annual report 2003-2004 - cpcb envis| control of pollution...
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INTRODUCTION
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted as Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (CBPCWP) on 22nd September, 1974 under the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1988 (No. 53 of 1988) its name was amended as Central Pollution Control Board. The main functions of CPCB, as spelt out in The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, are:
1. to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States through prevention, control and abatement of water pollution; and,
2. to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.
The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing a key role in controlling pollution by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. The Central Board has enlisted the thrust areas requiring immediate attention and assisting government to formulate National Plans and to execute these appropriately.
1.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
o Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air;
o Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;
o Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; o Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigations and research relating to problems of water and air pollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement;
o Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programmes for prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;
o Organise through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;
o Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement;
o Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts;
o Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control;
o Lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the standards for stream or well, and lay down standards for the quality of air; and,
o Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.
1.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD AS STATE BOARD FOR THE UNION TERRITORIES
o Advise the Governments of Union Territories with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air pollution;
o Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for emissions from automobiles, industrial plants, and any other polluting source;
o Evolve efficient methods for disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land; o Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade effluents and
air pollution control equipment; o Identify any area or areas within Union Territories as air pollution control area or areas to be
notified under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and, o Assess the quality of ambient air and water, and inspect wastewater treatment installations, air
pollution control equipment, industrial plants or manufacturing processes to evaluate their performance and to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution.
1.3 DELEGATION OF POWERS BY CPCB
As per policy decision of the Government of India, the Central Pollution Control Board, delegated its powers and functions under Section 4, Sub Section 4 of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Section 6 of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect to Union Territories to respective Pollution Control Committees under the local Administration.
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS ENFORCED
Annual Report 2003-2004
Source Legislation
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Second Amendment Rules, 1976
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 as amended by Amendment Act, 1991
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978
Water Pollution
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amended Rules, 1989
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended by Amendment Act, 1987
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Union Territories Rules, 1983
Air Pollution
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Rules, 1988
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 1987
The Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 1987
The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
The National Environment Tribunal Rules, 1995
Environment
Notification on Emission Standards and Guidelines for Location of Industries, mining operation etc. for various areas
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 Public Liability
The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991
Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000)
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989
Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response for Chemical Disasters Rules, 1995
Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-organisms, Genetically Modified Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1993
Hazardous Microorganisms and Genetically Modified Organisms (Manufacture, Use, Import Expert and Storage) Rules, 1999.
Hazardous Waste
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999
Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
Guidelines for seeking Environmental Clearance
National Conservation Strategy and Policy
Statement on Environment and Development, 1992
Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response of chemical Accident Rules
Ecomark Criteria for 16 Product Categories
Temperature Limit for Discharge of Condenser Cooling water from Thermal Power Plant
Environmental Standards for Gas/Naphtha Based Power Plants
Use of Beneficiated coal with ash content not more than 34% in thermal power plants
Restricting Use of Top Soil for manufacture of bricks and other building materials within specified radius of 50 km from coal/lignite based Thermal Power Plants to promote use of fly ash utilization
Rules/Guidelines/ Notifications
The Coimbatore Charter on Environment and Forests, January, 2001
CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
According to the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Board consist of the following members :
• a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central Government;
• such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government to represent Government;
• such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two shall be from amongst the members of the local authorities;
• such number of non-officials, not exceeding three to be nominated by the Central Government, to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented;
• two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by the Government; and
• a full-time Member Secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the Central Government.
List of Board Members during 2003-2004 is provided in Annexure-I. The organisational structure of the Central Pollution Control Board is provided in Annexure-II. Staff strength as on March 31, 2004 is furnished in Annexure-III & IV.
MEETINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
During the reporting period (i.e. April 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004), four meetings of the Executive Board were held as under:
S. No. Meeting No. Date Venue
1. 126 June 6, 2003 Delhi
2. 127 November 6, 2003 Delhi
3. 128 December 24, 2003 Delhi
4. 129 March 31, 2004 Delhi
MAJOR DECISIONS TAKEN BY THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
• Implementation of project on Ecocities (under X Plan) • Draft Emission Standards for hazardous waste incinerator • Criteria for disposal of hazardous waste into secured landfill facilities and proposed leachate standards as
finalized by sub-committee • Implementation of CREP recommendations and fixing of Bank Guarantee • Various areas proposed for undertaking projects by the utilization of cess funds • Setting up of continuous/real time air quality monitoring stations at 16 cities to monitor air pollution • Feasibility study for private participation in continuous air quality monitoring • National Air Quality Monitoring Programme and National Water Quality Monitoring Programme • Policy on sulphur dioxide emission control from coal-based thermal power plants • Stack height requirement for coal based thermal power plants in ecologically sensitive areas • Setting up of an environmental data center at CPCB under Hydrology Project – II • Recommendation to MoEF for banning of the mining and milling operation of tremolite variety of asbestos
in Rajasthan • Relocation of Zonal Office of CPCB from Kanpur to Lucknow • Constitution of an Administrative Advisory Committee (AAC) for looking into the matters related to revision
of pay scales • Recommendation to MoEF for strengthening of manpower in CPCB in the field of Hazardous Waste
Management, as per Hon’ble Supreme Court order dated 14.10.2003 in the matter of WP 657/1995 • Environmental Laboratories recognition/renewal of recognition under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 (Annexure V).
COMMITTEES CONSTITUTED BY THE BOARD AND THEIR ACTIVITIES
The Executive Board meeting held on 31st March, 2004, decided to set up an Administrative Advisory Committee (AAC) for looking into the matters related to pay scales and administrative matters. The Committee constitution is as follows:
Shri P.C.Tyagi, Ex-Chairman, CPCB - Chairman
Shri S. Krishnan, Retired Additional Secretary, DoPT - Member
Shri S.M.Gupta, Dy. General Manager,(Administration), Delhi Milk Scheme - Chairman
Shri N.K.Verma, Additional Director,CPCB - Member
Administrative Officer (Recruitment),CPCB - Member Convenor
AIR AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK
WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NATIONAL AQUATIC RESOURCES
The Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards is operating the Water Quality Monitoring networkcomprising of 784 stations in 26 States and 5 Union Territories spread over the country for monitoring of aquatic resources. The monitoring isundertaken on monthly/ quarterly basis in surface waters and half yearly basis in case of groundwater. The monitoring network covers 168Rivers, 53 Lakes, 5 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 12 Drains and 181 groundwater Wells.
The monitoring results obtained during year 2003 indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominant form of pollution of aquaticresources. The organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) & coliform count gives the indication of extent ofwater quality degradation in different parts of country. It is observed 67% of the observations, out of nearly 3000 observations are having BODless than 3 mg/l, 18% between 3-6 mg/l & 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly Total & Faecal coliform, which indicate presence of pathogens in waterare also of major concern. About 45% observations are having Total coliform and 58% observations are having Faecal Coliform less than 500MPN /100 ml.
The trends of % of observations obtained during year 1994 to 2003 in different levels of pollution with respect to BOD & Total coliform andFaecal Coliform are presented ahead, indicating different ranges of BOD and Coliform organisms. It is clear from the data that there is aincreasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in water qualitywith respect to organic pollution.
Fig. 5.2 Water Quality Status & Trend from Year 1994 to 2003
BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand; TC: Total Coliform; FC: Faecal Coliform
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER GANGA
The water quality of River Ganga is being monitored on monthly basis from u/s Allahabad up to Tarighat i.e. Ganga after confluence with RiverGomti. With reference to designated best use (DBU) classification, the entire stretch of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad has beendesignated in category B of designated best use criteria, which implies that water quality should be fit for uses like bathing, swimming, watercontact sports etc. The status of water quality as observed in different phases of monitoring is as below:
The values of DO has improved in year 2003 as compared to 2001 almost in all seasons and at all locations (Fig. 5.3). B.O.Dvalues have reduced in year 2003 as compared to 2001, barring few locations in Varanasi, where the B.O.D. values have shownincrease particularly in winter (Fig. 5.4). Thus, it can be derived that water quality in river Ganga has shown improvement over pasttwo years in general.
The Coliforms does not confirm to designated best use class B. The water quality was observed poor in terms of BOD (4.5 mg/l) at Sangam in Allahabad and Dashashwamedh ghat (Varanasi).
Sampling at river Ganga was undertaken from Laxmanjhula, Rishikesh (Uttaranchal) to Tarighat (Ghazipur) during the month of November2003, at 16 locations. The observed range of DO was 5.9-9.8 mg/l (Fig. 5.5), BOD ranged from <1- 6.8 mg/l (Fig. 5.6) and the range of TotaColiform was 400-500000 MPN/100ml (Fig. 5.7). The data are presented in Table 5.1.
Various pesticides were also analysed and their concentration at different locations are presented in Fig 5.8.
Table 5.1 Water Quality of River Ganga during Nov. 2003
Description pH Cond. (µmhos/cm.)
Cl- (mg/l) DO (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
T.C. (MPN/
100 ml)
F.C (MPN/100
ml)
R. Ganga at Rishikesh 7.6 217 5.8 9.2 8 0.3 2.4 x 103 8 x 102 R. Ganga u/s Haridwar 8.5 367 4.8 9.8 12 1.3 9 x 103 3 x 103 R. Ganga d/s Haridwar 7.8 310 11 5.9 20 6.6 5 x 105 1.7 x 105 R. Ganga d/s Biznaur bairaj 8.3 284 2.9 8.8 36 3.3 1.3 x 102 4 x 102 R. Ganga at Garhmukteshwar 8.3 292 3.9 7.8 29 1.4 4 x 102 2 x 102 R. Ganga at Kachalaghat, Kasganj 8.3 401 5.8 6.9 54 5.3 1.1 x 103 7 x 102 R. Ganga at Ghatiaghat 8.5 333 9 8.4 32 5.4 9 x 104 2.2 x 104 R. Ganga at Nanamau bridge 8.5 450 12 8.8 17 1.7 1.3 x 103 5 x 102 R. Ganga at Bithur
(Kanpur u/s )
8.3 457 13 8.1 19 3.9 5 x 104 1.3 x 104
R. Ganga d/s Kanpur , Dhondighat 8.4 491 22 7.1 23 6.0 1.1 x 105 5 x 104 R. Ganga at Baksar ,Unnao 8.4 448 16 7.2 16 3.4 5 x 104 2.4 x 104 R. Ganga u/s Allahabad 8.11 440 13 7.4 16 2.4 5 x 103 2.3 x 103 R. Ganga at Sangam, Allahabad 8.55 404 35 11.0 33 3.5 9 x 104 1.7 x 104 R. Ganga d/s 1/2 Allahabad 8.42 414 24 9.1 16 2.3 5 x 104 2.4 x 104 R. Ganga d/s 1/4 Allahabad 8.36 420 24 9.2 12 2.0 9 x 104 2.8 x 104 R. Ganga at Vindhyachal ghat, 8.36 414 20 8.8 10 2.1 5 x 103 3 x 103
R. Ganga u/s Varanasi 8.52 382 16 8.3 15 1.7 1.7 x 104 8 x 103 R. Ganga Dashaswmeghghat,Varanasi
8.52 421 18 7.6 46 3.6 5 x 104 3 x 104
R. Ganga at Mughal sarai bridge,Varanasi
8.36 400 18 7.8 18 1.3 1.3 x 103 8 x 102
R. Ganga d/s Varanasi 8.42 379 17 8.3 14 1.6 2.2 x 103 1.4 x 103 R. Ganga at Tarighat,Ghazipur 8.22 381 14 7.2 16 2.9 8 x 102 4 x 102
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI
River Yamuna is regularly being monitored by Central Pollution Control Board for assessment of water quality from its origin at Yamunotri to itsconfluence with Ganga River at Allahabad under National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) sponsored project and under National WaterQuality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). There are 19 sampling locations at 1376 km long Yamuna river stretch. The locations andfrequency of monitoring is presented in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Locations and Frequency of Monitoring of River Yamuna
S.No. Location Monitoring Frequency
Project under which monitoring being undertaken
1. Yamunotri, Shyamachetti Yearly NWQMP
2. Lakhwar Dam U/S, Dak Pathar, Allahabad Quarterly NWQMP
3. Hathnikund, Kalanaur, Sonepat, Palla, Nizamuddin Bridge, Agra Canal, Mazawali/ Palwal, Mathura U/S & D/S, Agra U/S & D/S, Bateshwar, Etawah, Juhika>
Monthly NRCD
Based on the water quality characteristics, 1376 km long Yamuna river stretch can be segregated into five stretches i.e. Himalayan stretchUpper stretch, Delhi stretch, Mixed stretch and Diluted stretch. The water quality characteristics of these stretches are depicted in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3 Water Quality Characteristics of Various Stretches of River Yamuna
