“macroeconomic parameters of modern economy in russia” lma rusija... · 4 gross domestic...

Professor BULAT NIGMATULIN

Institute of power engineering problems,

Review board chairman of electricity consumers committee

“Macroeconomic parameters of modern

economy in Russia”

2

Part 1

First integrals of economics

Basic definitions

3

• Gross domestic product (GDP);

• Gross Regional Product (GRP);

• Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF);

• Electricity consumption;

• Energy consumption;

• Freight traffic;

• Population;

• Life expectancy at birth (LEB).

First integrals of economics:

4

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all final goods and services

(for ultimate customers) produced within a country's borders in a specific time period (for

instance in a year).

Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of

a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons.

GDP measures in constant price terms.

Gross Regional Product (GRP) is conceptually equivalent to gross domestic product

(GDP) without government investment.

GRP measures in constant price terms.

Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) includes land improvements (fences, ditches,

drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of

roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential

dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings.

GFCF measures in constant price terms.

Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption of all households and

economic entities that use electric energy.

Consumption of electric energy is measured in watt-hours (written W·h, equal to watts x

hours).

Energy consumption is the amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by

an organization or society.

Energy consumption is measured in kgoe (kgce).

Freight traffic is economic indicator of traffic volume (freight traffic indicator) computed

by multiplying total tonnage by the length of route. Freight traffic is measured in t*km.

5

Population is a summation of all people who live in a

particular country in a particular year.

Life expectancy at birth (LEB) – is a statistical

measure of how long an organism may live. LEB is the

most important integral demographic indicator that

defines mortality rate of population.

6

7

• Purchasing power parity (PPP) is usually measured in USD (taking USA as a

reference country) in the international comparisons of GDP, GRP, GFCF.

The concept of purchasing power parity allows one to estimate what the exchange

rate between two currencies would have to be in order for the exchange to be at par

with the purchasing power of the two countries' currencies.

PPP USD helps to compare the cost of a particular basket of goods and services in

different countries.

All final goods and services produced within a country's borders are taken in the

international comparisons of GDP.

USA is commonly believed to be reference country in international comparison of PPP

thus it is usually measured in USD.

In 2014: In 2015:

1$ PPP = 19,07₽ 1$ PPP = 21₽

1$ CB (of Russia) = 40₽ 1$ CB (of Russia) = 75₽

First integral measurements of economics

8

ΔGFCF(i)/GFCF(i-1), (i =1, 2, 3…) – GFCF rate of change in i-year is counted in

percent to the previous year (i-1), where GFCF(i) and GFCF(i-1) in the previous

year (i-1) prices.

ΔGDP(i)/GDP(i-1), (i =1, 2, 3…) – GDP rate of change (GDPi) in i-year is counted

in percent to the previous year (i-1), where GDP(i) and GDP(i-1) in the previous

year (i-1) prices.

Annual rate of change for the physical volumes of GFCF, GDP, electricity and

energy consumption.

Rate of change for the first integrals of economics

9

ΔElectricity consumption(i)/Electricity consumption(i-1), (i =1, 2, 3…)

shows change of electricity consumption in i-year is counted in percent

to the previous year (i-1) prices

ΔEnergy consumption(i)/Energy consumption(i-1), (i =1, 2, 3…)

shows change of energy consumption in i-year is counted in percent to

the previous year (i-1) prices

10

Kgdpi – annual elasticity coefficient of GDPi to GFCFi in i-year.

Kgdpi =(∆GDPi /GDPi-1)/(∆GFCFi /GFCFi-1)

Kgdpi shows the percent change of GDPi physical volume (in prices of i-1 year)

where GFCFi physical volume change by 1% (in prices of i-1 year) in the same year.

Kgdp = ( ∑ i-1 Kgdpi)/N

Kgdp–annual average elasticity coefficient of GDP and GFCF in particular period of

time (N years):

Kgdp shows the average percent change of GDP physical volume in particular period

of time (N years) where GFCF physical volume change by 1% in the same period of

time. GFCF is to be calculated separately in year when GFCF grows and when it falls.

Annual elasticity coefficient of GDP to GFCF (Kgdp)

The relation between rate of change for the first integrals of macroeconomics:

11

Kmuli - multiplication coefficient annual average ratio in particular period of time (N

years).

Kmuli= ∆GDPi / ∆GFCFi

Kmul shows how many units GDP volume change in average, in particular period of

time (N years), where annual change of GFCF physical volume by unit in native

currency in the same period of time.

Kmuli = Kgdpi(GDP(i-1)/GCFC(i-1))

Kmul= ( KmuliNi=1 )/N

Kmul is to be calculated separately in year when GFCF grows and when it falls.

Intensifier ratio is the integral characteristic that defines efficiency of GFCF in national

economy in particular period of time (N years).

