles

Most relatively small Although monitorsand their relatives can grow to 6' in length

Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores

Most able to exhibit some form ofhibernation


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Noteworthy Lizards

Eastern Fence Lizard

Leopard Gecko

Komodo Dragon

Anole


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North American Snakes


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OrderCrocodilia(Crocodiles, Alligators, & Caimans)

Largest extant reptiles can grow to over 15 and weigh over aton

Primarily aquatic they are true reptiles

Inhabit warm, tropical climates

Order most closely related to the dinosaurs


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Crocodilians

Crocodile Alligator

CaimanGavail


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Class Aves(The Birds)

Evolved from dinosaurs duringMezozoic era.

Aminotic eggs and scales onlegs reminants of reptilianorigins

Almost all adaptations of theseanimals are made for flight.

Presence offeathers Made ofkeratin

Can be used for insulation andflight

Forelimbs developed intowings

Honeycombed, light bonestructure


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Feathers


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Beak Types Absence of some organs

Females usually have 1 ovary

Absence of teeth lighten head

Replaced by gizzard in abdomen & beak

Beak made of keratin Proven very adaptable structure, having a variety of shapes for differing diets


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Reproduction

Reproduction is through hardened amniotic eggs

Since birds are endothermic, these must be kept warm byparents

This behavior called brooding


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Birds Feet


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Modern Birds

Over 8600 species & 20orders of birds

Classified into 2 generalgroups

Flightless speciesincluding ostrich, emus, &kiwis are known asratites

Lack sternal keel onbreastbone

Lack strong breastmuscles needed for flight

Ostrich: A ratite


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Modern birds contd.

Other species capable of

supporting flight called

carinates

60% are "perching birds"

called passeriforms

Possess a sternal keel

on breastbone

Support strong breast

muscles required for flight

The sparrow: A passeriform carinate


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Class mammalia Approx. 4500 species of mammals

Evolved from mammal-like reptiles called therapsids in the triassicperiod

Diversified greatly following the extinction of dinosaurs

Mammilian Characteristics Have Hair

Made of keratin

Aids in maintaining body temperature

Endothermic

Maintain body temperature internally Have efficient respiratory system including a diaphragm

Efficient circulatory system with a 4-chambered heart

Most possess placentas and give birth to live young

Have mammary glands to produce milk for offspring

All show parental care of offspring

Have largest brains of all vertebrates Have differentiated teeth

Unlike earlier vertebrates, several different teeth can exist in mammal jaws

Eg. The molars & incisors in the human jaw


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General Types of Mammals

Monotremes

Early branch from

reptilian line

Include platypuses &echidnas (spiny

anteaters)

Only group to lay eggs

(reptilian in structure)

Have mammary

glands to feed young

Duck Billed Platypus

Echidna


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Marsupials

Include opossums, kangaroos & koalas Mostly found in Australia & New Zealand

Were isolated in these landmasses when thecontinents separated and did not evolve li the same

way placental mammals did Do not develop placentas

Give birth to young very early

Fetuses complete development in pouch called

marsupium Mammary glands found in pouch nourish young

until development is complete


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Examples of marsupials

Opossum

Koala

Kangaroo


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Placental Mammals

Complete embryonic development in uterus

Joined to parent by organ called placenta Only "disposable" mammal organ

Discarded following birth

Exchanges gasses, nutrients & waste between mother and fetus


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Common North American Mammals 1


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Common North American Mammals 2

stanley phylum chordata

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