S. No.
River Stretch
Stretch details pH Dissolved Oxygen
mg/l
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
mg/l
Total Coliform
Nos./100 ml
Faecal Coliform
Nos./100 ml
1. Himalayan 172 km from origin to Min 6.84 6.7 1 500 40
Av 7.71 9.2 1 150186 1614
Min 6.56 5.2 1 400 120
Max 8.64 12.3 3 21800000 119000
2. Upper stretch
224 km from Tajewala barrage to Wazirabad barrage
Av 7.91 8.0 2 1542038 6779
Min 6.83 0.0 4 101000 20000
Max 7.96 4.6 36 890000000 199000000
3. Delhi stretch
22 km from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage
Av 7.47 0.9 17 70015458 16665708
Min 6.73 1.1 1 12000 1700
Max 9.30 22.8 43 1710000000 203000000
4. Mixed stretch
930 km Okhla barrage to river Chambal confluence
Av 8.08 7.6 12 52691786 5031439
Min 7.84 5.5 1 13500 1100
Max 9.13 17.5 8 3300000 170000
5. Diluted stretch
628 km River Chambal confluence to river Ganga confluence
Av 8.35 9.3 3 775344 14905
The water quality characteristics reflect that Head to the end of upper stretch the Yamuna river is comparatively clean or less polluted than themiddle portion. The Delhi stretch is severely polluted followed by mixed stretch of river Yamuna. The water quality of entire river stretch interms of Total Coliform, which is an indicator of pathogenic bacteria is generally not confirming with the designated best use criteria. AfterDelhi, Agra is next urban center that contribute significant amount of pollution to the river. During year 2003, the Bio-chemical Oxygen Demandat Agra downstream varied between 4 to 43 mg/l with annual average of 20 mg/l, whereas, Total Coliform ranged between 2.1 x 106 to 1.7 x108 Nos./100 ml with annual average 3.32 x 107 Nos./100 ml. The main reason of the pollution in the river is not only discharges ofwastewater from domestic and industrial sources, but also over extraction of available fresh water from the river for various human activities.
Pollution Load Contribution to River Yamuna and Agra/Gurgaon Canals in Delhi Stretch
In Delhi, the wastewater generated from domestic and industrial sources finds its way into the receiving water bodies i.e. Yamuna river, Agra &Gurgaon Canal. Through 21 major drains out of these 21 drains, 19 joins river and remain two, which are less significant join canal. Thesedrains contribute significant organic pollution load (BOD load) into the Yamuna river. This high BOD load depletes Dissolve Oxygensignificantly and causes anaerobic condition in the river, which is generally reflected by masses of gaseous sludge rising from the bottom andfloating at the water surface with strong disagreeable odour.
The Central Pollution Control Board, as the follow up of the Hon’ble Supreme Court direction is regularly monitoring these 21 drains onmonthly basis since August, 1999. During the year 2003, the total discharge calculated on the basis of annual average discharge from thesedrain is about 45.11 m3/sec. (Table 5.4), which contributes 251.45 tonnes of BOD load per day. As depicted in Fig. 5.9, there is reduction ofBOD load contribution of drains to river Yamuna to about 35% during the period between year 2000 to 2003.
Fig. 5.9 Trend of BOD Load contribution by Drain outfalls to Yamuna river/ Canals at Delhi
Table 5.4 Pollution Load discharged by Drains to river Yamuna and Canals in NCT - Delhi
S. No. Drains Flow
m3/sec
BOD Load
Tonnes/day
1. Najafgarh Drain 21.53 74.92
2. Magazine Road Drain 0.10 2.36
3. Sweepers Colony Drain 0.15 1.08
4. Khyber Pass Drain 0.15 0.11
5. Metcalf Drain 0.18 0.38
6. Mori Gate Drain 0.54 4.14
7. Tonga Stand Drain 0.14 1.28
8. Civil Mill Drain 0.50 8.92
9. Power House Drain 0.53 8.71
10. Sen Nursing Home Drain 1.06 17.17
11. Drain No. 12 A 0.10 0.14
12. Drain No. 14 0.36 0.80
13. Barapulla Drain 2.51 18.21
14. Maharani Bagh Drain 0.83 19.62
15. Kalkaji Drain 0.04 0.16
16. Tuglakabad Drain 0.32 1.61
17. Shahdara Drain 7.02 48.07
18. Sarita Vihar Drain (Joins Agra canal) 0.56 12.80
19. Drain Near LPG Plant 0.36 3.07
20. Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar 7.99 26.21
21. Tehkhand Drain (Joins Gurgaon canal) 0.14 1.69
Total 45.11 251.45
BIO-MONITORING AND BIOMAPPING OF AQUATIC RESOURCES
The north-eastern State of Assam is generously endowed with several water resources which have to be sustained with respect to waterquality. The project on "Bio-mapping of some important perennial rivers of Assam" has been initiated since April 2003. The following importantrivers have been selected for the study:
Brahmaputra River Buridihing River Disang River Jhanji River Dhansiri River Elenga Beal System Pond Subansiri River Borak River
A total of 46 river stretches have been assessed for bio-mapping of 14 Rivers and Tributaries in Assam State. Seven river stretches have beenindicated in the Map (Fig 5.10), by the Clean Water Quality of Class "A" with Blue colour.
Nine river stretches are slightly polluted of Class "B" and indicated by Light Blue colour. Maximum number of 20 river stretches were indicatedas Moderately Polluted in Class "C" water quality shown by Green colour.
There are only four river stretches as indicated by orange colour for highly polluted water quality of Class "D". None of the water bodies wereseverely polluted as indicated by Red colour for Class "E" of Biological Water Quality (Table 5.5).
Table 5.5 Bio-monitoring of some important Perennial Rivers of Assam
Rivers Location Saprobic score
Diversity score
BWQC Biological Water Quality
Bed Camp at Miaow, A.P. 8.2 0.5 A Clean
Dihing Ferryghat Marghereita 5.3 0.37 C Moderate Pollution
Gammon Dullang, Khowang 5.3 0.48 C Moderate Pollution
Buridihing River
April, 2003
Dihingmukh, Dibrugarh 5.8 0.43 C Moderate Pollution
Dillighat Assam – A.P. Border 7.3 0.5 A Clean
Lalpagrighat, Namrup 5.0 0.44 C Moderate Pollution
Rajabari, Sibsagar 4.8 0.41 C Moderate Pollution
Disang River
May, 2003
Sepaigaon, Disangmukh, Sibsagar 5.7 0.39 C Moderate Pollution
Jhanji River Amghri Tea Estate, Rajabari, Assam-Nagaland Border
6.2 0.51 B Slight Pollution
NH Crossing Jhanji, Sibsagar 5.7 0.39 C Moderate Pollution
Jhanjimukh, Kumargaon, Jorhat 5.7 0.43 C Moderate Pollution
Kesharidubi, Tengani, Nambar, Assam-Nagaland Border
6.5 0.54 B Slight Pollution
NRL Jetty at NH Crossing Numaligarh 5.7 0.3 C Moderate Pollution
Dhansiri River
Dhansirimukh Golaghat Nagaon district boarder
5.2 0.42 C Moderate Pollution
Belguri, Jagiroad 5.0 0.37 C Moderate Pollution Ellenga Beel System Pond
May, 2003 Jagiroad Morigaon 2.7 0.37 D Heavy Pollution
Gerukamukh 7.0 0.43 A Clean
Chaowlahoaghat, North Lakhimpur 6.7 0.5 B Slight Pollution
Subansiri River
May, 2003
Alichiga, Bordubi 5.0 0.33 C Moderate Pollution
Fuler Tal, Jiribam, Assam-Manipur Border
6.1 0.5 B Slight Pollution
Katakhal, Silchar 5.8 0.5 C Moderate Pollution
Badarpurghat, Badarpur 5.2 0.43 C Moderate Pollution
Borak River
May, 2003
Kalibarighat Assam-Bangladesh border Karimganj
5.8 0.47 C Moderate Pollution
Saikhowaghat, Tinsukia 7.2 0.5 A Clean
Nagagholli Maizan, Dibrugarh 6.0 0.5 B Slight Pollution
Desangmukh, Sibsagar 5.6 0.5 C Moderate Pollution
Nimatighat Jorhat 5.3 0.39 C Moderate Pollution
Dhanbari Camp, Golaghat 5.7 0.36 C Moderate Pollution
Bhomuraguri, Silghat 5.7 0.44 C Moderate Pollution
Saraighat, Guwahati 5.2 0.46 C Moderate Pollution
Joghigopa near Panchratna Bridge 5.4 0.44 C Moderate Pollution
Brahmaputra River
April, 2003
Dhubri 5.6 0.35 C Moderate Pollution
BWQC: Biological Water Quality Criteria
Project Bio-mapping of rivers of Meghalaya State has been undertaken in Garo Hills District of Meghalaya State in collaboration withMeghalaya State Pollution Control Board, Shillong, Meghalaya. The PARIVESH Newsletter has been finalized on `Bio-mapping of Rivers – Acase study in Meghalaya State.
Bio-monitoring of water quality was undertaken at following wetlands in wildlife habitats:
Arunachal Pradesh Assam Haryana Punjab Meghalaya
Jammu & Kashmir Tamil Nadu
GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING IN SELECTED CITIES
Groundwater monitoring in four cities - Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad and Faridabad - was carried out for pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Thefindings of the study are as follows:
Groundwater in all the four cities has high conductivity values. Fluoride and Chloride values were also observed exceeding BIS Drinking Water Norms at many locations. At one location in Ghaziabad excessive colour has been found. In all the four cities groundwater has reported high to very high coliform counts. Presence of faecal coliform at various locations in al
the four cities has been a serious situation indicating poor hygienic conditions in and around the drinking water source. Presence of high iron content has been a general observation. Presence of high chromium has been noted at 6 locations in Ghaziabad, 4 in Faridabad and 2 in Lucknow. In Kanpur while the samples of (total) chromium are currently under process, the presence of hexavalent chromium a more harmfu
state, has been recorded at one location. The status of fluoride in Groundwater as observed at different locations in all the four cities is appended in Fig 5.11.
Chromium Contamination in Groundwater of Kanpur city
Groundwater quality in Kanpur is in significantly bad state, especially in terms of chromium. The pollution is observed to concentrate in somelocalized areas. One such area is Noraiakheda (Panki), where the state of pollution is serious. For detailed investigation of groundwater fourpiezometers (depth 50-120m) were drilled in different parts of the study area to facilitate vertical groundwater quality profiling in terms ofchromium. Distribution of chromium on groundwater of Panki, Kanpur is presented in Fig 5.12. Groundwater Pollution Modeling software(Visual Modflow) has also been procured for tracking the flow of chromium and to study its interrelation with the hydrological regime. The studyis poised to suggest suitable control strategies to decide on the measures for checking groundwater pollution.
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) has established a NationaAmbient Air Quality Monitoring (NAMP) network, comprising 295 stations in 92 cities/towns, under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981 to collect, compile and disseminate information on air quality. The ambient air quality is monitored by CPCB, SPCBs, PollutionControl Committees, some Universities and Institutes. The data, thus generated, are transmitted to CPCB for scrutinization, analysiscompilation and publication as a consolidated report.
CPCB has identified list of polluted cities in India based on ambient air quality data obtained under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme(NAMP) for the period 1995 to 2001. Polluted cities have been identified by calculating an Exceedence Factor. In these cities National AmbientAir Quality Standards (NAAQS) are violated (Table 5.6).
The Levels of sulphur dioxide are within National Ambient Air Quality Standards at most of the monitored places in the country. A decreasingtrend has been observed in many cities, which may be due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel etc. Levels ofNitrogen dioxide are also within National Ambient Air Quality Standards in most of the monitored cities. Levels of Respirable SuspendedParticulate Matter and Suspended Particulate Matter exceed National Ambient Air Quality Standards in many monitored cities. Non-attainmentcities have been identified, where ambient air quality standards are violated. Action Plans for control of air pollution have been formulated forthe cities.
