'4D AIIO 597 FOREIGN TECHNOLOqY DIV WRIONT-PATTERSON AFS ON FIG 4/2ASSERTION OF A CENTRAL EUROPEAN SINGULARITY IN THE AREA OF VUGO -ETCtiUNC~ ~ANSF _I 0 URLAN 64281

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o FOREIGN TECHNOLOGiY DIVISION

4 t1t

ASSERTION OF A CENTRAL EUROPEAN SINGULARITY

IN TH1E AREA OF YUGOSLAVIA

by

D. Furlan

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*0208160

FTD-FTD- I (RS) T-1642-81

FTD-ID(RS)T-1 642-8fl1 19 January 1982

j MIROFC~!ENk: FTD-F2-C-000047

ASSERTION OF A CENTRAL EUROPEAN SINGULARITY IN THE AREA OF

YUGOSLAVIA

By: D. Furlan

English pages: 18

Source Geografski Vestnik, Ljubljana, Vol. 31, 1939, pp. 121-130

Country of origin: YugoslaviaTranslated by: LEO KANNER ASSOCIATES

F33657-81-DO0264 r or

Requester: USAF/ETAC/l4AC -- ; lApproved for public release; distribution unlitrited.

copy Distr:tQl

THIS TRANSLATIO~N IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGI.HAL FOREIGN TUEXT WIIHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OPEDITORIAL COMMENT. STATEMENTS OR THEFORIES PRE~PARED BlY:ADVOCATIDOR IMA'LIEV ARE THOSE OF TIiE SOURCEAND DO NOT NTCtSVRILY REFLECT THE POSITION TRANSLATION DIVISIONOR OPINiON OF THE: VOREIGN TECMNOLOGY D1. FOREIGN TECHNOLUGY DI~iIIPlVISION. WP.AF6, OHIO.

FT-ID(RS)T-1642-8l Date 19 Jan_19 82

ASSi , TION O i, C'ENIMUL EUROPEAN S1iGULARIIY IN VIE AREA OFYUGO'LAV IA

Danilo Furlan

S'Ihe lines connecting daily averageteitperature for the time span of 1947-1956and so on were analyzed for the followingmeteorological stations: Ljubljwia in Slov-enia, which occupies the northwestern partof Yugoslavia; Palitj-subotica in Vojvod-ina, which lies in the northeast; andSkoplje in Macedonia, which belongs in thesoutheastern part of Yugoslavia. Althoughthe stations citcd lie in climaticallyvery different regions, the connectinglir.es at all three stations snow us an

- 4 entirely consistent temperature progres-Sion. 'he Central E:uropean singularityalso is expressed in the southeasternpart of Yugoslavia.

Ir. thu domestic pzofessional literature, there are two

dis ssionc; going on, which involve circulation in the atmos-

phele, extending beyond the boundaries of our own country and

occupying the area of a large part of Europe, the North Atlan-

tic, and the tioditerranean Sea. These are the discussions by)3. Both [1) and D. Furlan [2]. As is ev'.dcnt from the title,

the authors have selectcs- opposite baric formations, thefir:t enticyclo-;%ic, and second cyclonic: ioth, however, deal

1ith fzctorn p-:rtaining to circulation.

Upon observing the average positions of cyclones and

anticyclones on maps presented in both works, it appears to

777

be a well-known fact 13, 4, 5, 6, 7] that at the higher

levels of distzibution (500 wb) with which we are dealing

in Yugoslavia, they do not play a very clear role. It

would be practical to mention that in the daytime, theentire area ot Yugoslavia is doainated by the same or at

least related air masses and the same banic baric forma-tions, which wu.t have! expressed differences or trans-itional significance.

