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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AICRP on Weed Management, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad is highly grateful to the ICAR for kind consideration of allotment of Research Programme to this center. We are thankful to Dr.A. R. Sharma, Director and Dr. V. P. Singh and Dr. ShobhaSondia, Project Coordinators, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur for the constant help and guidance during the course of this project. Sincere thanks are also due to the Hon’bleSpecial Officer and Director of Research, PJTSAU for providing comprehensive facilities to carry out this project.

M. Yakadri Principal Investigator& Head AICRP on Weed Management PJTSAU, Rajendranagar Hyderabad –30

Annual Report-2014, AICRP on Weed Management, Hyderabad

INDEX

Sl. No.

CONTENT Page no.

I General and Background information I

II Project objectives II IIa General Information III

III Weather Data - 2014 VI

IV Executive Summary 1

v Results of Network trials

1. WS 1 Weed surveillance and monitoring

WS 1.1a Monitoring of appearance of new weed species 5

WS 1.2 Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in cropping systems and climatic parameters in prevailing ecosystems

6

WS 1.3 Monitoring of herbicide resistance / escapes in weeds of the dominant cropping system

9

2. WS 2 Weed biology and physiology

WS 2.1a Biology of important weeds 10

3. WS 3 Weed management in crops and cropping systems

WS 3.1: Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in rice

WS 3.1.2 Herbicides combinations for management of complex weed flora in drum seeded rice (Puddled)

12

WS 3.5 Integrated Weed management in cotton 18

WS 3.6 Weed management in conservation agriculture systems 27

WS 3.7 Long-term herbicide trial in different cropping systems 37

WS 3.8 Station trials based on location-specific problems

WS 3.8.2 Weed management in beetroot 43

4. WS 4 Management of problematic weeds

WS 4.1a Management of Orobanche in tomato 44

WS 4.1c Intensive Survey on the incidence of Orobanch/Striga/Cuscuta/Loranthus

49

WS 4.1d Management of Striga in Sugarcane

WS 4.3 Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetinabruchi 56

5. WS 5 Herbicide residues and environmental quality

WS 5.1 Herbicide residues in long-term herbicide trial 58

WS 5.2 Studies on herbicide persistence in water 62

WS 5.3 Testing of persistence of herbicides in the farmers’ field (soil and crop produce)

66

WS 5.5 Herbicide residues in conservation agriculture 70

6. WS 6 On-farm research and impact assessment 75

WS 6.1 On-Farm Research

WS 6.2 Front Line Demonstration (FLD) Other Activities

Awards and recognition 78

Research Papers published in peer reviewed journals 78

Papers presented in seminars/ symposia/ workshops/ Conferences 79

Technical Bulletins developed 80

Book Chapters 81

Seminars/ Symposia/ conferences participated 81

Student Guidance 81

Popular Articles 82

Trainings participated 82


Extension Programs

DLCC Meetings, ZREAC Meetings, RythuSadassulu, Field Days, RythuChaitanyaYatralu Participated

83

Trainings Organized / Guest Lectures 84

Radio and TV programs 84

T&V meetings 84

Important Visitors 85

Linkages with Other Departments 85


i

I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Co-ordinated Research Program on weed control came into operation at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in March 1986 with financial assistance from USDA PL 480. Later it was converted to All India Co-ordinated Research Program on Weed Control from 1-4-1990 with objectives as mentioned in Section II. AICRP on Weed Control was renamed as AICRP on Weed management during 2014 December.

The experiments were conducted at College farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad which is located at an altitude of 542.6 m above mean sea level with average rainfall of 750 mm.

The scheme scientists are from the disciplines of agronomy and soil science. The

technical programmes and research achievements are discussed both at Annual workshop of AICRP Weed Management centers and also at State Level Technical Programmes at Hyderabad. The laboratory of AICRP on Weed Management is equipped with Gas chromatograph, UV Spectrophotometer, Auto N analyzer, Centrifuge, Deep Freezers etc and residue analysis is being carried out.

Telangana state consists of 10 districts with annual rainfall varying from 605 mm to

1000 mm with a temperature ranging from 80 C to 250 Cin winter and 250C to 400C in summer. Black, red sandy, clay, sandy, red loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils are found in the state. Rice is the major crop and the other crops grown are cotton, maize, chillies, sugar cane, millets, pulses, oil seeds and vegetable crops in and around urban areas.


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II. Project objectives:

To survey weed flora and prepare weed map of Telangana state. To evolve and suggest easy, economical and effective methods of weed management

practices for different crops and cropping systems. To improve soil fertility and crop productivity through weed management. To suggest suitable practices for control of problematic weeds. To evaluate economic value of weeds. To study residues and persistence of herbicides in the soil, plant and water. To study the degradation, adsorption and movement of herbicides. To create awareness on weed management technologies


iii

IIa GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Project Title All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management

2. Name and address of the reporting institute

Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University

3. Reporting period 01-01-2014 to 31-12-2014

4. Date of start PL-480 during 1986 As ICAR scheme from 01-04-1990

5. a.) Name of the Institutions/station

Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30.

6. Name of the Principal Investigator

Dr.M. Yakadri

7. Department / section All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management, Hyderabad

8. Location of work Diamond Jubilee Block, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030.

9. Staff position Provided under Appendix- A

10. Total sanctioned outlay Provided under Appendix- B


iv

APPENDIX-A

Scheme: All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Control, PJTSAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.

Staff position during 2014

S. No.

Name of the post No. of posts

Name of the incumbent

Present pay scale (Rs.)

Date of joining

Date of leaving

1. Jr Agronomist (Principal scientist & Head) - PI

1 Dr.M.Yakadri 37400-67000-10000AGP

18.10.2013 To-date

2. Sr. Agronomist 1 Dr.P.Leela Rani 37400-67000-9000AGP

18.10.2013 To date

3. Jr.Residue Chemist

1 Dr.T.RamPrakash 15600-39100- 8000 AGP

19.11.2010 To-date

4. Steno/Typist 1 Smt. G. Dorcas Johnson 8440-240-24950 08.02.2011 To date

5. Technical Assistant 1 Sri. ChetruNaik 8440-300-24950 09.05.2011 To-date

6. Lab attendant /Messenger

1 Sri. P.Chandraiah 7100-300-21250 11.08.2008 To-date


v

APPENDIX-B (Sanction and Expenditure during the year: 1-4-2012 to 31-3-2013 (in Rupees)

S.No. Item of expenditure

Budget sanctioned (2013-14) (ICAR)

Total expenditure for the year (Rs.)

Actual expenditure

ICAR share (75%)

State share (25%)

BS Actual

1. Pay & Allowances

30,86,000 26,25,000 48,10,512 36,07,884 12,02,628

2. T.A. 45,000 55,680 41,760 13920

3. Recurring Contingencies

FLDs

2,18,000

40,000

2,72,230

39,870

2,04,172

39,870

68,058

--

Total: 33,89,000 51,78,292 38,93,686 12,84,606

(Sanction and Expenditure during the year: 1-4-2014 to 30-11-2014 (in Rupees)

S.No. Item of expenditure Budget sanctioned (2014-15)

(ICAR & ANGRAU)

Total expenditure for the year (Rs.)

Actual expenditure

ICAR share (75%)

State share (25%)

1. Pay & Allowances 35,43,750 38,23,981 28,67,986 9,55,995

2. TA 56,250 15,945 11,959 3,986

3. Recurring Contingencies FLD’s

2,72,500

40,000

2,06230

--

1,54,673 51,557

Total: 38,92,500 40,46,156 30,34,618 10,11,538


vi

III. Weather Data (2014)

Month Rainfall (mm)

Temperature (0C)

Relative Humidity

Wind speed km/hr

Evaporation (mm)

Sunshine hours

Max Min Mean

R.H (I %)

R.H (II %)

January 0 28.7 13.3 21.0 77.0 49.0 2.5 3.1 8.2

February 0 31.2 16.6 23.9 78.4 32.8 2.9 4.6 9.0

March 56.8 35.8 19.8 27.8 79.6 36.7 2.7 4.6 7.4

April 0 37.6 22.0 29.8 76.7 36.1 2.0 6.0 7.7

May 0 37.7 23.9 30.8 66.0 34.0 3.5 7.1 8.4

June 53.6 35.8 23.8 29.8 66.3 43.6 9.8 7.9 7.6

July 108 31.8 23.6 27.6 82.3 62.4 12.4 4.0 3.2

August 184.1 32.2 23.3 27.8 85.0 62.0 7.1 3.0 5.6

September 60.6 30.3 22.6 27.2 87.0 61.0 5.2 3.0 5.1

October 69.2 31.6 0 15.8 83.5 50.5 2.4 4.8 6.4

November 0 30.6 16.5 24.8 79.2 40.9 1.8 4.7 7.0

December 0 28.3 12.1 20.2 77.0 49.0 1.6 3.2 7.1

Total/ Average 532.3 32.6 18.1 25.5 78.17 46.50 4.49 4.67 6.89


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IV. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

AGRONOMY WS1. Weed surveillance and monitoring Weed survey was carried out in different places like public distribution

system, procurement centre, FCI godowns and vegetable garbage area. No new weed species was found.

WS 1.2: Monitoring of weed shifts due to weed management practices, changes in cropping systems and climatic parameters in prevailing ecosystems WS 1.2 a "Monitoring of weed shifts in organic based maize-onion cropping system”

Initiation 2014. In maize crop based on IVI values Cyperus rotundus was found to be ecologically

more dominant spp till end of the crop growing season and it was followed by Dactylactenium aegyptium at 30 DAT, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cynodon dactylon upto 60 DAT and Echinocloa colona spp at 90 DAS

WS 1.2 b Monitoring of weed shifts in vegetable component crops (Tomato, brinjal, carrot, cluster bean) in guava and moringa based orchards.

Initiation 2014 Based on IVI values T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) was found to be ecologically more dominant spp and it was followed by Cyperus rotundus and Dactylactenium aegyptium at 30 DAT in tomato vegetable.

WS1.3: Monitoring of herbicide resistance / escapes in weeds of the dominant cropping system In sugarcane growing area of zaheerabad in Medak ditrict, farmers reported that application of 2,4-D sodium salt did not control the broad leaved weed ie Merremia emarginata (rat ear)

Weed Biology 2013-14 Echinochloa colona

Echinochloa colona completes its lifecycle in 70 days.In pot culture experiment germination of Echinochloa colona was observed 10 and 11 days after sowing when placed in 2.5 cm and 5cm respectively.Less number of leaves, tillers and plant height was observed when it is placed below 5 cm depth. Each panicle is able to produce 1206 seeds.

Echinocloa crusgulli Echinochloa crusgalli started emerging 6days and 8 days after sowing when seeds were kept at 2.5 cm and 5cm depth respectively. The plant height is around 50cm and 39cm with 7.7 and 8.7 leaves per plant, when the seeds were kept at 2.5cm and 5cm respectively, Less number of tillers (11..2) were observed at shallow depth of 2.5cm compared to 5cm depth (20.2). it completes its life cycle with in 52-55 days from time of germination.

WS 2.1a. Biology of important weeds 2014-15 Pot culture experiment on cropped and non cropped area is under progress WS 3: Weed Management in Crops and Cropping Systems WS 3.1.2: Herbicides combinations for management of complex weed flora in drum seeded

rice (Puddled) Under labour scarce condition either pre emergence application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha at 8-10 DAS fb manual weeding at 40 DAS or pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha at 8-10 DAS fb azimsulfuron @ 35g/ha at 25-30 DAS was found to be effective to get higher yield and benefit. These were onpar with hand weeding twice at 20DAS and 40 DAS.


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WS 3.5: Integrated Weed management in cotton Mechanical weeding thrice at 20, 40 and 60 DAS was found to be more

economical to get higher kapas yield and net returns. However either pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb 2 HW at 20 and 50 DAS or early post emergence application of pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl at 20 DAS fb manual weeding at 50 DAS was found to be economical with B.C ratio of 1.38 and 1.28 respectively.

WS 3.6 Weed management in conservation agriculture systems WS 3.6 Rice-based cropping system (Rice – Maize – Greenmanure)

Under different tillage practices CT transplanted rice was found to be more effective to get more grain and sraw yield (3708kg, 3783 kg and 5342 and 5301kg/ha respectively) with higher harvest index values. Integrated weed management practice ie application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha as early post-eme at 15 DAT ( 2-3 weed leaf stge) fb HW at 40 DAT (Aerobic and transplanted rice) was found to be effective to control the weeds with higher harvest index value of 36 and was onpar with chemical weed control practice of pendimethalin as pre-eme@1000g ha-1 fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as post- eme at 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage) to aerobic rice and bensulfuron (0.6%) + pretilachlor (6%) @6.6% GR ha-1 as pre-eme at 3-5 DAT fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as post –eme at 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage) to transplanted rice.

WS 3.7: Long-term herbicide trial in different cropping systems (Rice fallow Maize)

Pre emergence application of either pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT or hand weeding twice at 20 DAS and 40 DAS or pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DAT fb ethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage) was found to be more economical with B.C ratio of 2.19, 1.88 and 1.78 respectively.

WS 3.8: Station trials WS 3.8.2: Weed management in beetroot The crop is still in the field as the crop was sown in the Rabi season. WS 4 : Management of Problematic/Invasive/Parasitic/Aquatic Weeds WS 4.1 a Management of Orobanche in Solanaceous crops 2013-14

Significantly higher tomato fruit yield, delayed and reduced infestation of orobanche was observed from either application of metribuzin @ 0.5 kg/ha as pre-em, at 3 DAT or oxyfluorfen @ 0.1 kg/ha as pre-em 3 days before planting or pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha at 3 DAT along with neem cake as basal dose @ 200kg ha or sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT with out neem cake application.

WS 4.1 b: Management of Striga in sugarcane 2013-14

Yield reduction of 63% was observed with application of atrazine as pre-em 1.0 kg/ha 3 DAP fb + hw on 45 DAP fb earthing-up on 60 DAP fb post-em spraying of 2,4-D sodium salt 5 g/L + urea 20 g/L on 90 DAP fb trash mulching @ 5 t/ha on 120 DAP as against complete crop failure with out 2,4-D sodium salt spraying and trash mulch.

WS 4.3 Biological control of Water Hyacinth At the end of 2014, In Mylardevaplly tank. most of the water hyacinth present in the tank (More than 90 % of the surface area of the tank) was totally dried. Number of weevils / plant based on 10 plant average was 4.3. In Pragathinagar Tank, it was observed that, no significant change in the status of the weevil infestation was noticed in Pragathinagar tank, in the sporadic samples of waterhyacinth present in the tank. This might be due to scattered spread of the waterhyacinth plants.


3

However, the inoculated areas was entirely free from the water hyacinth infestation by the end of 2014

WS 5. Herbicide residues and environmental quality WS 5.1 Herbicide residues of pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium in rice atrazine, oxyfluorfen and paraquat in maize from long-term experiment

Initial residues of pretilachlor in soil was 0.424 mg/kg (at 1 DAA). Residues of pretilachlor persisted in the soil upto 30 DAA and reached BDL by 45 DAA. The residues of pretilachlor in rice grain, straw and soil collected at harvest was below detectable level (BDL). Residues of bispyribac sodium in the soil samples, rice grain and rice straw samples collected at the time of harvest were below the detectable limit of 0.02 ppm. In soil the initial detected residue was 0.047 mg/kg and the residues reached the BDL at 30 DAA.

WS 5.2 Pretilachlor and oxadiargyl residues in surface and ground water in rice cultivated areas

In the First sampling done at the time of transplanting none of the water samples were found to contain residues pretilachlor or oxadiargyl. During, Second sampling, pretilachlor residues above the detection of 0.025 mg/l were detected in three samples (sample no 1, 8 and 10). In both water samples collected from drain channels (0.052 and 0.081 mg/l) and water samples from small irrigation tank residues of pretilachlor (0.081 mg/l) were detected. In third spell of sampling, water samples collected from two sources viz., sample 8 and 10 exhibited pretilachlor residues and whcih could not be detected in all other eight sources. However, the residue level decreased from the second spell of sampling(0.066 and 0.062 mg/l respectively).

WS 5.3 Oxyfluorfen residues in soil and onion bulbs/ spring onion in samples drawn from farmers fields

Among the soil samples collected from the famers fields, two samples collected spring onion stage of the crop contained residues of oxyfluorfen (0.009 and 0.011 mg/kg) and in other two soil samples oxyfluorfen were below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg.In all the soil samples collected at the time of harvest of the were below the detection limit. Among the spring onion samples collected from the farmer’s fields, samples from the two farmers (0.0052, 0.0071 mg/kg) have shown the oxyfluorfen above the detection limit (0.005 mg/kg). None of the onion bulb samples collected from the farmer’s field exhibited residues of oxyfluorfen above the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg.

WS 5.4 Residues of pretilachlor, Pendimethalin, bispyribac sodium in the soil and rice grain in conservation agriculture experiment

Pretilachlor The residues of pretilachlor in rice grain and straw collected at harvest was below detectable level (BDL). In the soil samples also the pretilachlor residues were at BDL. Bispyribac sodium In soil the initial detected residue was 0.047 mg/kg in transplanted rice soils and the residues reached the BDL at 30 DAA. In Aerobic rice soil samples the intialredidues of bispyribac detected in the soil was 0.039 mg/kg and the residues persisted in the soil upto 15 DAA. Residues of bispyribac sodium in the soil samples, rice grain and rice straw samples collected at the time of harvest were below the detectable limit of 0.02 ppm in both aerobic and transplanted rice.


4

Pendimethalin At, 0 DAA the initial residues detected in case of pendimethalin were 0.502 mg/kg/ and the residues dissipated to BDL at 45 DAA. The minimum detection limit was 0.05 mg/kg.

WS 6.0 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY WS 6.2: Front Line Demonstration (FLD) Mean reduction of 8.67% in the cost of cultivation of improved practice over

the farmer’s practice was observed due to usage of herbicide for one time by avoiding manual weeding. Average Increase in the net returns was realized up to 64.30% with improved practice due to reduction in the cost of cultivation and crop weed competition during early stages of crop growth.


5

V. RESULTS OF NET WORK TRIALS - AGRONOMY WS 1. Weed surveillance and monitoring WS 1.1a: Monitoring of appearance of new weed species. Objective: To monitor the appearance of new weed species in particular region. Place of Surveillance: Public distribution systems, procurement centres, FCI godowns, garbage area or any other hot spot The following places were selected to monitor appearance of new weed species with fixed

points and GPS data. Table:1 Surveillance places with GPS and weed data

S.N0 Place GPS Reading Weeds Identified

1 Poosala Godowns,Charlapally, Mallapur. Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad.

Alt: 521 m, Lat: 26' 53.0", Long: 078ᵒ36'45.6"

Oldenlandia Umbellata

Conyza canadensis

Parthenium hysterophorus

Amaranthus viridis

2 Poosala Godowns,Charlapally, Mallapur, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad.

Alt: 521 m, Lat: 26' 48.0", Long: 078ᵒ36'52.7"

3 Malakpet (Vegetable Market), Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad.

Alt: 521 m, Lat: 22' 27.5", Long: 078ᵒ30'15.6"


Amaranthus viridis

4 Mallapur Godown, Charlapally (FCI India.)

Alt: 542 m, Lat: 17' 27'00.0", Long: 078ᵒ35'27.7"

Lantana camara


Alternanthera philoxeroides

Euphorbia geniculata

Tridax procumbens

Merremia emarginata

Euphorbia Hirta

Achyranthus aspera

5 Gaganpahad , Dal mill(Annapurna mills), Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad.

Alt: 563 m, Lat: 17' 33.5", Long: 078ᵒ25'16.1"

6 Rallagunda (Vegetable Waste)

Alt: 556 m, Lat: 17' 16'06.0", Long: 078ᵒ22'34.5"

Alternanthera philoxeroides

Trianthema portulacastrum

Cleome viscosa L.

Amaranthus viridis


Paspalum conjugatum

Cyperus rotundus

Portulaca oleracea

Results New weed sp were not found in any of these fixed spots.