Table 5.6 List of Non-Attainment Cities in India
S.No. Cities Major Sources of Pollution Pollutants of Concern
A) Metropolitan Cities
1 AGRA Vehicle, Industries SPM
2 AHEMADABAD Vehicle, Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM
3 BANGALORE Vehicle RSPM, SPM
4 BHOPAL Vehicle RSPM, SPM
5 CHENNAI Vehicle, Industries RSPM
6 DELHI Vehicle, NO2, RSPM, SPM
7 DHANBAD Industries SO2 , SPM
8 FARIDABAD Vehicles, Industries SPM
9 HYDERABAD Vehicles RSPM, SPM
10 INDORE Vehicles RSPM, SPM
11 JABALPUR Vehicles NO2, RSPM, SPM
12 JAIPUR Vehicles RSPM, SPM
13 JAMSHEDPUR Industries NO2, SPM
14 KANPUR Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
15 KOCHI Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
16 KOLKATA Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM, NO2
17 LUCKNOW Vehicles, RSPM, SPM
18 LUDHIANA Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
19 MADURAI Vehicles, RSPM, SPM
20 MUMBAI Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
21 NAGPUR Vehicles RSPM, SPM
22 NASHIK Vehicles RSPM, SPM
23 PATNA Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
24 PUNE Vehicles, NO2, RSPM, SPM
25 RAJKOT Vehicles, Natural Dust SPM
26 SURAT Industries, Vehicles SO2, RSPM, SPM
27 VADODARA Vehicles, Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM
28 VARANASI Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
29 VISHAKHAPATNAM Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, SPM
B) Other Cities
1 ALWAR Vehicles, Natural Dust NO2, RSPM, SPM
2 ANGUL Vehicles, Industries, Natural Dust
RSPM, SPM
3 ANKLESHWAR Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM
4 BHILAI Industries RSPM, SPM
5 CHANDIGARH Vehicles, Industries SPM
6 CHANDRAPUR Industries SPM
7 DAMTAL Natural Dust SPM
8 DEHRADUN Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
9 GAJRAULA Industries RSPM, SPM
10 GOBINDGARH Industries SPM
11 GUWAHATI Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
12 HOWRAH Vehicles, Industries SO2, NO2, RSPM, SPM
13 JALANDHAR Vehicles, Industries SPM
14 JHARIA Industries, Natural Dust SPM
15 JODHPUR Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
16 KORBA Industries RSPM, SPM
17 KOTA Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, SPM
18 KOTTAYAM Vehicles RSPM
19 NAGDA Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM
20 PARWANOO Industries, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
21 PANAJI Industries, Vehicles SPM
22 RAIPUR Vehicles RSPM, SPM
23 RAJKOT Vehicles, Natural Dust SPM
24 RAYAGADA Industries RSPM
25 ANPARA Industries RSPM
26 ROURKELA Industries RSPM, SPM
27 SATNA Industries RSPM, SPM
28 SHILLONG Vehicles RSPM
29 SHIMLA Natural Dust SPM
30 THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Vehicles RSPM
31 SOLAPUR Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
32 UDAIPUR Vehicles, Natural Dust NO2, RSPM, SPM
33 VAPI Industries RSPM, SPM
34 YAMUNA NAGAR Industries, Vehicles SPM
The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broadcategories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). TheExceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows:
Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutanExceedence Factor = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
The four air quality categories are:
Critical pollution (C) : when EF is more than 1.5High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - 1.5Moderate pollution (M) : when the EF between 0.5 - 1.0; andLow pollution (L): when the EF is less than 0.5.
It is obvious from the above categorization, that the locations in either of the first two categories are actually violating the standards, althoughwith varying magnitude. Those, falling in the third category are meeting the standards as of now but likely to violate the standards in future, ifpollution continues to increase and is not controlled. However, the locations in Low pollution category have a rather pristine air quality andsuch areas are to be maintained at low pollution level by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution.
The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at 201 monitoring stations during 2002. The adequate data was received from 179monitoring locations, out of which 102 are in residential areas, 76 are in industrial areas and one in sensitive area. At 32 locations (17residential and 15 industrial), the air quality data are insufficient (< 50 monitoring days in the year) with respect to gaseous pollutants and at 44locations (27 residential, 16 industrial and one sensitive) the data are insufficient with respect to SPM (Table 5.7). Such data has not beenconsidered for air quality assessment.
Table 5.7 Details of Monitoring Stations where Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was Carried out during 2002
Number of locations with inadequate data Area type Number of monitoring stations with adequate
data Gaseous Pollutants SPM
Residential 102 17 27
Industrial 76 15 16
Sensitive - - 1
Total 179 32 44
The ambient air quality status of various cities/towns is given in Table 5.8.
Table 5.8 Ambient air quality status of various cities/towns during 2002
Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)
Pollution level
Industrial (I) Residential (R)
SO2 & NO2 SPM SO2 & NO2 SPM
Low (L) 0-40 0-180 0-30 0-70
Moderate (M) 40-80 180-360 30-60 70-140
High (H) 80-120 360-540 60-90 140-210
Critical (C) >120 >540 >90 >210
STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM
AREA CLASS I R I R I R
Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad L L L M M H
Vishakhapatnam L L L L L H
Assam
Guwahati - L - L - H
Bihar
Patna - L - L - C
Chhattisgarh
Bhilai L L L L M C
Korba - - - - - H
Raipur L L L M M C
Delhi
Delhi L L L M H C
Gujarat
Ahmedabad L L M M M C
Goa
Panaji - L - L - H
Vasco L - L - L -
Himachal Pradesh
Damtal - L - L - C
Parwanoo L L L L M H
Paonta Sahib L - L - M -
Shimla - L - L - -
Haryana
Yamuna Nagar L - L - H -
Faridabad L L L L H C
Jharkhand
Jamshedpur L M M H M C
Karnataka
Bangalore L L L M L H
Mysore L - L - L -
Kerala
Kochi L L L L M M
Kottayam L L L L - -
Kozhikode L L L L L M
Thiruvananthapuram L L L L - -
Palakkad L - L - L -
Maharashtra
Mumbai L L L L M C
Chandrapur L L M M - -
Nagpur L L L L M C
Nasik L M L L L H
Pune L M M H L C
Solapur L L M M H C
Thane L L L L - -
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal L L L L - -
Indore - L - L - -
Jabalpur - L - L - -
Nagda L L L M - -
Satna L L L L - -
Meghalaya
Motinagar - L - L - M
Orissa
Angul L L L L M M
Rourkela - L - L - H
Talcher L - L - M -
Rayagada L L L L L M
Punjab
Gobindgarh L L L M M C
Jalandhar L - L - M -
Ludhiana L - L - - -
Rajasthan
Alwar L L M M M C
Jaipur L L M M H C
Kota L L L L M C
Udaipur L L M M M C
Jodhpur L L L L H C
Tamil Nadu
Chennai M L L L M M
Coimbatore - L M M M M
Madurai L L L M L C
Salem - L - L - L
Tuticorin - L L L L L
Uttaranchal
Dehradun L L L L M C
Uttar Pradesh
Agra - L - L - C
Anpara L - M - M -
Gajroula M - L - H C
Kanpur L L L M H C
Lucknow - L - L - C
Varanasi - L - L - C
West Bengal
Haldia L - L - L -
Howrah L L H M M H
Kolkata L L H H M C
Chandigarh L L L L H C
Pondicherry L L L L L M
Note : ‘-‘ - Data Not Available/Inadequate
Status of Air Pollutants
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Fig. 5.13 depicts the annual mean concentration of SO2 vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations. It is observed that all thelocations conformed to the respective standards.
Table 5.9 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of sulphur dioxide in residential and industriaareas. The annual mean concentration of Sulphur dioxide were within the ambient air quality standards at all the locations.
Number of stations in different ranges of percent violation of NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) is depicted in Fig. 5.14. During 2002The 24-hourly values reported were within the standards at all the locations in residential areas.
Number of monitoring stations with low and moderate levels of sulphur dioxide during 2002 are depicted in Fig. 5.15.
Table 5.9 Ten locations having highest concentration of Sulphur Dioxide during year 2002
Industrial Residential
Location State Annual mean conc.
(µg/m3)
Location State Annual mean conc.
(µg/m3)
Kathivakkam MKM, Chennai
Tamil Nadu 41 Sakchi water tower, Jamshedpur
Jharkhand 48
Raunaq Auto Ltd, Gajraula
Uttar Pradesh 41 Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra 44
Bhosari, Pune Maharashtra 39 Swargate, Pune Maharashtra 42
Burmamines Water Tower,
Jharkhand 38 Nasik Munic. Council, Nasik
Maharashtra 31
Jamshedpur
Chem. Div. Labour Club, Nagda
Madhya Pradesh 37 Grasim Kalyan Kendra, Nagda
Madhya Pradesh
29
Thiruvottiyur, Munic. Office, Chennai
Tamil Nadu 32 RTO Colony Tank, Nasik
Maharashtra 26
Govt. High School, Manali
Chennai 32 Kapoor Hotel, Hazrat Ganj, Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh 24
Eloor, Cochin Kerala 32 Mahanagar, Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh 23
Anpara Colony Uttar Pradesh 30 Visak Hostel, Sec. 4, Bhilai
Chhattisgarh 23
Renusagar Colony Uttar Pradesh 30 Chitale Ciinic, Solapur
Maharashtra 20
Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO2)
The annual mean concentration of Nitrogen dioxide vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations is presented in Fig. 5.16. It isobserved that NAAQS (Annual Average) of nitrogen dioxide was exceeded at one sensitive location, three industrialocations and five residential locations.
The annual standards of Industrial and Residential areas exceeded in Howrah, Kolkata, Pune and Jamshedpur. Table5.10 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in residential and industriaareas.
Table 5.10 Ten Locations having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide during year 2002
Industrial Residential
Location State Annual mean conc.
(µg/m3)
Location State Annual mean conc.
(µg/m3)
Cossipore, Kolkata West Bengal 96* Lal Bazar, Kolkata West Bengal 87*
Bandhaghat, Howrah West Bengal 81* Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra 87*
Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah
West Bengal 81* Swargate, Pune Maharashtra 82*
RIICO Pump House, Alwar
Rajasthan 55 NEERI Zonal Lab, Kasba, Kolkata
West Bengal 62*
SIDCO Office, Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu 54 Sakchi Water Tower, Jamshedpur
Jharkhand 60*
Gaurav Solvex Ltd, MIA, Alwar
Rajasthan 54 Regional Office, Alwar
Rajasthan 58
Burmamines Water Jharkhand 52 Distt. Collector’s Tamil Nadu 57
Tower, Jamshedpur Office, Coimbatore
Bhosari, Pune Maharashtra 48 Bator, Howrah West Bengal 55
WIT Campus, Solapur
Maharashtra 47 Town Hall, Delhi Delhi 53
DIC/MIA, Udaipur Rajasthan 47 Ajmeri Gate, Jaipur Rajasthan 48
* Locations where annual mean concentration of NO2 exceeded the respectivestandards of 80 µg/m3 for Industrial areasand 60 µg/m3 for Residential areas.
Number of stations in different ranges of percent violation of NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) of NO2 is depicted in Fig. 5.17.
The number of locations where either annual average or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the standards of NO2 arelisted in Table 5.11. During 2002, three industrial and ten residential locations violated the 24-hourly standards of NO2 formore than 2% of the times.
Table 5.11 Locations where either annual mean or 24-hourly Nitrogen Dioxide concentration violated respectivestandards
Location State Area
Class
Annual
Mean
Conc.
(µg/m3)
% Exceedence
Over 24-Hourly
Standards
Municipal Corpn., Howrah West Bengal Industrial 81 10
Bandhaghat, Howrah West Bengal Industrial 81 11
Cossipore Police Station, Kolkata West Bengal Industrial 96 31
Town Hall, Delhi Delhi Residential 53 15
Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra Residential 87 63
Swargate, Pune Maharashtra Residential 82 49
Distt Collector’s Office, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Residential 57 10
Kunnathur Chatram, Madurai Tamil Nadu Residential 40 5
Lal-Bazar, Kolkata Rajasthan Residential 87 54
NEERI, Zonal Lab, Kolkata West Bengal Residential 62 23
Bator, Howrah West Bengal Residential 55 11
Patto, Panaji Goa Residential 24 4
NY School, Delhi Delhi Residential 43 4
Status of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate and high levels of nitrogen dioxide during 2002 are depicted in Figure5.18 The number of locations where either annual average or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the standards of NO2 arelisted in Table 2.5. During 2002, three industrial and ten residential locations violated the 24-hourly standards of NO2 formore than 2% of the times.. In residential area, NO2 is reported to be high at one sensitive location, three industrialocations and five residential locations in the country. It is observed that NO2 violation is mainly in the State of WestBengal (Kolkata and Howrah), Maharashtra (Pune) and Jharkhand (Jamshedpur).
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
The annual mean concentration of SPM vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations in industrial areas and residential areas ispresented in Fig. 5.19 and 5.20 respectively. It is observed that at NAAQS (Annual average) of SPM was exceeded at 11industrial and 64 residential locations.
The annual mean concentration of SPM exceeded the standard for industrial area at 11 locations in the State of Rajasthan(2), Delhi (2), Maharastra (1), Haryana (2), Uttar Pradesh (3) and Chandigarh (1).