We get the opposite assertion in the literature;

likc-ise, we recognize them from everyday living. Van

Bebber [8] established the path of depressions. Based on

his conclusions, which were also confirmed later [9, 10],

there are also, among others, the paths 5b, 5c, 5d, and

5e, as well. If, let us say, we clearly show a weatherdevelopment during the passage of a cyclone along path

5c, i.e. from Trzhashk Day through Slovenia and along theSava further to the east, this means that polar air flows

in the area north of the line indicated, while tropical

air rencins south of this line. Statisticalr examination

of precipitaticn samples in 1956 [2] also show that in

25% of the czses, precipitation involved only the northernarea and 5 a 12% of the cases only the southern area ofYugoslavia. It is emphasized here that the cases in which

the precipitation involvcd only northern Yugoslavia werewithout exception in the suamiertime, and the opposiie

cases were in the winter. Similar results '.2re obtained

e.s vcall in the analysis of gaps in cold air in the summerof 1951 and 1952 [ii, 121. Them.o both -;peak for the non-

uniformity of weather occum:rcnce:. in th , area of %ugo-

slavia.

Finally, we stll have everyday practice! Central

2

|K1,

Europe is in the winter months an area of predominant

anticyclonco, while ,outhern ,europe, like the southern part

of the 3allan peninsula, is a major froutal area in the

wI ntoertljl?. The time of the beginning of beautifuly "sum-ncr weatlIr", hower r, depends, on the average, primarilyon how far south this fixed ara extends. Thin is a mat-

ter which we recognise more by experience than from any

cliinatologicol textbook. These facts stand in perfect op-

position to the assertions we spoke of in the preceding

paragrah.

Within the frirework of modern climatology, to begin

with, the problem must not remain unsolved.

In the past 30 years, we have succeeded in expressing

dynastic, syn-thetic, synoptic climatology [13] as opposed

to analytical or statistical climatology more and wore

frequently than in the past. 1he differences between

thee tw;o c!imatologics we may draw from examples of the

O!.:W t end :i.e!west deinitions of climate, as was stated

aul'most 80 year.; ago by Julius lHnn. According to the old-

est defi)itic'n, cliimate is the average state of the atmos-

phore [14] ; but aczording to the most modern, it is the

avs(-ablage oZ weather regimes, which occur on the average

at a fixed tim-o of year [15]. The lat-ter definition was

refinr,. by Pergeron ,;d Flohn 113], but the words were

changed, the content remaininrg the srame (Bergeron [16]:

the description of -bhe frequency and intensity of ulti-

mate systems, c¢efined 6ynamically and thirmodynaiical-

ly; Flol.n .1 3 ): t e- temp,)ral contirnuity, freque:cy, and

local expression of characteristic weather regimes. The

essence of modern climatology lies in the fact that dy-

3

namically and thermodynamically, the conclusions are treat-

ed as one: that thus there is no advantage to splitting up

a unit of weather into individual elements (temperature,

hurnidity, visibility, etc.). However, all the climatic el-

enents wh'hich are a.ssociated with a specific type of weather

rcmain, w'hich represent a climatic element of a higher or-

der. Meteorological elements are indicated in mutual as-

sociations, which is a principal rule in the dialectical

concept of nature, and therefore also of processes in the

atmosphere. 'The first characteristic of modern climatol-

ogy lies, accordingly, in the replacement of the analyticalreprescent ations for individual meteorological elementswith the synthetic notion of weather or a weather element

as an ele',ment of climate.

Another essentiel feature is its temporal definition.

Analytical climatology tries to show the climatic causes of

average and extreme values for the entire year, for sepa-

rate place3, 3nd, in modern times, for a decade as well.

These are arbitrary distinctions. Synthetic climatology

must not make Luch di'ntincticns, lWat arrives, with a high

probabilitv, at the developrreat of a single weather type

from two calculation unit6, be it for two decades or for

two Ynonth: , Likewise, it is necessary to add into the cal-

culation iunitz for average valuies occurring for all the

calculz:tcd baric f.tio:; thus, such average values are

conceptuz2.2y vithout found.-ticn.

In Cc ling with the :r,'e or very similar weather re-

gi_'ees, w,: quickly arrive at the notion of a singularity,

i.e. for a specified period of time for the same associated

weather type. But because we call temperature, air prea-

sure, humidity, etc. meteorological elements, the desig-nation "climatological elements" would be satisfactory for

4

wi-XI • P F

.. .. ....

individual singularities, and therefore without a supple-

ment of a "higher order". But climate is the actual as-

Lembltcje of cyclonic and anticyclonic singularities and

the trLnsitio.,s bctwee ,i ti.ea.

