“healthy environment, healthy people” · “healthy environment, healthy people” results...
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© 2014, E-Co Tel: +44(0)20-3734-2089 Email: [email protected] Web http://www.e-co.uk.com – Page 1
“Healthy Environment, Healthy People”
Results following Trial of High Intensity
Ultra Violet Germicidal Irradiation for HVAC
For
Wellhouse Lane
Barnet Herts
EN5 3DJ
Document Prepared by Graham MacDonald 0777 181 5881 [email protected]
Date 20 October 2014
E-Co Contact - Sales Hillary Spicer 07798-646280 [email protected]
© 2014, E-Co Tel: +44(0)20-3734-2089 Email: [email protected] Web http://www.e-co.uk.com – page number 2
Section Index (Contains smart tags to take you directly to each Section) Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Petri Dish Samples 6
3. Health Related Issues 10
4. Building Infrastructure 14
5. UV Light Disinfection - Specification 19
6. Background to UVC 20
7. System Diagram – Installation Certificate 23
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1. Introduction Background
AHU ID Configuration Petri
Sample Safety switch
AHU 03 4/5/6 4 x DE24 Emitters Y
The objective for this trial was to reduce the high level of microbial pathogens within the HVAC
system.
In order to help achieve this aim, UVC Emitters were installed into the above air handling unit on 17
July 2014 and Petri dish samples were taken from the coil surface of the AHU pre and post
commissioning of the UVC: pictures of the results are included in section 2 of the document. We
have also included details of the independent microbial testing results carried out by Tecomak
Prior to switching on the UVC, various measurements were taken related to the performance of the
AHU and these were repeated on 18 September 2014. The measurement process was carried out
using identical performance settings on each occasion, although the humidity and ambient air
temperatures were not the same, which limits the accuracy of data comparison from an energy
saving perspective.
Executive Summary After only 2 months of exposure to UVC, the key findings have been: Virtual elimination of mould from the cooling coil Petri dish samples have been taken from the coil surface before and after installation of UVC for comparison purposes and demonstrate the virtual elimination mould growth on the post UVC sample. The benefits realised by introducing UVC are:
Destroys mould and bio-film on coil surfaces
Destroys 99% of viruses and bacteria passing through the coil
Reduction in staff absence levels and improvement of patient care
Eliminates cooling coil maintenance, saving labour and associated material costs
Non-mechanical duct cleaning – Reduces mould in ducts, by destroying the food source
Increases the life of the coil by removing invasive cleaning methods
Extends the life of high performance (HEPA) filters downstream of the UVC
Reduces load on compressors and extends their life
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Reduced pressure drop across the cooling coil There has been a 15% reduction in pressure drop across the surface of the cooling coil, which indicates that the obstruction caused by biofilm build-up on the coil components has been removed, allowing air to pass more freely through the air handling unit (AHU) and increasing the heat transfer efficiency of the unit. The following benefits will result:
Reduction in power required to drive fan motor
Reduction in compressor running hours (reducing compressor maintenance expense) (This will only be realised when all AHU’s supplied by the compressor have been treated with UVC)
Return the HVAC system back to “as specified” performance
Because the ambient air temperatures were not identical during the pre and post UVC visits, it has
not been possible to use Steril-Aire’s lifecycle tool to gauge a specific return on investment based
on energy savings. The temperature was over 28 ͦ C on the pre UVC visit and it may be difficult to
find a suitable time to replicate this, but, should you wish us to revisit the site to repeat the tests
with similar conditions, we will need to arrange this next year during the summer months.
Our experience with other clients is that a Return on Investment (ROI) can usually be achieved in
less than 24 months purely from an energy and maintenance saving perspective. Taking into
account health related benefits, the ROI is often achieved in under 12 months.
A snapshot comparison from the BMS with a similar AHU where UVC has not been installed has
been made, which shows the following improvements in performance.
Reading AHU 04 1/2/3
No UVC
AHU 03 4/5/6 UVC Installed
(July 2014) Difference
Pre Cooling Coil Temp ( ͦ C) 19.4 19.6 0.2
Off Frost Coil Temp ( ͦ C) 18.6 17.6 1.0
Frost Battery Temp ( ͦ C) 8.0 10.0 2.0
The AHU with UVC has a coolant supply temperature 2 degrees higher than the non-UVC AHU, but
has reduced the air off temperature by 1 degree more. Please see images below.
3227
0
10
20
30
40
1
Pressure (Pa)
Pressure Drop across Cooling Coil
Pre UVC
Post UVC
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AHU with UVC
AHU without UVC
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2. Petri Dish Samples Barnet Hospital Site Survey Results:
The top image shows a Petri dish sample taken from the surface of the cooling coil prior to
installation of UVC.
