antimicrobial chemotherapy. antibiotics. drug resistance of bacteria vinnitsa national pirogov...
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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of
BacteriaBacteria
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology
Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic agents
Antibiotics
Chemotherapeutic index
Development of chemotherapy
Paul Erlich found that dye Trypan Red was active against the trypanosome (causative agent of African sleeping sickness) in 1904
In 1910 P. Erlich discovered the arsenical compounds and one of their was active against the syphilis spirochete (later was called Salvarsan)
Cherhard Domagk discovered sulfonamides (red streptocide) that were effective for treatment of streptococci and staphylococci infections in 1935 (Nobel Prize in 1939)
In 1929 A.Fleming got penicillin, a first antibiotic In 1939 penicillin was produced and purified by
chemists H.Flory and E.Chain (A.Fleming, H.Flory and E.Chain received the Nobel Prize in 1945)
Selman Waksman announced in 1944 that he had found a new antibiotic streptomycin (he received Nobel Prize in 1952)
Chemotherapeutic Index (CTI)
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents according to target (general microbial group they act against)
Antimicrobial drugs Antiviral drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoan drugs Antitumoral drugs
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents
Narrow-spectrum drugs Broad-spectrum drugs Specific-spectrum drugs (antituberculous,
antiviral, etc.)
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents Due to their total effect:
With cidal action With static action
Due to their manufacture : Natural Semi synthetic Synthetic
Chemical classification of CTD Heavy metal derivates Sulfonamides Diaminopyrimidins Analogs of iso-nicotinic acid Nitrofuran derivatives Quinolones Chinoxalines Oxychinolones Azoles Metronidazole Alkaloid preparations Chinine derivate
Antibiotics According to origin antibiotics are subdivided
into next groups: Antibiotics produced by fungi. Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes. Antibiotics produced by bacteria Plant antibiotics (phytoncides) Animal antibiotics (lysozyme, interferons)
Mechanism of antibiotic action
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors Cell membrane disruptors Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Antibiotic action onto bacterial cell
Chemical antibiotics classification
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapinems Monobactams Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine Antitumoral
antibiotics
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol Linezolid Rifampin Polymyxin Polyenes
Chemical structure of β-lactams
Carbapenem nucleusMonobactam nucleus
Penicillin nucleus Cephalosporin nucleus
B-lactams influence onto bacterial cell wall
Chemical structure of gentamicin Chemical structure of a tetracycline
Chemical structure of chloramphenicol Chemical structure of lincomycin
Action of aminoglycosides onto protein synthesis
Determination of antimicrobial effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents
Dilution susceptibility tests Disk diffusion tests E-tests Accelerated tests
Broth dilution test
Disk diffusion test
Side effects of chemotherapy
Allergic response Toxic effects Disbacteriosis Inhibition of immune system Embryotoxic action Formation of the drug resistance
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
Natural
Acquired (mutation and genetic recombination)