The mainl question of a singularity is that of its

reality, that is to say, the frequency of its occur-

rence. At first glance. it seems to be a unique thing, but

it is satisfactory if we add up how many times a singular-

ity occurs in a specified time, and we can readily express

the level of its probability in a percentage. It is not

such a unique thing! The essence of a singularity is its

certain association with a fixed tire, but temporal devi-

ations do occur, due to which the expression "fixed time"

is relative, with a deviation of from three to perhaps

five days from the most frequent calendar date. For this

very reason, we are content vith some deviation, but both

its frequency :nd its reality depend on how many singu-

laritirs.

I;chzau: [17] t'cke the most about the Central Luro-

pean singularities, and lat'r kes:; andBrezowski [Ia],

Dauer [19), axd Schuopp [20]. In the domestic literature,

Manohn [21] and Bernot [22] pre -nted their investiga-

tions. Individual authors have arrived at greatly differ-

ing num.b!er oi. singularities, and therefore this perm:its

greatly different tempozp.] deviations and different fre-

quencies as wr.l. Schav.': [17] established over 60 for

Central Europe, while Flohn [13] arrives at the nw~bor

25, of which 12 wcre anticyclonic. Paradoxically, it

turns out that in defining individual singularities, we

can make use of analytical methods once more, namely re-

presentations with individual meteorological elements.

5d

We emphasize, however, that single meteorological ele-

nients havc no independent role. 'fliey serve only as indi-

cator:7, as con.0titucnt parts of a whole: their proper re-

preser:tation makes possible a clcar picture of a specific

ningularity as a veather unit.

Th1e most usual incicators are: the number of days of

precipitation, average daily temperature, average daily

cloudiness, number of days with a foehn wind, and so on.

The main thing in defining a meteorological element as an

indicator is tho type of singularity; however, the dura-

tion or the observation period plays a very important

role. For a brief series of observations, there is no

primary element which displays greater conservativeness

than any other. Among such inapproriate elements are

cloudiness and the number of precipitation days. Much

more suitable is a representation of the temperature re-

lationships; but temperature is a so-called associated

element, while the previously mentioned one is unassoci-

t ted avd therefote is also given for smaller groups ofobzoerv ,tic:.s.

In certain region; in the northern parts of Yugo-

slavia, uuch as Ljubljana, Zagreb, and Belgrade, we al-

rea>dy ]knowy the average daily values for the whole year,

while ve do not have these for the southern area. We

have also calculatcd thec2e for Skoplje, but only for a

paricl of ten years and "-is for the number of days of

precipitation, and furthcr for the number oZ clear days,

zavrage cloudirc:x., and cially tewPor:atu_-e. With regpxd

to ot.r assertion. in thf. preceding paragraph, we shall

base our discussion on the average daily temperature and

shall attempt with its help to state the degree to which

6

40 4

-, U

the Central i-uropean singularities, which appear in the

-trta of Slovkni.a, as is no longer in question, also ap-pear over the entire rgion of Yugoslavi pn.

Figure I is presented mainly for our investigation,

on vhich we have indicated average daily temperatures

(for the period of 1947-1956) for three representative

stations. hese stations are: Ljubljana, for the ex-treme northwcr"ern part of Yugoslavia, Palitj-Subotica,

for the extreme northeastern part, and finally Skoplje,

for the extrem,'e south or southeast.

Even a transitory glance at the temperature asso-

ciations convinces us that our first hypothesis con-

cerning the relatively simultaneous exchange of air

masses above the entire area of Yugoslavia was correct.

But we must state that large deviations occur from the

ideal temperature distribution at all three stations

at the same time. A comparison of the relationships

show.s the following characteristics:

a) in winter, there are contrasts, with warm and cold

pea:iodz, sharply expresscd in the north of Yugoslavia.