The subsequent images are from samples taken from the coil surface 2 months after the UVC was
commissioned and demonstrates the effect of UVC on the biofilm that was present on the coil.
Mould growth has been virtually eliminated on the coil following exposure to UVC light.
Most cooling coils are only cleaned once or twice per year and this cleaning is often only superficial.
With this type of cleaning regime there would probably be 180 days between cleans and the
consequent mould build-up would be considerable and would constitute a health risk, as well as
reducing the efficiency of the coils.
Results after 7 Days
AHU 03 4/5/6: Pre UVC
Installation - (17 July 14)
AHU 03 4/5/6: Post UVC Installation - (25Sep14)
Centre of Coil
AHU 03 4/5/6: Post UVC Installation - (25 Sep14)
Perimeter of Coil
The most common health problems associated with exposure to mould are:
Eye, nose and throat irritation.
Runny nose, sinus congestion, frequent cold symptoms.
Increased asthma attacks.
Allergic reactions.
In sensitised individuals reactions can be much worse
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The quality of indoor air, influenced by the levels of bio-aerosols, contaminants and pollutants, can
affect occupant health and development, resulting in reduced productivity and increased absence.
The biofilms themselves give off products of metabolism known as volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s), which can trigger occupant complaints of watery eyes and headaches and even severe
allergy and asthma responses. The biological contaminants typically found on HVAC coils and drain
pans have also been linked to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and hospital acquired infections.
Examples of Types of Mould and Bacteria found in HVAC Systems – all are susceptible
to the cleansing effect of Steril-Aire UVC
Fungi Cultured from HVAC Systems
Bacteria Cultured from HVAC Systems
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Tecomak Microbial Testing Results
Independent microbial testing was carried out in February 2014, prior to installation of UVC into
AHU 03 4/5, and in September 2914, about 2 months after UVC was commissioned. There were 4
sample areas carried out on the 1st visit, but there were 10 on the 2nd visit, so we have shown the
comparisons for the 4 repeated tests, as well as the full set of results from the 2nd visit below.
Full results of Tests carried out Post UVC Installation during September visit:
Description Number of CFUs on Plate Cleanliness
Classification Bacterial Fungal
Supply Inlet Duct Hatch 40 <10 High
(Bacterial)
Supply Panel Filter Chamber <10 <10 Low
Supply Cooling Coil <10 <10 Low
Supply Main Filter Chamber <10 <10 Low
Supply Outlet Duct Hatch <10 <10 Low
Extract Inlet Duct Hatch (Small Branch)
<10 <10 Low
Extract Inlet Duct Hatch (Main)
<10 <10 Low
Extract Panel Filter Chamber <10 <10 Low
Extract Fan Motor Chamber <10 <10 Low
Extract Outlet Duct Hatch <10 20 Medium (Fungi)
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Comparative Results of Tests Pre & Post UVC from February and September visits:
120
4020
<10
0
50
100
150
1
cfu countper 10cm2
Supply pre Filter door
Bacteria Pre-UVC
Bacteria Post-UVC
Fungi Pre-UVC
Fungi Post-UVC
20<10
110
<10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
cfu countper 10cm2
Supply Duct after bag filters
Bacteria Pre-UVC
Bacteria Post-UVC
Fungi Pre-UVC
Fungi Post-UVC
30
<10
80
<10
0
20
40
60
80
100
1
cfu countper 10cm2
Extract Pre Filter Door
Bacteria Pre-UVC
Bacteria Post-UVC
Fungi Pre-UVC
Fungi Post-UVC
<10 <10 <10
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
cfu countper 10cm2
Extract Duct Hatch
Bacteria Pre-UVC
Bacteria Post-UVC
Fungi Pre-UVC
Fungi Post-UVC
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3. Health Related Issues
The NHS employs more than 1.7m people and treats over 1m patients every 36 hours. The 1st quarter absence figures for 2014 show a rate of 4.26%, which equates to approximately 10 days absence per person. A 1% reduction in absence would save the NHS over £22m per annum and introduction of UVC into the air conditioning system has shown reduction in absence rates of over 10%. Added to this is the significant cost of hospital acquired infections. The relatively low cost of installing UVC into an air handling unit would pay for itself, if it prevented a single patient from suffering from an infection.
NHS Absence Level Jan to March 2014 Report shows average absence level of 4.26%!