The annual men concentration of SPM exceeded the standard for residential areas in 64 locations spread over the Statesof Andhra Pradesh (3), Assam (1), Bihar (2), Chhattisgarh (4), Chandigarh (1), Delhi (6), Gujarat (2), Goa (1), HimachaPradesh (3), Haryana (1), Jharkhand (1), Karnataka (1), Maharastra (10), Orissa (2), Punjab (1), Rajasthan (11), TamiNadu (1), Uttaranchal (1), Uttar Pradesh (9) and West Bengal (3). Table 5.12 depicts ten industrial and residentialocations having highest concentration of SPM.
Number of stations in different ranges of percent violation of NAAQS (24-hourly average) of SPM is depicted in Figure5.21. Table 5.13 provides the number of stations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly cconcentrationexceeded the respective standards. During year 2002, 27 industrial and 72 residential locations violated the NAAQS forSPM.
Table 5.12 Ten locations having highest concentration of SPM during year 2002
Industrial Residential
S. No
Location State Annual Mean Conc.
(µg/m3)
Location State Annual Mean Conc.
(µg/m3)
1. Basni Indl. Area, Jodhpur Rajasthan 528* Town Hall, Delhi Delhi 534*
2. M/s A.C. Pvt. Ltd., Fazalganj, Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
507* Sojati Gate, Jodhpur Rajasthan 526*
3. Shahzada Bagh, Delhi Delhi 468* Gandhi Maidan Test Centre, Patna
Bihar 509*
4. Shivalic Ind., Faridabad Haryana 465* Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra 507*
5. Shahdara, Delhi Delhi 415* Off. Of HSPCB, Faridabad
Haryana 474*
6. Lajpat Nagar, Telephone Exchange, Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh 414* Deputy ka Parao, Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh 459*
7. Raunaq Auto Ltd., Gajraula
Uttar Pradesh 408* Janakpuri, Delhi Delhi 442*
8. WIT Campus, Solapur Maharashtra 407* F & T. Centre, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh 436*
9. Modern Food Indl. Area, Chandigarh
Haryana 390* Swargate, Pune Maharashtra 430*
10 VKIA, Jaipur Rajasthan 386* Ashok Vihar, Delhi Delhi 425*
Table 5.13 Locations where either Annual Mean or 24-hourly Suspended Particulate Matter concentration violatedrespective standards
* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SPM exceeded the respective standards of 360 µg/m3 for Industriaand 140 µg/m3 for Residential areas.
Number of Monitoring Locations exceeding standards State
Industrial Residential Sensitive
Andhra Pradesh - 5 -
Assam - 1 -
Bihar - 2 -
Chhattisgarh 1 4 -
Delhi 2 6 -
Karnataka - 1 -
Gujarat 1 2 -
Haryana 2 1 -
Himachal Pradesh 1 3 -
Jharkhand - 1 -
Goa - 1 -
Kerala 1 3 -
Maharashtra 1 11 -
Orissa - 3 -
Punjab 2 1
Rajasthan 7 11 -
Tamil Nadu 1 2 -
Uttar Pradesh 4 9 -
Uttaranchal 1 1 -
West Bengal 2 3 -
UT-Chandigarh 1 1 -
Total 27 72 Nil
Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of SPM during year 2002 are depicted in Fig5.22. SPM levels were critical at 46 Residential locations. SPM levels were high at 18 locations in residential area and 11locations in industrial area.
Summary and Conclusion
Air Pollution problem is widespread in 59 cities, where at least one criteria pollutant exceeded either annual or 24-hourlystandards at any of the monitoring locations. Table 5.14 shows the number of stations violating annual standards and 24-Hourly standards during the year 2002. It is quite evident that SPM is the major problem in the residential areas of most ofthe cities/towns.
Table 5.14 Number of stations violating Annual average and 24-hourly standards
SO2 NO2 SPM Area Class
24-Hourly Annual 24-Hourly Annual 24-Hourly Annual
Residential - - 10 5 76 64
Industrial 1 - 3 3 32 11
Sensitive - - - 1 - -
Total 1 0 13 9 108 75
High level of SPM is the most prevalent form of air pollution. Motor vehicle is a major and most important source ofpollution in almost all the mega cities. High domestic use of coal or biomass fuel is a serious problem resulting in highhuman exposures to SPM and SO2. One of the reason for low levels of pollution in Chennai is that it is a coastal city andexcellent ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes reduces pollution levels.
There has been a change in domestic fuel used from coal to LPG. Also various measures have been taken such asreduction of sulphur in diesel that may have contributed to low levels of SO2. The current capabilities of the monitoringagencies to monitor, or to collect information on the sources and emissions are inadequate. Therefore, there is an urgentneed to strengthen the monitoring and source inventory programme.
It should be noted that the data are lacking for quite a few stations due to various reasons such as non-operation ofmonitoring stations due to paucity of funds, lack of equipment, lack of infrastructure and inadequate man-power.
Recommendations
There is an immediate need to improve and upgrade the existing monitoring network. Following measures would greatlyenhance the quality and reliability of data and monitoring activities as such:
Old air quality monitoring equipment needs replacement. Adequate infrastructure may be provided and manpower may be trained for proper sampling, preservation and
analysis, data reporting etc. Monitoring of additional parameters such as Carbon Monoxide, Lead, PAHs, Benzene, 1,3 butadine, Ozone, etc
may be carried out. Existing network of 295 stations may be expanded and continuous monitoring of air pollutants may be carried
out, wherever appropriate. Epidemiological studies may be carried out in various cities where levels of air pollutants are exceeding the
standards. More sensitive areas may be identified and notified. Background stations may be included in the network to assess the anthropogenic impact. Calibration of air quality monitoring instruments may be carried out regularly.
RSPM LEVELS IN URBAN CENTRES
The RSPM monitoring have been undertaken during the year 2002. The target sampling of 24 hours in a day was affectedat many locations due to power failures etc., therefore, the values monitored for 16 hours and more are considered asrepresentative values for assessing the ambient air quality for a day. The target monitoring frequency twice a week, 104days in a year could not be met at some of the locations, in such cases 40 and more days of monitoring in a year isconsidered adequate for the purpose of data inferences. The outliers in form of extraordinary high/low values from thedata were removed. Large numbers of personnel and equipments are involved in the sampling, chemical analyses, datareporting etc. It increases the probability of variation and personnel biases reflecting in the data, hence it is pertinent tomention that these data be treated as indicative rather than absolute.
The RSPM levels in residential areas of various cities/towns are depicted in Fig 5.23. RSPM levels exceeded the NAAQS(annual average) in residential areas of Raipur, Kanpur, Solapur, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Alwar, Varanasi, Pune, VapiDelhi, Indore, Korba, Surat, Ankaleshwar, Guwahati, Satna, Nagda, Vadodara, Thiruvananthapuram, Jodhpur, KolkataHowrah, Bhilai, Jaipur, Bhopal, Kota, Rayagada, Rourkela, Visakhapatnam, Jabalpur, Kottayam, Gajraula, BangaloreUdaipur, Nagpur, Parwanoo, Patna, Angul, Nashik, Madurai and Mumbai.
The RSPM levels in industrial areas of various cities and towns are depicted in Fig 5.24. RSPM levels exceeded theNAAQS (annual average) in industrial areas of Vadodara, Indore, Raipur, Vapi, Kanpur, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana, Satna
Noida, Solapur, Delhi, Surat, Kolkata, Anpara, Thiruvanthapuram, Bhilai, Jodhpur, Ankaleshwar, Jaipur and Howrah.
Non-attainment Areas
It was observed that NAAQS (Annual average) was not exceeded in cities with low and moderate levels of RSPMhowever it was exceeded in cities with high and critical levels of RSPM. Critical levels of RSPM were observed inresidential areas of Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Bhilai, Raipur, Korba, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Ankaleshwar, Surat, VadodaraVapi, Thiruvananthapuram, Bhopal, Indore, Nagda, Satna, Nagpur, Pune, Solapur, Rayagada, Rourkela, Alwar, JaipurJodhpur, Kota, Madurai, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Howrah and Kolkata. High levels of RSPM were observed inresidential areas of Hyderabad, Patna, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Kottayam, Jabalpur, Mumbai, Nashik, Shillong, AngulUdaipur and Gajraula. Critical levels of RSPM were observed in industrial areas of Raipur, Delhi, Ahemdabad, VadodaraVapi, Indore, Satna, Ludhiana, and Kanpur. High levels of RSPM were observed in industrial areas of Bhilai, AnkaleshwarSurat, Kochi, Thiruvanthapuram, Solapur, Alwar, Jaipur, Noida, Jodhpur, Anpara, Howrah and Kolkata.
Moderate levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Kochi, Chennai, Coimbatore, Salem and Tuticorin. Lowlevels were observed in residential areas of Kozhikode. Moderate levels were also observed in industrial areas ofHyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Bangalore, Mysore, Kottayam, Bhopal, Nagda, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Angul, RayagadaTalcher, Kota, Udaipur, Chennai, Coimbatore, Gajraula, and Haldia. Low levels of RSPM were observed in industriaareas of Kozhikode, Palakkad, Nashik, Madurai and Tuticorin. Percentage of cities with low, moderate, high and criticalevels of RSPM in residential and industrial areas of various cities/towns in the country are depicted in Fig. 5.25 and 5.26respectively.
Percentage violation of NAAQS (24-hourly average) of RSPM was determined for various monitoring stations. In industriaareas, NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) of RSPM was not violated at Nacharam, Hyderabad, Graphite India, Amoco BatteriesBangalore, KR Circle, KSPCB Building, Mysore, Mavoor/Nallalam, Kozhikode, Kanjikode, Palakkad, Thane (West), VIPIndustrial Area, Nashik, MIDC Office, Nagpur, TTPS Colony, Talcher, , DIC/MIA Udaipur, Thiruvottiyur Municipal OfficeChennai, Regional Testing Laboratory, Tuticorin, and Fenner (I) Ltd. Madurai. In industrial areas, percentage violation ofNAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was less than 2% at Industrial Estate, Marriapalem, Visakhapatnam.
In residential areas NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) was not violated at Palayam/Kozhikode City, Kopri Ward Office, ShahuMarket, Thane, Board Office, Shillong, NEERI CSIR Campus, Chennai, AVM Jewellery Building, Tuticorin, SowdeshwarCollege Building, Salem. In residential areas percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was less than 2% at TTNagar, Bhopal, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Sai Baba Colony/Ponniyarajapuram, Coimbatore, Highway (Project-I)Building, Madurai. The NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) was violated at the remaining stations.
Meteorological Influences
Meteorological factors play a important role in determining ambient levels of air pollutants. The wind speed and directionplay a major role in dispersion of air pollutants. The effect of wind speed on air pollution is two fold. It determines the travetime from a source to a given receptor while on the other hand causes dilution of pollutants in the downwind direction. Thestronger the wind the greater will be the dispersion and dilution of pollutants emitted.
Seasonal variations in RSPM levels indicate that RSPM were higher during summer months at Janakpuri. The strong andmedium winds during April to June in Delhi creates turbulent conditions and local disturbances in the environment. Theseconditions cause frequent dust storm and hazy conditions. The dust storms and hazy conditions build up high particulatematter levels in the ambient air, mostly constituting soil borne particles.
RSPM levels at Janakpuri, Delhi (Fig 5.27) and Jublee Hills, Hyderabad (Fig 5.28) are lower during monsoon months. Themonsoons results in large amount of precipitation with high wind velocities and changes in general wind directionFrequent rains washes down the air borne particulates. Further wind velocities result in pollutant transport away fromsources and increase mixing processes. Therefore the monsoon period is cleaner period at most locations in the year.
The concentration of RSPM at Janakpuri, Delhi and Jublee Hills, Hyderabad are higher during winter months as comparedto monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Average mixing height remains lower during winter months as compared to otherseasons and atmospheric dispersion is typically at a minimum. There is increased atmospheric stability, which in turnallows limited general circulation and thus more stagnant air masses. Stagnant air masses allow more accumulation ofpollutants in any given area and thus results in building up their levels.
Important Observations
RSPM levels exceeded the NAAQS (annual average and 24-hourly average) in many cities in the country. The resultssuggest that RSPM is a pollutant of concern in India.
The annual average concentration in residential areas varied between 206 µg/m3 at Head Post Office, Kanpur and 23µg/m3 at Palayam/Kozhikode City, Kerala. In industrial areas the annual average concentration varied between 265µg/m3 at CETP Nandeswari, Vadodara and 21 µg/m3 at Mavoor/Nallalam, Kozhikode, Kerala.