The relation between rate of change for the first integrals of macroeconomics:

12

Part 2

The relation between rate of change

for the first integrals of macroeconomics

in Russia

13

2,19

1,12

2,29

2,63

0,55

1,68

2,31

1,76 2,23

-

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

ВВП ИОК Электропотребление

1978

by 25%

In 2 times

In 5 times

2014 1990 1998

GFCF

Dynamics of GFCF, GDP and electricity consumption in 1970-2014,

relegated to its values in 1970

GDP Electricity consumption

14

Rate of change for GDP and GFCF in Russia in 1970-2015

10,2%

-39,7%

-24,3%

-18,1%

-12,0%

22,7%

-15,7%

-5,40% -7,8%

4,8%

6,8%

-15,1%

12,2%

7,0%

4,5%

3,2%

-7,0%

6,8%

4,1%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015

И

О

К

↓

RF

GCFC↓

RSFSR

И

О

К

↓

P

E

R

E

S

T

R

O

I

K

A

15

(1,50)

(1,00)

(0,50)

-

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

GFCF↓ GFCF↓ G

F

C

F

↓

Annual index for elasticity coefficient of GDP to GFCF in Russia in

1970-2015

P

E

R

E

S

T

R

O

I

K

A

16

Annual index for elasticity coefficient of GDP to GFCF (Constant-GDP) with

local smoothing in Russia in 1970-2015

0,98

0,45 0,59

0,59

-1,5

-1,0

-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Kgdp with local average Kgdp average line

GFCF↓

GFCF↓ G

FCF ↓

RSFSR RF

P

E

R

E

S

T

R

O

I

K

A

17

Relationship dynamics of GFCF to GPD in current prices in Russia (1970-2015)

and in China, Saudi Arabia, Germany and Kazakhstan (2014)

Contribution to GFCF and GDP in current prices in Russia (1970-2015)

0,203

0,253 0,249

0,276

0,284

0,259

0,205

0,139

0,213

0,189

0,181

0,255

0,189

Saudi Arabia - 0,243

Germany 0,200

Kazazhstan 0,173

China - 0,473

0,24

0,19

0,29

0,120

0,140

0,160

0,180

0,200

0,220

0,240

0,260

0,280

0,300

0,320

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030

optimistic scenario

worst-case scenario

Lithuania Russia

18

Annual index for intensifier ratio (Constant-GDP) in Russia in 1970-2015

4,14

1,78

2,11

4,08 2,73

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Kmul Kmul, average line

GFCF↓ GFCF↓

RSFSR RF

P

E

R

E

S

T

R

O

I

K

A

19

Annual rate of change for physical volume of GDP and electricity

consumption in 1990-2014 and 2015 (estimate)

-1,7%

-6,0%

-5,5%

-8,7%

-1,9%

-1,5%

-1,6%

-0,7%

2,8%

3,8%

1,4%

0,3%

2,8% 2,4% 1,8%

4,2%

2,3% 2,0%

-4,5%

4,5%

2,0% 2,1%

-0,8%

0,7%

-0,5%

-4,9% -5,0%

-14,5%

-8,6%

-12,8%

-4,0% -4,0%

-2,0%

-7,5%

6,4%

10,0%

5,1% 4,6%

7,3% 7,2%

6,4%

7,4% 8,1%

5,6%

-7,8%

4,5%

4,3%

3,4%

1,3% 0,6%

-3,50%

-3,4%

2,4% 1,5%

-7,0%

6,8% 4,1%

-20,0%

-15,0%

-10,0%

-5,0%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

G

F

C

F

↓

GFCF↓ GFCF↓

20

Annual index for elasticity coefficient of electricity consumption to GDP in

Russia (1990-2014)

0,47

0,34

0,43

0,37

-

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Кэл с лок. осредн. Кэл с лок. осредн., средние

GFCF↓ G

F

C

F

↓

kW, local smoothing kW, average line

21

Annual rate of change for physical volume of GDP and electricity

consumption in 1971-2014 and in 2015 (estimate)

-4,4%

1,3% 1,0%

-7,0%

6,8% 4,1%

-20,00%

-15,00%

-10,00%

-5,00%

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Энергопотребление % ВВП %

И

О

К

↓

ИОК↓ ИОК↓

Electricity consumption, % GDP %

22

Annual index for elasticity coefficient of energy consumption to GDP in

1990-2014

0,53

0,18

0,37

0,24

-

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

1,40

1,60

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Кэн с лок. осредн. Кэн с лок. осредн., средние

GFCF↓ G

F

C

F

↓

Energy consumption, % Energy consumption average line

When GFCF grows (1999 – 2008, 2010-2012, or 13 years):

- Average annual elasticity coefficient of GDP to GFCF Constant-

GDP=0,59;

- Average annual intensifier ratio Intensifier ratio=2,73.

- Average annual elasticity coefficient of electricity consumption to GDP

Electricity consumption=0,37 - Average annual elasticity coefficient of energy consumption to GDP

Energy consumption=0,24

Analysis of retrospective macroeconomic measures in Russia

23

24

When GFCF falls(1991-1998, 2009, or 9 years):

- Average annual elasticity coefficient of GDP to GFCF Constant-

GDP=0,45;

- Average annual intensifier ratio Intensifier ratio=2,11.

- Average annual elasticity coefficient of electricity consumption to GDP

Electricity consumption=0,47

All these constants are defined by the structure of economics

(GDP) and not change in medium-term period (10-20 years)

25

How to calculate the development of electrical energy in country

1) It is necessary to forecast a electricity consumption in the medium

term (10-15 years)

2) Scenario conditions of economics development in the medium term

(for Russia within Energy Strategy to 2035 - 3%)

3) The obtained coefficients of elasticity (Kgdp, Kel) calculated growth

rates GFCF - 3% it is 3 / 0.59 = 5% of average annual growth in GFCF

26

The GFCF dynamics and the state, totally private and family Russia,

as well as the total foreign and joint Russian-foreign ownership during

the period of 2008-2012, And the forecast for 2013

Trillion rub

Foreign +joint

Private+mixed

State property

Total

27

In order to ensure an average annual GDP growth rate of 3%, it is necessary

to ensure an average annual growth rate of GFCF 3 / 0.59 = 5%.