Health & Safety – Statutory Duty Companies have a statutory duty to provide a safe place to work and healthy working environment for all of its employees, including those employed on a temporary basis. Recirculation of air compromises this situation.
o “Airborne infectious particles can be disseminated through buildings including ventilation systems.”
o “Airborne infectious disease transmission
can be reduced using dilution ventilation, specific in-room flow regimes, room pressure differentials, personalised and source capture ventilation, filtration, and UVGI.”
Air Conditioned Environments Impact the Health of Building Occupants
o A study of 770 office staff found people
working in air-conditioned offices accounted for 17% of days off work compared with 9% in non air-conditioned buildings
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Experts warn of infection danger from poorly-maintained ventilation systems
The Lancet Medical Journal – Canada.
The use of the UV lamps resulted in: o 40% reduction in respiratory symptoms.
o 30% reduction in mucous problems.
o 20% overall reductions in all symptoms.
eUVGI significantly decreased HVAC organisms
o Tracheal microbial loads decreased 45% o Antibiotic usage 62% less
UVGI Kills Ebola Viruses on Surface and in Air in Healthcare Setting
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Airborne Viruses and Pandemic Protection
In the UK, the majority of Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems routinely deliver insufficient fresh
air into the occupied space. By adhering to CIBSE standard of 10 litres per second per person,
companies are, inadvertently, contributing to the increase in employee absence, often caused by re-
circulated air containing viruses. A major study of 4,000 workers confirmed that, increasing the
amount of air delivered per occupant improved the health of the workers and reduced absenteeism.
This is particularly relevant with the risk of pandemic caused by Flu viruses, SARS, or similar.
UVC for HVAC &
Impact on ALL variations of Viruses, including Colds, Flu, Measles, SARS, etc.
Indoor air quality testing cannot detect viruses
HVAC systems are very effective networks at spreading viruses
There is no building filtration that will stop viruses except UVC
Enclosed spaces are the highest risk areas and the use of our UVC in enclosed
spaces will reduce the risk of infection
Swine Flu (H1N1) Influenza virus is a variation of Influenza
Influenza requires 3,400 microwatts of UVC energy for complete destruction, a
fraction of what is needed to destroy tuberculosis at 10,000 microwatts
Our systems have been tested and proven to be up to 99.9% effective in
destroying airborne tuberculosis, which is almost three times more resilient than
Influenza
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People with asthma at work
There are 4.3 million adults with asthma in the UK.
Asthma affects approximately 15% of population.
In adults, almost three working days a year are lost to
asthma
40% of people with asthma report that their condition
can get in the way of them doing their job.
Our company (E-CO) finds mould on growing 99.9% of all air conditioning cooling coils, including
splits, cassettes, & fan coils. -
There is sound evidence that HVAC systems have become a major contributor to the increase in the
incidence of Asthma rates.
Mould “linked to severe asthma”
Mould linked to asthma
Mould spores can trigger asthma in some people
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4. Building Infrastructure
* Air conditioning Air conditioning can use a huge amount of energy. In
fact, air conditioning can increase a building's energy
consumption and associated carbon emissions by up to
100%.
Key Cost Reduction Factors of Installing UVC Lights
No more manual cleaning of coil and drain pans with harmful chemicals and disinfectants
Returns coil capacity to “as built” Destroys mould, bacteria, and viruses, providing a healthier work environment Saves maintenance labour and associated material costs Reduces mould in ducts, by destroying the mould food source Increases the life of the coil by removing invasive cleaning methods Reduces load on compressors and extends their life Where used, extends the life of high performance filters downstream of the UVC
Images of Cooling Coil Pre UVC Emitters Post UVC Emitters
Bio pollutants cover metal surfaces with a thin, almost invisible layer of permeable materials, which can be impregnated with millions of tiny microscopic spores. This bio-mass can lead to a musty earth-like smell sometimes known as “Dirty Sock Syndrome”, a primary cause of offensive odours. Microbial growth on fin surfaces acts as insulation on the evaporator coils, which decreases system efficiency, and the pollutants are known to produce allergy-like symptoms, (refer to Section 4 – Indoor Air Quality for further information). Fouled coils generate an increase in the pressure drop across them, which, in turn, leads to increased fan kWh requirements and electricity consumption.
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Introduction of UVC emitters will save between 10-20% of the energy required to run air conditioning. Biofilm can accelerate oxidation and corrosion of the cooling coil that is often caused by sulphuric acid secreted by common bacteria, significantly reducing HVAC equipment life. Removal of biofilm with UVC not only brings the HVAC equipment performance to the original equipment specification, it also prolongs the time frame for HVAC equipment replacement and capital investment.