One of the major source of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicular population is increasing exponentially in many
cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM levels.
The reason for high particulate matter levels may be engine gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, boilersand emissions from power plants, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc.
It was observed that highest level of RSPM in residential areas was observed in Raipur followed by Kanpur, SolapurAhmedabad, Lucknow, Alwar, Varanasi, Pune, Vapi, Delhi, Indore, Korba, Surat, Ankaleshwar, Guwahati, Satna, NagdaVadodara, Thiruvanthapuram, Jodhpur, Kolkata, Howrah, Bhilai, Jaipur, Bhopal, Kota, Rayagada, RourkelaVisakhapatnam, Jabalpur, Kottayam, Gajraula, Bangalore, Udaipur, Nagpur, Parwanoo, Patna, Angul, Nashik, Maduraand Mumbai.
The concentration of RSPM depends not only on total emission load but also on meteorological conditions like mixingheight, ventilation, inversion, humidity, wind direction and velocity, rainfall pattern and thus a city with low emission loadmay have high ambient air concentrations of pollutants.
Lower levels of RSPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPMwere observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and frequent calm conditions.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN DELHI DURING YEAR 2003
The Central Pollution Control Board has been monitoring ambient air quality at seven locations in Delhi for the past manyyears. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e., residential, industrial and traffic intersection. Thecomparison of ambient air quality data during year 2003 with previous years indicate that:
Concentrations of Suspended Particulate matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10)Carbon monoxide (CO) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) have shown a declining trend (Fig 5.29), while Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)has shown an upward trend (Fig 5.30).
Annual average SPM concentration (Fig 5.31) during year 2003 registered a decrease of approximately 20 percent in boththe residential areas (314 µg/m3) and industrial areas (352 µg/m3). SPM concentration at Bahadurshah Zafar (BSZ) trafficintersection (509 µg/m3) registered a decrease of only 5 percent.
RSPM recorded 127 µg/m3 in the residential areas and 140 µg/m3 in the industrial areas during 2003 (Fig 5.32). Theseare 9 and 16 percent respectively lower than the values recorded in 2002. RSPM at traffic intersection registered a similardownward trend of 10 percent.
Nitrogen dioxide is showing an upward trend since year 2001. During year 2003, it increased in residential areas (38µg/m3) and Traffic intersection (94 µg/m3) by 15 and 25 percent respectively, while in the industrial areas (36 µg/m3) itincreased by only 3 percent in comparison to levels during year 2002.
Increased use of CNG especially by three wheelers has had a marked impact in the concentration of carbon monoxideAverage CO levels measured at BSZ traffic intersection during 2003 was found to be 2831 µg/m3 as against 3258 µg/m3recorded in year 2002 (Fig 5.33), thus indicating a decline of 13 percent.
With the reduction of sulphur content in diesel, the sulphur dioxide concentrations have shown a declining trend at all thelocations in Delhi. Sulphur dioxide in residential areas during year 2003 declined marginally to 10 µg/m3 from of 11 µg/m3in 2002, the change observed at BSZ Marg traffic intersection was also found to be insignificant.
NOISE MONITORING
Noise Monitoring in Haridwar City
Central Pollution Control Board has taken up a project for the measurement of Noise in the Haridwar city. The monitoringwas conducted at 12 locations covering residential commercial, sensitive and industrial areas of the city. Themeasurements were done keeping in mind four time-slots, morning, day time, evening, and night. The results obtained arepresented in Table 5.15 and Fig 5.34.
Table 5.15 Noise Levels on dB (A) at Various Locations in Haridwar
Locations
Slots ↓
Prem Nagar (R)
Ranipur More
(R)
Swarn Jayanti Park BHEL
(R)
BHEL Main Gate
(R)
Chain Rai Distt. Hospital
(S)
Railway Station
(C)
Morning 58 73 52 65 74 79
Day 62 73 62 63 - 78
Evening 62 81 56 60 - 69
Night 47 71 55 50 - 75
Locations
Slots ↓
Shiv Chowk
(C)
Har Ki Paudi
(S)
Gurukul
(S)
Daksh Prajapati Mandir
(S)
Shanti Kunj
(S)
Jwalapur
(I)
Morning 77 81 - 70 61 -
Day 76 78 - 64 - -
Evening 79 72 61 64 - 76
Night 75 69 - 63 - -
Noise monitoring in Kanpur during Deepawali festival
The noise monitoring was conducted to assess the noise pollution due to firing of crackers in three residential, fourcommercial and three sensitive areas of the Kanpur City during 4 days around Deepawali. Values reflect the increase innoise level due to firing of crackers from 23.10.2003 to 26.10.2003. Important observations are as follows:
Crackers were bursted even after the 10:00 pm on festival night. Maximum noise level observed is 86.7 dB (A) in Govind Nagar area on deepawali day, exceeding the
prescribed norms by 31dB(A) Crackers were also bursted on the next day of Deepawali and maximum level of 87.6 dB(A) was observed near
sensitive area Kidwai Nagar. The commercial activities increased during festival season also contributed to noise pollution.
Table 5.16 Noise Levels in Kanpur during Deepawali Festival, 2003
23-24.10.2003 24-25.10.2003 25-26.10.2003 26-27.10.2003 Location
(Type of Area) 6:00 to 22:00hrs.
22:00 to 6:00 hrs.
6:00 to 22:00hrs.
22:00 to 6:00 hrs.
6:00 to 22:00hrs.
22:00 to 6:00 hrs.
6:00 to 22:00hrs.
22:00 to 6:00 hrs.
Kidwai Nagar (Sens. ) 62.1 64.6 76.3 56.3 80.6 75.6 87.6 68.5
Hellot Hospital (Sens) 75.7 ---- 75 73.7 76.4 ---- 78.8 ------
Ursala Hospital (Sens) 60 55 78.7 53.2 71.3 71 74.6 73.3
Juhi (Resi. ) 69.2 65.5 73.4 69.3 80.9 79.1 83.5 70.7
Civil Lines (Resi.) 66.4 66.0 71 68.9 77.6 76.8 72.2 76.0
Vikas Nagar (Resi.) 77.2 73.2 74 66.6 77.6 ---- 82.1 79.3
Govind Nagar (Comm.) ---- 71.2 79.2 77.4 82.9 86.7 79.1 79.1
Phoolbagh (Comm.) ---- 76.3 79.0 73.7 76.5 ---- 77.3 73.5
Kalyanpur (Comm ) 81.9 75.0 815 79.6 82.6 83.9 ----- 80
Chawala Market (Comm.) 78.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- -----
Note : All values in Leq
Noise Monitoring in Jaipur City during Diwali
Jaipur is known for celebrating Diwali festival in a grand manner. The festival coincides with the tourist season. Theweeklong festival generates huge quantities of smoke and other harmful gases, apart from high noise levels. Detailedmonitoring was conducted for noise and ambient air quality at various locations in the city.
Jaipur city specially within the walls was found very noisy, the Leq. noise levels were observed between 73-92 d(B)A asagainst the prescribed limits of 65 d(B)A and 55 d(B)A in day and night time respectively. Sensitive and residential areaswere also found noisy as compared to the respective prescribed standards. Only industrial area complied the prescribednoise levels. Higher leq levels of noise in walled city may be attributed to vehicle and people movement. Being highlycrowded specially during festivals, the markets in Jaipur appeared to have much higher noise levels.
Inspite repeated orders of the Hon’ble Court and imposition of fine by local authorities, the bursting of crackers duringDiwali festivals, continued after 10:00 PM. Infact, the intensity of firing of crackers increased after 10:00 PM even though itis started in the evening with lower intensity. The business class people were bursting maximum crackers in front of theirshops after the business hours.
Vehicular movement and blowing of horns contributed considerable noise in the city of Jaipur. Air pollution from firing ofcrackers reduced visibility on roads on Diwali day and the day after. Some people reported irritation in throat and in eyesspecially on Diwali day. It was observed that the public awareness was poor in this regard. It appears that public has nottaken much notice of ban on bursting of crackers.
Ambient Air Quality and Noise Levels in Kolkata during Kalipuja/ Diwali festival - 2003
Ambient noise measurements were observed at 27 locations representing residential, commercial, industrial and silencezones spanning across the Kolkata city. Monitoring was conducted for two days representing the normal day prior toKalipuja/Diwali festival and during the day of festival (when majority of fire works is displayed in the city). Similar to noisemeasurements, ambient air quality was also monitored for two days to assess change in air quality before and during thefestival. Six monitoring stations across the city were selected. Monitoring was conducted for respirable dust, SO2 andNO2 concentrations.
Salient observations on Ambient Noise
Out of 27 locations surveyed, sound levels were increased at 14 locations during daytime while in night increase wasfound at 20 locations. In remaining locations, especially in some commercial and industrial areas, the sound levels wereeither unchanged or even reduced.
The ambient noise levels at different locations have increased between 1 to 14 dB(A) during daytime with an average of 6dB(A), while in night time the increase was between 1 to 17 dB(A) with an average increase of 9 dB(A) due to the impact.
Crackers were not the primary fire works being displayed by the citizens of Kolkata. In very few occasions the monitoringteams have encountered blasting of crackers very close to the sound level meter while taking observations in highlypopulated residential areas. Many people have reported that there was reduction in sale of fire-works in the city comparedto previous years. Most of the fire works observed by the monitoring team were air polluting in nature rather than noisepolluting.
Beating of drums is one of the major sources of noise in some residential localities during nighttime. In these areas, drumsounds dominates cracker noise when measured as equivalent sound pressure levels for longer duration.
Change in ambient noise levels is more prominent in nighttime (00:00 hrs to 04:00 hrs) compared to daytime. Comparedto day, noise levels have changed in more locations and also increased more at night. The over-all impression of the studyat Kolkata is, the increase ambient noise levels during festival is mainly from variety of sources such as beating of drumsfiring crackers and movement of traffic and people whole day and night. Noise from crackers is sporadic and localized; icontributed only marginally to increase in ambient noise levels. The average increase in ambient noise levels was within10 dB(A) and may exist for 2 days (Kalipuja and Diwali) in the year.
Salient observations on Ambient Air Quality
Primary air pollutants such as Respirable dust, Oxides of Sulfur and Nitrogen were found to have increased during thefestive day. The change in air quality was much significant in residential areas and insignificant in other areas.
There was significant raise in dust concentrations on festival day, especially in the evening hours after 6 PM. Peak 8-hourly dust concentrations were found between 2PM to 10PM at all the locations monitored in the city.
Monitoring station at a typical residential area with no significant pollution source such as vehicular traffic and industry inthe vicinity. The average dust levels have increased from 69 ug/cum to 235 µg/cum during the festival day.
Hazra, Cossipore and Behala stations being commercial and industrial areas had RPM levels exceeding 100 ug/cum priorto festival. These levels have further increased by 60 to 120% at Behala and Hazra due to their proximity to residentiaareas. The 24-hr average concentrations at Cossipore industrial area was however reduced due to reduced activity onfestive day.
Nitrogen Dioxide concentration was also peaked during evening time slot between 6 PM to 10PM showing the impact offire-works. The concentrations during this period have exceeded safe limit of 80 µg/cum however the average 24-hourconcentrations were found between 37 – 77 µg/cum in 6 stations. Here also the trends indicate that the concentrations aregradually falling back the following day.
Ambient air quality and Noise in Delhi during Deepawali 2003
During Deepawali days, the air quality deteriorates alarmingly and noise level increases due to the bursting of crackers. Inorder of assess the air pollution and noise caused due to bursting of crackers, ambient air quality was measured atselected locations in Delhi during 2003. The observations are as follows:
Except for sulphur dioxide, the levels of all other pollutants at almost all the locations exceeded the air qualitystandards.
RSPM and SPM levels during 2003 at B.S.Z Marg, Patel Nagar and Ashok Vihar were found to be lower thanthat recorded during 2002.
Gaseous pollutants namely Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide also recorded low values in2003 as compared to 2002.
Air quality improved significantly on the post Deepawali day. Noise levels were monitored at nine residential, two traffic intersections, one commercial and one silence zones
Noise levels on Deepawali Day, 2003 increased at 8 locations and remained same at one location as comparedto Deepawali day 2002.
Average noise values ranged from 69 to 90 dB(A) against 2002 avaerage values of 66 to 82 dB(A). The averagevalues for normal days ranged between 56 and 71 dB(A). Highest average values were observed at NewFriends Colony and Lajpat Nagar. Noise levels were very high between 20.30 hrs and 22.30 hrs. At someplaces the maximum values exceeded even 100 dB(A). Noise levels at different places on Deepawali day arepresented in Table 5.17.