This is true both for the December cooling and for the

Januar warming and finally for the major cooling for

the w;hole year, In the t::ansition from January to Febru-

ary. The contrast is expressed more in duration than in

the degree of deviation -. om ideal temperature distribu-

b) in the spring, the contrasts are much more ob-

vious in the south, where there are four periods ex-

pressed of above-average warmth: the last ten days in

7

-00,0;

IVI~~~.2J~~S ;c:;Iii I scIJf

1zJ-ly, (1)~ Z, VPJcntclnic snuand-

ti-;(2) C, V1-i M, J cyclonic singulari -

of F-braryandthefirt o Machthetransition frominall, attheend of Nazy. 't he intermediate period~s are

relatively col.d:

c) in t-re zuifrter, the contrasts are utrongly expressedin the south, whilo they are not expressed in the north. Xrnany case, however, the differences between the hottest andcoldest groups of days are less than in the springi

?1

d) iiL the autuwn, contra,,ts are expressed the same in

the north -2nd south. Tlhc deviations are approximately the

same as we cstablished for the spring in the south of the

Country.

We must look for an interpretation of the difference,, 4

cited betW7een the north and south in individual years in the

different geographic latitudes of our extreme areas and thus

in the different distances from the frontal region.

'Uhc less exjprcsscd temperature contrast in the south of

the country in wi.ntertime is the result of freq.uent cyclonic

activity over the eastern Mediterranean. Central Lurope, by

virtue of its predominant continental nature, would have low

temperatures. The proximity of the Atlantic Ocean and the

associated cyclonic activity, however, makces impossible such

a stabilization of the weather as occurs in the middle of

large continents like North America and Asia, as well as

rastern FThroe. As in the West, so the penins;ular halves of

Europe op:.o :;,te, -with succes--ive continental and oceanic tlpes

of weath.r. From the graph, we see that it is not a matter

cf continuiil change, but rather of the relatively long-terra

deination of cith'ar polar or tropical air (relative to po-..ar--tropica] )

.he increased ;cqualization, which vo sea in tho spring

in connecticn with cubct ce and particula.:ly Ljubljana,

vpeaks of a continual change in cyclonic and antic lonic

iezther. It is )mnruai that vinh.r anticyclones. which ex-

!'end their Col.min vce from thc heart of Lmrasia ur at lcart

from northeastern 1Europe toward the west, are long-term

formations, while the lifetime of the Azores anticyclones

in 6-8 days on the average [24]. We consider, therefore,

9

IMP 47

the timwe bot-woe_,i thc. su~irner and winiter monsoons to be of

t-rn';iton~ LisWiI~ C:Ic ,lilhe( the area: the westcrn iialf

ot loxrcqj( it. ;- xrezt porii sula. Th'lu3, it is understa-dable-

i-hat tll( SPr)'_ng III our xothr rJions ouqht to di.s;)ay

~ytmticly the ost .1 autizig Lotric for;-.4 Lions. it is

cih ~ in.~ r thjc Erouth. ile_1 th-l wajor frontal ro-4 in

_ept z~uho;. cd~ in the vintl.,rtimo, Fabo-ve the c~-

( rr i er"6a 2, ~] the SprinytilICe, it iL..

north or north,,ont of MW ccdonia [2, 9 ]. ;%hile in th.! in-

tecr pceriod it brnuq~it Fn anticyclonic typeo t cooling,

v'c~ti :r, o.nc-Ig rcarcr, i~t bringo spring cooling of the cy-

clonic type. Tihe distance of the frontal region, howcaver,

%'as zapproxruatcly the &sane in the winter i in the

~;rxqt~ath- uq'. the frontal rersion lit~a in the rolith in

thf v-intur, rd ia the north in the spring, on the average

[2, 9]. 'herefore, tho contrast in the 5outh of the cou-n-

tr is ap:prox:iiately the samie in both of th nreaoons Leingdiscuss(-(. ahe oscillation exprcessed extends into the

.,occa(:, 1-1 ZOf June-.

Int~~ :etam'e , 11-11,cv front luz.ven the cz_,tera

1d~rci~o[24, 61. 1.41 lies i~icve th,? 1orth Sca but

it al pxroache ; ihe io c ivaiaio 3 to thu souther;&i 113,3,27]. Thric-e invasicn2 frcqvternt.1*,, ntop eni the nort.'ern

olop,;z of the %lps; they s~io £recl;u m-tly OoJw ovcr ~~Alos or go aroiundr them~ i '--i the szvhet[21.