In 2013 GFCF was 12 trillion rub, while the average annual growth rate

GFCF was 5%

12 trillion rub *5%=600 bn rub in prices of 2013г.

Or the annual growth of GFCF:

600 bn rub/(1$CB (rus)=75rub)=8 bn $

Only then there will be the annual GDP growth of

3%!

28

Export of capital abroad in Russia 2000-2015

-24,8

-15 -8,1 -1,9 -8,9

-0,1

41,4

81,7

-133,7

-56,1

-34,4

-80,5

-54,1 -62,7

-100

-150

-84 bln$

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Import / export of capital abroad Avarage (08-2013)

29

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

2030 2100 1900 1700 1500 1300 1100 900

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Chubise-Kirienko, 2008

B. Nigmatulin-2009

B. Nigmatulin-2013

Electric Energy Consumption, TWthour

Worth for incompetence:

15 GWt Nonoperating Electric Power Generators

2,5 Тrub = = 25 Annual Budget for RAS

Electric Energy Consumption in Russia with Prognosis to 2030

1070 TWthour =1990 year

30

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

MW

input nuclear power station input thermoelectric power station input thermal power station

output nuclear power station output thermoelectric power station output thermal power station

input hydro power plant input renewable power plant

Dynamics I / O generation facilities under the program of the Ministry of

Energy of the Unified Energy System of Russia on 2015-2021

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Th

e p

ro c

ap

ita e

lectr

icit

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n in

kW

h

GDP per capita 1000 $PPP in current prices

США Канада Мексика Бразилия Чили Колумбия Венесуэлла Бельгия Чехия Франция Германия Италия Казахстан Нидерланды Норвегия Польша Португалия Румыния Россия Испания Швеция Турция Украина Великобритания Узбекистан Иран Саудовская Аравия ОАЭ Алжир Египет ЮАР Австралия Китай Индия Индонезия Япония Малайзия Южная Корея Тайланд

Россия Германия

Канада

Швеция США

Ю. Корея

Китай Великобритания

ОАЭ

Норвегия

Average income

High income

Low

income

Data for all countries are inside

the two rays emerging from the

origin, because in any civilized

country at zero GDP per capita –

electricity consumption per capita

must be equal to zero.

The upper ray passes near the

points of China (268 kWh. 1,000 $

PPP), Norway (342); Canada

(343), whose specific electricity

costs $ 1000 PPP GDP are the

highest in the world.

The lower ray passes near the

points of Indonesia (73 kWh.

1,000 $ PPP), Colombia (87),

Algeria (98), whose specific

electricity costs $ 1000 PPP GDP

are the lowest in the world among

developed countries.

The relation between consumption per capita and GDP per capita at current

prices in US $PPP in Russia, EU countries, OECD, BRICS, CIS and some

other developing countries in 2014.

!

31

Ave

rag

e l

eve

l in

EU

The period of implementation of the Strategy is divided into two stages:

• the first phase - until 2020 (with a possible extension until 2022)

• second - roughly from 2021 to 2035.

Formed two forecast scenarios "conservative" and "target."

The conservative scenario - the price of oil «Urals» 50 dollars. / bbl in 2016, 80 dollars. / bbl in 2020, 105

dollars. / bbl to 2035.

- GDP growth of 1.5 times in the period 2015-2035.with average growth rate for

the period of 2.0%.

The result of the implementation of this scenario:

- Reduction of the GDP energy intensity by 1.6 times from the 2010 level.

- The growth of installed capacity by 13% (from 250 to 282mln kW)

Key aspects of the Energy Strategy Project of Russia until 2035

32

Key aspects of the Energy Strategy Project of Russia until 2035

The target scenario

- The price of oil «Urals» $ 55 / bbl in 2016, $ 80 / bbl in 2020, 105 dollars. / bbl

to 2035.

- GDP growth by 1.9 times in the period 2015-2035. with average growth rate

for the period of 3.5%.

The result of the implementation of this scenario:

- reduction of GDP electric capacity in 1.4 times from the 2010 level.

- installed capacity increase by 25% (from 250 to 312 million kilowatts)

33

Analysis of the Russian Energy Strategy Project during 2015-2035

The main internal constraints Energy Development in Russia:

• low GDP growth rates, slowing growth in domestic demand for fuel and energy

and

• reduce the investment activity in the energy sector;

• deterioration of the resource base fuel industries as the depletion of existing

fields, reducing the size and quality of new geological discoveries, which

increases the capital intensity of the development of complex and remote

provinces;

• technological backwardness of the Russian fuel and energy sector of the level

of developed countries and a high level of dependence on imports of certain

types of equipment;

• high wear of infrastructure and productive assets;

• excessive dependence on unstable foreign energy markets;

• limited opportunities available to attract long-term financial resources.