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WS 1.2: Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in cropping systems and climatic parameters in prevailing ecosystems Objective: To monitor weed shift due to weed management practices and other cultural and

climatic factors. Year of Initiation: 2014 Title of the Experiment: Monitoring of weed shifts in organic based maize-onion cropping system” Note: Trial in collaboration with AICRP on IFS. This is first year of collaboration Location : Rajendranagar Crop sequence : Maize-onion Year of start : Kharif, 2003 Treatments : T1 : 50% m. NPK + 50% N as FYM + Inorganic micronutrient as per soil test (No deficiency in micronutrients) T2: FYM + Vermicompost + Neemcake (Each equivalent to 1/3 rd Rec.N) T3: T2 + Intercrop of trap crop T4: T2 + Agronomic practices for weed and pest control T5: 50% N as FYM + biofertilizer for N (Azospirillum) + Rockphosphate for P + PSB T6: T2 + Biofertilizer containing N & P carrier T7: 100% NPK + Secondary and micronutrients based on soil test T8: Dummy plot (T2) Date of sowing: 22-07-2014

Observations were recorded for three times during the crop growth period at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. During 30 DAS the following weeds were observed. Weeds observed: A. polygamous, Commelina bhenghalensis, Cyperus rotundus, Dactylactenium aegyptium, Parthenium hysterophorus and T. P.Castrum Table: 2 Population dynamics of maize in maize-onion cropping system at 30 DAS during kharif-2014

Weed spp Weeds m-2 RD RF RDo IVI

A. polygamous 10 2.42 19.05 4.33 8.60

Cyperus rotundus 156 37.77 19.05 67.53 41.45

Commelina benghalensis 3 0.73 9.52 2.60 4.28

Dactylactenium aegyptium 203 49.15 19.05 4.33 24.18

Parthenium hysterophorus 33 7.99 19.05 14.29 13.77

T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) 8 1.94 14.29 6.93 7.72

RD: Relative Density RF: Relative Frequency RDo: Relative dominance

All most all the spp appeared frequently in all the treatments except Commelina bhenghalensis

At this stage relative dominance of Cyperus rotundus and Parthenium hysterophorus was found to be more

Based on IVI values Cyperus rotundus was found to be ecologically more dominant spp and it was followed by Dactylactenium aegyptium.


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Table: 3 Weed population dynamics of maize in maize-onion cropping system at 60 DAS during kharif-2014


Cassia tora 1 0.33 4.00 1.93 2.09

Cyperus rotundus 127 83.01 32 61.35 58.79

Cynodondactylon 6 3.92 12 7.73 7.88

Commelina benghalensis 2 1.31 8 3.86 0.13

Digera muricata 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00

Dactylactenium aegyptium 6 0.04 12 7.73 0.20

Echinicloa colona 4 2.61 12 5.15 6.59

Parthenium hysterophorus 7 4.25 16 8.37 9.54

T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) 1 0.65 4 3.86 2.84

At this stage more number of spp observed from the experimental plot.

Relative dominance of Cyperus rotundus was continued, where as Parthenium hysterophorus and Dactylactenium aegyptium was reduced.

Relative frequency of Cynodon dactylon and Echinicloa colona was found to be increased at this stage.

Based on IVI values Cyperus rotundus was found to be continue as ecologically more dominant spp and it was followed by Parthenium hysterophorus and Cynodon dactylon

Weed population dynamics of maize-onion cropping system at 90 DAS At this stage more number of spp observed from the experimental plot

Relative density of Cyperus rotundus was found to be increased upto 60 DAS and there after slight decrease was observed at 90 DAS. However at this stage relative density of Echinocloa colona was increased but for the remaining spp decreased density was observed.

Table: 4 Weed population dynamics of maize-onion cropping system at 90 DAS during kharif-2014


Amaranthus viridis 1 0.56 4.65 1.72 2.31

Cassia tora 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Croton sparsiflorus 1 0.14 4.65 1.72 2.17


Cynodon dactylon 8 4.48 9.30 6.89 6.89


Digera muricata 4 2.24 9.30 3.45 5.00


Echinicloa colona 16 8.68 16.28 7.63 10.86

Elusine indica 2 1.12 2.33 6.89 3.45


T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) 7 3.92 13.95 4.02

RD: Relative Density RF: Relative Frequency RDo: Relative dominance


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Relative frequency and relative dominance of Echinocloa colona was found to be increased at this stage. However Cyperus rotundus frequency and dominance was decreased when compared to previous stages.

Based on IVI values Cyperus rotundus was found to be continue ecologically more dominant spp and it was followed by Echinocloa colona spp at 90 DAS.

Title of the Experiment: Monitoring of weed shifts in vegetable component crops (Tomato, brinjal, carrot, cluster bean) in guava and moringa based orchards. Fruit species and their number Main fruit tree guava – 90 Filler fruit plant moringa – 60 Boundary plantation with Sesbania sesban Date of planting: 22-8-2014 Date of herbicide application: 02-09-2014 Weed data 30 DAP Table:5 Weed population dynamics of tomato in guava and moringa based orchards kharif-2014.

Weed spp Weeds m-2 RD Rf RDo IVI


Cynodon dactylon 228 35.57 21.43 9.32 22.11


Digera muricata 4 0.62 3.57 0.15 1.45



T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) 1504 58.66 17.86 52.68 45.81

Even though relative density of Dactylactenium aegyptium and T.P.Castrum was

high but frequently appearing spp were Cyperus rotundus and Dactylactenium aegyptium

Based on IVI values T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) was found to be ecologically more

dominant spp and it was followed by Cyperus rotundus and Dactylactenium aegyptium at 30 DAT.

Table:6 Weed density data 60 DAP

Weed spp m2 RD

Cyperus rotundus 60.00 26.32

T. P.Castrum (carpet weed) 168.00 73.68

Number of spp were found to be decreased 60 DAP. However relative density of T.

P.Castrum (carpet weed) was increased where as Cyperus rotundus density was decreased.


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WS 1.3: Monitoring of herbicide resistance / escapes in weeds of the dominant cropping system Objective: To monitor resistance against commonly used herbicide at farmers' field

In sugarcane growing area of zaheerabad farmers reported that application of

2,4-D sodium salt did not control the broad leaved weed ie Merremia emarginata (rat ear)

Merremia emarginata after spraying of 2,4-D Sodium salt where striga was controlled


10

WS 2. Weed biology and physiology Objective: To study detail biology of weeds in cropped and non-cropped area WS 2.1a. Biology of important weeds 2014-15 Note: Pot culture experiment on cropped and non cropped area is under progress WS.2.1 Weed Biology 2013-14 a. Biology of weeds Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crusgalli was studied under pot culture. The seeds were placed in 2.5 cm and 5 cm depth. Echinochloa colona 2013-14 : Echinochloa colona completes its lifecycle in 70 days.In pot culture experiment germination of Echinochloa colona was observed 10 and 11 days after sowing when placed in 2.5 cm and 5cm respectively.Less number of leaves, tillers and plant height was observed when it is placed below 5 cm depth. Each panicle is able to produce 1206 seeds. Table:7 Biometric observations of Echinochloa colona at 30 DAE in pot culture

experiment

Observations Echinochloa colona

2.5cm 5cm

DOS 23-11-2013 23-11-2013

DOE 01-12-2013 02-12-2013

Plant height 13cm 11cm

No. of leaves 27 17

No. of tillers 8 5

Days to heading 05-01-2014 16-01-2014

Days maturity 04-02-2014 10-02-2014

No of seeds panicle-1 1206 1190

Echinocloa colona (2.5cm ) Echinocloa colona (5.0cm )


11

Echinocloa crusgulli (2.5cm ) Echinocloa crusgulli (5.0cm ) b. Echinocloa crusgulli

Echinochloa crusgalli started emerging 6days and 8 days after sowing when seeds were kept at 2.5 cm and 5cm depth respectively. The plant height is around 50cm and 39cm with 7.7 and 8.7 leaves per plant, when the seeds were kept at 2.5cm and 5cm respectively, Less number of tillers (11..2) were observed at shallow depth of 2.5cm compared to 5cm depth (20.2). it completes its life cycle with in 52-55 days from time of germination. Table: 8. Biometric observations of E. crusgall at 30 DAE in pot culture experiment

Observations Echinochloa crusgulli

2.5cm 5cm

DOS 21-11-2014 21-11-2014

DOE 26-11-2014 28-11-2014

Plant height 50 38.5

No. of leaves 7.7 8.6

No. of tillers 11.2 20.2

Days to heading 27-12-2014 29-12-2014

Days maturity 15-1-2015 15-01-2015

No of seeds panicle-1 460 490


12

WS 3: Weed Management in Crops and Cropping Systems WS 3.1: Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in rice WS 3.1.2: Herbicides combinations for management of complex weed flora in drum

seeded rice (Puddled) In the last five years the cost of production on different operations is increased by

33% on seed, 45% on chemical fertilisers, 100% on labour wages, 35-40% tillage operations. Because of increase in cost of production the cultivation of rice has become unprofitable in Andhra Pradesh (Rao et al., 2013). Under these circumstances rice production systems are undergoing several changes and one of such changes is shift from transplanted rice to direct seeding. But sprouted rice seed on puddle soil is confronted the establishment of rice crop through drum seeding technique by using with problem of profuse growth of weeds. Weed competition reduced the grain yield by 50-60% in direct-seeded low land rice (Subramanian 2011). Herbicide usage seems indispensible for weed management in direct seeded rice. However, the continuous use of single herbicide or herbicides having the same mode of action may lead to the weed resistance problem and also weed shifts. Hence it is necessary to test some high efficacy herbicides to control mixed weed flora in direct seeded rice. Assessing the efficacy of sole and sequential application of pre and post emergence herbicides and integration with manual/ mechanical weeding for selective and season long weed control in DSR is essential. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of pre and post emergence herbicides alone and in combination in direct seeded rice during kharif-2014. Objectives

To study the bio-efficiency of combination of herbicides against weed complex; and their effect on growth and yield of drum-seeded rice(puudled)

To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any.

Treatments

Treatment Dose (g/ha) Time of application

T1 Azimsulfuron 35 25-30 DAS

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW 450 3-5 fb 40 DAS

T3 Pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron 450 fb 35 3-5 fb. 25-30 DAS

T4 Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor fb HW/MW

60 + 600 5 fb 40 DAS

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW 25 20 fb 40 DAS

T6 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW/MW 20 8-10 fb 40 DAS

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 80 8-10 fb 40 DAS

T8 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb azimsulfuron 20 fb 35 8-10 fb 25-30 DAS

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 80 fb 35 8-10 fb 25-30 DAS

T10 Mechanical weedings - 20 and 40 DAS

T11 Hand weedings - 20 and 40 DAS

T12 Un-weeded check - -

Note: treament T10 was not imposed as the crop sown by broadcast method due to failure of line sown crop of drum seeded rice with coinincidence of erratic rains Spray volume : 500 L/ha Design : RBD Replications : 3 Date of sowing : 25-08-2014 Harvesting date: 20-12-2014 Plot size: 4.8m X 3m

The investigation was carried out at college farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural university (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level at 17o19’ N latitude and 78o23’ E longitude. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized block design with 3 replications having 11 treatments


13

with MTU -1010 as test variety. The sprouted seed was sown in well puddle soil. The recommended fertilizer dose of 150-60-40 kg NPK/ha was applied as per the scheduled time of application. The herbicide treatments were imposed as per the technical programme of the work and the remaining package of practices was fallowed as per the recommendations of PJTSAU. Data on growth and yield attributes of the drum seeded rice was recorded at 60, 90 and 120 DAS. Table 9: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on weed dry matter and weed control efficiency in drum seeded rice (Puddled) kharif -2014-15

Treatments WDM (g/m2) DAS

WCE (%) DAS

60 90 Harvest 60 90 Harvest

T1 Azimsulfuron 4.32 (18.67)

9.14 (82.70)

12.17 (147.33)

70.67 29.94 16.61

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW 4.35 (18.00)

8.87 (78.00)

8.69 (74.67)

71.74 33.90 57.74

T3 Pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron

4.01 (15.33)

5.19 (26.00)

6.55 42.00

76.02 77.97 76.23


4.19 (16.67)

7.54 (56.00)

7.72 58.67

73.88 52.54 66.79

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW 2.97 (7.83)

4.98 (24.00)

6.43 40.67

88.06 79.66 76.98

T6 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW/MW

2.49 (5.33)

4.57 (20.67)

6.34 39.33

92.08 82.49 77.74

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 3.21 (9.33)

(6.95) 47.33

8.53 72.00

85.65 59.89 59.25

T8 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb azimsulfuron

3.00 (8.00)

6.89 (46.67)

8.34 68.67

87.80 60.45 61.13

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 3.08 (8.67)

7.13 (50.67)

10.88 117.33

86.72 57.06 33.59

T10 Weed free (hand weeding at 20 and 40DAS)

2.38 (4.67)

4.71 (21.34)

6.29 38.67

93.15 81.92 78.11

T11 Weedy check 7.97 (62.67)

10.93 (118.70)

13.32 176.67

0.01 -0.56 0.00

C.D(0.05) 0.88 1.11 0.91

C.V 13.4 9.23 6.12

*Figures in paranthesis are original values and data is square root tansformed Results and Discussion

Weed Spectrum/Weed flora observed in experimental area during crop growing season consists of Cyperus difformis, Eclipta alba, Echinocloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli and Paspalum distichum. . Weed dry matter (WDM) (g/m2) and weed control efficiency (%)

Application of herbicides alone or their sequential application and integration with manual weeding showed significant influence on weed dry matter and wed control efficience during different stages of crop growth. During 60 DAS and 120 DAS (harvest) lowest weed dry matter (2.38 and 6.29 g/m2) was recorded with weed free treatment i.e hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and it was on par with T6, T5, T8, T9, and T7 and T6, T5 and T3

respectively. However at 90 DAS significantly the lowest WDM was observed with

pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha (PE) fb manual weeding (4.57g/m2) and was at par with T11, T5 and T3 treatments. Similar trend was observed with WCE, where higher weed control


14

was noticed with weed free treatment i.e hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS fb pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW, bispyribac sodium fb HW and pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron treatments. Further WCE with advancement of crop growth was reduced.

Table 10: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on crop growth parameters of drum seeded rice (Puddled) kharif -2014-15

Treatments Plant Height (cm)

CDM (g/m2) DAS

Tillers/ m2 DAS

60 90 Harvest 60 90

T1 Azimsulfuron 58 203 271 319 200 352

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW

59 211 331 421 213 377


54 270 433 504 288 423


58 211 358 457 228 372

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW

59 365 424 551 355 431


66 359 509 562 341 440

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 60 206 293 356 147 340


61 351 474 532 339 420

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 58 241 355 366 130 305


61 367 507 571 380 460

T11 Weedy check 56 185 256 293 236 292

C.D(0.05) NS 54.7 93.2 91.3 55.8 77.6

C.V 9.68 11.53 14.3 11.9 12.1 11.72

CDM: Crop Dry Matter Crop growth parameters and crop dry matter

Plant height did not differ significantly due to different weed management practices. But these management practices showed signicant influence on CDM and tiller production. During 60 DAS and at harvest the higher CDM was recorded with weed free treatment, however it was onpar with T6, T5, T8 and T6, T8 , T5 and T3 respectively. But at 90 DAS the highest CDM production was noticed with Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW and was closely followed by T10, T8, T5 and T3 treatments. Significant increase in tiller production was observed with weed free treatment and was onpar with T6, T5 and T8 at 60 DAS and T6, T5, T8 and T3 at 90 DAS respectively.

. Weed density /m2 and Relative density The lowest weed density/m2 was observed with pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW at 60, 90 and 120 DAS and was significantly superior compared to all other treatments at 60 DAS , but it was onpar with T10 and T5 treatments at 90 DAS and only with T10 treatment at harvest. Over all decrease in relative density was observed eventhough increase in density/ m2 was observed up to harvest. The lowest RD was observed with weed free treatment i.e hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and it was fb Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW, Bispyribac sodium fb HW treatments.


15

Table 11: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on weed density and relatve density of drum seeded rice (Puddled) kharif -2014-15

Treatments Weed density (no/m2) DAS

Relative Density (%) DAS

60 90 Harvest 60 90

T1 Azimsulfuron 2.76 (6.67)

6.25 (38.67)

6.60 (42.67)

5.13 16.32 12.62

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW 3.55 (12.00)

4.43 (18.70)

7.46 (54.67)

9.23 7.88 5.12


3.46 (11.00)

4.57 (20.00)

5.35 (28.00)

8.21 8.44 8.28


3.78 (13.33)

4.99 (24.00)

5.08 (25.00)

10.26 10.13 7.50

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW 3.40 (10.67)

3.58 (12.00)

4.12 (16.00)

8.21 5.06 4.73


1.00 (0.00)

2.99 (8.00)

2.95 (8.00)

0.00 3.38 2.37

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 3.49 (5.32)

4.58 (20.00)

6.69 (44.00)

4.10 8.44 5.37


3.38 (10.67)

4.58 (20.00)

5.62 (30.70)

8.21 8.44 4.42

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 3.56 (12.00)

4.57 (20.00)

5.25 (26.7)

9.23 8.44 7.89


3.21 (9.33)

3.49 (11.33)

3.73 (13.33)

7.18 4.78 3.94

T11 Weedy check 6.29 (38.67)

6.71 (44.00)

7.08 (49.33)

29.74 18.57 14.60

C.D(0.05) 0.70 0.76 0.96

C.V 12.11 9.65 11.11

Table 12: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on yield and yield attributing characters of drum seeded rice (Puddled) kharif -2014-15

Treatments Productive tillers /m2

Grain Yield kg/ha

Straw yield kg/ha

HI WI

T1 Azimsulfuron 248 2227 3720 37.61 41.09

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW 301 2900 4450 39.65 23.27

T3 Pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron 356 3269 4980 39.66 13.52

T4 Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor fb HW/MW 315 2574 4455 36.26 31.90

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW 383 3385 5030 41.05 10.44

T6 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW/MW 364 3483 5050 40.18 5.22

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 204 1661 3180 34.52 56.06

T8 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb azimsulfuron 369 3294 4590 41.90 12.86

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 241 2025 3020 39.33 46.43

T11 Weed free (hand weeding at 20 and 40DAS) 389 3780 5330 41.54 0.00

T12 Weedy check 132 787 2700 22.69 79.17

C.D(0.05) 67.43 528.36 864.01

C.V 12.12 11.53 11.89


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Yield attributes and yield of rice Significant increase in productive tillers/ m2 noticed in hand weeding twice at 20 and

40 DAS and was onpar with pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW, bispyribac sodium fb HW and Pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron treatments. Grain and straw yield also showed the similar trends. Experimental results showed that, weed free treatment i.e hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS recorded higher yield and was significantly superior over T1, T2, T4, T7, T9, and T11 treatments. However it was recorded onpar yield with T6, T5, T8 and T3

treatments. This may be due more productive tillers, crop drymatter and less weed density and weed drymatter. This result was reflected in terms of lowest weed Index values of 0.00 and 5.22 inweed free treatment and pre-emergence application of Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW respectively. Table: 13 Influnce of weed management practices on yield and economics of drum seeded rice (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments Grain yield Kg/ha

CC Rs/ ha

GR Rs/ ha

NR Rs/ ha

B C ratio

T1 Azimsulfuron 2227 35325 31178 -4147 0.88

T2 Pretilachlor + safener fb. HW 2900 34941 40600 5659 1.16

T3 Pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron 3269 37266 45738 8472 1.23

T4 Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor fb HW/MW 2574 39375 36036 -3339 0.92

T5 Bispyribac sodium fb HW/MW 3385 39031 47390 8359 1.21

T6 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb HW/MW 3483 37800 48762 10962 1.29

T7 Oxadiargyl fb HW/MW 1661 37682 23254 -14428 0.62

T8 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb azimsulfuron 3294 36125 46116 9991 1.28

T9 Oxadiargyl fb azimsulfuron 2025 36007 28350 -7657 0.79

T11 Weed free (hand weeding at 20 and 40DAS) 3780 41000 52920 11920 1.29

T12 Weedy check 787 33000 11018 -21982 0.33

C.D(0.05) 528.36

C.V 11.53

Economics

Economics of different herbicides, their combinations and IWM were calculated on the basis of cost of cultivation and gross returns (Rs/ha) accrued from the treatment and based on this benefit cost ratio was calculated (BCR). Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT, pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g fb were effective in efficient weed control and to get higher profit with B.C ratio of 1.29 but its higher cost of cultivation (Rs. 41000/ha) of weed free treatment was compensated by higher yields over other treatments.The next best treatment is pyrazosulfuron ethyl fb azimsulfuron or pretilachlor + safener fb azimsulfuron(1.23) or bispyribac sodium fb HW (1.21) Conclusion

Based on experimental results it is concluded that, under labour scarce condition either pre emergence application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha at 8-10 DAS fb manual weeding at 40 DAS or pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha at 8-10 DAS fb azimsulfuron @ 35g/ha at 25-30 DAS was found to be effective to get higher yield and benefit.