11hii pa~th -hich the co.d irir '. -. hs to re-ach us iziorcr by h .*, thzin tb;:t to cdnaand therc i. -

1(-ih C n hs c of tr:f~mte~ Thus, th-: tnpcI.,tur

dif'~nc~~iin the s-outh i-.u.-t be truch lsas well a,- tho

effect on weather development being immediately less.

10

- - -A

The developacint of tcnipc-rature relationships in the fall

z;re Vot . o.( 4 y a .. ,:tition of the :Ipringtime relationships.

Lui- the e cont2".:-.t is cxprcs.ed bctween the cold and warm

pici-oids in the, south as in the north, while it was so ex-

_-cL;sO il! the a],ring ,] -In the south. Ahn attempt to prove

this phcncu.-:,-nen 3. s not sii -le.

BDccause the t'c-.,iperature relationships -are based on the

surface of the sea or the continent, the most decisive factor

in the oriein and curation of baric £ormatioris [13, 23, 28]

£orm3n(J ovzer the huropcan continent in the winter is express-

(-' by7 --nicyclonc-: in the suuraer, however, it is consider-ably itclincd toward cyclonic. eor our region, the anticy-

clone above hurope is important in the wintertime, while

the eantern half of the North intlantic represents an cyclonic

region. "his situation is known as the winter monsoon [6,

13, 24]. in the spring, the continent heats up rapidly, and

while in -the Ninter, the major activity of the polar front

is in the latitude south of Atlas and from there into the

~-;).e~n Iditrracsn[29] in opring it is conccntrotedin the ccn!-rol and -orthern Mediterz.*nean [13, 23, 30].

'Oaus, the po,-- tion of tLe polar front in the spring wonths

;il.-o cnrrczpDnds to the rost frequent retention of the cen- i

tr-1 cycloe oz" at least mountain valleys above Central Eu-

rope [23, in]° In the su~eaer, as is ]nown, there is greaeL

cycl..Aic activity, i5n the. foria of sur-:ertime monsoon inva-

Sicr:s over the he;;rt of - In the fall, Central Europo

cools uiore rarlidly ,nd ;severely than than the baltic region

or thre '.3" . i-.-rc is an e.asential difference be-

;uu I:: ...... h c.,. :vel ,&.t in the spring and fall. In

eoe -'ari.v.. the Nrth.. Sea with the Baltic end Central Europe,

the latter is warmer in the spring and cooler in the fall

than the sea surfaces lying to the north. 1hus, anticy-

clonic weather is more common above Central Europe in the

11 ,

.'< - ... .. !.!.! ,' . . . ..... . .. ..... , - ,- - - ,. lU ... , ° m I~ml H,

AWIp!-

fall and cyclonic weather in the spring.

'The ix-riod of beautiful weather expressed is therefore

the resilt_ of fr~'.i;ent and tc:.iporally adequate fixed anti-

cycloneu, Vhich ma';e it imeo.sxble for polar air to pass

ox2r Cen!-c iId _'C l.,n :urwl-oe. But when there are none

of these bocking !iticyclonos, then there are invasionsdeep-into the south, ,;o that its intensity rapidly becom c s

the samre on the northcrn shores of the Aegean Sea as in our

Alpine land.

1 %)w, as we have describcd the main features of tcmpera-

ture devolo;,ment irn Yugoslavia and have also attempted to

verify them, we shall take up the next task, namely to find

a comriectio-u between singularities which appear as secularobservations in Central iurope and their possible manifest-

ation in 10 years of our series. Here we shall take as the

basis of comparison those singularities which Flohn chose

in his modern description of the climate of Central Europe.