34

Dynamics of changes in the physical volume of GDP at constant prices of 2008 (bln. Rub.) in the period

1990-2014 and Forecasts to 2035

Russian energy strategy project during 2015 - 2035

Target scenario ES 2035 Project

Conservative scenario ES Project 2035

Scenario by B.Nigmatulin

Periods 2015-2020 2021-

2025 2026-

2030 2031-

2035

Avg. GDP for

the

conservative

scenario 2,4% 2,3% 2,1% 2,0%

Avg. GDP for

the target

scenario 4,1% 4,1% 3,6% 3,5%

Avg. GDP

scenario by

B. Nigmatulin

1,2% 1,9% 1,9% 1,9%

37

22

38

54

65

50

59

44

63

90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Tri

llio

n r

ub

.

И

О

К

↓

И

О

К

↓

2025 2035

35

The dynamics of electricity consumption in Russia in 1990-2015 and forecasts to 2035 under different scenarios

Russia's energy strategy project for the period 2015-2035

Target scenario by ES project 2035 Avg. electricity

consumption =1,0%

Conservative scenario by ES project 2035 Avg.

electricity consumption =1,0%

Scenario by B. Nigmatulin Avg. electricity

consumption =0,7%

Periods 2015-

2020 2021-

2025 2026-

2030 2031-

2035

Avg. rate of electricity

consumption for the

conservative scenario. 0,9% 1,3% 1,2% 1,0%


consumption for the

Target scenario. 0,9% 1,5% 1,8% 1,9%


consumption for

scenario by

B.Nigmatulin

0,5% 0,8% 0,8% 0,8%

1074

809

1023

977

1090

1181

1320

1.065

1.091

1.197

1.440

1092

1146

1241

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034

2025 2035

Bln

kW

t

36

Russian GDP electric capacity in 1990-2014 years and forecasts for different scenarios to 2035 kWh /

rub.

GDP electric capacity - per capita

rates of energy consumption relative

to GDP, measured usually kWh per

unit of GDP value in national or foreign

currency.

In 2035 a decrease electric capacity of

economics is:

In the conservative scenario - 23%

In scenario by B.Nigmatulin - 20%

In the target scenario - 38%

Analysis of the Russian Energy Strategy for the period 2015-2035

0,029

0,037

0,036

0,038

0,025

0,026

0,024

0,022

0,020

0,023

0,019

0,016

0,024

0,023 0,021

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030

0,035

0,040

0,045

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035

кВ

т.ч

/руб

.

Within the framework of the existing

model plans to reduce the electric

capacity of the economy to 40% is

unlikely

37

Dynamics of power in Russia in 1990-2014 and forecasts to 2035 according to various scenarios.

Target scenario by ES project 2035

average annual rate is 0,53%

Conservative scenario by ES project 2035

average annual rate is 0,76%

Scenario by B. Nigmatulin, average

annual rate is 0,45%


Periods

2015-

2020 2021-

2025 2026-

2030 2031-

2035

Avg. EC rates

by conservative

scenario

0,4% 0,9% 0,5% 0,5%

Avg. EC rates

by target

scenario

0,7% 1,1% 0,7% 0,7%

Avg. EC rates in

scenario by

B.nigmatulin

0,4% 0,7% 0,7% 0,7%

1254,9

874,1

991,5

939,6

1019

1073

1130

1029

1105

1185

1011

1039

1087

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034

2025 2035

Мл

н. т. н

.э.

38

The energy intensity of Russia's GDP in the period 1990-2014 years and forecasts for different scenarios to 2035 kWh / rub

The energy intensity of GDP - per capita rates

of energy consumption relative to GDP,

measured usually kg of coal equivalent cost per

unit of GDP in national or foreign currency.

In 2035 a decrease energy intensity of economy is:

According to the scenario by B. Nigmatulin - 24%

In the conservative scenario - 32%

In the target scenario - 48%


0,034

0,025

0,020

0,017

0,022

0,017

0,013

0,023 0,022

0,019

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030

0,035

0,040

0,045

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035

кг

у.т

./р

уб

Within the framework of the existing raw

economic model plans to reduce energy

consumption by 30-50% it is unlikely

39


For the average annual growth rate of electricity consumption for each of the 3

forecasts estimate annual GDP growth, using values Кel=0,37 and Кgdp = 0,59

According to the target scenario for the average annual growth rate of electricity

consumption of 1.4%, the average annual GDP growth - 1,4%/0,37=3,8%, when

the same GDP correspond to GFCF- 3,8%/0,59= 6,4% (in ES 2035 – GDP = 3,8%)

According to conservative scenario El= 1,0%, annual GDP growth -

1,0%/0,37=2,7% thus the GDP correspond to GFCF - 2,7%/0,59= 4,6%

(ES 2035 – GDP = 1,9-2,0%)

Target scenario indicators are not achievable within the existing economic model of

raw materials, the conservative scenario indicators are rather optimistic

As for the estimates of B.Nigmatulin: 0,7%, annual GDP growth - 0,7%/0,37=1,9%

thus the GDP correspond to GFCF - 1,9%/0,59= 3,2%

40

Dynamics of GDP, and, in average crude oil price of Brent crude according to BP (British Petroleum) in the period 1987-2014 and

forecasts until 2025. Script Energy Strategy 2035

25,0

38,8

21,2

41,3

38,0

43,5

65

90

42

59

7,3 12,6

2,7

8,8

7,6

9,4

15,6

20,1

8,7 12,8

18,2

12,8

96,9

61,7

111,6

50

55,0

80,0

106,7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032

Tri

llio

n. ru

b

До

лл

. С

ША

за

ба

рр

ел

ь B

ren

t

Target scenario of ES

2035

Conservative scenario of ES

2035

Estimates by Nigmatulin


41

42

Cost comparison methods for products of natural monopolies

(electricity, gasoline, etc.) in different countries

Part 3

43

«A theorem on equilibrium price of goods

and services» For any of the aggregate goods (services) (k=q), that costs in $PPP in country more

then the same good (service) in USA in USD, thus total cost for this product in GDP

in country is defined by the following 𝜟𝒒 𝒂𝒒 $𝑵𝒒.