17


18

WS 3.5: Integrated Weed management in cotton

Cotton crop is the king of fibers, which contributes major portion in the national economy and is mostly grown under rainfed conditions in black cotton as well as red soils, under aberrant weather situations in various zones of Telangan State. Cotton being a long duration crop coupled with heavy rains during the early vegetative stage inhibits manual and mechanical methods of weed control causing heavy yield loss. Manual weeding has been traditionally a labor intensive operation and hence there is no other alternative rather than use of post emergence herbicides for control of weeds in cotton.

So there is a need to identify the suitable selective and non selective post emergence chemical alone or in sequence.The present investigation was planned to decide the efficacy of sole and sequential application of pre and post emergence herbicides and integration with manual/mechanical weeding for selective and long lasting weed control in cotton in Southern Telangana Zone of Telangana State.

Objectives

To study the bio-efficacy of combination of herbicides against complex weed flora and their effect on growth and yield of cotton.

To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any Experimental techniques Table …. Treatments

Herbicides Dose (g/ha) Time of application

T1 Pendimethalin fb 2 HW 1000 PRE fb 20 &50 DAS

T2 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium 1000 fb 62.5 PRE fb 20 DAS

T3 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl

1000 fb 62.5 + 50

PRE fb 20 DAS

T4 Pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p -ethyl

62.5 + 50

20 DAS

T5 Pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl fb manual weeding

62.5 + 50

20 fb 50 DAS

T6 Pyrithiobac -sodium + quizalofop –p- ethyl fb directed spray of paraquat

62.5 + 50 fb 600

20 fb 60 DAS

T7 Pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop –p- ethyl fb directed spray of glyphosate

62.5 + 50 fb 2000

20 fb 60 DAS

T8 Pendimethalin fb glyphosate directed spray

1000 fb 2000 PRE fb 45 DAS

T9 Mechanical weeding (3) 20, 40, 60 DAS

T10 Weedycheck

Spray volume: 500 L/ha Design : RBD Replications : 3 Gross plot size: 7.2m X 3.6 Date of sowing: 07-07-2014 Hybrid : Mallica BT Year of initiation: Kharif -2014 Materials and Methods

The field experiment was carried out at college farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural university, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level at 17o19’ N latitude and 78o23’ E longitude. during kharif, 2014. The crop was sown on 7th July, 2014 with spacing of 90 cm x 60 cm. Fertilizers were applied during crop growing season as per the recommendation (150-60-60 Kg N, P2O5 and


19

K2O). These recommended fertilizers were applied through Urea (46% N), Diammoniumphosphate (18 N- 46% P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O).100 per cent P applied as basal and remaining 100 percent N and K were applied in equal splits at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Irrigations were applied as per the requirement of the crop. The herbicide treatments were imposed as per the technical programme of the work. Spray volume was calibrated using water prior to treatment application. Herbicides were applied using a knapsack sprayer fitted with Flat fan nozzle. Weed count was recorded species wise at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS using 0.25 m2 quadrat from each plot and expressed as m2. Four pickings of seed cotton yield was taken from each treatment for recording final yield data. Observations were taken during the crop growing season in cotton as well as weeds as follows

Weed density & dry weight at 30, 60, 90 DAS and harvest Weed control efficiency (%) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and harvest Seed cotton yield & yield attributes of cotton Per cent phyto-toxicity on crop

Results Phyto-toxicity on crop No phytotoxicity was observed on cotton crop with application of any of the pre and post emergence herbicide. Glyphosate and paraquat were applied as directed spray. Weed Spectrum/ Weed flora The important monocotyledonous weeds observed in the experiment during crop growing season were Cyperus rotundus, Cynodondactylon, Dactylactenium aegyptium, Digera muricata, Digiteria sanguinalis, Dinebra retroflexa, Echinicloa colona, Eragrostis cilianensis, Panicum spp. While common dicotyledonous weeds observed were Acalypha rhomboidea, Amaranthus polygamus, Cleome viscose, Commelina bhenghalensis, Parthenium hysterophorus andTrianthema portulacastrum. Table:14 Weed Spp observed at various crop growth stages of cotton.

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS

Acalypha rhomboidea Alternanthera Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus

Amaranthus polygamus Argimone Cynodondactylon Cynodondactylon

Cyperus rotundus Cleome viscosa Digera muricata C. bhenghalensis

Cynodondactylon Cyperus rotundus Dactylactenium aegyptium

Dactylactenium aegyptium

C. bhenghalensis Cynodondactylon Digiteria sanguinalis Digiteria sanguinalis

D. aegyptium C. bhenghalensis Panicum Dinebra retroflexa

Echinicloa colona Digera muricata Parthenium sp Echinicloa colona

Partheniumsp D. aegyptium Eragrostis cilianesis

T. P.Castrum Digiteria sanguinalis Parthenium

Panicum T. P.Castrum

Parthenium Euphorbia

T. P.Castrum


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Dry matter (WDM g/m2) and Weed Control efficiency (%) Perusal of data from experiment showed that different weed management practices

exerted significant influence on weed drymatter and weed control efficiency at all the growth stages of cotton. Significantly lower drymatter was observed with mechanical weeding (T9) at all the growth stages, however it was onpar with T1 treatment at 30 DAS and T1, T5 and T3 at 60 DAS but significantly superior over all other treatments at 90 DAS. However at 120 DAS it was onpar with T6, T7 and T8 treatments. This may be due to application of non selective herbicides at 45 and 60 DAS that might have resulted in reduced weed drymatter. Highest weed drymatter was recorded at all the growth stages in weedy check treatment. Similar trend was observed with WCE also. Across all the growth stages higher WCE was observed with T9 treatment, but it was closely folled by T1 treatment at 30 DAS, T1, T5 and T8

treatments at 60 and 90 DAS, but at 120 DAS it was closely followed by T6, T7 and T8

treatments as less weed drymatter was recorded due to non selective herbicide spray at later stages.

Weed Density (no/m2) and Relative Density (%) Data on weed density revealed that lowest weed density was recorded with T9

treatment across all the growth stages but it was on par with T1 at 30 DAS, and T5 and T8

treatments at 60 DAS, but it was significantly differed from all other treatments at 90 and 120 DAS, however it was followed by T1 treatment but inturn this showed onpar weed density with all the treatments under study. Regarding relative density lower weed density was observed in T9 treatment across all the growth stages except at 60DAS, where lower weed density was observed in T8

treatment. This may be imposition of of non selective herbicide treatment at 45 DAS. How ever at 90 DAS T9 treatment followed by T1, treatment, however T7 , T8 treatments also showed reduced weed density due spraying of non selective herbicides at 45 and 60 DAS..

Growth and growth attributing characters of cotton Data pertaining to plant height and crop dry matter indicates that, plant height did not differ significantly at 30 DAS. However more plant height was observed with T9 treatment and significantly superior over T4 , T6, T7 and T10 treatments but it was onpar with remaining treatments at 60 DAS. Significantly the lowest plant height was observed with weedy check , but remaining treatments showed onpar plant height with each other at 90 DAS. But at 120 DAS significantly more plant height was observed with T9 and was onpar with T1 and T5 treatments and lowest plant height was observed with weedy check. Regarding crop drymatter more drymatter was noticed with T9 treatment at all growth stages but it was onpar with T1 treatment , inturn which was onpar with T2 , T8 and T5 treatments but significantly superior over other treatments at 30 DAS, where as at 60 DAS T9 treatment showed onpar crop drymatter production with T1 and T5 treatments. However at 90 and 120 DAS T9 significantly differed from all other treatments, but it was followed by T1 treatment, inturn this was atpar with T5 treatment. Significantly the lowest drymatter was observed with weedy check at all the growth stages. .

Yield and yield attributing characters of cotton More numer of boles per plant, kapas yield/ plant and kapas yield/ha was observed with mechanical weeding thrice at 20, 40 and 60 DAS (T9) and was significantly differed from all other treatments under study, however it was followed by pre emergence application of Pendimethalin fb 2 HW at 20 and 50 DAS (T1) , inturn which was onpar with pre emergence application of Pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl fb manual weeding (T5) at 50 DAS. This result was reflected in terms of lower WI values of 0.01, 15.3 and 28.63 respectively. This might be due to lower weed drymatter, weed density, more crop drymatter and more number of boles/plant


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Economics Based on economic analysis of different weed management practices higher gross

returns, net retuns and B.C ratio can be obtained from mechanical weeding thrice at 20, 40 and 60 DAS due to reduced cost of cultivation and increased yield. This inturn followed by pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb 2 HW at 20 and 50 DAS(T1) , inturn which was onpar with early post emergence application of pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl fb manual weeding (T5) at 50 DAS. Conclusions

It is concluded that, mechanical weeding thrice at 20, 40 and 60 DAS was found to be more economical to get higher kapass yield and net returns. However either pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb 2 HW at 20 and 50 DAS or early post emergence application of pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop- p- ethyl at 20 DAS fb manual weeding at 50 DAS was found to be economical with B.C ratio of 1.38 and 1.28 respectively.


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Table 15: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on weed dry matter and weed control efficiency in cotton during kharif -2014

Treatment WDM (g/m2)

Weed Control efficiency (%)

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS

T1 Pendimethalin fb 2 HW 5.33 (28)

5.33 (29)

9.27 (85 )

12.63 (161)

89.27 91.37 75.4 49.79

T2 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium 11.97 (143)

12.79 (163)

13.64 (185)

13.78 (189)

45.34 50.80 46.5 41.07


9.95 (103)

11.34 (128)

12.38 (153)

14.25 (207)

60.66 61.45 55.8 35.47


12.87 (165)

14.27 (203)

16.17 ( 261)

16.76 (280)

36.78 38.76 24.8 12.85


11.19 (126)

5.49 (29)

9.51 ( 90)

12.99 (168)

51.72 91.16 74.0 47.71


12.30 (151)

12.67 (161)

11.14 (124)

11.77 (139)

42.02 51.61 64.2 56.84

T7

Pyrithiobac-sodium + quizalofop –p- ethyl fb directed spray of glyphosate

11.88 (141)

13.29 (176)

10.64 ( 113)

11.41 (132)

45.85 46.99 67.3 58.92


10.85 (127)

6.38 (40)

9.94 (98)

11.41 (129)

51.47 87.95 71.7 59.75

T9 Mechanical weeding (3) 5.14 (127)

5.36 (28)

6.11 ( 39)

9.57 (91)

89.73 91.65 88.8 71.78

T10 Weedycheck

15.71 ( 261)

18.23 (332)

18.77 ( 352)

18.66 (349)

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

C.D(0.05) 4.023 1.67 1.96 2.71

C.V 21.73 8.1 9.94 12.12


23

Table 16: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on Weed Density and Relativ Density of cotton during kharif -2014

Treatment Weed Density (No/m2)

Relativ Density (%)


T1 Pendimethalin fb 2 HW 12.85 165

14.44 (208)

11.30 (127)

9.80 (97)

4.77 8.33 8.62 8.67

T2 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium 17.27 (305)

17.03 (292)

13.09 (172)

10.18 (105)

8.81 11.69 11.65 9.38


16.20 (263)

16.83 (283)

12.32 (155)

10.17 (103)

7.58 11.32 10.47 9.14


20.53 (427)

15.29 (236)

13.16 (176)

10.63 (112)

12.31 9.45 11.92 9.97


22.26 (495)

187 13.57

149 12.07

129 11.36

14.28 7.48 10.11 11.52


19.88 (396)

15.59 (243)

13.18 (176)

11.80 (139)

11.43 9.72 11.92 12.35

T7


19.95 (400)

15.85 (252)

11.63 (135)

10.63 (112)

11.54 10.09 9.12 9.97


16.90 (288)

12.52 (157)

11.61 (136)

11.46 (131)

8.31 6.30 9.21 11.64

T9 Mechanical weeding (3) 11.31 (128)

14.91 (222)

8.05 (65)

7.22 (53)

3.69 8.88 4.42 4.75

T10 Weedycheck

24.46 (599)

17.97 (323)

13.64 (1850

11.83 (141)

17.28 12.92 12.55 12.59

C.D(0.05) 3.51 2.63 2.96 2.22

C.V 11.17 9.89 14.28 12.24


24

Table 17: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on growth parameters of cotton during kharif -2014

Treatment

Plant height (cm) CDM (g/m2)


T1 Pendimethalin fb 2 HW 6.3 18 68 94 2.67 26.83 86.17 123.00

T2 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium

7.0 18 66 83 1.83 16.67 17.33 62.33


6.3 18 69 87 1.33 16.67 42.17 72.17


5.3 14 61 87 1.17 12.67 31.00 60.67


6.3 16 66 90 1.67 24.67 80.00 117.50


5.3 13 61 83 1.58 6.33 35.50 65.50

T7


7.3 13 63 85 1.33 8.00 37.50 66.83


7.0 19 62 87 1.83 8.00 34.33 64.33

T9 Mechanical weeding (3) 7.0 19 68 99 3.17 27.17 98.67

128.67

T10 Weedycheck

7.2 14 50 73 1.00 4.33 6.00 36.00

C.D(0.05) NS 4 9 11.00 1.12 3.60 13.14 7.77

C.V 14.4 13 9. 7.50 36.94 13.78 16.43 5.64


25

Table 18: Effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on yield, yield attributing and economics of cotton during kharif -2014

Treatment No. of boles/ plant

Kapas yield /plant

Kapas yield

kg /ha

Weed index

CC Rs/ha

GR Rs/ha

NR Rs/ha

BC

T1 Pendimethalin fb 2 HW 19 80 1209 15.30 32840 45375 12535

1.38

T2 Pendimethalin fb pyrithiobac-sodium

8 44 535 62.52 27127 2006 -25121 0.07


10 49 637 55.33 27449 2389 -25060 0.09


9 46 583 59.14 25858 2194 -23664 0.08


15 70 1019 28.63 29608 38025 8417 1.28


11 57 783 45.10 26758 2936 -23822 0.11

T7


12 59 806 43.53 27809 3240 -24569 0.12


13 60 828 41.95 27291 2925 -24366 0.11

T9 Mechanical weeding (3) 23 92 1427 0.01 26750 53513 26763

2.00

T10 Weedycheck 4 26 200 86.00 23750 750 -23000

0.03

C.D(0.05) 3.63

12.48 231.34

C.V 16.96 12.4

16.671

CC: Cost of Cultivation GR : Gross Returns NR : Net Returns Price / kg : Rs 37.50


26


27

WS 3.6 Weed management in conservation agriculture systems Conservation agriculture (CA) is a system designed to achieve agricultural

sustainability by improving the biological functions of the agro ecosystem with limited mechanical practices and judicious use of chemical inputs (FAO, 2010). Weeds are the one of the biggest constraints of the adoption of conservation agriculture as minimum soil disturbance by mechanical tillage and thus seeding directly into untilled soil, eliminating tillage altogether once the soil has been brought to good condition, and keeping soil disturbance from cultural operations to the minimum possible; Any reduction in tillage intensity or frequency may therefore have an influence on weed management. Implementation of conservation agriculture has often caused yield reduction because reduced tillage failed to control weed interference. However, the recent evolution of post emergence broad spectrum herbicides provides an opportunity to control weeds in conservation agriculture. Crop yields can be similar for both conventional as well as in conservation tillage systems if weeds are controlled and crop stands are uniform (Mahajan et al., 2002). The cropping systems also plays an important role influencing weed flora in CA. To study all these factors on sustainability of crop production, a field experiment was conducted at AICRP on Weed Management, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad. Objectives

To monitor weed dynamics, crop productivity and herbicide residues under long-term tillage and residue management practices

To evaluate the effect on crop productivity and resource-use efficiency

To study C-sequestration, and changes in physico-chemical and biological properties of soil

(i) Rice-based cropping system (Rice – Maize – Greenmanure)

Experimental techniques

Treatments A. Tillage and residue management (main plot)

Treatment Kharif (Rice) *Rabi (Wheat , mustard / chickpea, winter maize)

*Summer (Greengram, cowpea, green manure)

T1 CT (Transplanted) CT -

T2 CT (Transplanted) ZT ZT

T3 CT (Direct -seeded) CT ZT

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) ZT+R ZT

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R ZT + R ZT

B. Weed management (sub plot)

1. Recommended herbicides 2. Integrated weed management (herbicide + hand weeding) 3. Unweeded

Techniques Design: Split-plot

Replications: 3 Main plot size: 4.2 m x 36 m Sub plot size: 4.2m x 12m Date of sowing: Aerobic rice: 01-07-2014 Date of rice planting: 28-07-2014

Year of initiation: : Kharif 2014


28

Treatments

Treatment Rice Maize

W1 : Chemical Recommended herbicide Aerobic rice Transplanted rice

Pendimethalin PE @1000g ha-1 fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as PoEat 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage) Bensulfuron (0.6%) + Pretilachlor (6%) @6.6% GR ha-1 as PE at 3-5 DAT fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as PoEat 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage)

Atrazine 1000g/ha + Paraquat @600g/ha PE fb2-4D @ 1000g/ha at 20-25 DAS as PoE

W2 : IWM Bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha as early PoE at 15 DAT ( 2-3 weed leaf stge) fb HW at 40 DAT (Aerobic and transplanted rice)

Atrazine 1000g/ha + Paraquat 600g/haPE fb HW at 40 DAS (IWM)

W3 : Unweeded No weeding No weeding

The experiment was conducted at college farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana

State Agricultural university, Rajendranagar (PJTSAU), Hyderabad situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level at 17o19’ N latitude and 78o23’ E longitude. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 5 tillage treatments as main plots and 3 weed management treatments as subplots and replicated thrice with MTU -1010 as test variety. Nursery was raised on 01-07-2014, on the same day of aeric rice sowing. Twenty eight days aged seedlings were transplanted on 28-07-2014. Entire dose of P, half o the potash and one third of N was applied just before planting. The remaining nitrogen was applied in two equal splits 20 and 40 DAT (150-60-40 NPK kg/ha) for aerobic as well as transplanted rice.

The herbicide treatments were imposed as per the technical programme of the work

and the remaining package of practices was followed as per the recommendations of PJTSAU. Data on growth and yield attributes of transplanted rice was taken at 30 DAT/60 DAS, 60 DAT/ 90 DAS and 90 DAT/120 DAS(Harvest). Results and Discussion Phyto-toxicity on crop

In aerobic rice slight reddening of rice seedlings was noticed with application of Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha as early PoE at 15 DAT ( 2-3 weed leaf stge). Remaining herbicides did not show any phytotoxicity on either aerobic rice or transplanted rice. Weed flora: The following weed flora observed during the crop growth period Table:19 Weed flora during crop growing season

Transplanted rice

30 DAT 60 DAT Harvest

Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus

Echinocloa colona Echinocloa colona Echinocloa colona

Eclipta alba Echinocloa crussgulli

Cyperus deformis Paspalum distichum

Ammannia baccifera Cyperus deformis


29

Aerobic rice

60 DAS 90 DAS Harvest

Digera muricata Digera muricata Alternathera spp

Alternathera spp Alternathera spp Commelina bhenghalensis

Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus Echinocloa colona

Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon P. hysterophorus

T.portulacastrum Echinocloa colona Corchorus tridentata

Echinocloa colona Eclipta alba Cynodon dactylon

Eclipta alba P. hysterophorus Digera muricata

P. hysterophorus Aeschynomene indica Spilanthes oleracea

Merremia emerginata Paspalum distichum Paspalum distichum

Aeschynomene indica Corchorus tridentata Eclipta alba

Paspalum distichum Physalis minima Wuphorbia hirta

Cyanotis axillaris Aeschynomene indica

Corchorus tridentata Physalis minima

Ipomea obscura Abutilon

Physalis minima

Weed dry matter (g/m2) and weed control efficiency (%)

Data pertaining to weed drymatter and weed control efficiency showed that, tillage and weed management practices exerted significant influence on weed dry matter production at various stages of crop growth . CT transplanted (T1 and T2) showed the lowest onpar drymatter/ m2 with each other and were significantly superior compared to CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and inturn these were onpar with each other. Similar trend was observed at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. IWM (W2) practice at 60, 90 and at harvest recorded significantly lower weed drymatter but inturn it was onpar with chemical control (W1) but inturn these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment.Higher weed control efficiency was observed with CT transplanted (T1 and T2) at harvest stage over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices. Growth and growth attributing characters of rice in rice –maize-green manure Tillage and weed management practices showed interaction effect on plant height at 60,90 and harvest stages. CT transplanted (T1 and T2) recorded onpar plant height and were significantly superior over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and inturn these were onpar with each other at 60 DAS. Chemical control (W1) at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest recorded significantlymore plant height but inturn it was onpar with IWM (W2) practice and inturn these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment. Sub at the same level of main revealed that, plant height did not differ much with Chemical, IWM and Unweeded weed management practices, however Chemical, IWM showed onpar plant height with CT( Direct seeded) but, significantly superior over ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices. Similar trend was observed with main at same level of interaction. Similar trend was observed at 60 DAS and at harvest also.

