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Observatory/Guide 11071-B

1 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 5

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ANSWER KEY

Checkup • Chapter 5

1 The cell (pp. 126–131)

1. Look at the following illustration.

a) What three cell components are visible under a light (optical) microscope? • Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

b) What is the role of each of these components? • The cell membrane forms a barrier and protects the cell. It facilitates the absorption of nutrients

and other useful substances. It facilitates the evacuation of waste and other substances produced

by the cell.

• The cytoplasm establishes an environment that is hospitable for most cell activities.

• The nucleus contains and protects an individual’s genetic information.

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CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 5 2 Observatory/Guide 11071-B

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ANSWER KEY 2. Cell organelles allow a cell to perform various functions.

a) What organelles produce energy in the cell through cellular respiration? Mitochondria

b) What organelles are responsible for digesting certain nutrients? Lysosomes

c) What organelle transports material produced by the cell to the cell membrane? Golgi apparatus

d) What organelle transports material produced by the cell from one place to another inside the cell? Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Why do we say that DNA possesses a double-helix structure? Because of the way DNA twists into a spiral staircase-like structure

4. What is the difference between DNA, genes and genome? • DNA is a molecule shaped like a double helix.

• Genes are segments of DNA.

• A genome is the complete set of genetic information of an individual or species.

5. What is the function of genes? Genes contain the genetic information required to manufacture proteins, each of which has a specific

job to carry out.

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ANSWER KEY 6. Complete the following DNA sequence.

G T A G C G A

7. Why are more children affected by the Andermann syndrome in the Charlevoix and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean regions than elsewhere in Québec? Because these regions are less genetically diverse than in the rest of Québec, it allowed the defective

gene responsible for this disease to appear more in these regions than elsewhere in Québec.

2 Cell division (pp. 131–135)

8. Give three reasons why cells divide. • To increase the organism’s cell count (growth)

• To replace damaged or broken tissue (regeneration)

• To make sexual reproduction possible

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ANSWER KEY 9. What does the illustration at right show?

Explain your answer. DNA replication

Explanation: The DNA unwinds, splitting into two strands.

Each strand serves as a template for building a new

complementary strand. As a result, two helixes identical

to the original DNA helix are formed.

10. What are the two types of cell division?

• Mitosis • Meiosis

11. Some human cells are said to be diploid while others are said to be haploid.

a) What distinguishes a diploid cell from a haploid cell? A diploid cell possesses two sets of chromosomes while a haploid cell contains only one set

of chromosomes.

b) How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell contain? 23 pairs of chromosomes

c) How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell contain? 23 chromosomes

12. During which phase of mitosis are chromosomes formed? Prophase

13. What kind of cells are formed during meiosis? Gametes (male or female)

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ANSWER KEY 14. Look at the two following illustrations. They show a simplified version of the types of cell

division.

Name the type of division represented in a) and in b), then explain your answer.

Type of division: Meiosis

Explanation: The daughter cells are haploids.

a)

Type of division: Two successive mitoses

Explanation: In each case, the daughter cells are diploids.

b)

15. Answer the following questions.

a) What does a cell do when it is not dividing? It performs various functions to ensure the organism is in good working order.

b) Why do cells replicate their DNA? So that each daughter cell can have a complete copy of DNA.

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ANSWER KEY c) What is a gamete?

A gamete is a haploid cell (or sex cell).

ST section only

3 Cellular specialization (pp. 136–139)

16. Look at the illustration at right. It presents various tissues found in the arm.

a) Name each type of tissue indicated in the illustration.

b) Indicate one function for each type of tissue.

NAME OF TISSUE FUNCTION OF TISSUE

Epithelial tissue Protects other tissues. A

Nerve tissue Receives and transmits information.

B

Muscle tissue Produces movement.

C

Connective tissue Supports other tissues.

(bone tissue)

D

17. What is a system? A system is a group of organs and tissues working together to accomplish a common function in the body.

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ANSWER KEY 18. Each of the following statements describes one of the body’s vital functions. In each case,

name the system that manages this function.

a) Eating well is important to keep our bodies healthy. Digestive system

b) Nutrients carried by red blood cells provide energy for our cells. Cardiovascular system

c) When we urinate, we eliminate certain waste products. Excretory system

d) Our sense of smell allows us to distinguish various odours. Nervous system

4 The reproductive system (pp. 140–151)

19. What is the name of the process that enables two haploid cells to produce a diploid cell? Fertilization

20. Answer the following questions.

a) What is a zygote? A zygote is a diploid cell resulting from the fertilization of two haploid cells.

b) How is a zygote formed? A zygote is formed when an ovum is fused with a spermatozoan during fertilization.

21. Name the chemical substances that are produced by the glands and secreted into the bloodstream. Hormones

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ANSWER KEY 22. What is the difference between adolescence and puberty?

• Adolescence is the stage of development between childhood and adulthood.

• Puberty is characterized by the changes that prepare the body for the ability to reproduce.