There are always one or some other aggregate goods (services) that cost in $PPP in

country less then the same goods (service) in USA in USD. Upon that this cost will

be so much the less so its total price 𝜟𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝟏 $𝑵𝒎𝟏,+ … +, 𝜟𝒎𝒍 𝒂𝒎𝒍 $𝑵𝒎𝒍 positive

value 𝜟𝒒 𝒂𝒒 $𝑵𝒒.

Schematically it is shown balance between group of product, where

𝐶𝑞 $ 𝑃𝑃𝑃

(𝑎𝑞)$ > 1, where q=1, 2, … K1 и

𝐶𝑚 $ 𝑃𝑃𝑃

(𝑎𝑚)$ < 1, where m=1, 2, … К2.

44

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-2,0

-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

K1

K2

n=N

m=M1 m=M2

1 2 ....

1 2 ....

K1 K2

K

The relation between aggregate goods (services) costs (Сk)$PPP in $PPP, where k=1,…K1, higher

then the same product (service) price in USA in USD 𝑪𝒒 $ 𝑷𝑷𝑷

(𝒂𝒒)$ > 𝟏 , and aggregate goods

(services) costs 𝐶𝑚 $ 𝑃𝑃𝑃 in $PPP , where m=1,…, K2, lower then the same product (service)

price in USA in USD; K1+K2=K, where К – total amount of goods and products that makes up GDP

of the country.

45

3,2

2,9

2,8

2,7

2,6

2,5

2,4

2,4

2,3

2,2

2,0

2,0

2,0

2,0

2,0

1,9

1,9

1,8

1,8

1,6

1,6

1,6

1,6

1,4

1,4

1,4

1,2

1,2

1,1

1,0

1,0

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

Hu

ng

ary

Po

lan

d

Slo

va

k R

ep

ub

lic

Ko

rea

Czec

h R

ep

ub

lic

Po

rtu

gal

Gre

ec

e

Es

ton

ia

Slo

ve

nia

Ita

ly

Neth

erl

an

ds

OE

CD

Eu

rop

e

Ge

rma

ny

Sp

ain

Un

ite

d K

ing

do

m

Belg

ium

Ire

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

Fra

nce

Ru

ssia

No

rway

Den

ma

rk

Sw

ed

en

Me

xic

o

Lu

xe

mb

ou

rg

New

Ze

ala

nd

OE

CD

To

tal

Sw

itzerl

an

d

Ca

nad

a

Au

str

alia

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

The cost of gasoline A-95 in $PPP per litre for 2014 in Russia and OECD

countries

46

202

165

119

117

113

112

104

100

100

98

94

91

91

91

89

87

86

83

78

77

72

68

61

55

53

40

0

50

100

150

200

Ru

ssia

Gre

ec

e

Czec

h R

ep

ub

lic

Sw

ed

en

Po

lan

d

Sp

ain

Slo

ve

nia

Ko

rea

Slo

va

k R

ep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Den

ma

rk

Neth

erl

an

ds

New

Ze

ala

nd

Es

ton

ia

Ge

rma

ny

Ire

lan

d

OE

CD

Eu

rop

e

Au

str

ia

Fra

nce

Belg

ium

Un

ite

d K

ing

do

m

Sw

itzerl

an

d

OE

CD

To

tal

Fin

lan

d

Me

xic

o

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

The natural gas prices for households in US $PPP per MWh for the year

2014 in Russia and OECD countries

47

0,0

6

0,0

7

0,0

8

0,0

8 0,1

0

0,1

1

0,1

2

0,1

2

0,1

3

0,1

4

0,1

5

0,1

6

0,1

6

0,1

6

0,1

7

0,1

8

0,1

8

0,1

8

0,1

8

0,1

9

0,1

9

0,1

9

0,2

1

0,2

1

0,2

2

0,2

5 0,2

7

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

USA

Swe

de

n

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

Fran

ce

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Be

lgiu

m

Au

stri

a

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Slo

ven

ia

EU-2

8

Gre

ece

Spai

n

Serb

ia

Po

rtu

gal

Ru

ssia

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Cro

atia

Ge

rma

ny

Turk

ey

Po

lan

d

Ital

y

Bu

lga

ria

Hu

nga

ry

Slo

vaki

a

Ro

man

ia

Cyp

rus

The price of electricity (including all taxes) in Russia, in the EU, OECD in

2014 for 1 kW h. in € CB for industrial consumers 500-2000 MWh per year

(in Russia - less than 750 kVA)

48

0,0

6

0,0

6

0,0

7

0,0

7

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

8

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,0

9

0,1

0

0,1

0

0,1

0

0,1

1

0,1

1

0,1

2

0,1

2

0,2

0

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

USA

Serb

ia

Fin

lan

d

Fran

ce

Bu

lga

ria

Ru

sia

No

rwa

y

Swe

de

n

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Slo

ven

ia

Turk

ey

Po

lan

d

Ro

man

ia

Au

stri

a

Ge

rma

ny

Hu

nga

ry

Be

lgiu

m

Cro

atia

EU-2

8

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Po

rtu

gal

Gre

ece

Ital

y

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Spai

n

Slo

vaki

a

Cyp

rus

The price of electricity (including all taxes) in Russia, the EU, OECD in 2014 for