With advancement of crop growth drymatter production increased and also reaching its peak at harvest stage. CT transplanted (T1 and T2) recorded onpar drymatter/m2 and were significantly superior over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and inturn these were onpar with each other at 60, 90 DAS and harvest stage. Chemical control (W1) at 60 DAS and at harvest recorded significantlymore plant height but inturn it was onpar with IWM (W2) practice but significantly superior at 90 DAS, inturn these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment.


30

Table: 20 Effect of weed management practices on weed dry matter and WCE of rice in Rice- Maize -green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Table: 21 Interaction effect of weed management practices on plant height at 60 DAS/30 DAT of rice in rice -maize –green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Trt

W1 W2 W3 Mean

Chemical IWM Unweeded

T1 CT (Transplanted)

61 60 60 60

T2 CT (Transplanted)

61 61 63 62

T3 CT (Direct -seeded)

57 58 23 46

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded)

53 54 22 43

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R

54 47 18 39

Mean 57 56 37 50

Main Treatment

C.D(0.05)

4.9

Sub treatment

C.D(0.05) 2.1

Interaction

Sub at same level of main

5.0

Main at same levei of sub

6.2

Treatments Weed Dry Matter (g/m2) WCE %

60 DAS 90 DAS Harvest Harvest

Main Plots

T1 CT (Transplanted) 5.90 (39.33)

6.20 (48.22)

9.45 (117.33)

52.50

T2 CT (Transplanted) 5.80 (42.67)

6.61 (53.33)

7.17 (71.11)

57.16

T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 12.18 (154.89)

14.23 (221.56)

16.59 (276.22)

5.94

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 13.04 (184.98)

15.56 (248.80)

17.44 (324.00)

15.38

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 12.65 (165.33)

16.48 (313.56)

18.72 (352.67)

6.23

C.D(0.05) 1.77 3.9 3.57

Sub Plots

W1 Chemical 9.65 (106.40)

11.90 (159.01)

12.77 (202.80)

39.88

W2 IWM 7.90 (72.85)

10.76 (146.93)

12.34 (198.40)

42.47

W3 Unweeded 12.19 (173.07)

12.79 (225.33)

16.51 (283.60)

0.00

C.D(0.05) 1.97 NS 2.8

Interaction

C.D(0.05) NS NS NS


31

Table :22 Interaction effect of weed management practices on plant height at 90 DAS/ 60 DAT of rice in rice -maize –green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Trt

W1 W2 W3 Mean


T1 CT (Transplanted) 80 79 79 80


T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 76 73 40 63

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 72 73 41 62

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 73 66 38 59

Mean 76 75 57 69

Main Treatment

C.D(0.05) 4.9

Sub treatment

C.D(0.05) 2.1

Interaction

Sub at same level of main 5.0

Main at same levei of sub 6.2

Table : 23 Interaction effect of weed management practices on plant height at harvesting stage of rice in rice -maize –green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Trt

W1 W2 W3 Mean




T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 73 70 49 64

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 70 68 48 62

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 70 69 43 61

Mean 78 76 62

Main Treatment

C.D(0.05) 3.3

Sub treatment

C.D(0.05) 2.7

Interaction

Sub at same level of main 6.2

Main at same levei of sub 5.9


32

Table :24 Effect of weed management practices on crop dry matter of rice in rice -maize –green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Table :25 Effect of weed management practices on tiller production of rice in rice -maize –green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Significantly more and onpar tiller production was observed with CT transplanted (T1

and T2), inturn these treatments were significantly superior over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and inturn these were onpar with each other at 60, 90 DAS. IWM (W2) practice at 60, 90 DAS recorded significantly higher tiller no/m2 but inturn it was onpar with chemical control (W1) but these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment,

Treatments Crop Dry Matter (g/m2)

60 DAT 90 DAT Harvest

Main Plots

T1 CT (Transplanted) 137 269 498


T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 86 105 143

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 78 100 132

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 86 99 135

C.D(0.05) 29 32 53

C.V

Sub Plots

W1 Chemical 120 214 341

W2 IWM 115 192 321

W3 Unweeded 91 111 183

C.D(0.05) 21 19 47

Interaction

C.D(0.05) NS NS NS

Treatments Tillers/m2

60 DAT 90 DAT Harvest (Productive)

Main Plots



T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 199 147 147

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 180 128 127

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 202 86 66

C.D(0.05) 119 49 30

Sub Plots

W1 Chemical 362 329 203

W2 IWM 299 304 179

W3 Unweeded 180 209 124

C.D(0.05) 66 47 26

Interaction

NS NS NS


33

Table: 26 Effect of weed management practices on grain and straw yield of rice in rice – Maize- green manure cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Yield and yield attributes

Significantly more productive tillers were observed with CT transplanted (T1 and T2), inturn these treatments were significantly superior over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and inturn these were onpar with each other at harvest srage. In similar way IWM (W2) practice at harvest recorded significantly higher productive tiller no/m2 but inturn it was onpar with chemical control (W1) but these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment.

Significantly the highest onpar grain and straw yield was obtained from CT transplanted (T1 and T2), inturn these treatments were significantly superior over CT, ZT and ZT+R (directed) tillage practices and these were onpar with each other. Significantly more grain and straw yield obtained from IWM (W2) practice and was onpar with chemical control (W1) but inturn these two treatments significantly superior over un weeded treatment. Higher harvest index values of 40.32 and 42.71 obtained from CT transplanted (T1 and T2) tillage practices. Conclusions Under different tillage practices CT transplanted (T1 and T2) was found to be more effective to get more grain and sraw yield (3708kg, 3783 kg and 5342 and 5301kg/ha) respectively with higher harvest index values. Integrated weed management practice ie application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha as early post-eme at 15 DAT ( 2-3 weed leaf stge) fb HW at 40 DAT (Aerobic and transplanted rice) was found to be effective to control the weeds with higher harvest index value of 36 and was onpr with chemical weed control practice of application of pendimethalin as pre-eme@1000g ha-1 fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as post eme at 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage) to aerobic rice and bensulfuron (0.6%) + pretilachlor (6%) @6.6% GR ha-1 as pre-eme at 3-5 DAT fb bispyribac sodium @ 25g ha-1 as post –eme at 20 -25 DAS ( 2-3 weed leaf stage) to transplanted rice.

Treatments Grain yield (Kg/ha)

straw yield (Kg/ha)

HI

Main Plots

T1 CT (Transplanted) 3708 5342 40.32

T2 CT (Transplanted) 3783 5301 42.71

T3 CT (Direct -seeded) 874 1868 31.69

T4 ZT (Direct -seeded) 562 1237 31.77

T5 ZT(Direct -seeded) + R 593 1334 30.67

C.D(0.05) 989 832

C.V

Sub Plots

W1 Chemical 2468 4121 35

W2 IWM 2229 3540 36

W3 Unweeded 1015 1773 33

C.D(0.05) 622 389

Interaction

NS NS


34


35


36


37

WS 3.7: Long-term herbicide trial in different cropping systems (Rice fallow Maize) Rice fallow maize cultivation has become one of the prominent cropping system

in Telangana state because of its obvious advantage (cost effectiveness) compared to maize grown conventionally after kharif rice. Recognizing its advantages farmers of Andhra Pradesh have shifted to rice-maize system from age old rice fallow pulse system. Pretilachlor and bispyribacsodium have become the major source of the chemical component in integrated management of weeds in kharif rice of Telangana state. Therefore it is imperative to study the effect of continuous use of these new herbicide, on weed control efficiency, weed shifts and herbicide residues. Hence the experiment was initiated during kharif 2014 to study all these factors on sustainability of this cropping system over long run. Objectives

To evaluate different weed management practices in rice – maize cropping system. To findout the impact of long term herbicidal effect on soil and crop

Experimental Details

Treatments

Rice Maize

1. Pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha as PE at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT

Atrazine 1000 g + paraquat @600g /ha as PE

2. Bispyribac sodium as PoE at 20-25 DAT @ 25 g/ha fb HW at 40-45 DAT

Oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha + paraquat @.600 g/ha as PE

3. Pretilachlor fb ethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage)

Atrazine EPoE @1000 g/ha at 15-20 DAS

4. Farmers practice (20, 40 DAT HW) Farmers practice(HW at 20, 40 DAS)

5. Unweeded check

Unweeded check

Design : RBD Replications : Three Plot size : 10mx7.2m Date of rice planting : 29-07-2014 Variety : MTU-1010

The investigation was carried out at college farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural university, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level at 17o19’ N latitude and 78o23’ E longitude. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized block design with 3 replications having 5 weed management treatments with MTU -1010 as test variety. Nursery was raised on 07-07-2014. Twenty two days old aged seedlings were transplanted on 29-07-2014. Entire dose of P, half o the potash and one third of N was applied just before planting. The remaining nitrogen was applied in two equal splits 20 and 40 DAT (150-60-40 NPK kg/ha) The herbicide treatments were imposed as per the technical programme of the work and the remaining package of practices were fallowed as per the recommendations of PJTSAU. Data on growth and yield attributes of transplanted rice was taken at 30, 60 and 120 DAS(Harvest).


38

Results Weed flora Kharif rice 2014: The predominant weedflora observed in transplanted rice during crop growing season was Cyprus rotundus, Cyprus diforrmis, E.crusgulli, E.colonum, Eclipta alba, Fimbristilis dichotoma and paspalum distichum Phyto-toxicity on crop No hytotoxicity was observed with application of pre or post emergence herbicides on transplanted rice Table: 27 Influnce of weed management practices on weed dry matter, weed control efficiency of rice in rice -maize cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments WDM (g/m2) DAT

WCE (%) DAT


T1 Pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha as PE at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT

3.12 (9.33)

3.30 (10.67)

4.79 (21.33)

88.76 92.79 91.01

T2 Bispyribac sodium as PoE at 20-25 DAT @ 25 g/ha fb HW at 40-45 DAT

8.09 (64.67)

3.95 (14.67)

3.78 (13.33)

22.09 90.09 92.51

T3 Pretilachlor fb ethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage)

7.46 (54.67)

3.69 (12.67)

8.07 (17.00)

34.14 91.44 90.26

T4 Farmers practice (20, 40 DAT HW)

2.38 (4.67)

2.49 (5.33)

3.71 (13.07)

94.38 96.40 92.66

T5 Unweeded check 9.18 (91.33)

12.21 (148.00)

13.31 (178.00)

0.00 0.00 0.00

C.D (5%) 1.07 0.87 1.64

C.V.

9.23 11.01 12.70

Table: 28 Influnce of weed management practices on weed density and relative density of rice in rice -maize cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments Weed density (no/m2) DAT

Relative Density (%) DAT



6.07 (36.00)

3.60 (12.96)

5.85 (33.33)

11.88 8.05 10.52


11.93 (141.33)

3.58 (12.82)

5.97 (34.67)

46.64 13.42 10.94


8.62 (73.33)

3.95 (14.67)

8.06 (64.00)

24.20 9.84 20.19


7.28 (52.00)

3.20 (9.33)

4.85 (22.67)

17.16 6.26 7.15

T5 Unweeded check 8.77 (76.00)

9.75 (93.33)

12.79 (162.67)

25.08 62.64 51.31

C.D (5%) 0.65 0.51

C.V.

3.96 5.78


39

Weed dry matter (g/m2) and weed control efficiency (%) Research results of kharif 2014 revealed that farmers practice (T4) recorded significantly the lowest weed dry matter at all the crop growth stages, however it was on par with T1 treatment at 30 DAT and 60 DAT but inturn this was onpar with T2 and T3 treatment at 60 DAT. At harvest farmers practice (T4) showed on par weed dry matter production with T2 and T1 treatments respectively. Similar trend was observed with regard to WCE, where higher values were noticed with farmers practice at all the stages and it was followed by T1 treatment up 60 DAT but at harvest it was followed by T2 treatment. Weed Density (no/m 2) and Relative Density (%)

Less weed density/ m2 was observed with pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha as PE at 3-5 DAT fb HW at 25-30 DAT (T1) and was significantly superior over all other treatments. But at 60 DAT and at harvest significantly the lowest weed drymatter was observed with farmers practice and was onpar with with T2 and T1 treatments and inturn these two were onpar with T3 treatment at 60 DAS, but at harvest T4 was onpar with T1, T2 and T3 tretments. Similar trend was observed with regarding relative density. Increased relative density in T3 treatment was may be due to treatment imposition was stopped at 25-30 DAT only when copared to T2 and T4 treatments. Growth and growth attributing characters of rice in rice –maize

Imposition of different weed management practices did not show any significant difference in plant height of rice. In similar way crop dry matter did not differ significantly at 30 DAT, however at 60 DAT significantly more CDM was recorded with farmers practice (T4) and inturn it was onpar with T1 treatment and this inturn onpar with (T3) treatment. But at harvest time significantly more crop drymatter was recorded with T1 treatment and was closely followed by T4 treatment. More tiller production was observed with farmers practice(T4), inturn it was atpar with T1 at 30 DAT, however at 60 DAT T1 treatment produced significantly more tillers and and was onpar with T4 and T3 treatment . Significantly the lowest crop drymatter and tiller production was noticed with weedy check treatment at all the crop growth stages. Yield and yield attributing characters of rice in rice –maize system

All weed management practices showed significant influence on Yield and yield attributes of rice crop. More productive tillers was recorded with T1 and was onpar with T4

and T3 treatments but significantly superior over T2 and T5 treatments. However significantly lower panicle length, test weight and grains/panicle was observed with un weeded check and inturn all other treatments onpar with each other. Pre emergence application of pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT recorded more grain and straw yield and was significantly superior over T3, T2 and T5 but it showed onpar yields with farmers practice(T4), inturn this was onpar with T3 treatment. Significantly the lowest yield and yield attributes were recorded with unweede check. Economics Higher gross retuns, net returns and B.C ratio (Rs 89,292, Rs48572 and 2.19) was obtained with Pre emergence application of pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT. This was closely followed by farmers practice i e hand weeding twice at 40 and 60 DAS. The reduced B.C ratio in farmers practice was due to increased cost of cultivation with manual weeding practices. Conclusion Experimental results of kharif -2014 revealed that based on B.C ratio either Pre emergence application of pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DATfb HW at 25-30 DAT or pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha at 3-5 DAT fb ethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage) was found to be more economical.


40

Table: 29 Influence of weed management practices on growth and growth attributing characters of rice in rice -maize cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments Plant height (cm) DAT

Crop Dry Matter (g/m2) DAT

Tillers / m2

DAT

30 60 Harvest 30 60 Harvest 30 60


19 58 92 118 327 863 369 621


19 60 85 102 249 693 350 446


19 58 88 121 315 707 364 577


19 57 88 119 330 801 427 587

T5 Unweeded check

18 56 88 111 186 519 312 260

C.D (5%) NS NS NS NS 63.00 144.00 68.00 130.62

C.V.

7.6 6.0 2.9 7.6 11.8 10.1 9.8 13.7

Table: 30 Influence of weed management practices on yield and yield attributing characters of rice in rice -maize cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments Productive tillers / m2

Panicle length (cm)

Test weight (g)

Grains/ / panicle

Grain yield Kg/ha

Straw yield Kg/ha

HI


386 23.47 22 112 6,378 6,966 47.93


257 23.47 23 110 4,628 5,969 43.74


318 22.27 23 113 5,267 6,170 46.33


332 22.80 23 107 5,924 6,396 48.10

T5 Unweeded check

86 16.70 19 76 2,115 4,382 38.84

C.D (5%) 85.20 2.22 1.37 11.38 817.34 749.45

C.V.

16.12 5.34 3.23 5.74 8.79 6.56


41

Table: 31 Influence of weed management practices on yield and economics of rice in rice – maize cropping system (Kharif, 2014-15)

Treatments Grain yield Kg/ha

CC Rs/ ha

GR Rs/ ha

NR Rs/ ha

B C ratio


6,378 40720 89292 48572 2.19


4,628 40650 64792 24142 1.59

T3 Pretilachlor fb ethoxysulfuron 750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage)

5,267 41432 73738 32306 1.78


5,924 44000 82936 38936 1.88

T5 Unweeded check 2,115 36000 29610 -6390 0.82

C.D (5%)

817.34

C.V.

8.79

CC: Cost of Cultivation GR: Gross Returns NR: Net Returns


42


43

WS 3.8: Station trials WS 3.8.2: Weed management in beetroot

Beetroot is a popular salad crop of India. It is a rich source of vitamins, minerals and iron. Weeds drastically decrease beet yield and therefore, they should be controlled. Hand weeding is usually practiced in India, whereas in advanced countries mechanical cultivation is commonly employed to control weeds between rows, and herbicides are used within the rows.

It is important vegetable crop of peri urban areas of Telangana State. With increased scarcity of labour coupled with high labour wages forced the farmers to utilize the chemical as an alternate to the manual weeding. This situation necessitated the identification of suitable herbicide combinations along with manual/ mechanical weeding. Objectives

To study the bio-efficiency of combination of herbicides against weed complex; and their effect on growth and yield of beetroot

To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any. To study the economics of different herbicide combinations and IWM practices on

beetroot crop. Treatmental details

Treatments Dose Time of application

1. Pendimethalin fb hand weeding 580 g/ha 0-3 fb 30 DAS

2. Oxyflourfen fb hand weeding 150 g/ha 0-3 fb 30 DAS

3. Alachlor fb hand weeding 1000 g/ha 0-3 fb 30 DAS

4. Oxadiargyl fb hand weeding 75 g/ha 0-3 fb 30 DAS

5. Metribuzin fb hand weeding 500 g/ha 0-3 fb 30 DAS

6. Pendimethalin fb Quizalofop- p- ethyl 580 fb 50 g/ha 0-3 fb 25 DAS

7. Oxyflourfen fb Quizalofop- p- ethyl 150 fb 50 g/ha 0-3 fb 25 DAS

8. Alachlor fb Quizalofop- p- ethyl 1000 fb 50 g/ha 0-3 fb 25 DAS

9. Oxadiargyl fb Quizalofop- p- ethyl 75 fb 50 g/ha 0-3 fb 25 DAS

10. Metribuzin 500 fb 50 g/ha 0-3 fb 25 DAS

11. Hand weeding (2) - 20, 40 DAS

12. Unweeded check - -

Design : RBD Replications : Three Plot size : 3m X4m Date of sowwing : 01-12-2014 Variety :

Year of initiation : Rabi 2014 The experiment was carried out at college farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana

State Agricultural university, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level at 17o19’ N latitude and 78o23’ E longitude. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized block design with 3 replications having 12 weed management treatments with as test variety. The herbicide treatments were imposed as per the technical programme of the work and the remaining package of practices were fallowed as per the recommendations of PJTSAU. Data on growth and yield attributes of beet root was taken at 30, 60 DAS Results Phyto-toxicity on crop Phytotoxicity was observed with application of pre emergence herbicides. Note: Till date crop is in the field.


44

WS 4 : Management of Problematic/Invasive/Parasitic/Aquatic Weeds. WS 4.1. Parasitic weed management (OFT) WS 4.1 a Management of Orobanche in Solanaceous crops 2013-14 Orobanche is causing considerable yield losses (5-100 %) in the crops, especially in the drier and warmer areas of Europe, Africa and Asia where it is reported to mainly parasitize species of leguminous, oilseeds, solanaceous, cruciferous and medicinal plants. It is a serious complete root parasite threatening the livelihood of the farmers with its devastating effect on the some of afore mentioned crops. The long-term impact of the broomrape is even more serious: their seeds may easily spread to other fields and can persist in soil up to 20 years, leading to an accelerated increase in the infested areas in which susceptible crops are under danger. Chenvelli village in Chevella mandal of Rangareddy District is one among the popular tomato growing areas under drip irrigation. For the last 3-4 years, where Orobanche menace was observed. It is a major hindrance to tomato cultivation and farmers are badly in need of a solution to this problem. Hence to arrive at a solution for the Orobanche threat an onfarm research was initiated in farmer’s field at Chenvelli village. Objectives:

To study the impact of Orobanche infestation on growth and yield of tomato.

To identify the effective Orobanche management practice for tomato grown in infested areas.