Example of Contamination A badly contaminated coil was removed from its HVAC unit, taken outside and cleaned with high pressure hot water.
The coil was cut in half and you will notice that, although the outside edge of the coil is clean, the mould has been pushed towards the centre, reducing further the space for air to flow through the coil. Mould is a poor conductor and inhibits the heat transfer capability of the coil.
COIL INEFFICIENCY FROM biofilm & mould CONTAMINATION
HVAC EfficiencyDegradation caused by build up of Biofilm
Source: California Society for Healthcare Engineering May/June
1998 Vol. 28, N. 3.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.61 0.91 1.63
Biofilm Depth in mm
HVAC Efficiency
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The heat conductivity of aluminium is approximately 200 W/mK while that of biofilm is approximately 0.2 W/mK. As conductivity has fundamental implications on heat transfer, clean coils devoid of biofilm offer significant efficiency advantages. The limit of human visibility is 30 microns, so biofilms on coil surfaces are often not seen until they get to 50 - 150 microns thick. This means coils can look clean even when there is
contamination present.
American Society of Heating Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning Engineers
“Good maintenance including coil cleaning can
significantly improve energy efficiency and IAQ
performance of the HVAC&R systems in a building,
such as reported here of 10% to 15%.”
As a result of the non-invasive and thorough cleansing process that is attributed to UVC light, the delicate radiator fins of the cooling coil will not need to be subjected to harsh cleaning chemicals or power washing and will have their effective lifespan prolonged. UVC light penetrates right through the coil to the opposite side ensuring all elements of the external coil surfaces are constantly cleansed.
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Water Conservation Air conditioning systems produce a lot of water, which is normally full of pollutants and is, consequently, ejected into the sewage system. Where it has been possible to install Steril-Aire’s UVC EmittersTM over the drain pan, the water is automatically purified and can be recycled for applications such as, cooling tower make up, irrigation systems, and internal “grey water” use.
Recycling HVAC Condensate Saves Money Increase condenser water supply temperature requiring less chiller energy per
ton of cooling Each °C increase of chilled water supply temp. can reduce chiller kW by 1 to 4% Improved chiller operating performance as the load is reduced Reduce trade effluent charges
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Sustainability
With UVC the condensate coming off the air handlers is
essentially distilled 55°F water that can be confidently
pumped into the cooling tower.
During cooling season, the air-handling units (AHU’s)
produce two to 5,000 gal / day of condensate. Added to
the cooling tower, this water can replace roughly 30 to
50 percent of the seven to 10,000 gal / day that
evaporate from the cooling tower during hot weather
conditions.
Environmental – LEED Credit
o A culmination of collated / documented
evidence has resulted in Steril Aires’ UVC
technology being awarded a LEED Credit.
BREEAM Credit
o Reduction in CO2
o Indoor Air Quality
o VOC’s
o Microbial Contamination
o Ventilation
o Water Recycling
Getting the credit you deserve
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5. UVC Light Disinfection - Specification
1. Steril-Aire Emitters have been independently tested against all known competitors and the
results show that at standard AC operating temperatures, the Emitters are 5 times more powerful than the competitors’ UVC lamps. At the end of 1 year Steril-Aire’s Emitters are still 2.5 times more powerful than the competitors’ starting energy and come with one year’s warranty. Our UVC lamps do not generate OZONE. Crucially, the lamps will be installed at a suitable close proximity to the coils, (as per Steril-Aire’s registered Patent), to ensure full irradiation of the coils and to maximise efficiency of the UVC light in sterilising the airflow.
2. The UVC light package consists of a Power supply and housing specifically engineered for HVAC applications, manufactured to ISO Standard 9001:2000. The base is made from quality 304 stainless steel, to provide strength and to be rust-proof, and the top lamp support is made from a high quality polished specular-aluminium, which reflects the back part of the Emitter’s light out onto the coil, (providing significantly more light than stainless steel). “Plenum rated” wiring is UV stabilised and waterproof. The lamp plugs are fitted with boot kit protectors sufficient for up to 99% humidity). Emitter tubes are made from high quality SiO2 quartz crystal to ensure maximum irradiance. Optional Sleeved Emitters are hermetically encapsulated in a plastic sheath precluding glass contamination in the event of breakage. The sleeve comprises a highly engineered FEP resin coating of no less than 0.25mm thickness.
3. Power supplies are water resistant, internally grounded, will accept power at 50 or 60 hertz from 115-230 volts, are sound rated A, and have an operating temperature range of -18° to 50°C, plus a 5 year usage related warranty.