Ule zL-,_cyc].c"ic sinrio.Trity "of early winter" (ZI)

that frc.m the begir.i ing of the last tcn days of December,

is exredcd in all three gcocraphical units which are re-

presentc<. Ly the stations at Ljubljana, Subotica, and£koplje. The time of onset correspoiids to thr, time of the

secular average for Central r;urope. Somewhat more compli-.

critcd is the second anticycl':ic singularity, "of true

winter", (Z,), which mu;t occ-upy the beginning of the

third dcc ::,. thus in Jnuar-. In our ten-year average,

it began on time. It lastcd uintil the end of the first tr:,,

C.7ys of ,b. uary, v'cn vh : sticyclonic singularity "of

late winter" began (Z3 ), vhich began alternately from Feb-

ruary 8 to 10 or from February 19 to 24. From the tem-

perature relationships at all three stations, it is evi-

12

ti 'q -,"*.. . . .. . .... .

dent that in the nox-th, the ;ingularities of "true win-

ter" im,6 "1jte wrtor", the first alternative, are con-

;i(_ted N': -,,ut 20 days ot a lasting neriod of the low-

et: .tm.rraturcs of the whole year. In the sout] of the

country, i.k tle nrriod bein discusco6, we see the same

(t:V,,4lor7nt Of. in the secular zverzaqc. Between the two

Arnticyclonic 5inclarities there is Snisertcd a chort

cyclonic period.

11he "late winter" singularity (Z3) begins about 5

day' toj czly, nz,.A;rey in the t.*mo betwocn

Fcbruzer,- . axnd 20 ind i. very evident in the area of

all thrce u coc'r:aphic units. A cyclonic singularity (C 2 )

is very evident between the last anticyclonic singular-

ities.

In the spring and also in part of the fall months

(November, December), the average daily temperatures

do not show expressed contrasts. This is the result of

relatively :c-'pid cb.unres in th7-' baric situations; also

the cycloni. -, nd a-nLi cyclonic nrclaritie. are begin-

ninq, wic, are raiher difficult for u, to recognize

fioo:,, thc e.nalysis of tor-perature relationships. Par-

ticularly ii. the valley bottom:.;, the winter anticyclonic

sng -it.i.es mean a revere drop in temperature, but in

the .urniur it rise, Cyclon c sinulnrities affect both

J.i& or seas in the cr'posite way. in the transitional

seasons, it is more involved, bat subtropical anticy-

clc : e3 x-w :ith c-.plicitl hiJh teprincratures, while

cyconic a .. vity >i the fi.rst uhase is characterized by

a f2ood of ',1r,,1 ai7, and in the sucond phase by cold air.

"iis is the reason why in the months of March, April, and

May and in November and December, the temperature rela-

13

.

tionships are not a good representative of individual sin-

gul ari tics.

In M arch, there is the anticyclonic singularity "of

early sp: .ing" (V1 - vesna translator's Note: vesna is

Slov(,niin for "spring" ) in the beginning of the last ten

days, wvll expressed only in the north (it occurs punctual-

ly). "Terue spring" (V2 ) at the end of the first ten days

of April is weakly expressed, because it is in force over

the whole of Central Lurope [13, 17, 19]. "Late spring

(V 3 ) in the last ten days of May occurred at the normal

fixed tive in the 10 years under consideration. In be-

tween "true" and "late" spring comes a cyclonic singula-

ity "of the Arctic ocean" (C3 ) with alternative dates

about the 13th and 19th of May, while Flohn cited for the

last decade the dates of May 9 and 17, thus there is a de-

lay in our period of about 3 days.

From the discussions of the same name, its major pur-

poses are not entirely evident. It.would establish the de-

gree to N:hich ve may use the Central European singularities,

which without qustion arise in Slovenia, for interpreta-

tion, and how ten day and r.onthly average and extreme values

etc. arise, not only in Slovenia, but also in the entire

area of Yugoslavia. In dealing with tcmeratures, such a

distribut 'n, for which our graph is most persuasive, has

been proven. Would zanaly:nes for the remaining meteorol-

ogical elrunc its (;ive a similar result?