To study the biology ofOrobanche. Treatments T1: Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb oxyfluorfen 0.1 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAT T2 : Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAT T3: Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAT T4:Ethoxysulfuron 50 and 50 g/ha as preand at 45 DAT T5:Sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT Management of Orobanche in Solanaceous crops 2013-14 Date of planting: 02-12-2013 Date of nursery sowing 10-11-2013 Name of the farmer: Sri Anantha Reddy Village: Chenvelli Mandal: chevella: District: Ranga Reddy Best management practices recommended for tomato as per PJTSAU package of practices was followed. Neem cake was applied as per treatments @200 kg/ha. Oxyfluorfen @ 0.1 kg/ha, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha and metribuzine @ 0.5 kg/ha were applied as Pre-emergence herbicides at 3 DAP in neem cake applied plots. Ethoxysulfuron @ 50 g/ha was also applied as pre-emergence herbicide and sulfosulfuron @ 25g/ha was applied as early post and post emergence herbicide at 15 DAT 45 DAT respectively.. Results and Discussion Pre emergence application of oxyflorofen 3 days after planting resulted in complete crop failure, Second day after application wilting was observed. From third day onwards scorching was observed on tomato plants. With the remaining chemicals no phytotoxcity was noticed


45

Table: 32 Herbicide phytotoxicity on tomato

S.No Treatments Days After Application (DAA)

1 3 5 7 10

T1 Oxyfluorfen 0.1 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP NIL 70% 80% 90% 100%

T2 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T3 Metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T4 Ethoxysulfuron 50 and 50 g/ha as pre and at 45 DAT

NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T5 Sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

Note: Phyotoxcity was observed on tomato with application of Oxyflourofen @ 0.1kg/ha

Orobanche infestation was not observed upto 60 DAP in any of the treatments except in control plot. Per-cent infestation in the field varied in-between 0.54% to 4.39% in different treatments. But in sulfosulfuron treated plot 0.54% infestation was observed at 75DAP. In the remaining treatments orobanche infestation was observed from 90DAP. Maximum number of orobanche stalks around tomato was observed in control plot at 60DAP and thereafter stalk number was decreased. Conclusions Sinificantly higher tomato fruit yield was obtained from application of metribuzin @ 0.5 kg/ha as pre-em, at 3 DAP (T3) and was onpar withpre pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.1 kg/ha at 3 days before planting(T1) or pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha at at 3 DAP (T2)along with neem cake as basal dose @ 200kg ha and sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT (T5) with out neem cake appliction, but the lowest yield was obtained from control. This might be due to less no of fruits and fruit weight per plant in control plot. Table:33 Effect of different herbicide treatments on growth and fruit yield of tomato 2013-14

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No of branches

No of fruits per

plant

Fruit weight

per plant (kg)

Final fruit yield

Kg/ha

T1 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb oxyfluorfen 0.1 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP.

68 3.0 93 4.37 82989

T2 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP

58 3.0 88 4.18 79475

T3 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP

67 3.0 92 4.76 90454

T4 Ethoxysulfuron 50 and 50 g/ha as PRE and at 45 DAT

60 3.0 80 3.04 57720

T5 Sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT

60 2.8 106 3.87 87366

T6 Control 68 2.5 33 1.87 11314

CD NS NS 24 1.07 23473

Field view


46

.

Bunding Neem cake appliation

Treatment Imposition

Phytotoxicity of oxyfluorofen No-Phytotoxicity

Orobanche infestation in control plot

Orobanche infestation in treated plots


47

Table:34 Data of Orobanche infestation in Tomato

Trteatments First visibility above ground

No of stalks

around a single

host plant

% Infestation in the field

Whether appearing regularly in the field

% Yield loss

Any other relevant

information Month DAS of host crop

T1 Feb 75 DAP Nil 0.00 yes

March 90 DAP 3 0.55 yes

April 120 DAP

3 0.55 yes


March 90 DAP 2-2 1.10 yes

April 120 DAP

2-2 1.10 yes



April 120 DAP

1.10 yes

T4 Feb 75 DAP Nil yes


April 120 DAP

1.10 yes

T5 Feb 75 DAP 3 0.55 yes

March 90 DAP 2 1.10 yes

April 120 DAP

3 1.60 yes

Control Feb 60 DAP 75 90.0 yes 90% Pre-Eme application of metribuzine.

March 90 DAP 56 yes

April 120 DAP

27 yes

Visit of Dr.Bhumesh Kumar to OFT along with scientist

of ICRP Weed control PJTSU and Sri.Ananth Reddy

farmer of Chenvelli village


48

WS 4. Management of problematic weeds WS 4.1a: Management of Orobanche in mustard and solanaceous crops 2014-15 Name of the farmer: Sri Anantha Reddy Name of the farmer: Sri Shivaih Date of planting: 21-11-2014 Date of nursery sowing 1-11-2014 Village: Chenvelli Mandal: chevella: District: Ranga Reddy Treatments T1: Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP fb soil

drenching of metalaxyl MZ 0.2 % at 20DAT T2::Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha pre-em, 3 DAP fb soil drenching ofmetalaxyl MZ 0.2% at 20DAT T3: Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb soil drenching of metalaxyl MZ 0.2% at 20 DAT T4: Ethoxysulfuron 25 and 50 g/ha as PRE and at 45 DAT T5: Sulfosulfuron 25 and 50 g/ha at 25 and 45 DAT T6: Weedy check Best management practices recommended for tomato as per PJTSAU package of practices were followed. Neem cake was applied as per treatments @200 kg/ha. Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha and metribuzine @ 0.5 kg/ha were applied as Pre-emergence herbicides at 3 DAP in neem cake applied plots. Ethoxysulfuron @ 25 g/ha was also applied as pre-emergence herbicide and sulfosulfuron @ 25g/ha was applied as post emergence herbicide at 25 DAT. Pre as well as early post and post emergence herbicide application was completed upto 45 DAT. Table: 34 Herbicide phytotoxicity on tomato

S.No Treatments Days After Application (DAA)

1 3 5 7 10

T1 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as pre-em, 3 DAP fb soil drenching of metalaxyl MZ 0.2 % at 20DAT

NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T2 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha pre-em, 3 DAP fb soil drenching of metalaxyl MZ 0.2% at 20DAT

NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T3 Neem cake 200 kg/ha at sowing fb soil drenching of metalaxyl MZ 0.2% at 20 DAT

NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T4 Ethoxysulfuron 25 and 50 g/ha as PRE and at 45 DAT

NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T5 Sulfosulfuron 25 and 25 g/ha at 15 and 45 DAT NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

T6 Weedy check

Herbicide phytotoxicity on tomato No phyotoxcity was observed on tomato with application of any of the herbicides.


49

Weed flora observed at 30 DAT The following weed flora observed in tomato field after imposing pre as well as early post emergence herbicide treatment imposition. Table:35 weedflora of different treatments at 30 DAT

S.No Sri Anantha Reddy Sri Shivaiah

T1 Cyperus rotundus Euphorbia geniculata, Cyperus rotundus, Argimone Mexicana

T2 Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus

T3 Sonchus arvensis, Digera muricata, Trianthema portulacastrum , Parthenium hysterophorus, Chenopodium album.

Cyperus rotundus, Sonchus arvensis, Trianthema portulacastrum , Parthenium hysterophorus and amaranthus viridis.

T4 Cynodon dactylon, Digera muricata, Sonchus arvensis, Parthenium hysterophorus

Sonchus arvensis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Digera muricata and amaranthus viridis and Trianthema portulacastrum

T5 Cyperus rotundus, Digera muricata, Sonchus arvensis, Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus, Digera muricata and amaranthus viridis and Trianthema portulacastrum

T6 Cyperus rotundus, Sonchus arvensis, Euphorbia hirta, Digera muricata, Trianthema portulacastrum , Parthenium hysterophorus, Chenopodium album and Argimone Mexicana.

Cyperus rotundus, Sonchus arvensis, Trianthema portulacastrum , Parthenium hysterophorus, and Amaranthus viridis.

Till date no orobanche infestation was observed on the crop.. The remaining observations on orobanche shoot population and tomato yield will be taken as per the experimental protocol. 4.1 b: Management of Striga in sugarcane 2013-14 Striga (Striga harmonthica) is a parasitic weed that attacks several cereal crops, particularly maize and sorghum but also sugarcane, finger millet, Napier and other native grasses. This problem is more severe during drought with low fertility.The species affecting cereals are S. hermonthica in Africa, S. asiatica in Africa and Asia, and S. densiflora in Asia, especially in India. S. gesnerioides can be devastating on cowpeas and serious on tobacco, occuring in both Africa and Asia.

Sugarcane is an important commercial crop cultivated in Andhra Pradesh and also in some areas in central and Northern Telangana zone of Telangana State. In Central Telangana Zone of Telangana State, striga parasitic weed infestation was reported in sugarcane (Malchelma village in Medak district) and is adversely affecting the cane yields. To arrive at a solution, an on farm research was initiated in farmer’s field at Mamidigi village. Name of the farmer: Sri RaJeswar Reddy Village : Mamidigi, Mandal : Nyalkal District : Medak. Planting date : 06-02-2014 Variety : CO-86032 Name of the farmer: Sri Gopal Village : Rejinthal Mandal : Nyalkal,


50

District : Medak. Planting date : 20-12-2014 Variety : 93V297 Objectives

To study the severe infestation and economic losses caused by striga in sugarcane.

To study the biology of striga.

To identify effective management practice to control the menace of striga. Treatments

i. Atrazine as pre-em 1.0 kg/ha 3 DAP fb + hw on 45 DAP fb earthing-up on 60 DAP fb post-em spraying of 2,4-D sodium salt 5 g/L + urea 20 g/L on 90 DAP fb trash mulching @ 5 t/ha on 120 DAP

Weed flora of experimental plot of Sri Gopal In addition to striga some of the grassy weeds observed during the crop growing season are Digitaria longiflora, Cynodon Dactylon, Paspalum distichum, Elusina indica, Sorghum halepense and sedge Cyperus rotundus, broad leaved weeds like Corchorus trilocularis, Cyanotis axillari, Lochnera pusilla, Commelina benghalensis, Alternanthera paronychioides, cassia tora, Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia geniculata and Ageratum conyzoides. Weed flora of experimental plot of Raieswar Reddy The common weed spectrum observed in the experimental plot includes Amaranthus viridis, Commelina benghalensis, Alternanthera paronychioides, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia geniculata, Boerhavia diffusa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sonchus oleraceus, Cyperus rotundus and Dactylactenium aegyptium. Results: No striga infesttion was observed in Mamidigi village of Nyalkal mandal. However striga infestation was observed in another village Rejinthal at 120 DAP in the farmer field of Sri Gopal and the information regarding infestation was furnished. .

Eventhough reduced infestation observed around the stalk after spraying of 2,4-D sodium salt @ 5 g/L + urea 20 g/L. But increase in inter row infestation was observed. After spreading of trash mulch complete reduction in inter row infestation was observed. But striga infestation was increased around the stalk. Much difference was not observed regarding average number of millable canes per square meter, however reduction in plant height, no of nodes, cane girth and individual cane weight was noticed. Conclusions

After imposing treatments also 63% yield reduction was observed as against complete crop failure with out 2,4-D sodium salt spraying and trash mulch.

Table: 36 Data of striga infestation in sugarcane

No. village First visibility above ground

No of stalks around

a single host plant

% Infestation in the field

Whether appearing regularly in the field

% Yield loss

Any other relevant

information Month DAS of

host crop

1 Mamidigi April 60 Nil 0.00 yes

May 90 Nil 0.00

June 120 Nil 0.00

July 150 Nil 0.00


51

2 Rejinthal March 60 Nil yes Farmer was asked to go for spraying at 120 DAP

April 90 Nil

May 120 7-9

June 150 2-4

July 180 5-6

Table: 37 Yield losses due to striga infestation in sugarcane

Millable Canes/m-

2 No.of nodes

Lenth (meters

) Girth (cm)

No of millable

canes / ha

weight of the

canekg /ha

Yield / ha (ton)

infested 5.7 18.8 1.2 0.7 0.60 56667 34

Non-infested 6.7 23.5 2.03 1.03 1.75 66667 92

Table: 38 Yield and yield attributes of sugarcane crop of Sri Raieswar Reddy, Mamidigi village, Nyalkal mandal, Medak- Dist Variety: Co-86032

S.No

Millable Canes/m-2

No.of nodes

Lenth (meters)

Girth (cm)

No of millable

canes / ha

weight of the cane

Yield / ha (ton)

1 7.0 13 1.3 2.1 70000 1.6 109

2 5.3 15 1.1 2 53333 1.2 65

3 4.2 15 1.2 2 41667 1.3 54

4 6.7 14 1.4 2.1 66667 1.8 117

Average 5.8 14.3 1.3 2.1 57917 1.6 86

Table:39 Yield and yield attributes of Striga infected sugarcane crop of Sri Gopal, Rejinthal village, Nyalkal mandal, Medak- Dist Variety: 93V297

S.No Treated

Millable Canes/m-2

No.of nodes

Lenth (meters)

Girth (cm)

weight of the cane

(kg)

Millable Canes /

ha

Yield tonn/ha

1 8.2 18 1.25 0.8 0.88 81667 72

2 6.2 20 1.35 0.7 0.70 61667 43

3 4.2 17 1.1 0.8 0.50 41667 21

4 4.2 20 1.08 0.6 0.55 41667 23

Average 5.7 18.8 1.2 0.7 0.60 56667 34


52

Table: 40 Yield and yield attributes of non infested sugarcane crop of Sri Gopal, Rejinthal village, Nyalkal mandal, Medak- Dist Variety: 93V297.

S.No Control

Millable Canes/m-

2

No.of nodes

Lenth (metes)

Girth (cm)

weight of the cane

(kg)

Millable Canes /

ha

Yield tonn/ha

1 7.2 23 1.95 1.20 1.16 71667 83

2 6.0 25 2.05 1.00 1.31 60000 79

3 6.8 24 2.10 0.80 1.61 68333 110

4 6.7 22 2.00 1.10 1.46 66667 97

Average 6.7 23.5 2.03 1.03 1.75 66667 92


53

WS 4.1d:Management of Striga in sugarcane 2014-15

This year the Zahirabad mandal of Central Telangana zone has been identified as potential area for the striga infestation. Based on the survey, 43 acres of Zaheerabad. Nyalkal and Medak mandals of sugarcane growing area under trident sugr mills are found to have striga infestation.

Name of the farmer: Sri Gopal Villge : Rejinthal Mandal : Nyalkal, District : Medak. Planting date : yet to be taken of the farmer: Sri Sathish Villge : Kothur-B, Mandal : Nyalkal District : Medak. Planting date : yet to be taken Treatments

Atrazine as pre-em 1.0 kg/ha 3 DAP+ HW on 45 DAP fb earthing-up on 60 DAP fb post-em spraying of 2,4-D sodium salt 5 g/l + urea 20 g/l on 90 DAP fb trash mulching @ 5 t/ha on 120 DAP (as standard check)

2,4-D 1.0 kg at 45 DAP Observations to be recoded

Number of Striga shoots at 60, 120, 180, 240 DAP Sugar cane yield


54


55


56

WS 4.3: Biological control of water hyacinth

During the monsoon season of 2014, two perennial tanks viz., Mylardevpally tank and

Pragathinagar tank which were selected and inoculated during 2013 were monitored for

intensity of Neochetina weevil infestation and control of water hyacinth. Initially, during 2013,

Morethan 600 weevils were released at different spots in Mylardevpally tank and 300 weevils

in Pragatinagar tank during third week of September month.One new tank, near University

campus in Sivarampally village was selected for biological control experiment and weevils

were released into this tank during December 2014. This tank was also totally infested by

the water hyacinth.

Mylardevpally Tank

Initially, water hyacinth infestation was very severe and the entire tank was completely

covered by the weed.No infestation of weevil in water hyacinth could be observed during

September, 2013. Observations were taken after three months after release of the weevil i.e

during December 2013. Population of the weevil increased significantly during three months.

The number of weevils/ water hyacinth plant( based 10 plant data) during December 2013

were 3.2 weevils/plant.

During September 2014, The number of weevils/ water hyacinth plant( based 10 plant data)

during December 2013 have increased to 5.3 weevils/plant and the number of scars/ leaf

(based 10 leaf count) 68-87 (Average 76.2).

At the end of 2014, most of the water hyacinth present in the tank (More than 90 % of the

surface area of the tank) was totally dried. Number of weevils / plant based on 10 plant

average was 4.3. (plate 4.3.2).

Pragathinagar Tank

In case of the Pragathinagar tank, the waterbody was partially infested with the weed

(approx30 % of the surface area).In Pragathinagar tank, very low infestation was noticed

initially (0.8 weevils/waterhyacinth clump based on 10 plants data andNo. of scars/ leaf

(based 10 leaf count) 12-45 (Average 26.4) ( in green leaves*).

During 2014, it was observed that, no significant change in the status of the weevil

infestation was noticed in Pragathinagar tank, in the sporadic samples of waterhyacinth

present in the tank. This might be due to scattered spread of the waterhyacinth plants.

However, the inoculated areas was entirely free from the water hyacinth infestation ( Plate

no 4.3.4)


57


58

WS 5.0 HERBICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENT QUALITY WS 5.1 Herbicide residues of pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium in rice; atrazine, oxyfluorfen and paraquat in maize fromlong-term experiment

A long-term field experiment was conducted since 2008 in the College Farm,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with Kharif rice and rabi maize, to identify the best weed management practices in rice-zero tillage maize system. This experiment was continued until Rabi 2013. However, a new experiment with a different set of treatments is initiated at new site from kharif 2014 onwards, due soil salinity and crop failure in the previous site. The main aim of this experiment is find out most effective and economical weed management strategies rice-maize system on long-term basis and also to study the weed shifts/ dynamics when same herbicides are used on long-term basis on same site. Further, herbicide residue changes over continuous use can also be determined.

To study the residue buildup of the herbicides used in the study and also to assess the persistence of herbicides in the soil and plant parts (grain and straw) the current experiment was conducted in collaboration with agronomy scientists. Such data is lacking with respect to the herbicides mentioned below. Hence the current study was proposed.Soil samples plant and grain samples were collected from the field experiment. Objective:

1. To estimate residues of Pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium and ethoxysulfuron in the soil, grain and straw in the rice.

2. To estimate residues of atrazine and paraquat in the soil, grain and straw (at harvest) in the maize.

Methodology Details of the herbicides applied, dose adopted and time of spray are furnished in the table below.

Rice Maize

6. Pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha as PE at 3-5 DATfbHW at 25-30 DAT

Atrazine 1000 g + paraquat @600g /ha as PE

7. Bispyribac sodium as PoE at 20-25 DAT @ 25 g/ha fbHW at 40-45 DAT

Oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha + paraquat @.600 g/ha as PE

8. Pretilachlor fbethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage)

Atrazine EPoE @1000 g/ha at 15-20 DAS

9. Farmers practice (20, 40 DAT HW) Farmers practice(HW at 20, 40 DAS)

10. Unweeded check

Unweeded check

Sample collection and preparation Initial representative composite soil samples before transplanting of rice and soil samples from different weed management treatments at the time of harvest were collected for soil physico-chemical analysis, fertility analysis. For residue analysis, soil samples were collected from 6-7 spots in each plot at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 DAT/DAS (rice and maize) and at harvest. Soil samples collected were mixed thoroughly, air dried, ground and passed through 2 mm sieve. A representative 1 kg sample was taken by quartering method for estimating herbicide residues. And the samples were stored at -200C freezer for analysis.

Grain, and straw /plant samples of ricewere selected randomly from each plot at

harvest time. Grains were separated from panicle and 500 g sample was collected. Samples were kept in deep freezer and removed from the deep freezer at the time of analysis and brought to room temperature.