Table 5.17 Ambient Noise level Status at different places in Delhi during Deepawali festival and normal days inyear 2003
Noise Levels in dB(A) Location
Normal Day Deepawali Day Standard Limit
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Crossing 60 76 55
Lajpat Nagar 66 89 55
New Friends Colony 56 90 55
East Arjun Nagar 63 81 55
Connaught Place 70 74 65
India Gate 63 69 50
Mayur Vihar II 59 81 55
Patel Nagar 71 73 55
Kamla Nagar 68 78 55
Kidwai Nagar 62 76 55
Dilshad Garden 67 80 55
Pusa Road Crossing 79 77 55
ITO Crossing -- 77 55
PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTER MEASURES
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING AT SELECTED LOCATIONS
Vadodara
The Central Pollution Control Board is carrying out Ambient Air Quality Monitoring on the roof of the Western Zonal Laboratory, Vadodara, regularly for the parameters RSPM, SO2 and NO2. The monthly trend during year 2003-2004 is presented in Table 6.1 and Fig 6.1.
The measured value of SO2 was ranging between 4.0 µg/m3 and 154 µg/m3. The reasons for low value of SO2 may be attributed to lower residence time, high reactivity and primarily Hydrogen ion (OH) are oxidizing SO2 in presence of Sunlight.
The concentration of NO2 in the atmosphere was ranging between 9.0 µg/m3 to 122 µg/m3. The average Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) varied between 17 µg/m3 in rainy season to 135 µg/m3 in winter season. However, peak value, 428 µg/m3 was observed in the month of October, the period of festival in Vadodara, Gujarat.
Table 6.1 Ambient Air Quality (µg/m3) at Subhanpura, Vadodara (2003-2004)
RSPM SO2 NO2 Month
Min Max Avg. Min Max Avg. Min Max Avg.
April 33 145 81 4.0 25 7.9 9.0 57 26.3
May 20 151 63 4.0 60 7.8 9.0 30 17.0
June 8 96 39 4.0 4 4.0 9.0 30 15.6
July 4 28 17 4.0 4 4.0 9.0 65 16.6
August 3 55 22 4.0 7 6.1 9.0 10 9.0
September 8 80 38 4.0 4 4.0 9.0 39 17.0
October 32 428 114 4.0 17 4.3 9.0 75 35.7
November 43 193 135 4.0 4 4.0 9.0 105 53.6
December 63 244 117 4.0 4 4.0 20.8 122 59.5
January 39 273 109 6.0 72 17.3 18.7 111 48.5
February 36 239 124 6.0 154 36.1 21.0 114 54.2
March 8 189 107 6.0 77 18.8 13.5 93 45.3
Air Quality Standards
100 80 80
Kolkata
Regular monitoring of ambient air quality is being carried out at `Hazra more' in Kolkata by Central Pollution Control Board to assess ambient air quality status. The air quality data was statistically processed to estimate maximum, minimum and average concentration for RSPM, SO2 and NO2 for each month. The results (Table 6.2 & Fig 6.2) revealed that significant variation among the months and days. Highest concentration were observed during winter season. However, concentration were within permissible limits during most of times except RSPM in few occasion.
Table 6.2 Ambient Air Quality (mg/m3) at Jatin Das Park, Kolkata for 2003-04
RSPM SO2 NO2 Month
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
April 259 45 80.47 18 BDL 4.53 93 20 44.97
May 185 45 68.36 4 BDL 2.24 80 31 49.09
June 147 41 77.70 8 BDL 2.47 91 35 53.77
July 126 32 75.96 5 BDL 2.01 72 19 35.02
August 170 41 115.74 4 BDL 2.54 80 04 47.19
September 302 103 174.11 5 BDL 3.06 80 20 44.24
October - - - - - - - - -
November 248 103 178.38 10 BDL 6.46 99 40 66.26
December 370 93 238.88 24 BDL 12 101 31 57.82
January 409.5 99 211.82 16.2 0.6 7.76 96.2 23.2 52.41
February 409.5 39.7 246.32 48.4 0.6 12.46 96.2 14.2 42.48
March 394.7 94 188.63 15.4 2 6.30 67 27 45.83
Kanpur
Regular monitoring of SO2, NO2 and RSPM is being conducted round the clock at Vikas Nagar, Kanpur. Monthly average of RSPM and NO2 for April 2003 - March 2004 are presented in Fig 6.3.
SO2 was observed very low throughout the year and is not at all of any concern. NO2 concentration ranges from 15µg/m3 to 38 µg/m3 which is much lower than the prescribed standards i.e. 80 µg/m3 (24 hr Basis). RSPM concentration was observed very high as compared to prescribed standards ie.100 µg/m3 (24 hr average) throughout the year except during monsoon months. Both RSPM and NO2 are high during 2003-2004 compared to year 2002-2003 at Vikas Nagar. This is mainly due to advanced human activities and digging of roads and construction activities in the nearby area.
Air Quality at Kanpur During Deepawali festival 2003
During Deepawali, five ambient air quality-monitoring stations were setup, where continuously for four days monitoring was conducted. RSPM values far exceed the prescribed norms (Fig 6.4) clearly indicating significant impact on the air quality. SO2 values (Fig 6.5) though well within the prescribed norms, were 3 to 4 times the values observed during other days. The NOx values (Fig 6.6), which in general in Kanpur are always within prescribed norms, have gone beyond the norms on 2 occasions clearly reflecting the impact of firing of crackers on Deepawali.
Monitoring of Ozone at Sharda Nagar, Kanpur
Ozone (O3) is the major photochemical oxidant. In the lower atmosphere this gas is very dangerous to living species. Monitoring of ozone is required to generate data for the formulation of strategy to prepare guidelines to include ozone as criteria pollutant for ambient air.
Monitoring of ozone was conducted at Sharda Nagar, Kanpur during the month of May and June 2003. Ozone monitoring at two different heights, one at 15 ft. and other at 35 ft., was conducted at the same time, to have an idea of any change of concentration at different heights. The average daily concentration of ozone are presented in Fig 6.7.
Along with ozone, NO2 was also monitored to assess the correlation between the two parameters. The concentration of ozone and NO2 obtained during monitoring are presented in Fig 6.8.
Higher concentration of ozone was observed at a height of 35 feet than at 15 feet. This may be attributed to the fact that in the lower atmosphere there are many sources of emission of NOx, other gases that deplete ozone while at the higher heights these depleting substances are lesser. The light intensity at the roof was higher as it is an open area (ranges from 18,580 to 1,71,000 lux) while at 15 feet it is less due to the shades of building (ranges from 15,725 to 12,8000 lux).
NO2 concentration monitored with ozone concentration showed inverse relationship. This is because presence of NO2 depletes ozone, while at the time of lower concentration of NO2 ozone become stable. There are many factors like light intensity, hydrocarbon reactivity, ratio of hydrocarbon to nitric oxide, presence of light absorbers and meteorological variables that effect the photochemical reactions
Characterization of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) in Ambient Air of Kanpur
Due to the presence of heavy Vehicular load and loose soil in the most of the Indian cities, RSPM concentrations are very high. This is the reason RSPM has become the matter of concern in our country. Characterisation of RSPM is required to identify the constitution of dust contributing to RSPM, which may be helpful in formulating the control strategy for its control. For this purpose Central Pollution Control Board has started some analysis for the characterisation of RSPM. Benzene soluble fractions, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and anion are the parameters, which are decided to analyse at primary stage. Analyses of Benzene Soluble Fractions and anions have been started while PAH analysis is under process.
GF/A Filter Papers obtained during the monitoring at Vikas Nagar, Kanpur are used for the analysis of Benzene Soluble Fractions in the RSPM. Organic part of the total RSPM are obtained in this analysis (Table 6.3). The contribution of organic substances of RSPM ranges from 3% to 22% during winter month. This primary contributes by various anthropogenic activities like combustion. Inorganic component dominates the RSPM indicating that loose soil is the grey area for concern. The fraction of organic component is obtained from the burning of fuel.
Table 6.3 Benzene Soluble Fraction in RSPM in Ambient air of Kanpur
Date Benzene Soluble Fraction(%)
02-03/01/04 15
05-06/01/04 14
06-07/01/04 17
07-08/01/04 8
08-09/01/04 16
09-10/01/04 13
12-13/01/04 18
13-14/01/04 22
15-16/01/04 7
16-17/01/04 3
19-20/01/04 2
05-06/2/04 4
9-10/02/04 6
10-11/02/04 12
11-12/02/04 5
12-13/02/04 4
13-14/02/04 5
16-17/02/04 9
17-18/02/04 6
23/24/02/04 4
24-25/02/04 9
03-04/03/04 6
08-09/03/04 5
GF/A Filter Papers obtained during the monitoring at Gol Chouraha, Ghantaghar, Civil Lines and Ramadevi, Kanpur (sampling period April 2001-March2003) were used for the analysis of anions. Anions have been analyzed using Ion Chromatograph, at IIT, Kanpur). Mainly Chloride, Nitrate, Fluoride and Sulphate ions were found at all the four locations.
Among all the four anions (Fig 6.9) sulphate and chloride anion were found higher at all the four locations. The important reaction of SO2 in the atmosphere is its oxidation to SO3, which with water gives sulfuric acid. The acid or sulphates occur as aerosols. At Civil Lines Sulphate concentration ranges from 4-35µg/m3, at Ghantaghar ranges from 4-43 µg/m3, at Gol chouraha ranges from 3-33 µg/m3 and at Ramadevi it ranges from 4-31 µg/m3. At some points NO3 concentration was found little higher. Fluoride ion concentration was found very less at all the locations.
The maximum concentration of Toluene has been observed as 299 µg/m3. This value is approximately 8 times the normal average concentrations observed in this area of city of Kanpur. The values of Ethyl benzene can be observed as the follower of the toluene values. The reasons as identified in this area for such high concentrations are burning of tyres, wood chullahs, wood in open area in the winter season for heating during evening hours and Continuous use of vehicles at Grand Trunk road.
BTX Monitoring during Deepawali Festival:
During Deepawali festival, continuous BTX analyzer was operated at Sharda Nagar, Kanpur. The daily average values of all the BTX parameters are arranged in the table 6.4.
Table 6.4 Daily Average of BTX in Kanpur
Values are expressed in µg/m3 Date
Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene m+p Xylene O-Xylene
21.10.03 57.7
(96)*
107
(303)
64
(165)
10
(25)
6
(24)
22.10.03 37.3
(102)
163
(638)
82
(192)
8
(47)
13
(58)
23.10.03 47.5
(188)
192
(707)
111
(406)
8
(36)
10
(34)
24.10.03 29.3
(140)
95
(257.)
59
(150)
7
(77)
10
(49)
25.10.03
Deepawali Day
8.7
(33)
36
(102)
24
(60)
4
(29)
11
(24)
26.10.03 8.3
(37)
39
(147)
26
(93)
5
(51)
13
(32)
27.10.03 7.3
(37)
49
(149)
33
(95)
3
(31)
13
(30)
Values in parenthesis show the peak of the day.
Benzene is a stable compound and stays in the environment for several days. Benzene concentration of the order of 100 µg/m3 remained in the atmosphere on 22nd and concentration of 200 µg/m3 remained on 23rd October evening time. While average concentration of Benzene of this place is measured between 10 to 30 µg/m3. Hence the festival season has increased the pollution nearly ten times. The average levels have increased drastically before Deepawali days but did not increase on and after festival days.
Daily variation of the pollutants shows that the concentration of Toluene increases during evening hours and remains consistent till 2-3 am. The parameters of BTX show that the concentration is not very high on the day of Deepawali rather remained very high on some 2 to 3 days before the occasion. Hence, the traffic activity has to be controlled in a big way so as to avoid traffic jams and should be better controlled on earlier days rather than on the exact day of festival.
Toluene concentration of highest level near 700 µg/m3 remained in the atmosphere on 23rd and on 22nd. While the average concentration of Toluene of this place is measured near to 100 µg/m3. Hence concentration was about seven times in these festival days. Similar trend was seen for Ethyl Benzene and O-Xylene
Agra
The monitoring was initiated in compliance to the direction of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in the case of M.C. Mehta Vs. Union Government and Others (with reference to Writ Petition [C] No.13381/1981 related to Taj Pollution Matter). The Project Office at Agra started the monitoring activities in the year 2001 (December) and is continued till date The Varadarajan Committee (constituted by Hon'ble Supreme court in its report of 1995) identified four broad areas/locations for air quality monitoring to meet the objective of the study and present investigation was initiated accordingly at Rambagh, Nunhai (industrial locations), Itmad-ud-daulah (historical monument surrounded by industrial units) and Taj Mahal
The annual variation in the pollutant level viz. SPM, RSPM, NO2 and SO2 as observed in the year 2002 & 2003 is shown in Fig 6.11. Based on annual arithmetic mean for concerned year the Exceedance Factor (EF) has been calculated for each monitored parameter and is depicted in Table 6.5. Additionally, the locations has been categorised as Critical, High, Moderate and Low based on the value of Exceedance Factor in Table 6.6.