Each chir.4e in an air wass, or in its continued

strength, creatc a npecific weather regime, which through

the physical properties of the air masses, deals with the

following factors: relief (in connection with the direc-

14

! ~~i ~ -4.

tion of flow), absolute and relative height, distance from

the sea, geographical latitude. It is necessary that the

d -vlopm-ei-t be more or less consistent for the same air

r:1sses and mainly fc_" the same baric situations, when the

tw:o are associated at the same season. Tbis is indeed an

c.s-cntial ieature of ninralarities. The question is the same,huw singlo factors of the ones cited atfect individual ele-

.iand thu ass0M1)lace of them, the weather regime. But

this is another and the next task we Lhall recognize, what

delays we must calculate for the occurrence of individual

singjularities between the far north and far south of the

couitry and, probably, to the most expressive degree, be-twevn the extremce east and extreme west of the area.

For the summer months, the monsoon invasions are sig-

nificant, as has been mentioned. The anticyclonic singular-

ities "of early summer" (P1 from June 15 to 18: delay of 3

days) and "true summer" (P2 from July 25 to August 12: on

time) are weakly expressed. Zuch better expressed is the

sinyularity "of late summer" (P3 at the August to Septem-

ber transition, early by about 3 days). 11he monsoon sin-

galarities in June (M1 from ,Hay 28 to June 6, punctual* M2

from June 10 to 14, early by about 2 days: M3 from June 22

to 29, early by about 2 days) were well expressed. It is

worthwhile to emphasize particularly the third monsoon sin-gularity, which is also expressively felt in Macedonia.

She Yugoslav monsoon singularities are well expressed in

the north. 'Ibis is true particularly of the first (M4)/4)about July 174, which occc--s with a delay of 4 days. Likethf7 l-ot sinr u.lrity irn July (M5 ), the monsoon singularity

in the first ton dstys in August (M.), around August 6(punc:tuai cL'rrcce) is weakly eL.presscd, while the last

monsoon singularity of all (N7) occupies the period from

August 13 to 26, thus two weeks, In spite of the inter-

15 K

p - .--- . . .. . ... .. ... ..

ruptions, it was particularly well expressed in the north.

h he cyclonic singularity in the first half of the last tondays in September (C4 ) and the following one around Octo-

ber 11 (C5) (delayed about 3 days) bro ht much cooling.1ctveen them there is the ariticyclonic singularity "of

early fall" (J from 5eptwjrbcr 24 to 28 (punctual). Tbe .singularity ,f indian suirrner" or "true fall" (J2) extendsfrom the middle of October (normal tiw-e) to the end of the

month. In all of Yugoslavia, especially in the north,

thxre is cyclonic weather e.-:ressed at the end of October

and even more at the egirming of November (C6 ) with the

hiqclst nuEiblxr of precipitation days of the year, in thewest 9 out of 10 wet days, in the east 7. Finally, there

is an anticyclonic singularity "of late fall" (J3). at the

transition between the 2nd and 3rd ten days of November

(delay of abou- 5 days).

Thus the calendar of major anticyclonic (12) and cy-

clonic singularities (with the monsoons, 13) is concludcd.

1. Borko, A. "Brief Report on Processing Dry Periods inSiovcnia, Syioptic Conditions, 10 Years ILNZ." LRS Ljubljana,

2 Furlan, r). "Precipitation Distribution in Yugoslavia asa Reflection of 'Xonsoon' Flo,; in Europe." Gcografski Vestnik,Vol:-- 29-30, :.957-1?53.

3. 1.rtol, 11 "The Effect of the Stratosphere on the Dynamicsr?. % Eathcrr. ' !,ct. ., 1931.

4* Lt~cle, "On G;--noral Circulation in the Lower Atmo-rpr! ci in 4.1..! Light o5 Hydrodynamics." zitschrift f. Met.,19..Ds

5. Rosaby, C. G. "On the Distribution of Angular Velocity

16

in (GnSVOLUS rnvveopes under tile Influence of Large-ScalelIorizcntzJ. Nixing Proces-,;es."1 Bull. Ann. Moht. Soc., Vol.20, 19-17.