1 kWh in EU PPP for industrial consumers 500-2000 MWh per year (in Russia -

less than 750 KW)

49

The costs of the final consumers of electricity (including taxes) as a share of

GDP 2014

Comparison of macroeconomic indicators of Russia with other

countries 74

85

95 111

114

123

135

135

135

140

142

143

149

149

158

159

161

167

168

170

171

171

173

176

180

181

191

195

214

220

233

268

276

287

288

293

343

343 373

389

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Co

lom

bia

Alg

eria

Me

xic

o

Ro

man

ia

Un

ite

d K

ing

dom

Ne

therl

and

s

India

Ita

ly

Germ

any

Turk

ey

Pola

nd

Spain

Egypt

Un

ite

d A

rab E

mira

tes

Port

ug

al

Bra

zil

Fra

nce

Ch

ile

Belg

ium

Tha

iland

Saud

i A

rabia

Vene

zu

ela

Iran

Czech R

epu

blic

Ma

laysia

Kazakhsta

n

Japa

n

Austr

alia

US

A

Ru

ssia

Ch

ina

Uzbe

kis

tan

Sw

ede

n

South

Kore

a

South

Afr

ica

No

rwa

y

Ca

nad

a

Ukra

ine

GDP electric capacity in kWh / PPP $ in 2014

The global average

The EU average

50

GDP electric - the ratio of the total power consumption to the value of GDP.

Calculations of the GDP of the national currency is not carried at market exchange rates and purchasing

power parity.

32

49

57

61

62

62

65

68

69

70

70

74

79

82

83

84

84

85

85

86

86

87

88

89

90

91

91

91

92

94

98

100

101

102

116

118

119

120

120

122

123

128

130

132

140

149

152

156

158

159

165

166

172

180

182

197

212

270

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Au

str

ia

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Ba

ng

lad

esh

Co

lom

bia

Peru

Th

e R

ep

ub

lic o

f Ir

ela

nd

Ind

on

es

ia

De

nm

ark

Ho

ng

Ko

ng

Lit

hu

an

ia

Italy

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Azerb

aija

n

Pakis

tan

Hu

ng

ary

Po

rtu

gal

Germ

an

y

Sp

ain

Ecu

ad

or

Tu

rkey

Ind

ia

Ro

ma

nia

Ch

ile

Isra

el

Me

xic

o

Bra

zil

Gre

ece

Eg

yp

t

Fra

nce

Alg

eri

a

Ja

pan

Slo

vak

ia

Po

lan

d

Ne

the

rlan

ds

Vie

tna

m

Sw

ed

en

Au

str

ia

Be

lgiu

m

Fin

lan

d

Ma

lay

sia

Th

ail

an

d

Czec

h R

ep

ub

lic

Ka

za

kh

sta

n

US

A

No

rwa

y

Sau

di A

rab

ia

Bu

lga

ria

Ven

ezu

ela

So

uth

Ko

rea

Qata

r

Ch

ina

Be

laru

s

Un

ited

Ara

b E

mir

ate

s

So

uth

Afr

ica

Ru

ss

ia

Iran

Ca

na

da

Uk

rain

e

Energy consumption in kg o.e. / $ 1000 PPP GDP in 2014

The global average

The EU average

Comparison of macroeconomic indicators of Russia with other

countries

51

GDP energy intensity - the ratio of total energy consumption to the value of

GDP. Calculations of the GDP of the national currency is not carried at market

exchange rates and purchasing power parity.

52

Macroeconomic analysis of Lithuania in the period 1995-2014

Part 5

Reduced by 1995 GDP dynamics, and population and electricity

consumption in Lithuania

53

2,2 2,2

1,9

2,3

4,4 4,2

2,6

3,5

0,89

0,87

0,80

1,4 1,3

1,4

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

GDP to 1995 GFCF to 1995 Population to 1995 EL to 1995

GFCF ↑ GFCF ↑ G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

1,06% 0,92%

-1,76%

-1,6%

-0,6%

-2%

-2%

-1%

-1%

0%

1%

1%

2%

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035%

Рорulation growth rates, %

Рорulation growth forecast, %

GFCF ↑ 4

3

3

3

-

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Po

pu

lati

on

M

illio

ns

Рорulation (World bank)

Рорulation (Unaited nation) forecast

GFCF ↑ GFCF ↑

Annual rate of population growth

in Lithuania in 1970-2014 and

forecast to 2035

The dynamics of the population in

Lithuania in 1970 -2014 (fact) and the

forecast until 2035 baseline (demographic

scenario) UN

55

5% 8% 7%

-1%

4% 7% 7%

11% 7% 8% 7%

11%

3%

-15%

2%

6% 4% 4% 3%

21,1%

25,6%

21,2%

-5,9%

-6,9%

12,7% 11,1%

14,1% 15,8%

11,5%

19,6% 22,3%

-4,0%

-38,9%

1,5%

20,1%

-1,8%

8,3% 5,4%

6,5% 3,6%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

GDP, % GFCF,% GDP % LA GFCF,% AL

GFCF ↑ G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

0,3

0,5 0,5

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

-

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Kgdp with LA Kgdp, LA

GFCF ↑ G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

The annual rate of change of GFCF

and GDP in Lithuania in 1996-2014.