Table6.5 Variation in Exceedance Factor (EF) for pollutants in the ambient air at Agra
Location » Taj Mahal Itmad-ud-
daulah Rambagh Nunhai
Parameter»/Year» 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003
SPM 5.37 5.12 6.90 6.61 6.67 6.80 9.64 9.31
RSPM 2.94 2.92 3.78 3.86 3.54 3.72 4.77 5.43
NO2 1.43 1.44 1.74 1.78 1.80 1.45 2.18 2.24
SO2 0.32 0.29 0.33 0.30 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.28
Note: Italicised and bold figures indicate reduction in EF in the year 2003
Table6.6 Categorization of locations into Critical, High, Moderate or Low Pollution Area
Location » Taj Mahal Itmad-ud-daulah Rambagh Nunhai
ParameterÚ /Year» 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003
SPM C C C C C C C C
RSPM C C C C C C C C
NO2 H H C C C H C C
SO2 L L L L L L L L
Note: Critical (C): EF >1.5, High (H): EF 1.0-1.0, Moderate (M): 0.5-1.0 and Low (L): <0.5
During the period (April 2003 to March 2004), the SPM concentration in the ambient air ranged between 74 - 700 µg/m3, 120 - 734 µg/m3, 178 - 777 µg/m3 and 240 - 1026 µg/m3 at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai AAQMS respectively. However, annual arithmetic mean at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai were recorded to be 343 µg/m3, 461 µg/m3, 477 µg/m3 and 670 µg/m3 respectively. Fig 6.12 shows the monthly variation over the last one year.It is apparent that SPM levels were lower in the month of June, July and August 2003, being a rainy season, invariably at all the locations. On the basis of annual average, the SPM concentration exceeded the permissible limit by five times (at Taj Mahal) to nine and half times (at Nunhai) and little over six and half times both at Itmad-ud-daulah and Rambagh that marks the criticality of the pollutant.
The RSPM concentration in the ambient air ranged between 29 - 218 µg/m3, 46 - 338 µg/m3, 58 - 266 µg/m3 and 62 - 404 µg/m3 at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai AAQMS respectively. However, annual arithmetic mean at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai were recorded to be 140 µg/m3, 178 µg/m3, 177 µg/m3 and 276 µg/m3 respectively. Fig 6.13 depicts the monthly variation as observed during the last year. Similarly, as in case of SPM, RSPM levels were also lower in the month of June, July and August 2003, being a rainy season, invariably at all the locations. On the basis of annual average, the RSPM
concentration exceeded the permissible limit by nearly three times (at Taj Mahal) to five and half times (at Nunhai) and by nearly three and half times both at Itmad-ud-daulah and Rambagh AAQMS.
The annual arithmetic mean for NO2 were observed to be 21 µg/m3, 28µg/m3, 24 µg/m3 and 34 µg/m3 with an annual range of 9 - 35 µg/m3, 14 - 44 µg/m3, 15 - 39 µg/m3 and 18 - 50 µg/m3 at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai AAQMS respectively. It is observed from Fig 6.14 that the concentration of NO2 in the ambient air goes up in the winter season (Nov and Dec 2003) that could be attributed to stable climate, low temperature and meteorological factors (inversion, mixing height). The full variation in the monthly concentrations of NO2 over the last year can also be observed.
The concentration of Sulphur dioxide in the ambient air was found to well below the permissible limit irrespective of the location and time. It seems that SO2 is no longer a critical pollutant considering the previous year observations (in the year 2002 and 2003). In addition to the above observations, a continuous programme towards the improvement in the field monitoring and analysis have been formulated and implemented successfully. In-house calibration for monitoring instruments is done in a time-bound frame as per the requirement. Various steps have been taken towards assessing the methodological limitations, instrumental efficiencies/limitations and analyst proficiency tests (by replicate analysis). It has been found that availability of weather data (temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed) is must for meaningful interpretation of observed data; the same (weather monitoring system) was inducted and is in operation since March 2004. The installation of Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) to have more understanding on intricacies of climatic components and pollution levels is in process. On the spot analysis (NO2 & SO2) and ambient air monitoring for Ozone at Taj Mahal AAQMS is underway on experimental basis. An experimental study has been initiated on the possibilities of SPM sampling with RDS 460 Dx at Taj Mahal AAQMS by means of preconditioned dust caps. Combined graph (Fig 6.15) for temperature profile and percentile distribution (PM10 in PM100 in the ambient air) that shows negative correlation.
Measurement of Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF) in Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF) mainly comprise hundreds of particulate bound organic compounds present in ambient air. Some of the important BSOF compounds include Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Oxidized Hydrocarbons (aldehydes, ketones, oxyacids etc.) and Dioxins and Furans. Measurement of BSOF gives an idea about the anthropogenic emissions originating from the combustion sources. BSOF is being sporadically measured in RSPM or PM10 at BSZ Marg Traffic Intersection Delhi since year 2001. Preliminary results indicate that BSOF during the winter months were higher ranging from 34 - 70 µg/m3, while the lowest values (16 µg/m3) were observed in monsoon period. Alarmingly high levels of RSPM ranging between 800 - 900 µg/m3 was observed during summer months (May and June 2003), however the BSOF levels in such high concentration of RSPM was found only 3 - 4% of RSPM. This clearly reveals that the high levels of RSPM observed in Delhi is mainly contributed by natural sources such as wind blown dust and re-suspension of soil dust. This was further demonstrated during monsoon period (July 2003) when average RSPM was observed only 67 µg/m3 (perhaps due to wet deposition factor) but the BSOF even at such low levels of RSPM was found quite higher (25%) in comparison to other months (Table 6.7).
Table 6.7 BSOF Levels in RSPM at Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, Delhi
Period BSOF (µg/m3) RSPM (µg/m3) Percent BSOF in RSPM
December-2001 34 327 11%
January-2002 70 387 20%
December-2002 67 361 17%
January-2003 44 285 12%
May-2003 34 834 4%
June-2003 30 944 3%
July-2003 16 67 25%
Benzene Levels in Ambient Air of Delhi During year 2003 (Passive Method)
The Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is a collective name for large but heterogeneous group of organic compounds including benzene having a vapor pressure greater than 10-1 mm Hg at 25 0 C and 760 mm Hg. Benzene is a harmful pollutant causing exposure-related health affects in human beings. It is mainly released from anthropogenic activities such as transportation (from vehicles exhaust, filling and evaporative losses), industrial processes, combustion etc.
Central Pollution Control Board is continuously monitoring benzene in Delhi using diffusive samplers (passive sampling method) at seven locations namely Ashok Vihar, I.T.O, J.N.U., Moti Nagar, East Arjun Nagar, SiriFort and Town Hall. Minimum, maximum and mean concentration of benzene at different locations of Delhi during year 2003 is presented in Fig 6.16. The mean concentration of benzene ranged between 6 µg/m3 (J.N.U) to 14 µg/m3 (I.T.O). The maximum concentration of 26 µg/ m3 and the minimum concentration of 2 µg/m3 were observed at I.T.O. and J.N. U. respectively.
Benzene Levels during Peak and Lean Traffic Hours in Delhi
Benzene monitoring was conducted during peak traffic hours (between 8am - 10 am and 6 pm - 8 pm) and the lean traffic hours (12 noon - 2 pm and 3 pm - 5 pm) at different locations in Delhi during January 2003.The selected locations were Preet Vihar (petrol pump), CBD CNG filling station near Karkardooma Court complex, ITO (traffic intersection) and Siri Fort. Samples were collected using charcoal tube and Low volume sampler (active sampling method). The collected samples were analysed using CS2 desorption and GC-FID techniques. The concentrations of the Benzene during peak & lean hours of traffic are presented in Fig 6.17.
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT AT DOMBIVILLI INDUSTRIAL AREA, MAHARASHTRA
Storm water drains carries partially treated / untreated industrial effluents to a recipient water body which is a Creek Improper management of effluent drainage network resulting into many breaches, blockages, spillages, etc. and diversion of
the same to storm water drains without further treatment at CETPs Effluent treatment capacity at the Estate falling short for 3-4 MLD of effluent generated particularly from Phase-II of estate Three textile units located outside MIDC area (estate) discharge untreated effluents into storm water drains of MIDC Presence of high organic load in two major drains emerging from two Phases of MIDC area - Effluent also colorful & fouling Few units found discharging untreated effluent directly into storm water drains. Air pollution (particularly dust pollution) found rampant, on account of many textile process houses releasing smoky effluent Smell of various chemicals prominent, particularly in Phase-II, on account of emissions of volatile organics. RSPM levels have been observed in the range 65-571 µg/m3, SO2 23-293 µg/m3, and NOx 14-84 µg/m3, as per MPCB
monitoring during year 2003. Problem of air pollution worsened due to the poor road condition and high traffic density on the road adjoining estate. Large quantity of waste (mostly containing chemical & textile wastes) dumped haphazardly along the road sides and on a
few plots within the estate. Most small scale units not having proper on-site storage facility for solid /hazardous wastes because of this. Nearest TSDF only at Taloja, which is around 30 km away - Some industries have taken membership of this TSDF for safe
disposal - MPCB issued some notices/directions for improvement in hazardous waste management.
Based on the studies, it is recommended that MIDC must ensure storm water drains of the Estate free from industrial effluents- Drainage network must be closely monitored & maintained - No effluent collected at intermediate pump houses to be strictly taken to CETP - Treated effluent disposal pipeline work to be expedited to ensure disposal into deep creek. Improve vigilance & checks to prevent illegal dumping of hazardous wastes in MIDC area.
Three textile units in the non-MIDC area facing residential population must expedite taking connection to the MIDC drainage or lay a
direct disposal pipeline to keep storm water drains free from these effluents (volume ~ 1MLD) - ETP & ECS needs to be upgraded in order to achieve compliance.
Two units have been found indulged in illegal discharge must augment their ETP and give proper treatment, avoiding bypass of ETP.
Kalyan-Ambernath Manufacturers Association (KAMA) must take up vigorous exercise of lifting industrial wastes dumped within the estate haphazardly and transferring the same to nearby TSDF. Improve vigilance & checks to avoid such illegal dumping. Common effluent treatment capacity in Phase-II needs to be augmented to take care of additional effluent load (3-4 MLD) presently discharged without treatment.
GROUND WATER QUALITY AROUND COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (CETP) & COMMON SECURED LANDFILL SITES (CSLS) IN GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA
A study on the groundwater quality were carried out under the project entitled "Studies on Groundwater quality around CETP and CSLS in Gujarat" to assess the pollution potential caused by the CETP & CSLS. In the study, the secured land fill sites located at Vapi, Ankaleshwar, Nandesari and Vatva were covered.
The objective of the study was to assess the contamination of ground water, if any, caused by the CETP and CSLS. The observations are as follows:
There is no inspection well available as per the norms laid in "Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills: HAZWAMS/17/2000-01" for measuring Groundwater quality at various depths both at up gradient and down gradient with respect to the direction of flow surrounding the disposal site.
There are only few bore wells bored haphazardly near the sites that too are shallow and dried. There is no Laboratory facility available at the site for verification of acceptance criteria of incoming wastes from different
Industries. Hazardous wastes are randomly disposed by the labours without wearing protective cloth.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY AROUND COMMON SECURED LAND FILL SITES (CSLS) IN GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA
Groundwater and biological samples were collected for analysis around CSLS at Nandesari, Ankleshwar in Gujarat and Taloja, Tarapur in Maharashtra to study contamination trend. It has been derived that Ground water quality around Common Secured Landfill Sites is gradually in the process of deterioration with the time.
Nandesari Industrial area
Ground water samples were analyzed in different seasons from three sampling locations within Nandesari industrial area. The colour of the Ground water indicated high contamination near common Secured Land Fill Site at Nandesari GIDC. It suggests that the site is not much safe and secured to prevent contamination.
Analytical results indicated that pH varied around Nandesari Industrial area between 6.6 and 8.1, whereas Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied between 3192 mg/l and 7633 mg/l around Nandesari Industrial area. Higher TDS encountered through out the year with values exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l.