4. Air handling unit access doors will need to be fitted with mechanical interlock switches, factory wired to the UV disinfection package controller, to ensure that all UVC assemblies will be de-energized when any of the access doors are opened.
5. Radiometer controller kits can be installed (at additional cost) to enable the remote monitoring of the strength of UVC lamps in order to optimise tube replacement.
Optional Safety feature – Sleeved Emitters
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6. Background to UVC
What is Ultraviolet?
Ultraviolet (UV) light is one form of electromagnetic energy produced naturally by the sun. UV is a
spectrum of light just below the visible light and it is split into four distinct spectral areas – Vacuum
UV (100 to 200 nm), UVC (200 to 280 nm), UVB (280 to 315 nm) and UVA (315 to 400 nm).
What is Ultraviolet C?
The entire UV spectrum can kill or inactivate many microorganism species, preventing them from
replicating. UVC energy at 253.7 nanometres provides the most germicidal effect. The application
of UVC energy to inactivate microorganisms is also known as Germicidal Irradiation or UVGI.
UVC exposure inactivates microbial organisms such as bacteria and
viruses by altering the structure and the molecular bonds of their DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
DNA is a “blue print” these organisms use to develop, function and reproduce. By destroying the
organism’s ability to reproduce, it becomes harmless since it cannot colonize. After UVC exposure,
the organism dies off leaving no offspring, and the population of the microorganism diminishes
rapidly.
Ultraviolet germicidal lamps provide a much more powerful and concentrated effect of ultraviolet
energy than can be found naturally. Germicidal UV provides a highly effective method of destroying
microorganisms.
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It’s not just dirt – it’s biological. What is HVAC biofilm?
It is often referred to as dirt, mud, slime or sludge. This gluey matrix growing on heating, ventilating
and air conditioning (HVAC) evaporator coils, drain pans and ducts is, in fact, biofilm, which is an
active, complex microbial matrix of mould and bacteria that adheres to the fins of the coil and
protects the organisms from biocides.
The biofilms themselves give off products of metabolism known as volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) which may range in effects from watery eyes and headaches, to more severe allergy and
asthma responses.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the HVAC system is a viable amplifier, reservoir and
disseminator of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, viruses and mould. The list below identifies
some of the many microorganisms that have been isolated from evaporator coils, drain pans, ducts,
final filters and diffusers.
No matter how good the coil cleaner, sprayer or pressure washer used, the effectiveness of these
methods reaches about 1 inch into the coil and the organic and biologically active matter gets
packed deeper into the coil fins.
Installed on air effluent side of the condensate cooling coils and the drain pan, Steril-Aire UVC
energy destroys surface biofilm and airborne microorganisms before they circulate throughout the
HVAC system.
How does HVAC biofilm impact HVAC energy use?
Biological fouling of evaporator fin and tube heat exchangers is a key contributor to decreased
HVAC capacity. The biological fouling acts as an insulator, increasing air flow resistance and
decreasing heat transfer. The fans run longer to maintain the building at the desired temperature,
increasing kW draw with reduced cooling tonnage capacity. A 10% increase in fan motor run can
significantly increase energy use. The chillers and pumps work harder to raise the leaving water
temperature and achieve set temperature points. For each degree the water temperature is
increased, a savings of 1-2% will be realized.
High intensity UVC provides continuous cleaning of coils, eliminating the biofilm that causes
reductions in operational efficiency. Studies have shown that removal of a 0.061 mm layer of
biofilm can reduce HVAC energy usage by 21% by restoring heat transfer and system efficiency.
Reduced cooling coil pressure drop helps save fan energy, while improved cooling coil heat transfer
efficiency. Higher chilled water temperature setpoints allows the chiller plant to operate more
efficiently.
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Operation of UV Equipment
There are no maintenance, nor operational, tasks that needs to be performed on the UVC
equipment. The UVC should be left running 24 x 7 for the full year. The only time the units should
be switched off is for any maintenance of the HVAC equipment, such as replacing filters, (which
must be of a UVC stabilised pattern to avoid deterioration of the material).
The UVC Emitters should be replaced after 9,000 hours, (approx. 12 months), continuous operation,
in order to maintain optimum purification performance of the equipment, and they should operate
independently of the A/C and other electrical systems.
It is inadvisable to expose eyes or skin directly to UVC light, so, a safety door switch has been
installed to ensure the lights are disengaged automatically when the access door is opened.
Steril-Aire’s UVC Emitters have been specially engineered to ensure no ozone is generated during
their operation.
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7. System Diagram – Installation Certificate