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Herbicide technical grade chemicals and other analytical chemicals

Analytical grade pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium herbicide standards of high purity were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstofer chemicals. All solvents and reagents used were pesticide grade solvents and were of high purity. Dr. Ehrenstofer Ethoxysulfuron analytical standard is yet to be supplied by the chemical supplying firm. Analysis of pretilachlor

A stock solution (1.0 mg/ ml) was prepared for pretilachlor in Hexane. A 100 microgram per ml fortification standard was prepared by taking a 5 ml aliquot in 50 ml volumetric flask. Further dilutions were made to make a 10 and 1 microgram per ml solution. Fortification trials were conducted with 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg solutions and all stock, fortification and internal standard solutions were stored at – 200Cin the deep freezer until analysis. Method and level of fortification The reference standard of pretilachlor was used for quantification, recovery and determination of retention time of the herbicide. The soil and grain samples were collected from field where no herbicide was applied. The samples were sieved/ground and desired required quantity of the technical grade pretilachlor was added to 50 g soil/ 20 g grain sample. All samples were replicated thrice. The soil and grain samples were fortified with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Control as well as blank samples were maintained to check for the contamination and interferences. Extraction

A representative 10 g sieved soil /5 g grain was extracted with 150 ml of acetone : hexane. The samples were kept over night and filtered through buchner funnel and again the samples were rinsed with another fifty ml of acetone : hexane and the extract was evaporated. Mixed with 0.3 g activated charcoal, 0.3 g florosil, 10 g anhydrous sodium sulphate and packed in the glass column. Column was eluted with 100 ml of mixture of acetone: hexane (1:9), elute was evoparated to dryness in a rotary evaporator at 45oC and residue is re-dissolved in 5 ml of n-hexane. Clean up To a chromatographic column (2 mm i.d.) 4 g of florosil was added followed by 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate. The concentrated extract was diluted to 10 ml with 10% acetone in hexane. Then the solution was transferred to florosil column. Container was rinsed with hexane and transferred to column. The column was eluted with about 5 ml/min. Florisil elute is concentrated 1 ml. The extract was used for the determination of pretilachlor residues by GC - ECD. GC parameters

Name of the Gas Chromatograph Shimadzu GC 2010

Column AB-5,30 m length ID 0.53 mm, film thickness 1.50 um

Detector Electron capture detector (ECD) with Ni 63

Carrier gas used Nitrogen

Column flow 3.50 ml/min

Column temp/over temp. 2400C

Injector temperature 2500C

Detector temperature 2600C

Make up gas flow 30 ml/minute

Analysis for bispyribac residues Soil samples

Bispyribac residues in the soil samples were analyzed employing the procedures outlined by Zhaeng Li Ying et al (2005). The soil samples were extracted with 4% NaHCO3 solution. The extract was partitioned with petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The


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aqueous phase (containing the final residue) was acidified with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and re-extracted with ethyl acetate. 20 µL of final solution was injected into HPLC column using mobile phase of methanol + water (75+25, V/V) containing 0.04% H3PO4. Quantification of the herbicide was done using UV detection at 250 nm wavelength. The results showed that the averaged recoveries of the method ranged 87.12%-90.22%, at the fortified levels of 0.02-1.0 mg/kg. The minimum detectable limits in soil were found to be 0.02 mg/ kg Residue analysis in grain and plant samples Rice grain and straw samples were collected from all the treatment plots at harvest. Bispyribac sodium residues in the grain and plant samples were analyzed according to the procedure given by Shimin Wu and Jun Mei (2011). A HPLC equipped with a C18 reverse phase chromatographic column was attached to a DAD. Determination of analytes was performed using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (65:35 v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 300C.

Soil Analysis for physical, chemical and Physico-Chemical Properties:

Particle size analysis of the soil was carried out by Bouyoucos hydrometer method (Piper, 1966). Other physical properties of the soil viz., bulk density, particle density, pore space, maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) were determined by Keen’s cup method (Bernard A. Keen and Henry Razkowski, 1921). pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in 1:2.5 soil water extract. The soil samples collected were analyzed for organic carbon (%), based on rapid titrimetric method (Walkley and Black, 1934), soil available N based on alkaline permanganate method (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), soil available P based on Olsen's method (Olsen et. al., 1954) and soil available K based on ammonium acetate method (Jackson, 1973). CEC of the samples was estimated according to procedure described by Richards et al.,(1954).

The experimental soil was very dark grayish brown in colour. Texture of the soil was sandy clay loam (60.2 % sand, 11.6 % silt and 28.0 % clay). Bulk density and particle density of the soil were 1.36 and 2.64 Mg/ m3 respectively. Soils were moderately alkaline in reaction, non-saline with a CEC of 22.21cmol(p+) kg-1. Organic carbon content of the soil was medium. Soil of the experiment site was low in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium.

Table : 41 Soil properties before transplanting of the rice crop.

Soil Property Before transplanting

Soil colour 10 YR 3/2 (Very dark greyish brown)

Depth of the soil 75-100 cm

Texture of the soil Sandy clay loam

Bulk density 1.35 Mg/ m3

Particle density 2.64 Mg/ m3

Pore space (%) 51.27

MWHC (%) 42.8

pH 7.98

EC 0.61 dS/m

CEC 22.21 cmol(p+) kg-1

Available nitrogen 231.6 kg/ha

Available P 40.32 kg/ha

Available K 198.82 kg/ha


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RESULTS:

Summary of changes in different properties of the soil samples collected at transplanting and harvest indicated that, there were no significant changes in physico-chemical (pH, EC, OC) and fertility properties of the soil (Available N, P2O5 and K2O) due to different treatments after harvest of the rice crop. Statistical analysis of the pre and post-harvest samples indicated that the influence of the herbicide treatments were non-significant. Table : 42 Soil properties after harvest of the rice crop.

Soil Property pH EC (dS/m)

Available N

(kg/ha)

Available P

(kg/ha)

Available K

(kg/ha)

Before transplanting 7.98 0.612 231.6 40.32 198.82

Pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha as PE at 3-5 DATfbHW at 25-30 DAT

8.15 0.626 211.2 38.12 186.12

Bispyribac sodium as PoE at 20-25 DAT @ 25 g/ha fbHW at 40-45 DAT

8.21 0.651 199.8 42.21 195.12

Pretilachlor fbethoxysulfuron @750/18.75 at 25 DAT (3-4 leaf stage)

8.22 0.645 216.2 41.26 208.23

Farmers practice (20, 40 DAT HW) 8.22 0.632 220.2 40.36 210.0

Unweeded check

8.23 0.621 189.8 42.32 204.6

CD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS

Pretilachlor Recovery of pretilachlor in samples spiked at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg /kg level was more than 85%in both grain and soil. The retention time for pretilachlor under the present experimental conditions was found to be 9.20 minutes. Minimum detection limit (LOQ) for pretilachlor was 0.05 mg/kg. Initial residues of pretilachlor in soil was 0.424 mg/kg (at 1 DAA).Residues of pretilachlor persisted in the soil upto 30 DAA and reached BDL by 45 DAA. The residues of pretilachlor in rice grain and straw collected at harvest was below detectable level (BDL). In the soil samples also the pretilachlor residues were at BDL. Bispyribac sodium Studies were carried out to validate the method, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. Fortified samples were used for precision and accuracy studies. In plant samples the recoveries varied between 80.8 to 84.8 % respectively. Minimum detectable limit (Detection limit) for the method adopted was 0.02 ppm. Residues of bispyribac sodium in the soil samples, rice grain and rice straw samples collected at the time of harvest were below the detectable limit of 0.02 ppm.In soil the initial detected residue was 0.047 mg/kg and the residues reached the BDL at 30 DAA. Analysis of the samples for ethoxysulfuron is in progress. Table : 43 Residues of pretilachlor at different days after application

Treatments Different days after application

1 15 30 45 60 Harvest

Pretilachlor 50 % @ 750 g a.i,/ha 0.424 0.196 0.103 BDL BDL BDL

Table :44 Residues of bispyribac sodium at different days after application


1 15 30 45 60 Harvest

Bisp-Na@ 25.0 g/ha 0.047 0.021 BDL BDL BDL BDL


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WS 5.2 Pretilachlor and oxadiargyl residues in surface and ground water in rice cultivated areas Pretilachlor and Oxadargyl are the two most popular rice herbicides used in Andhra Pradesh and their consumption was 1553 kilo-liters and 22 tons respectively during 2013-14. (APPMA, 2013). These herbicides are effective against annual grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weedsare used as selective pre-emergence application. Eventhough several experiments were conducted on persistence of the herbicides in soils, data on persistence, entry into the surface/sub-surface aquifers is not available. The soil-half life of pretilachlor applied to rice varied from 11.9 days to 16.9 days at 1.0 and 2.0 kg application respectively. Studies on degradation of pretilachlor applied to rice at 1.0 and 2.0 kg .a. i /ha revealed that, residues of pretilachlor persisted upto 40 days when applied at recommended rate and upto 60 days when applied at double the recommended dose (DWSRC, 2006). In an experiment conducted by (Francesco Vidottoet.al., 2004) pretilachlor was applied in pre-seeding on a flooded rice field. Pretilachlor concentration in the paddy water decreased by more than 90% during the first three weeks after the treatment. The amount of the herbicide in the paddy water gradually fell to levels below the sensitivity of the analytical method when water circulation was re-established. The pretilachlor concentration in the sediment gradually increased after the treatment, reaching the highest value 5 to 6 days later. The average DT50 in water and sediment were 6.77 and 28.76 days in 2001, 4.68 and 15.01 days in 2002, respectively. Pretilachlor dissipated to below detectable limit at 10 DAA in flood water. The half-life of pretilachlor varied from 3.9-10.0, 3.4- 8.5, 0.87-1.52 days for soil, rice plant and flood water, respectively.(Dharumarajan, 2011). Objective: To determine the pretilachlor and oxadiargyl persistence in aquatic bodies in rice growing areas. Methodology: To study the persistence and contamination of the aquatic bodies by rice herbicides (pertilachlor and oxadiargyl) water samples were collected from the aquatic bodies surrounded by rice growing areas under NagarjunaSagar Project Left canal command area. All the sampling sites were located in Nalgonda district of the Telangana state and are located to three mandals (Halia, Nidamanuru and Tripuraram). Samples were collected three times i.e at the time of transplanting(01-09-2014) and at 15 DAT (15-09-2014) and 30 DAT (30-09-2014). Details of the sampling sites are furnished in the following table. Table: 45 Sampling site details

S. No

Source of water sample

Location of the sampling site GPS Coordinates

1. Drain Large drain after HaliavillageinHaliaMandal in Nalgonda district

16047’32.9” 79020’06.6”

2 Bore well At Ibrahimpet X roads on Halia – Miryalguda Road

16048’02.9” 79020’11.6”

3 Canal After Ibrahimpet X roads on Halia – Miryalguda Road at Canal road intersection

16048’05.3” 79020’30.5”

4 Irrigation Tank Vengannagudem village tank 16049’46.4” 79024’27.7”

5 Canal At Mukundapuram village on Halia-Miryalguda road at 4th distributary

16049’56.6” 79026’27.7”

6 Irrigation tank Irrigation tank after the thummadam village in Tripurarammandal

16047’46.3” 79025’48.2”

7 Borewell In Thanda immediately after the thummadam village (roadside)

16048’35.9” 79026’02.7”

8 irrigation tank (Kunta)

In ARS, kampasagar farm 16050’02.9” 79026’59.6”

9 Open well In ARS, kampasagar farm 16050’54.8”


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79027’07.2”

10 Drainage Channel After crossing ARS, kampasagar farm towards babusaipet

16051’25.7” 79028’36.6”

Collected water samples were stored in a deep freezer to prevent chemical

decomposition, photo-decomposition and biodegradation of the herbicides and the samples were brought to room temperature at the time of analysis.

Samples were analysed for residues of pretilachlor using the procedure given by Sankaranet.al., (1993). Oxadiargyl residues were analyzed using protocol outlined by Shi et.al., (2009). Results Recovery of pretilachlor in the water samples varied from 82.4 to 88.2 %. Oxadiargyl recovery varied from 78.2 to 82.4%. LOD for pretilachlor and oxadiargyl were 0.05 and 0.025 mg/l respectively. Other details of the sampling locations

1. Season and year Kahrif2014

2. Type of water bodies Drainage channels (2), Open wells (1), Bore wells (2) irrigation tank (3), irrigation canals(2)

3. Dominating weed species Echinocloacolona, Echinocloacrusgali, Cyperusiria, Eclipta alba

4. Herbicide applied Pretilachlor or oxdiargyl

(i) Method of application Sand mixed broadcast

(ii) Dose and time of application Pretilachlor : 0.625 kg a.i. /ha

Oxadiargyl : 0.100kg a.i./ha

(iii) Spray volume and nozzles used

Herbicide is mixed with sand broadcasted in the field

(iv) Control efficiency More than 70 % compared unused plots upto 30 DAS

5. Residues in water initially and after one month days interval

Presented in the table below

6. Effect on fish and other animals (if any)

No fish mortality was observed in the irrigation water tanks

7. Water parameter pH, conductivity

Presented in the table below

Table :46 Analytical details of water samples collected at first sampling (01-09-2014)

Sample No

Source of water sample pH EC Pretilachlor residue

Oxadiargyl residues

1 Drain 7.22 0.21 BDL BDL

2 Bore well 6.98 0.13 BDL BDL

3 Canal 6.87 0.05 BDL BDL

4 Irrigation Tank 7.08 0.12 BDL BDL


6 Irrigation tank 7.14 0.11 BDL BDL

7 Borewell 6.91 0.12 BDL BDL

8 Small irrigation tank (Kunta)

7.42 0.34 BDL BDL

9 Open well 6.95 0.09 BDL BDL

10 Drainage Channel 7.21 0.22 BDL BDL


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Table: 47 Analytical details of water samples collected at Second sampling (15-09-2014)

Sample No


Oxadiargyl residues

1 Drain 7.12 0.32 0.052 BDL








7.55 0.41 0.079 BDL


10 Drainage Channel 7.23 0.25 0.081 BDL

Table: 48 Analytical details of water samples collected at Third sampling (30-09-2014)

Sample No


Oxadiargyl residues

1 Drain 7.11 0.33 BDL BDL








7.58 0.40 0.066 BDL


10 Drainage Channel 7.19 0.28 0.062 BDL

First sampling None of the samples drawn were found to contain residues pretilachlor or oxadiargyl irrespective of the source. Samples collected from none of the sources were saline and pH of the water samples was neither acidic nor alkaline. At the time of first sampling, field preparation (Puddling) and transplanting were in progress in most of the command area. Hence, the farmers have not applied herbicides to the paddy fields which resulted in non-detection of herbicide residues in the water samples. Oxadiargyl residues could not be detected in any of the water samples irrespective of the source. Second sampling

Oxadiargyl residues could not be detected in any of the water samples irrespective of the source.Pretilachlor residues (above the detection of 0.025 mg/l) were detected in three samples. (sample no 1, 8 and 10). In both water samples collected from drain channels pretilachlor residues were detected (0.052 and 0.081 mg/l).Water samples from one tank (small irrigation tank), which collects drainage water from the rice fields in the upper reaches, was found to contain residues of pretilachlor (0.071 mg/l). pH and EC of the water samples did not change significantly compared with first sampling. Third sampling

In third spell of sampling, water samples collected from two sources viz., sample 8 and 10 have shown the presence of pretilachlor residues and residues could not be detected in all other eight sources. However, the residue level decreased from the second spell of sampling(0.056 and 0.061 mg/l respectively). In the third spell of sampling also other water properties did not change significantly.


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WS 5.3 Oxyfluorfen residues in soil and onion bulbs/ spring onion in samples drawn from farmers fields Oxyfluorfen is a diphenyl-ether herbicide used for broad spectrum pre- and post-

emergent control of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of tree fruit, nut, vine, and field crops. Oxyfluorfen is moderately persistent in most soil environments, with a representative field half-life of about 30 to 40 days. In laboratory studies, its soil half-life was 6 months, indicating very low rates of microbial degradation. Oxyfluorfen is very well-sorbed to most soils. Soil binding is highest in soils with high organic matter and clay content . Once oxyfluorfen is adsorbed to soil particles, it is not readily removed (Herbicide Handbook, 2007). US-EPA MRL for oxyfluorfen in onion bulb/ spring onion is 0.05 mg/kg (USEPA, 2005)

In Andhra Pradesh, oxyfluorfen is one of the most popular selective herbicide used in onion. This herbicide is marketed under the names of Goal, Galiganetc. During the surveys conducted in Mahabubnagar district and interaction with the scientists working in the KVK, Palem it was understood that, famers are applying oxyfluorfen in onion 2-3 times during the crop growth stage, due to unavailability of manual labour and high costs involved in hiring the manual labour.

This situation presents a risk of oxyfluorfen entering into the food-chain through onion bulbs and spring onion. Till now, no studies have been carried out to study the persistence of the oxyfluorfen in soils and onion bulbs / spring onion. This study is essential to assess the risk of oxyfluorfen entry in to food chain. Hence, the current experiment is proposed to estimate the oxyfluorfen residues in soil samples and onion samples collected from the farmers fields where oxyfluorfen is being used. Methodology

Four soil / onion bulbs/ green onion each from different farmers were be collected from Koppunur village in Weepanagandla mandal in Mahabubnagar.

Data on herbicide usage (dose/method/time of application) were collected from the farmers (Details are enclosed in the following table) Table :49 Sample location details

S. No

Name of the Farmer Location GPS coordinates

1. A. Narayan Reddy Koppunur village Weepanagandlamandal MahabubnagarDist

16002’04.7” 78012’08.6”

2. K. PeddaChenna Reddy -do- 16002’03.6” 78012’11.1”

3. K. Harivardhan Reddy -do- 16004’05.6” 78011’56.6”

4. K. Rambhupal Reddy -do- 16002’03.6” 78012’11.1”

Table :50 Herbicide use details by the sample farmers

S. No

Name of the Farmer

Date of sampling

Stage of the crop

Herbicides used and time of application

Herbicide active ingredient/ha

1 A. Narayan Reddy

15-07-2014

Spring onion stage

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+20ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 16 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +50.0 g a.i./ha


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Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+20ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 50-55 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre

Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +50.0 g a.i./ha

2 K. PeddaChenna Reddy S/o Pulla Reddy

21-06-2014

Bulb formation stage

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+30ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 25 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @ 5ml+30ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 50-55 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +75.0 g a.i./ha Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @ 58.75 g a.i./ha +75.0 g a.i./ha

3 K. Harivardhan Reddy S/o venkat Reddy

12-07-2014

Spring onion stage

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+20ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 18 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+20ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 60 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +50.0 g a.i./ha Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +50.0 g a.i./ha

4 K. RambhupalReddy

05-07-2014

Spring onion stage

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @2ml+30ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 20 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop P Ethyl @3ml+20ml in 10 liters of water respectively at 40-45 DAS and the spray volume is 200 liters/ acre

First spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +75.0 g a.i./ha Second spray Oxyfluorfen +Quizalofop Ethyl @35.35 g a.i./ha +50.0 g a.i./ha

Analysis for the residues of oxyfluorfenin the soil and onion samples was carried out employing the procedure described by Martin et al (1994) taking consideration recoveries obtained in different sample matrices. The reference standards of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen were used for quantification, recovery and determination of retention time of the herbicide. The soil and grain samples were collected from fields where no herbicide was applied. The samples were ground, sieved and the required quantity of the technical grade pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen were added to 50g soil or 20g grain sample. All samples were replicated thrice. The soil and grain samples were fortified with 0.1,0.25 and 0.5mg/kg solutions. Control as well as blank samples were maintained to check for the contamination and interferences.


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Extraction: A representative 10 g sieved soil /5 g edible parts was extracted with 150 ml of acetone : hexane. The samples were kept over night and filtered through buchner funnel and again the samples were rinsed with another fifty ml of acetone : hexane and the extract was evaporated. Clean up: To a chromatographic column (2 cm i.d.) fitted below with cotton, 4 g of florosil followed by 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate was added. The concentrated extract was diluted to 10 ml with 10% acetone in hexane. Then the solution was transferred to florosil column. Container was rinsed with hexane and transferred to column. The column was eluted with about 5 ml min-1. Florisil elute is concentrated to 1 ml. The extract is used for the determination of herbicide residues by GLC on ECD. The prepared solutions were injected to GC by using following requirements: Gas Chromatograph (Shimadzu GC 2010) equipped with Electron capture detector with Ni 63 (ECD), AB-5 , 30 m length ID 0.53 mm, film thickness 1.50 um column was used for determination of residues. The following parameters were maintained for analysis. Carrier gas: Nitrogen; Carrier gas flow rate: 53.6 ml minute-1 Injector temperature: 240; Injector split ratio: 1: 10; Detector temperature: 260 and make up gas flow: 60 ml minute-1. oxyfluorfen eluted as a peak at 15.96 minutes. Estimation: One micro liter of reference standard solution of herbicide was injected. The peaks by theirretention time were identified and the peak area was measured. The amount of residues of herbicide wascalculated. Results Recovery of oxyfluorfen in soil varied from 86.2 to 91.4 %. In spring onion and onion bulbs the recovery varied from 78.4 – 88.2 and 92.1 to 96.6 % respectively. In the present experiment soil samples were collected from the farmers fields at spring onion stage of the crop and maturity stage of the onion bulb. Soil Samples:

Among the soil samples collected from the famers fields, two samples collected spring onion stage of the crop contained residues of oxyfluorfen (0.009 and 0.011 mg/kg) and in other two soil samples oxyfluorfen were below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg.