(fact)

Annual values of the coefficient of

elasticity of GDP to GFCF (Kgdp) in

Lithuania in 1996-2014

56

0,20

0,24

0,19

0,29

0,26

0,17

0,18

0,17

0,19

0,13

0,15

0,17

0,19

0,21

0,23

0,25

0,27

0,29

0,31

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

GFCF/GDP (in current LCU)

GFCF ↑ GFCF ↑

15

32 33

2

8

6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Мill

iard

s

GDP (constant LCU) Gross fixed capital formation (constant LCU)

GFCF ↑

GDP and GFCF dynamics in

Lithuania in 2004 constant prices in

the period 1995-2014

Dynamics of the share for the GFCF

in GDP in Lithuania in current

prices in the period 1995-2014

57

6 188

10 733

20 797

25 720 26 742

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)

G F C F ↓

Dynamics of the share for the GFCF in

GDP in Lithuania in current prices in the

period 1995-2014

58

5%

8% 7%

-1%

4%

7%

7%

11%

7% 8% 7% 11%

3%

-15%

2%

6%

4% 4%

3%

-2,5%

2,6% 3,1%

0,3%

-3,2% -5,6%

3,9%

4,1%

6,4%

6,2% 4,1%

5,4%

4,8%

2,1%

-8,1%

-0,5% 2,9%

3,8%

0,4%

7,4% 6,5% 3,6%

4,6% 4,6% 2,4%

-20,0%

-15,0%

-10,0%

-5,0%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

GDP, % EL,% GDP % LA EL,% AL

G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

0,3

0,3

0,3

2,8

-1,5

0,6 0,6 0,6 0,9

0,4

0,4

0,4 0,8

0,5 0,4 0,4

0,4

0,4

0,61

-2,00

-1,50

-1,00

-0,50

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

3,50

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Кel(dEL/dGDP) Кel, AL

GFCF ↑ GFCF ↑ G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

Annual rates of change for GDP and

consumption in Lithuania during the

period 1995-2014 (fact)

Annual values of the coefficient of

elasticity of electricity consumption

to GDP (cal) in Lithuania during the

period 1995-2014

59

15

28

32 33

6 9,0

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Mill

iard

s GDP (constant LCU) Electric power consumption (kWh) WB

TWh

G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

3249

1885

2108

2809 2639

3021

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

kWh

Electric power consumption per capita (kWh )

G F C F ↓

G F C F ↓

Electricity consumption dynamics

per capita in Lithuania in the period

1990-2014

GDP dynamics in post. 2004 prices

and consumption in Lithuania during

the period of 1970-2014

60

4151 5701

2321 999 1244 1068 1284 1539

2852 1753

655 720 547 327 361 401 329 408 566 735 647 209 240 206

6769

6290

1261

265 331 228 655 485

278 999

1616 1884 2109 2518 2691 3017 2464 2405 2026 2101 3186

2668 2879 2219

17033

17000

14638

12260

7706

11822

13942 12204

13554

9862

8419

11362

14142 15484 15102

10337

8651 9833 9894

10852

0 0 0

414 338

470

580

718

752

874

770

895

862

644

701

781

985 943

820

802

958 988

1139

1295 1056 937

1069

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

oil gas nuclear hydro wind

GWh

The structure of electricity generation by energy sources in

Lithuania in the period 1990-2013

61

12013 11891

9172 6692 6511 6355 6524 6736 6753 6543 6197 6446 6723 7179 7650 7977 8432 8859 9045 8371 8332 8580 8921 8955

2825 2995

2535

2487 2617 2798 3223 2940 3216 2933 2574 2879 3067

3353 3136 2600 2523 2651 2889 3080 2414 2105 1855 1878

1552 1714

1686

2204 1981 2008 1778 1585 1519 1330

1281 1416 1426

1413 1283 1229 1089 1118 1015 969

989 872 883 872

4538 3725

5338

5736 7114 5270 4182 4524 4572 4893

5150 4442 4532 4144 4293 5641 5812

5846 5649 4783

8174 8086 8060 8073

16513 16474

10641

8467 6015 7948 9341

8049

10654

7575 6486

8406

11018 11674 11488 8607

6240 7218 6606

7715 2184 1347 1441 1127

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Final consumption by sectors Energy industry own use Losses Imports Exports

GWh

Consumption dynamics of electricity, imports, exports, losses and own

needs

62

Dependence LEP at birth by health financing levels and GDP (GRP)

Section 6

63 Source: World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics; World Bank, World Development Indicators

Singapore

Italy

Japan

Israel

France

ОАЭ

United Kingdom

Norway

Mexico

Spain Switzerland

Saudi Arabia

Chile

Czech Republic

Poland

Greece

Malaysia

Portugal

Argentina

Hungary China

Belgium

Byelorussia

USA

Algeria

Azerbaijan

Brazil

Russia

Moscow

OECD

Kazakhstan

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Lif

e ex

pec

tan

cy a

t b

irth

(yea

rs)

Per capita public expenditure on health (PPP USD constant prices 2011)