6. Schorhafc,, it. Nu~tio methoden dcr wetteranalyse und 14ett-erprofe'noso[c t'thd ot- \4eather Analysio and WeatherPrcodicLiall . b-riml, 1

7. Fic3kc , H. "on the question of Naviyaticn in the Atino- Isphcrc." Met. Z.,* 1938.

S. van iebbf-r, J. "liypical Veather Phenomena, 1# 11. ArchivScewarte. Vol. 5, No. 3, 1882 and 'Vol. 9, No. 2, 1886. Citedby Fiohn: 5cee reference 27.

9. rurj. :n, D. Padavine v sitoveniji * disertacija [Preci-ph'tticn in Slovenia; J.isoortation]. In& pres'r. I

0.Brrgeron, I-. "Physics of tropjospheric Fronts and theirDisturbances." Wetter, 1936.

11. Godishnjak aerolosh'-e observatorije u bcogradu [ Annual ofthe Aerological Observatory in Belgr;zde]. 1951.

12. See reference 11, surmmer, 1952,

13. Flohn, H. WIitteruflg und klimfa in mitteleur.opa [Weather4and Clitetc in Centra ...urope]. Stuttgart, 1954.

14. Hann, J. Lchrh:--b dea: )-:liiato).ogie [T'extbook on Clima-toloy].Vienina, 19i5.

15. 11hjn, JO Cited by Fioclin, 1-. Die niednrschlagsverteilunjin !ivcddc.utscIhland una ihre ursachcen irn lichte der modernenkli;.atoagie [,!4o Distribution of 'Precipitation in SouthernGermany and isCauses, in the Light ot Modern Climatology).Mu-nich, Ilitt. Gc~o=;phiE'chc~a GeL.selschait inl Nuenchen, 1939.

.6. Ll-agcron, T. "Guidelinecs for a ODynandic Cliimatolojy."Ilet. ;,., 1930.

17. Schmn~lsu-, I. 'The ZNiirig oZ Singularity Research."Wc-_ttcr, 1932.

358. ~ ,P. irnC 'i3roWS:c., H. "Catalog of the Uenerat Mre-tecoortqical Situation ill Lurope." Iber. Wd. US, 1956.

19. Diauer., F. "General Meterological Phenomena." in: Hlann-Suering, [Lehrbuch der meteorologic I Textbook on 14*teorology1949.

17

W-M-TIT

20. Schu#eepp, II. "Wcathcer Climiatologjy in ;witzerland."in reii:(--nce 13.

21. Vianolin, V. "Brief Rieview of 'winperaturos and Preci-'i Latic-a iij Ljullja1ix in the 100-Ye.:r ObserwilLion Period of

1851lc~X" cm~~fVol. 24, 1952.

22, fBri.oL, iv* SINajor Crntral Luiopean Sir&jularit.-.c'a nc.their :Ajniti cince in 61cov(-iia in the Summner of 1955."' LetnoPoi)]ochlilo 1ih'L, 1955.

23. Fiohn, 11. Vitterunq und klima iii deutschland [Weatherand Cliliato in uermanyl . - Leipzig e 1942.

24. 1lromnov, S. P. Linfuchrung in die synoptische wetter-analyso j Introduaction to Synoptic Weather hnalyzis]

25. 11,aurvitz, D. Dynainic PMeteorology. New York - London,1941.

26. Vlujevitj, 13. "B~elow the Skies of Yugoslavia." ArhivPoljonrivrcdnih Nziuka, Belgrade, 1953.

27. Flohn, 11. and Huttary,, J. "On the Uleaning of the 'lbPosition in thc Precipitation Regime of Central Europe."~Met. Z., 1950.

28. Hann, j. 11andbuch dor kiratologie [Handbook on China-toiocr3 3 tuttcrt, Alqmeinu Klimalehre, 1932.

29. lDiel, E. Climatolo(r of the IMditerrancan Area. Uni-versiity of Ch~ico( -;, Press.

30. B3uerger, K. "Climnatologiy for the General MeteorologicalSituatL" De.. Wett. , 1958.

31. m'anochin, V. Ten-malji tnoretichne meteoroloqjie in khiina-toloqie [-rincipllvs of Th3eroetical teietcorology and CJliia-tolo;/ 1 Ljubl',nia, 1955.

-- m mu I II

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