In all the soil samples collected at the time of harvest of the were below the detection limit. This results can be attributed to the under-dose of oxyfluorfen being adopted by the farmers. Spring onion samples: Among the spring onion samples collected from the farmer’s fields, samples from the farmer1 (0.0052 mg/kg) and farmer 3 (0.0071 mg/kg) have shown the oxyfluorfen residue above the detection limit (0.005 mg/kg). Onion bulb samples None of the onion bulb samples collected from the farmer’s field exhibited residues of oxyfluorfen above the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg. From the herbicide use details presented in the methodology, it is evident that farmers are using oxyfluorfen @ 35.35 to 58.75 g a.i./ha against the recommended dose of 150-200 g/ha. This might have resulted in the absence of herbicide residues.


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WS 5.4 Residues of pretilachlor, Pendimethalin, bispyribac sodium in the soil and rice grain in conservation agriculture experiment

A field study was conducted in College farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Kharif 2014 on conservation agriculture in rice(Kharif) – maize (Rabi) - Pulse( Summer) system. In the rice crop pretilachlor (as pre-emergence herbicide in transplanted rice), pendimethalin (pre-emergence herbicide in DSR) and bispyribac sodium (post-emergence herbicide in both DSR and transplanted rice) were applied as main treatments along with control. In order to study the carryover of the herbicide residues, it was proposed to collect soil and plant samples at the end of each crop in the season. With this aim, soil and plant samples were collected in the above said treatments at the time of harvest of the rice crop and studies for residues of pretilachlor and bispyribac sodium were carried out.

Pretilachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(2-propoxyethyl) acetamide) is a selective rice herbicide taken up readily by the hypocotyls, mesocotyls and coleoptiles, and to a lesser extent by the roots of germinating weeds. This herbicide is effective against main annual grasses, broad-leaved weeds and sedges in transplanted and direct seeded rice.

Bispyribac sodium [(Sodium 2,6-bis(4,6 dimethoxypyrimidine 2-yloxy) benzoate] is post-emergence selective herbicide in rice applied @ 25 g/ha for control of broad leaf weeds and some annual grasses.

Pendimethalin (3,4-Dimethyl -2,6- dinitro- N-pentan -3-yl- aniline) is herbicide of the dinitroaniline class used in pre-emergence applications to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. It inhibits cell division and cell elongation. Objective: To assess residues of pretilachlor, pendimethalin and bispyribac sodium in the post-harvest soil samples and rice grain/ straw samples. Materials and methods Field experiment

A field experiment on conservation agriculture was conducted in College Farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Kharif 2014. Pretilachlor+Bensulfuron was applied to transplanted rice as pre-emergence herbicide @ 0.75 kg/ha at 3 DAT and bispyribac sodium as PoE @ 25 g a.i../ha at 25 DAT in chemical weed management treatment. In IWM treatment, Bispyribac sodium was applied as post-emergence herbicide at 15 DAT @ 25.0 g/ha fb HW at 30-35 DAT.

In aerobic rice chemical weed treatment, pendimethalin was applied pre-emergence herbicide at 1 DAS @ 1.0 kg/ha fbbispyribac sodium as post-emergence herbicide @ 25 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS. MTU-1010 variety was used as a test variety and the fertilizers were applied @ 120-60-40 kg of N-P2O5–K2O/ha to the rice crop. Crop duration was 120 days.

Sample collection and preparation Initial soil samples before transplanting of rice and soil samples from different herbicide treatments were also collected for analysis of soil physico-chemical properties and fertility analysis.

For residue analysis, soil samples were collected from 6-7 spots in each plot at harvest. Soil samples collected from treatments and control plot were mixed thoroughly, air dried, ground and passed through 2 mm mesh sieve. A representative 1 kg sample was taken by quartering method for estimating herbicide residues. And the samples were stored in -200C freezer for analysis.To collect rice grain, and straw samples, rice plants were collected randomly from all the treatment plots at harvest time. Grains were separated and 500 g sample of each sample was powdered by grinding in a machine. Samples were kept in deep freezer and removed from the deep freezer at the time of analysis and brought to room temperature. The sample was well mixed and 20 g soil sample was used for analysis.

Herbicide technical grade chemicals and other analytical chemicals

Analytical grade pretilachlor and Bispyribac sodium of > 98% purity were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals. All solvents and reagents used were AR grade.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitroaniline


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Analysis of pretilachlor A stock solution (1.0 mg/ ml) was prepared for pretilachlor in acetone. A 100

microgram per ml fortification standard was prepared by taking a 5 ml aliquot in 50 ml volumetric flask with acetone. Further dilutions were made to make a 10 and 1 microgram per ml solution. Fortification trials were conducted with 1.0 and 2.0 ppm solutions and all stock, fortification and internal standard solutions were stored at – 200Cin the deep freezer until analysis. Method and level of fortification The reference standard of pretilachlor was used for quantification, recovery and determination of retention time of the herbicide. The soil and grain samples were collected from fields where no herbicide was applied. The samples were sieved/ground and the required quantity of the technical grade pretilachlor was added to 50 g soil/ 20 g grain sample. All samples were replicated twice. The soil and grain samples were fortified with 1 ppm and 2 ppm solutions. Control as well as blank samples were maintained to check for the contamination and interferences. Extraction

A representative 10 g sieved soil /5 g grain was extracted with 150 ml of acetone : hexane. The samples were kept over night and filtered through buchner funnel and again the samples were rinsed with another fifty ml of acetone : hexane and the extract was evoparated. mixed with 0.3 g activated charcoal, 0.3 g florosil, 10 g anhydrous sodium sulphate and packed in the glass column. Column was eluted with 100 ml of mixture of acetone: hexane (1:9), elute was evoparated to dryness in a rotary evaporator at 45oC and residue is redissolved in 5 ml of n-hexane. Clean up

To a chromatographic column (2 mm i.d.) 4 g of florosil was added followed by 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate. The concentrated extract was diluted to 10 ml with 10% acetone in hexane. Then the solution was transferred to florosil column. Container was rinsed with hexane and transferred to column. The column was eluted with about 5 ml/min. Florisil elute is concentrated 1 ml. The extract is used for the determination of pretilachlor residues by GLC on ECD. G.C parameters

Name of the Gas Chromatograph Shimadzu GC 2010

Name of the Column AB-5 ,30 m length ID 0.53 mm,film thickness 1.50 um

Carrier gas used Nitrogen

Column flow 6.25 ml/minute

Column temp/over temp. 2300C

Injector temperature 2400C

Injector split ratio 1:10

Detector Electron capture detector (ECD) with Ni 63

Detector temperature 260

Make up gas flow 30 ml/minute

Estimation One micro liter of reference standard solution of pretilachlor was injected. The peaks by their retention time were identified and the peak area was measured. The amount of residues of herbicide was calculated. Pendimethalin Pendimethalinresidues in soil and grain were extracted from the sample with methanol and the extract was filtered and evaporated at 600 C to about 10 ml. The concentrated extract was transferred to separatory funnel and 30 ml of 5% aqueous NaCl was added. The contents were partitioned with n-hexane passed through anhydrous sodium sulfate. Hexane layer was concentrated on rotary vacuum evaporator at 60oC to approximately 5 ml and quantified by Gas Chromatograph.


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G C Parameters GC - Shimadzu G.C. Model 2010 Detector - ECD with Ni63 Column -ZB-5 Capillary Column., length

30 cm ,ID 0.53 with split injector mode Temperature (oC)

Oven - 220 o c Injector - 240 o c Detector - 260 o c Carrier gas - Nitrogen

Sample injected - 1 micro liter Bispyribac sodium Residue analysis in soil samples

Bispyribac residues in the soil samples were analyzed employing the procedures outlined by Zhaeng Li Ying et al (2005). The soil samples were extracted with 4% NaHCO3 solution. The extract was partitioned with petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The aqueous phase (containing the final residue) was acidified with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and re-extracted with ethyl acetate. 20 µL of final solution was injected into HPLC column using mobile phase of methanol + water (75+25, V/V) containing 0.04% H3PO4. Quantification of the herbicide was done using UV detection at 250 nm wavelength. The results showed that the averaged recoveries of the method ranged 87.12%-93.22%, at the fortified levels of 0.02-1.0 mg/kg. The minimum detectable limits in soil were found to be 0.02 mg/ kg Residue analysis in grain and plant samples Rice grain and straw samples were collected from all the treatment plots at harvest. Bispyribac sodium residues in the grain and plant samples were analyzed according to the procedure given by Shimin Wu and Jun Mei (2011).

Finely powdered rice grain / straw sample (20 g) was taken in a flask and 20 ml of water was added and held for 2.0 hours. The sample was homogenized twice with 100 ml acteonitrile for 3 minutes and filtered with a glass funnel under vacuum. The filtrates were combined and concentrated to 20 ml in rotary vacuum evaporator. To this extract, 5.0 ml of saturated NaCl, 50.0 ml of NaH2PO4 and 50.0 ml of 0.5mol/l NaHCO3 was added. This mixtures was homogenized with 100 ml acetic ether. The organic layer was separated from the aqueous layer in a separatory funnel and the organic phase was evaporated to dryness. This residue was dissolved in 5.0 ml of the mobile phase and this was subjected to SPE pre-treatment (Supelco LC-Florisil cartridge). Conditioning was carried out with 3 ml acetonitrile and 3 ml water at the optimized flow rate by a vacuum pump. Acetic acid (3 ml 0.1 M) was used to remove the unadsorbed sample and 3 mL iso-pentane to elute the bispyribac sodium. A HPLC equipped with a C18 reverse phase chromatographic column was attached to a DAD. Determination of analytes was performed using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (65:35 v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 300C.

Studies were carried out to validate the method, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. Fortified samples were used for precision and accuracy studies. In plant and grain samples the recoveries varied between 92.6 - 98.7 % and 90.1 - 94.3 %, respectively. Minimum detectable limit (Detection limit) for the method adopted was 0.02 ppm.


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Results Table :51 Soil properties before transplanting of the rice crop.

Soil Property Before transplanting

Soil colour 10 YR 3/2 (Very dark greyish brown)

Depth of the soil 75-100 cm

Texture of the soil Sandy clay loam

Bulk density 1.35 Mg/ m3

Particle density 2.64 Mg/ m3

MWHC (%) 42.8

pH 8.12

EC 0.64dS/m

Available nitrogen 218.6 kg/ha

Available P 38.2 kg/ha

Available K 220.4 kg/ha

Table : 52 Soil properties after harvest of the rice crop.

Soil Property pH EC (dS/m)

Available N

(kg/ha)

Available P

(kg/ha)

Available K

(kg/ha)

Before transplanting 8.12 0.64 254.4 38.2 220.4

Aerobic rice

IWM treatment 8.15 0.626 245.6 40.2 199.2

Chemical weed management 8.21 0.651 228.5 42.1 200.1

Control 8.22 0.645 236.2 38.2 210.6

Transplanted Rice

IWM treatment 8.16 0.592 220.2 42.1 212.2

Chemical weed management 8.12 0.623 212.8 40.2 206.4

Control 8.09 0.611 230.4 41.5 208.6

Summary of changes in different properties of the soil samples collected at

transplanting and harvest indicated that, there were no significant changes in physico-chemical (pH, EC, OC) and fertility properties of the soil (Available N, P2O5 and K2O) due to different treatments after harvest of the rice crop in different methods of establishment. Pretilachlor The recovery of pretilachlor in samples spiked at 0.5 and 1 and 2.0 mg /kg level was more than 85%in both grain and soil. The retention time for pretilachlor under the present experimental conditions was found to be 9.20 minutes. The residues of pretilachlor in rice grain and straw collected at harvest was below detectable level (BDL). In the soil samples also the pretilachlor residues were at BDL. Bispyribac sodium Studies were carried out to validate the method, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. Fortified samples were used for precision and accuracy studies. In plant samples the recoveries varied between 80.8 to 84.8 % respectively. Minimum detectable limit (Detection limit) for the method adopted was 0.02 ppm. Residues of bispyribac sodium in the soil samples, rice grain and rice straw samples collected at the time of harvest were below the detectable limit of 0.02 ppm. In soil the initial detected residue was 0.042 mg/kg and the residues reached the BDL at 30 DAA. Residues of bispyribac sodium in the soil samples, rice grain and rice straw samples collected at the time of harvest were below the detectable limit of 0.02 ppm.


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Table : 53 Residues of pretilachlor at different days after application


1 15 30 45 60 Harvest

Pretilachlor 50 % @ 750 g a.i,/ha

0.424 0.196 0.103 BDL BDL BDL

Table : 54 Residues ofPendimethalin at different days after application


1 15 30 45 60 Harvest

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha 0.502 0.214 0.121 BDL BDL BDL

Table : 55 Residues of bispyribac sodium at different days after applicationin transplanted rice


1 15 30 45 60 Harvest


Table : 56Residues of bispyribac sodium at different days after application in Aerobic Rice


1 15 30 45 60 Harvest


WS 5.6 Herbicide residues in crops and cropping systems Results of the experiment conducted under the above sub-head titled “Pendimethalin and pyrithiobac sodium residues in cotton” are not being reported as suggested in Herbicide residue workshop proceedings.


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WS 6.0 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

WS 6.2: Front Line Demonstration (FLD)

Front Line Demonstrations were organized in rice crop to popularize the integrated

weed management technology in kummera village of chevella mandal of Ranga Reddy

district with the technology generated at AICRP Weed Control.

The results from FLD’s showed that integrated weed management involving pre

emergence application of either bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor S @ 0.66 kg/ha(Londax

power) fb handweeding at 40 DAT or oxadiargil 80 g ai/ha fb handweeding at 40 DAT

resulted in higher B:C ratio ranging from 1.99-2.22 compared to farmers practice of

handweeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT with the B:C ratio of 1.55-1.70 indicating that IWM was

found to be the best to increase the B;C ratio and yield by reducing cost of cultivation.

Mean reduction of 8.67% observed in the cost of cultivation of improved practice over

the farmer’s practice.due to usage of herbicide for one time by avoiding manual weeding.

Average Increase in the net returns was observed up to 64.30% with improved practice due

to reduction in the cost of cultivation and crop weed competition during early stages of crop

growth.

.

Weeds observed during crop growth season 30 DAT

Weed spectrum observed during the crop growth period was Cyperus rotundus,

Cyperus deformis, Echinocloa colona, Eclipta alba, Marsilea quadrifolia and Paspalum

conjugatum.

Weeds observed at end of the crop growth season before harvest

Echinocloa colona, Echinocloa crussgulli and Eclipta alba

Nursery pulling

Herbicide Application


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Weed flora observed during the crop growing season

Farmers practice 30 DAT Improved practice 30 DAT


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Table : 57 Economic evaluation of FLD’S in Rice during Kharif 2014 at Kummera villge

Name of the farmer

Variety

cost of treatment (Rs.)

cost of cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Gross returns (Rs./ha)

Net returns (Rs./ha)

B:C

Herbicide + 1 HW

IP FP IP FP IP FP IP FP IP FP

B.Mallareddy Bensulfur

on Methyl + Pretilachlor-S @ 0.66 kg ai /ha

MTU-1010 5375 41375 44500 6550 5400 91700 75600 50325 31100 2.22 1.70

J.Ramulu

MTU-1010 5375 41295 44920 6375 5200 89250 72800 47955 27880 2.16 1.62

C.Ramana Reddy

MTU-1010 5375 42195 46320 5903 5100 82642 71400 40447 25080 1.96 1.54

V.Anatachari

MTU-1010 5375 42605 45730 6015 5500 84210 77000 41605 31270 1.98 1.68

B.Mohan Reddy

Oxadiargil @ 80 g ai /ha

MTU-1010 4433 43086 46653 6200 5200 86800 72800 43714 26147 2.01 1.56

B. Bhum Reddy

MTU-1010 4433 41697 46264 6440 5100 90160 71400 48463 25136 2.16 1.54

J. Veeresham

RNR-15048 4433 42647 47114 6450 5500 90300 77000 47653 29886 2.12 1.63

K.Hamsamma

MTU-1010 4433 40701 45068 5850 5100 81900 71400 41199 26332 2.01 1.58

R. Jaipal

MTU-1010 4433 43974 48741 5940 5000 83160 70000 39186 21259 1.89 1.44

R.Jangaiah

MTU-1010 4433 40683 44850 5730 4900 80220 68600 39537 23750 1.97 1.53

Mean

42025 46016 6145 5200 86034 72800 44008 26784 2.05 1.58

IP (improved Practice) : Herbicide application + one hand weeding at 40 DAT [10 woman days] FP (Farmer’s Practice): Two hand weddings at 20 and 40 DAT, Rice minimum support price @ Rs. 14.00/kg Cost of Demonstration: 1. Cost of improved practices: (Herbicide + 1 H.W) - Rs.5347/ha and Rs.4433/ha Cost of Fertilizers: (Urea - 2 bag, Superphosphate - 2 bags, Muriate of Potash -½ bag) - Rs. 1830/ac


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Other Activities Awards and Recognitions Ramprkash T Received “Meritorious Research Scientist Award of Acharya N. G. Ranga

Agricultural University” in recognition of contributions as Research Scientist on 20-03-2014.

Ramprkash T Received “Fellowship Award” from the Society for Scientific Development in Agriculture and Technology on the occasion of National conference on “Emerging problems and recent trends in Applied sciences” Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 08-09 February 2014.

Papers published in Peer Reviewed Journals:

1. T.Nagender, T. Narender, A.Srinivas and P.Leela Rani 2014. “ Effect of weed control treatments on nutrient up take and economics of greengram (Vigna radiate L). Progressive Research 9 (1) 38-41.(NAAS rating 3.16)

2. Sudharshana C and Ramprakash T 2014 Influence of Bispyribac Sodium on Soil Properties Persistence in Soil, Plant and Grain in Transplanted Rice. Ecology Environment and Conservation 20 (2) 705-710. (NAAS rating 5.02)

3. Ramprakash T, Madhavi M, Yakadri. M and Srinivas A 2014 Bispyribac sodium persistence in soil, plant and grain in direct seeded rice and its effect on soil properties.Accepted for publication in Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. (NAAS rating 4.94)

4. Sudarshana C, Ram Prakash T 2014 persistence of pendimethalin and imazethapyr in soil and their effect on yield, soil properties in groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.) Progressive Research 9 (1) : 39-43. (NAAS rating 3.16)

5. Sudharshana C and Ramprakash T 2014 Effect of Pendimethalin and Imazethapyr on nodulation, plant nitrogen and soil properties in groundnut (Arachis hypogeal L). Ecology Environment and Conservation 20 (2) 715-719.(NAAS rating 5.02)

6. Sudharshana C and Ramprakash T 2014 Effect of Pendimethalin and Imazethapyr on yield and soil properties in groundnut (Arachishypogea L) Ecology Environment and Conservation. 20 (2) 715-719.(NAAS rating 5.02)

7. Parameswari YS, Srinivas A and Ram Prakash T 2014 Effect of different establishment techniques on weed management in rice. Agricultural Reviews 35:74-78 (NAAS rating 3.31)

8. Nalini, N., Srinivas, A., Ramprakash, T and Praveen Rao, V. 2014. Integrated weed management in ajwain (TrachyspermumAmmiSprauge). Progressive Research 9 (2) 540-542. (NAAS rating 3.16)

9. Ramprakash, T., Madhavi, M., Saritha, J.D and Sudarshana, C. Weed shifts in and weed seed bank dynamics in conservation agriculture systems. 2014. Progressive Research 9 (2): 722-724. (NAAS rating 3.16)

10. SwarnaRonanki, P.Leela Rani, D.Raji Reddy and G.Sreenivas 2014 “Impact of Plant densities and Nitrogen levels on grain yield and yield attributes of transplanted rice (Oryzasativa.L) International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research Volume 2(6):923-928.

11. P.Leela Rani, G.Sreenivas and D.Rajireddy 2014 “Application of CSM-CERES-Maize model to define a sowing window and nitrogen rates for rainfed maize in semi arid environment”. International Journal of Bio-resources and stress management.5(2), 181-185. (NAAS rating 4.46)

12. N.Mahesh, P.LeelaRani,G,Sreenivas and A.Madhavi 2014 “Dry matter partitioning and grain yield potential of maize (Zea mays L.) under variable plant densities and nitrogen levels. Progressive Research An International Journal 9(1): 116-118


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Papers presented in Seminar/ Symposia in Workshops

1. P. Leela Rani, Sr. Scientist attended the SLTP meetings of the Agronomy Department during 19-24th May, 2014 at University Auditorium and presented the work-done report-2013-14 and Technical program of work 2014-15.

2. P.Leela Rani, Sr. Scientist (Agro) presented research paper entitled “Effect Of Dates Of Sowing On Nitrogen Levels And Nitrogen Use Efficiency And Nitrogen Uptake Of Hybrid Maize Under Irrigated Conditions: in National Seminar on Developments in Soil Science-2014 from 24-29 November, 2014, in 79th Annual Convention of the Indian Society of Soil Science atProf. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad.