23. Name three secondary sexual characteristics that appear in a boy and in a girl during puberty. Three of the following answers:

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS GIRL BOY

• Psychological changes occur. • Psychological changes occur.

• Underarm hair appears. • Larynx enlarges (voice becomes deeper).

• Breasts develop. • Bone density increases.

• Pelvis widens. • Hairiness generally increases.

• Pubic hair appears. • Facial hair (beard and moustache) appears.

• Fatty tissue accumulates on hips and breasts. • Skeletal muscles grow.

• Underarm hair appears.

• Pubic hair appears.

24. Name the two hormones responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle.

• FSH • LH

25. Name the two hormones responsible for the production of spermatozoa.

• FSH • LH

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ANSWER KEY 26. What distinguishes oogenesis, the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle?

• Oogenesis is the process of ovum production by meiosis.

• The ovarian cycle is the process whereby a single ovarian follicle matures and changes into

a corpus luteum.

• The menstrual cycle represents all of the periodic changes that occur in the uterus, particularly

in the uterine endometrium.

27. The illustration at right presents the various stages in the ovarian cycle. For each stage, indicate the hormone(s) involved and give a brief description of is (their) action.

Stage 1 Ovarian follicle. FSH stimulates the development of an ovarian follicle. The ovary and ovarian

follicle secrete more and more estrogens, stimulating the pituitary gland to secrete more and more

FSH and LH.

Stage 2 Ovulation. A hormonal surge of FSH and LH stimulates the ovarian follicle to rupture.

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ANSWER KEY Stage 3

Corpus luteum. LH promotes the healing of the ovarian follicle and transforms the follicle into

the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone to ready the body to receive a fertilized

ovum by inhibiting further production of FSH and LH and by stimulating the thickening of

the uterine endometrium.

28. Julie, Sarah and Chloé have regular menstrual cycles: Julie has a 25-day cycle, Sarah a 30-day cycle and Chloé a 33-day cycle. If menstruation began for all three girls on the first day of the month, what will be the probable ovulation date for each one? You may use a calendar to help you. Julie should ovulate around the 11th day of the month, Sarah should ovulate around the 16th day

of the month and Chloé should ovulate around the 19th day of the month.

29. Arrange the following events in chronological order:

1. Maturation of the ovarian follicle

2. Meiosis I of the oocyte

3. Rupture of the follicle

4. Transformation of the ovarian follicle into the corpus luteum

5. Meiosis II of the oocyte

6. Menstruation

Maturation of the ovarian follicle

Meiosis II of the oocyte

Transformation of the ovarian follicle into the corpus luteum

Rupture of the follicle

Meiosis I of the oocyte Menstruation

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ANSWER KEY 30. Look at the illustration at right. Each arrow represents

an action by a hormone.

a) In the table below, list the gland and hormone for each arrow involved as well as the organ targeted by the hormone.

b) In the last column of the table, arrange the following actions in the correct order:

• inhibits further production of FSH and LH

• causes an increase in the level of progesterone, resulting in a thickening of the endometrium (secretory phase)

• causes decreases in the level of progesterone, triggering menstruation

• causes a thickening of the endometrium (proliferation phase)

• initiates ovulation

• transforms an ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum

• stimulates the maturation of an ovarian follicle

• stimulates the production of estrogens

• stimulates the production of FSH and LH in large quantities (hormonal surge)

• stimulates the production of progesterone

ARROW GLAND HORMONE(S) TARGETED ORGAN ACTION(S)

1 Pituitary gland FSH and LH Corpus luteum • Transforms an ovarian follicle

into a corpus luteum.

• Stimulates the production of

progesterone.

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ANSWER KEY

ARROW NO. GLAND HORMONE(S) TARGETED ORGAN ACTION(S)

2 Pituitary gland FSH and LH Ovarian follicle • Stimulates the maturation of an

ovarian follicle.

• Stimulates the production of

estrogens.

• Initiates ovulation.

3 Corpus luteum Progesterone Uterus • Causes an increase in the level

of progesterone, resulting in a

thickening of the endometrium

(secretory phase).

• Causes decreases in the level

of progesterone, triggering

menstruation.

4 Ovarian Estrogens Uterus • Causes a thickening of the

follicle endometrium (proliferation

phase).

5 Corpus luteum Progesterone Pituitary gland • Inhibits further production of

FSH and LH.

6 Ovarian Estrogens Pituitary gland • Stimulates the production of

follicle FSH and LH in large quantities

(hormonal surge).

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ANSWER KEY 31. What changes occur in a woman’s body during menopause?

• The ovarian and menstrual cycles come to an end.

• The ovaries progressively stop producing estrogens.

• Some discomfort may occur: hot flashes, mood swings and bone loss.

32. What is spermatogenesis? Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production by meiosis.

33. Name two differences between menopause and andropause. • One occurs in women; the other in men.

• One marks the end of the fertile period; the other does not.

34. Contraception makes it possible to stop the process that leads to the conception of a child. Name three contraceptive methods that prevent ovulation. Three of the following answers:

Oral contraceptive, contraceptive patch, implants, contraceptive injection, vaginal ring

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