Lithuania

The ratio of life expectancy at birth and per capita government spending

on health care in the countries included in the rating agency Bloomberg

2014

64 Source : World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics; World Bank, World Development Indicators

Singapore

Hong Kong

Italy

Japan

Israel

France

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Norway

Mexico

Spain Switzerland

Saudi Arabia

Chile

Czech Republic Poland

Greece

Malaysia

Portugal

Slovakia

Hungary

China

Belgium

Belarus

USA

Algeria

Azerbaijan

Brazil

Russia

Moscow

OECD

Kazakhstan

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000

Lif

e ex

pec

tan

cy a

t b

irth

(yea

rs)

GDP per capita (PPP USD)

Lithuania

The ratio of life expectancy at birth and GDP per capita in the countries

included in the rating agency Bloomberg 2014

65

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

6,500

7,000

7,500

8,000

8,500

9,000

9,500

0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000 44,000 48,000 52,000 56,000 60,000 64,000 68,000 72,000 76,000 80,000 84,000 88,000

.

200120072013


Hea

lth

ex

pen

dit

ure

per

ca

pit

a, P

PP

(co

nst

an

t 2

01

1 i

nte

rna

tio

na

l $

)

2001

2007

2013

The lines show the average estimate of health care costs at

every level of GDP per capita. Over time, the regression line

changes the angle, indicating a higher rate of growth in

health care costs, compared with the growth rates of GDP

per capita

Health expenditure per capita vs GDP per capita in PPP USD

66

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

2,200

2,400

2,600

2,800

3,000

3,200

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 32,000

.

Algeria Azerbaijan Belarus

Brazil Bulgaria Chile

China Colombia Czech Republic

Dominican Republic Ecuador Estonia

Greece Hungary Iran, Islamic Rep.

Latvia Libya Lithuania

Malaysia Mexico Peru

Poland Portugal Romania

Russian Federation Serbia Slovak Republic

Thailand Turkey Venezuela, RB

Hea

lth

ex

pen

dit

ure

per

ca

pit

a, P

PP

(co

nst

an

t 2

01

1 in

tern

ati

on

al $

)


9,7 %

6,5 %

3,4 %

6,5%

3,4%

Health expenditure per capita vs GDP per capita in current USD

67

62,0

64,0

66,0

68,0

70,0

72,0

74,0

76,0

78,0

80,0

82,0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

(yea

rs)

Republic of Latvia Republic of Lithuania

Republic of Estonia Czech Republic

Republic of Poland Hungary

Republic of Slovenia Slovak Republic

Russian Federation

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

Life expectancy at birth

68

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013





Russian Federation

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

69

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

PP

P $





Russian Federation

Health expenditure per capita, PPP $

70

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014





Russian Federation

Total population 1990=1

71

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

1,40

Republic ofLatvia

Republic ofLithuania

Republic ofEstonia

Czech Republic Republic ofPoland

Hungary Republic ofSlovenia

Slovak Republic RussianFederation

Population 2015 to population 1960

72

Latvia

Lithuania

Венгрия

Poland

Russia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Estonia

Czech Republic

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5

7,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

10,0

10,5

11,0

11,5

12,0

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800

Th

e d

iffe

ren

ce b

etw

een

men

an

d w

om

en's

lif

e e

xp

ecta

ncy

(y

ears

)

Total per capita health expenditure in PPP USD

The ratio of male and female life expectancy and per capita total

expenditure on health, 2013

World Bank data

73

Lithuania Latvia

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Estonia

Czech Republic

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

Lif

e ex

pec

tan

cy a

nd

per

ca

pit

a (

yea

r)

Total per capita health expenditure in PPP USD

The ratio of life expectancy and per capita total expenditure on

health 2013

World Bank data

74

Lithuania Latvia

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Estonia

Czech Republic

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000

Lif

e ex

pec

tan

cy a

nd

per

cap

ita

(yea

r)

GDP per capita health in PPP USD

The ratio of life expectancy and GDP per capita total expenditure

2013

World Bank data

75

33,4

38,1 36,4

30,4

52,0

30,0 28,4

22,2

16,7

66,6

61,9 63,6

69,6

48,0

70,0 71,6

77,8

83,3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Lithuania Latvia Hungary Poland Russia Slovakia Slovenia Estonia Czech Republic

%

Health expenditure by country, 2013 World Bank data

Private health expenditure (% of total) Government expenditure (% of total)

76

41,5

37,4

34,5

33,4

31,2 30,5 30,5

29,4

21,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Lithuania Latvia Hungary Poland Russia Slovakia Slovenia Estonia Czech Republic

%

Smoking prevalence in the adult population, 2012

*Data : The World Bank

77

16,5 16,3

15,8 15,6

15,2 15,0

13,3 13,3

12,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Czech Republic Hungary Russia Estonia Slovenia Latvia Slovakia Poland Lithuania

Lit

res

Alcohol consumption per capita of the population (in liters of pure

ethyl alcohol), 2014

* Data: World Health Organization

78

14,3

13,7 13,3

13

11,7

10,3 10

9,7 9,4

10,2 10,1

13,2

9,2

10,3 10,2

9,6 10,1 10,2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Lithuania Latvia Russia Hungary Estonia Czech Republic Poland Slovakia Slovenia

Peo

ple

Factor in the 1000 fertility and mortality, 2013

The mortality rate, 2013 The total fertility rate per 1,000 people, 2013

*Data : The World Bank

79

Thank you for your attention

“macroeconomic parameters of modern economy in russia” lma rusija... · 4 gross domestic...

Documents