3. P.Leela Rani,Sr. Scientist (Agro) Presented paper entitled “Application Of CERES-Maize Model To Determine Optimum Sowing Time And Nitrogen Levels For Irrigated Hybrid Maize Under Semi-arid Conditions Of Telengana State ,India authored by Dr.P.Leela Rani, G.Sreenivas and D.Raji Reddy in The Second International Conference On Bio Resources And Stress Management held on 7th -10 January 2015 Hyderabad ,India.

4. P. Leela Rani,Sr. Scientist (Agro) Presented paper entitled “On Farm Evaluation Of Different Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides To Manage Parasitic Weed (Orobanchecernua) In Tomato authored by Dr.P.Leela Rani ,M.Yakadri and T. Ram Prakash in The Second International Conference On Bio Resources And Stress Management held on 7th -10 January 2015 Hyderabad ,India.

5. Madhavi M, Ramprakash T, Srinivas A and Nataraja K 2014 The Bio-efficacy of the new herbicide Topramezone (33.6% SC) on maize for food security in Andhra Pradesh, India Paper presented in 12th Asian Maize conference and expert consultation on “ Maize for food, feed, nutrition and environmental security” 30-10-2014 to 01-11-2014, Bangkok, Thailand. pp101-102

6. RamprakashT,Madhavi M and Yakadri M 2014 Influence of Bispyribac Sodium on Soil Properties Persistence in Soil, Plant and Grain in Direct seeded Rice. Paper presented in Biennial conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Emerging challenges in weed management” February 15-17, 2014, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. pp. 282.

7. Ramprakash T, Madhavi M and Srinivas A Persistence of pendimethalin, quizalofop p ethyl and imazethapyr in soil, plant and grain of soybean.Paper presented in Biennial conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Emerging challenges in weed management” February 15-17, 2014, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. pp. 283.

8. Madhavi M, RamprakashT,Srinivas A and Yakadri M 2014 Topramezone + atrazine tankmix efficacy on maize. Paper presented in Biennial conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Emerging challenges in weed management” February 15-17, 2014, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. pp. 23.

9. Nalini N, Srinivas A and Ramprakash T 2014 Integrated weed management in caromseeds. Paper presented in Biennial conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Emerging challenges in weed management” February 15-17, 2014, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. pp. 68.

10. C Sudarshana and T Ram Prakash 2014 Effect of imazethapyr and pendimethalin on nodulation and yield in groundnut. Paper presented in Biennial conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Emerging challenges in weed management” February 15-17, 2014, Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. pp. 124.

11. Madhavi M, Ramprakash T, Srinivas A and Yakadri M 2014 Efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in Direct seeded rice. Paper presented in National conference on “Emerging problems and recent trends in Applied sciences” Meerut, Uttar Pradesh08-09 February 2014. pp 165


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12. Ramprakash T, Yakadri M and Madhavi M 2014 Leaching behavior of pretilachlor and metribuzin in red and black soils Paper presented in 79th Annual Convention of IndianSociety of Soil Science” at Hyderabad on 24-27, November, 2014

13. Ramprakash T and Sritha JD 2014 Persistence of 2,4 D in soil, plant grain of transplanted rice inVerticInceptisols of Andhra Pradesh Paper presented in 79th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science” at Hyderabad on 24-27, November, 2014.

14. Ramprakash, T., Madhavi, M., Saritha, J.D and Sudarshana, C. Weed shifts in and weed seed bank dynamics in conservation agriculture systems. Paper presented in national conference on “Emerging challenges and opportunities in biotic and abiotic stress management” at Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad on 13-14, December, 2014.

15. Ramprakash T, Madhavi M andYakadri. M2014 Dissipation and persistence of propaquizafopin soil, plant and rhizomes in turmeric and its effect on soil properties. Paper presented in “International Symposium on Plantation crops (PLACROSYM – XXI) at Kozhikode, Kerala, India, 10-12 December 2014

Technical Bulletins.

o Published multi-colour booklet titled “Rasayanalathokalupunivarana” (Weed management in different crops) including photographs of weeds and precautions to be taken while using herbicides during 2014.


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Book Chapters T. Ramprakash, A.V. Ramanjaneyulu, T.L. Neelima and T. Yellamanda Reddy 2014. Farm

Pond Technology for Sustainable Water and Food Security in RainfedAgriculture.In: Humberto Gonzalez Rodriguez, Narayan Chandra Sarkar, A V Ramanjaneyulu, RatikantaMaiti (Eds) Advances in Agro-technology – A Text Book Volume-II (ISBN 978-93-84553-01-2) published by Puspa Publishing House, Kolkata. pp:60-87.

Ramanjaneyulu A V, Neelima T L, Madhavi A, Ramprakash T., 2014. Phytoremediation: An Overview. In: Maiti RK, Rodriguez HG, Thakur AK, Sarkar NC (Eds), Applied Botany. Puspa Publishing House, Kolkata. pp:43-86

SuryanarayanaReddy.M., and Ramprakash T 2014.Soil resources of Telangana. In: Balaguruvaiah, D., Murthy, I. L. Y. N., Ramana Reddy, D. V., Sridevi, S and Ramprakash, T. (Eds). Souvenir-79th Annual convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, Hyderabad, Professor JayashankarTelangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. pp.35-43

Ram Prakash T 2014 Herbicide residues in soil and water. In: SP Singh et al.,(Eds) Souvenir-National conference on “Emerging problems and recent trends in Applied sciences: basic to molecular Approaches” Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 08-09 February 2014.pp 165-169.

Seminar /Symposia / Conferences Participated

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head, Dr. T. Ram Prakash, Scientist ( Soil Science) Participated in a workshop on “ soil test and fertilizer use” organized at University Auditorium,PJTSAU,Rajendranagar,Hyd.

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head, Dr. P. Leela Rani, Sr. Scientist and Dr. T. Ramprakash, Scientist (Soil Science) attended the SLTP meetings of the Agronomy Department during 19-24th May, 2014 at University Auditorium and presented the work-done report-2013-14 and Technical program of work 2014-15.

Dr. T. Ramprakash, Scientist (Soil Science) attended the SLTP meetings of the Soil Science Department during 19-24th May, 2014 at University Auditorium and presented the work-done report-2013-14 and Technical program of work 2014-15.

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head, Dr. T. Ram Prakash, Scientist ( Soil Science) participated in Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science “Emerging Challenges in Weed Management” organized at Directorate of Weed Science Research Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh from15-17. February, 2014.

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head participated in Action plan review meeting of KVK’s organized at EEI Seminar Hall from 01-03 May 2014 as a resource person “Weed Science”.

Student guidance

ame of the scientist/teacher

Acting as chairman MSc/PhD students

Dr.M.Yakadri (as chairman)

Completed Students As chairman of the advisory committee 1.Ms.Sowmya Ch Ph.D. (In-service)

Onhand students 1.Smt.Saileela, Ph.D. “Modelling of water balance components for in-situ soil moisture conservation in castor-Redgram intercropping systems in Alfisols”.

2.Ms.Spandana Butt (In-service) “Bio-efficacy and residual effect of the herbicide combinations for control of complex weed flora in transplanted rice”

As member of the advisory committee 1.Mr.Kamalakar, Ph. D, Soil Science, 2.Mr.Sanath Raj, Ph. D, Environmental science, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar.


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3.Smt.Shireesha, Ph. D, Extension Education Department. 4. Mr.Sai Kumar Ph. D 2nd year, Soil science

Dr. P. Leela Rani Completed students 1.M.Mahesh, M.ScIInd year Agronomy 2.Ms. G. Vijayalakshmi, M. Sc(Ag), Agronomy 3.Mr. T. Nagender, M. Sc(Ag), Agronomy On hand students (As Chairperson of advisory committee)

1. Mr.Pradeep Ram, M. Sc(Ag), Agronomy 2. Miss.B. Madhavi M. Sc(Ag), Agronomy

As member of the advisory committee 1. Mr. N.Mahesh, Ph.D (Agronomy) 2. Mr. K.Nagender, Ph.D (Agronomy)

Dr. T. Ram Prakash

Completed Students (As member of the advisory committee) Mr. G. Narasimha Murthy, Ph. D (Horticulture) Mr. Chandrasekhar, Ph.D, SSAC Mr. Nagender, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy Ms. Viajayalakshmi, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy On hand students As chairman of the advisory committee 1. Ms. Saritha, M. Sc(Ag) SSAC As member of the advisory committee 1. Ms. P. Vijaya Lakshmi, Ph.D, SSAC 2. Mr. Narsaiah, Ph.D, SSAC 3. Mr. Srinivas, Ph. D Agronomy 4. Mr. T. M. Sudhakara, Ph.D, Agronomy 5. Sri.Ch. BharathBhushanRao, Ph.D, Agronomy 6. Mr. R. PreethamGoud, Ph.D, Agronomy 7. Mr. Muhammad Abdelhalim, Ph.D, Agronomy 8. Mr. BrijBhushan, Ph.D (Agronomy) 9. Mr. M. Hari, M. Tech (Agril. Engg.) 10. Mr. Pradeep Ram, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy 11. Mr. LakshmanaRao, M.Sc(Ag) SSAC 12. Mr. Lakshman, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy 13. Ms. Swetha, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy 14. Ms. Anusha, M.Sc(Ag) SSAC 15. Ms. Poornima, M.Sc(Ag), Agronomy.

Popular articles: P.Leela Rani, M.Yakadri, and T.RamPrakash“ Mondijathikalupumokalanivarana” June 2014 Rythubandhu. : Trainings participated: Dr. P. Leela Rani, Senior Scientist ( Agro) attended training program on Use of multiple crop models and decision support systems in agro-meteorological advisory services organized at PJTSAU from 7-18, October 2014.


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Extension programs A. DLCC meetings/ ZREAC meetings /Field Days/ RythuSadassulu/ RythuChaitanya

Yatralu

Dr.M.Yakadri and Dr.P.LeelaRaniand Dr. T. Rampraksh Participated in Zonal Research, Extension Advisory Council Meetings at DWMA Meeting Hall, Nalgonda on 16-17th April, 2014.

Dr.M.Yakadri and Dr. T. Rampraksh Participated in RythuSadassu organized at Kalwakurthy on 17-09-2014 and addressed the issues raised by the farmers about weed management in different crops and cropping systems in Southern Telangana zone.

Dr.M.Yakadri and Dr.T.Rampraksh Participated in RythuSadassu organized at RARS, Palem on 27-09-2014 organized on the event of visit of Sri. PocharamSrinivasa Reddy, Minister for Agriculture, Telangana and addressed the issues raised by the farmers about weed management in different crops and cropping systems in Southern Telangana zone

Dr.M.Yakadri and Dr.P.Leela Rani, visited striga infested area of Zaheerabadmandal of Medak district along with Dr.Kannan, Senior Scientist , DWSR, Jabalpur as a part of Joint field visits.

As part of Joint field visits, visited chenvelly village on 22nd, 24th November and 8th, 18 December 2014 tochevellamandal of R.R. Dist on Orobanche infestation on tomato .

Participated in Joint field visits and Diagnostic visits on weed control AICRP in Ranga Reddy District.

Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) and Dr.Ammaji Scientist DAATT, R.R.Dist visited the Kommuru village of Chevella mandal Ranga Reddy on 4th and 8th August to identify the FLD farmers as a part of Joint field visitsand on 08-08-2014 given field demonstration of pre-emergence herbicide application in FLD farmers field .

Dr.P.Leela Rani, visited striga infested area of Zaheerabadmandal of Medak district along with Dr.Kannan, Senior Scientist , DWSR, Jabalpur as a part of Joint field visits on 09-09-2014.

Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) along with Dr.V.P.Singh, AICRP Coordinator DWSR, Jabalpur visited the office, experimental plots as a part of Joint field visits on 10-07-2014.

Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) along with Dr.V.P.Singh, AICRP Coordinator DWSR, Jabalpur and Dr.J.P.Mishra Principal Scientist (Agronomy) Directorate of Sorghum visited the striga infested fields of Rezinthal village of NyalkalMandal in Medak district on 20.07.2014.

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head participated in DLCC meeting during February 2014 at DAATTC Ranga Reddy, Gudimalkapur, Hyderabad and discussed the weed management issues raised by the farmers and other DLCC members.

Participated in a meeting organized by the PJTSAU for certificate course for young farmers” TelanganaYuvaRythuSagibadi”.

Dr. T. Ram Prakash, Scientist (SSAC) Organized “Parthenium Awareness Week” at Agricultural Polytechnic, RARS Palem on 19-08-2014.

Technical committee member of conference in The Second International Conference on Bio Resources And Stress Management held on 7th -10 January 2015 Hyderabad ,India on Bioresource and stress management.

Member in finance committee in 79th Annual convention of Indian Society of Soil Science held on 24-27th November, Hyderabad, Professor JayashankarTelangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.


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B. Trainings organized / Guest lectures

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head, organized a training programme at Huzurabad, Karimnagar district on weed management in transplanted rice in rabi season dated 05-03-2014

Dr. M. Yakadri, Principal Scientist & Head, organized a training programme at Vikarabad, Medak district on Striga weed management in sugarcane on 23-05-2014.

Dr.P. Leela Rani,Sr. Scientist (Agro) delivered guest lecture on “Integrated pest management in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in cotton and chilli” at WALAMTARI , Rajendranagar.

Dr. T. Ram Prakash delivered a guest lecture on “ herbicide residues and their management” on 05-06-2014 at EEI, Hyderabad to crop management officers from Coromandel Fertilizers, Hyderabad

Dr. T. Ram Prakash delivered a guest lectures on “Soil Health Management” at MANAGE on 20-10-2014 1nd 08-11-2014 to Input dealers under DESAI program C. Radio and TV program

1. VividhaPantalloKalupuNivaarana Live TV program by Dr. M. Yakadri on 03-09-2014 in Door Darshan.

2. Mondi JaatiKalupumokkalaSamagraNivaaranakuLive TV program by Dr. M. Yakadri on 29-01-2014 in MAHA TV.

3. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) delivered radio talks on topic entitled “VividhaPantalloKalupuYajamanyamJaagrattalu.” In All India Radio on 09.07.2014.

4. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) given programm in ETV Annadata on “MokkajonnaSaguloMelakuvalu” on 21.07.2014.

5. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) given programm in ETV Annadata on “KalupumandulaVadakam lo PatinchavalacinaMelukuvalu” on 29.07.2014.

6. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) given programm in CVR news on “Rabi PantalaloKalupuYajamanyamon 05-11-2014.

7. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Sr. scientist (Agro) given programm in CVR news on “Rabi Vari Lo KalupuEruvulaNeetiYajamanyam”on 16-01-2014.

8. Mondi JaatiKalupumokkalaNivaaranakuvesavilochepattavalasinamelakuvalu Live TV program by T. Ram Prakash in MAHA TV on 15-04-2014.

9. VividhaPantalloKalupuNivaarana Live TV program by T. Ram Prakash in MAHATV on 30-09-2014.

10. MettaPantalloKulupuNivaaranaMelakuvalu. Recorded TV program T. Ram Prakash for ETV Annadata on 19-08-2014.

11. Partheniumvalananastalu, Nivaranamargalu Recorded TV program T. Ram Prakash for ETV Annadata19-08-2014.

D. T&V Meeting attended: 1. Dr.M.Yakadri. Principal Scientist (Agro) & Head attended T&V meeting at ARI,

Rajendranagar on 01-02-2014. 2. Dr.M. Yakadri. Principal Scientist (Agro) & Head attended T&V meeting at ARI,

Rajendranagar on 19-07-2014. 3. Dr.M. Yakadri. Principal Scientist (Agro) & Head and Dr.P.Leela Rani, Senior Scientist

(Agro) attended T&V meeting at ARI, Rajendranagar on 23-08-2014. 4. Dr. P. Leela Rani, Senior Scientist (Agronomy) attended T&V meeting at ARI,

Rajendranagar on 04- 01-2014.

5. Dr.P.Leela Rani, Senior Scientist (Agro) attended T&V meeting at ARI, Rajendranagar on

20-09-2014.


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E. Important Visitors 1. Dr.V.P.Singh, AICRP Coordinator DWSR, Jabalpur visited the office and experimental plots

on 10 .07.2014. 2. Dr.V.P.Singh, AICRP Coordinator DWSR, Jabalpur and Dr.J.P.Mishra , Principal Scientist

(Agronomy) Directorate of Sorghum visited the striga infested fields of Rechintal and Kothur village of NyalkalMandal in Medak district on 20.07.2014.

3. Dr.Kannan, Senior Scientist, DWSR, Jabalpur visited the experimental plots and striga infested area of sugarcane in Zaheerabadmandal of Medak district. F. Courses offered to students AGRO-101 – Modern concepts of Agronomy (2+1) course was offered during 2015-16, I-semester.

F. Linkage with Institutions/Departments Linkages with Department of Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh

RythuChaitanyaYatra: Scientists of AICRP Centre are participating in RythuChaitanyaYatras (Pre-Kharif Campaign) every year for a period of 15 days which is mandatory in Andhra Pradesh. As a part of it weed management practices are explained to farmers and brochures in local language are also distributed.

RythuSadassu(Kisangoshthies): All the scientists of AICRP Centre are participating in revenue division level RythuSadassu (Kisangoshthies)being organized in Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda districts organized by Dept of Agriculture, Govt. of A.P during may/June i.e before start of Agricultural season and disseminating the technologies pertaining to weed control in different crops and cropping systems in which 3000-4000 farmers were participated.

T&V.Workshops: Scientists are participating in monthly T&V workshop jointly organized by University and Department of Agriculture to identify the problems pertaining to weed control and suggesting suitable recommendations. In these meetings every month recommendations are explained and special training classes are conducted to departmental officers.

ZREAC Meeting: Scientists are participating in Zonal Research and Extension Advisory Council meeting before Kharif and Rabi seasons every year for formulating the research programmes pertaining to farmers problems by taking feedback from farmers and departmental officers. In these meetings also special lectures are delivered by the AICRP scientists for the awareness of officers and farmers.

Training Programmes (Officers of Department of Agriculture): Scientists are participating in training programmes organized at SAMETI (State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute) as resource persons and imparting training on Integrated weed management in different crops and cropping system including management of problematic weeds to the officers of State Department of Agriculture as a part of capacity building.

Training Programme (Farmers): Scientists of AICRP centre are organizing several training programmes to farmers and participating as resource person in the farmers training programmes organized by Department of Agriculture, District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centers (DAATT Centers) and KrishiVignanKendras for imparting training on Weed Management.

Parthenium Awareness Week and declaration of Parthenium Free campus Every year Parthenium awareness week is being organized from 6-13th August and several awareness programmes are being organized across the state involving scientists not only from AICRP Centre but also scientists of Research stations, KrishiVignanKendras and DAATT Centre.


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Linkage with YSR Horticulture University: Maintaining linkage with YSR Horticulture University by way of guiding the students who are involved in weed control research viz.

1. Integrated weed management Carrot 2. Integrated weed management Tomato 3. Integrated weed management Cabbage 4. Integrated weed management Onion 5. Integrated weed management Gladiolus In this way, the research work related to evaluation of weed management practices in horticultural crops is being carried in collaboration with Andhra Pradesh Horticulture university.

Linkage with CRIDA: Assisting the scientists of CRIDA who are involved in plant protection by way of identifying the weed flora which are supposed to be the alternate hosts for pests and disease which is mutually beneficial. Liasion with the DAATTCs

All the On-farm demonstrations of AICRP Weed Control, Hyderabad are being conducted in collaboration with the DAATTCs (District Agro-advisory and Technology Transfer center) of the respective districts..

Participating in the on-Farm trainings on weed control organized by the DAATTCs as resource persons

Participating in the Diagnostic Teams / Joint Field visit teams in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and DAATTCs. Linkages with KrishiVigyanKendras

Providing the technical guidance to the KVK staff in formulating the On-Farm research trials in the farmers fields.

Providing practical help in implementing the herbicide treatments in the farmers fields

Participating as resource persons in the field days/ other extension programs organized by the KVKs Linkage with Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Microbiology:

Associating with the above departments by providing soil samples sprayed with herbicides from experimental fields for studying the effect of herbicides on microbial population which is mutually beneficial. Linkage with department of Agronomy, Soil Science, Physiology, Extension Education:

Associating with above departments to guide the M.Sc and Ph D scholars as chairman/member of the advisory committee of the students.

annual report-2014, aicrp on weed management, …dwr.org.in/aicrp-wm document/2014-annual...

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