The measured Alkalinity varied between 360 mg/l and 1391 mg/l around Nandesari Industrial area. The chlorides in groundwater in the Nandesari Industrial area varied between 969 mg/l and 2336 mg/l. Phosphate remained in the range of BDL to 0.003 mg/l around the Industrial area.
All values of alkalinity were exceeding the limit of 200 mg/l. The values of chloride in the ground water measured around Nandesari industrial estate exceeded the limit of 250 mg/l.
Ankleshwar CSLS area
The measured pH values were ranging from 7.0 to 7.9, which were well within the limit of 6.5 - 8.5. The measured values of TDS in the groundwater were in the range of 973 mg/l and 2476 mg/l. The analytical results
indicate significant contamination by the surface pollutants. The values were exceeding the limits of 500 mg/l at all stations during various sampling rounds.
The measured total hardness varied between 312 mg/l and 570 mg/l, whereas, Alkalinity was in the range between 410 mg/l and 880 mg/l indicates that all values were exceeding the limit of 200 mg/l. The reason for high total Hardness and alkalinity in the Ground water may be attributed to the percolation of haphazardly discharged industrial pollutants.
The measured Chloride ranged between 255 mg/l and as high as 755 mg/l. The chloride concentrations were not within the limit of 250 mg/l except one observation.
The Sulphate varied between 46 mg/l and 694 mg/l. Higher values were encountered at North East Side bore well Naka, which have exceeded the limit of 250 mg/l.
Measured values of nitrate varied between BDL and 1.6 mg/l, which indicate that the values were within the limit of 45 mg/l. The measured values of fluoride were within the limit of 1.0 mg/l. The Calcium varied between 28 mg/l and as high as 191 mg/l, whereas, Magnesium varied between 9 mg/l to 119 mg/l.
Taloja CSLS area
The measured pH values in groundwater in this area were ranging between 7.3 to 7.9, which were well within the limits. The TDS values were well within the limit of 500 mg/l except one observation, varied from 204 mg/l to 554 mg/l. The measured values of total hardness, Calcium and Magnesium were well within the limits of 300mg/l, 75 mg/l and 30 mg/l
respectively. The measured values of Alkalinity were exceeding during one observation while other values were within the limit of 200
mg/l. The measured values of chloride, Sulphate and nitrate were well within their respective limits.
Tarapur Industrial area
The pH measured values were ranging from 6.9 to 7.8, while the measured values of TDS at all the locations were exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l except few observations; the values were varying between 308 mg/l to 5008 mg/l.
The maximum observed values of total hardness, Calcium and Magnesium were exceeding the limit of 300 mg/l, 75 mg/l and 30 mg/l
The Alkalinity was ranging from 127 mg/l to 520 mg/l and maximum observations were exceeding the limit of 200 mg/l however in case of Chloride, maximum observation were well within the limit of 250 mg/l and ranging between 39 mg/l to 1967 mg/l.
The Sulphate values were well within the limit of 200 mg/l and all the observed values of Nitrate were well within the limit of 45 mg/l.
COASTAL POLLUTION ASSESSMENT & STUDIES
Studies on pollution potential from fishing harbours to the coastal waters
Veraval fishing harbour was established in 1986, as an important intermediate Lighter age fair weather port, situated at latitude 20'-54' 40" and longitude 70'-22' 12" E on the South West coast of Saurashtra peninsula facing to open Arabian Sea and nearly 62 miles south of Porbander and 192 miles of North of Bombay. The port is well protected by break water extending 160 ft. in the open sea with fairly deep water of about 8 to 9 fathoms. It was originally designed for operation of 800 fishing vessels. However, a total of about 3500 fishing vessels of different kinds like 2457 trawlers, 93 gill-netters, 681 FRP and 306 wooden vessels are operating from this fishing harbour presently. Monitoring was carried out at four locations in fishing harbour area and three locations in the Sea. The harbour related activities may affect the quality of coastal waters and its environment, therefore, the studies being undertaken. The project has been entrusted to the Fisheries Research Station, Gujarat Agriculture University, Okha, the detailed study is under progress and it will provide certain remedial measures to keep the fishing harbour and its environment free from pollution threats.
In addition to this load of pollution generated from the operation of boats and vessels, the domestic wastewater generated from the Veraval town is being discharged into the fishing harbour area without collection/treatment and also the effluent generated from the 42 fish processing industries located in the nearby GIDC also being discharged into this fishing harbour area. The industries association of Veraval has commissioned a Common Effluent Treatment Plant with a designed treatment capacity of 5.0 mld to treat the effluent generated from the 42 fish processing industries in Veraval, the approximate effluent generation from these industries are 3.5 mld.
The study indicated that at least 6-7 crew members stay in the vessel and all the domestic wastes generated from the vessel are discharged within the harbour area. Besides, about 5.4 MLD municipal sewage generated from the Veraval town having a population of 1,41,207 (2001 census) also reaches to the harbour area through drains without any treatment. The effluent generated by 42 fish processing industries located in the nearby GIDC is also being discharged into the harbour area. It has been observed that dissolved oxygen content was very less in the winter, which sometimes reaches to nil. Another important observation is that almost during the entire year, except monsoon period, the entire water in the harbour area becomes pinkish due to mixing of effluent from fish processing industries, sewage from the municipality and wastes like Oil and Grease, paints etc. from the fishing vessels. High concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was observed in the harbour water is mainly due to high traffic of fishing vessels, release of municipal sewage and effluent from fish processing plants and poor flushing of port basin.
Environmental status of coastal aquaculture in India
India is placed fifth in the major aquaculture shrimp (prawn) producers in the world contributing about 8.59% of the total world production (1999). In India almost 59% of the shrimp export is contributed from aquaculture, which clearly indicates that aquaculture has become an integral part of national fisheries and economy. The statistics shows that in 1988-89 the shrimp production through aquaculture was only 28,000 tonnes, which has risen to 1,15,320 tonnes during 2002-2003. The total area under coastal aquaculture in the country is 1,52,080 hectares at present 80000 Ha area is in Maharastra and 376000 Ha area in Gujarat.
The booming of shrimp farming has had both positive and negative implications. On one hand it has made unproductive or marginally productive land into productive and created employment in rural coastal areas and thus improving the overall economic condition of rural people. On the contrary the unplanned and irregulated growth of coastal aquaculture has caused environmental, technical and social issues. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has initiated a study on the environmental aspects of coastal aquaculture in the western part of the country covering states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, since the rapidly expanding aquaculture industry has a number of social and environmental side effects, which have been witnessed elsewhere in the world.
The monitoring of aqua farms in both Gujarat and Maharashtra states indicated that the wastewater generated from these aqua farms have been discharged either to the creeks, estuaries or directly into the sea without any treatment, which may result in the contamination of the creeks, estuaries, etc. A large number of farmers have come up in coastal areas by converting agricultural land, salt pans and wetlands, including ecologically sensitive areas. Besides, the effluent discharged during harvesting and pond cleaning
has much pollution potential due to release of effluent containing high organic and nutrients loads.
An extensive study was conducted on the pollution potential from aquaculture farms by monitoring 68 ponds from 15 shrimp farms located in Gujarat and Maharashtra. The results indicate that the wastewater discharged during exchange/harvesting periods, some quantity of nutrients like Phosphates, Nitrates etc. are discharged along with into the receiving water body. The effluent discharged during harvesting showed BOD to the range of 80 mg/l, Total Phosphorous 2.5 mg/l, Total Nitrogen 15 mg/l and Total Suspended Solids 752 mg/l.
Case studies on Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch, Jamnagar, Gujarat
Gulf of Kutch is the longest coastal habitat on the West Coast in Gujarat. The Marine National Park and the Marine Sanctuary are situated in the Gulf of Kutch along the southern shore of Gulf from Okha in vicinity of Khijadia. It includes 42 islands and a complex of fringing reefs, mudflats, coastal salt marshes, sand flats, mangrove forests, sandy and rocky beaches supported by a diversity of fauna and flora. The Gulf of Kutch located on the West Coast of India in Gujarat state possess a variety of marine wealth like mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass & sea weeds, sandy areas, mud flats, and varieties of flora fauna etc.
By considering the importance of the marine wealth and uniqueness of the ecosystem prevailing in the Gulf of Kutch area the Government of Gujarat has initiated an area of 457.92 Sq.km as a Marine sanctuary by notification dated.12.8.1980 and further the area measuring 162.89 Sq.km was declared as Marine National park by notification dated 20.7.1982 and declared as protected area to preserve the marine species. The Marine National Park is very rich in fauna and flora, having coral reefs of 37 varieties comprising hard and soft corals, 70 species of sponges, 150-200 species of fishes, 27 species of prawns, 30 species of crabs, 94 species of water birds,3 species of sea mammals, 78 species of terrestrial birds, 108 species of brown, green & red algae, more than 200 species of molluscs etc.
Gulf of Kutch is an arid zone with scanty rainfall and is having less vegetation. This has resulted in extensive felling of mangroves for firewood and fodder for cattle and camel. Besides, the construction of salt pans has cleared vast areas of mangrove vegetation. Creation of harbours, new ports, ship-breaking yard at Sachana have created adverse impact on overall environment of the Gulf of Kutch. Industrial developments and disposal of treated and untreated effluents to the Gulf area can be a threat to the Gulf environment, for example frequent accidental chemical spills from the industries adjoining the Marine National Park. This area is being affected by the busy port of Vadinar and Kandla and also private jetties, which was constructed in this area. Imported crude and petroleum products are unloaded here and increasing activities like laying of pipelines and other industrial developments around this area are taking place at a faster rate. Frequent accidental chemical spills from the adjoining industries may be the threat to the Marine National Park environment.
The study has been undertaken by the Central Pollution Control Board to assess the overall pollution load and environmental threats to the marine life of the National Park. The project has been entrusted to the Fisheries Research Station (FRS), Gujarat Agriculture University, Okha. The Fisheries Research Station has carried out the monitoring in Marine National Park, around 11 sampling locations have been selected for the assessment of the pollution load in the Park area.
Studies on pollution potential from Fish Processing industries of coastal waters
The fishing industry includes capture fisheries, processing, marketing and conservation of fish and shellfish resources. The demand for food, especially food rich in protein is increasing along with population growth. The fishing industry has increased its annual catch to meet this demand. As fish is a perishable item, it deteriorates immediately after death. To prevent spoiling of fish, several methods or processing technologies have been developed for the last few decades. Since it is an export-oriented industry, it has to achieve the international quality products.
The fish processing industries mostly located in coastal states. Like other industrial processes, the fish processing will also generate waste in the form of liquid waste and solid waste. During fish processing large quantity of water has been utilized, which returns as wastewater. Besides, a phenomenal quantity of solid waste also generated depending on the type of fish processed and the process technology used. These wastes finds their way to the coastal waters through drains, creeks, estuaries etc. The liquid waste mainly consists of organic waste like blood, body fluids etc, and solid waste consists of discarded body organs like head of the fish, fins, scales, gut and intestinal parts etc.
The fish processing is basically of two types - one is whole body process, where the whole fish is being washed and packed without cutting, the second type of fish processing involves processing by way of cutting and removing the head, gut and intestinal parts etc. Both these process generates the wastewater and the same is being discharged into the sea directly or indirectly. In fish processing, water is being used extensively for washing and cleaning purposes. In Gujarat approximately 56 fish processing industries are located at GIDC Veraval, Mangrol, Porbander, Dwaraka, while in Maharashtra, 39 fish processing units are located in MIDC Taloja, Thane, New Mumbai, Ratnagiri areas.
The main objective of the study was to assess the pollution potential from fish processing industries reaching the sea through creeks, rivers etc. The wastewater treatment system provided by the fish processing industries presently involve Collection -›Neutralization -›Aeration -› Discharge into the drain.
The analysis results of treated wastewater reveal that the consented parameters like pH, COD, BOD, SS, O&G are not meeting the prescribed limit despite the fact that the wastewater is treated through above treatment system. The studies carried out to assess the pollution potential from fish processing industries showed the BOD to the tune of 2067 mg/l, Suspended Solids 1300 mg/l and Oil & Grease 19 mg/l. The variations with values of the parameters are mainly due to the type of processing technology used. However, at
GIDC Veraval, the Industries Association has already commissioned the Common Effluent Treatment Plant for the treatment of the effluent generated from the fish processing industries. In Navi Mumbai and Thane industrial areas, some of the fish processing industries have taken the member ship of CETPs.
Assessment of Pollution load from land based Activities influencing the coastal marine environment of Gujarat and Maharashtra
The marine ecosystem is considered as most complex and dynamic physical ecosystem existing on the earth. It was estimated that, approximately 60% of the world's population is living within the distance of approximately 60 km from the shoreline. India is having the coastline of about 8118 kilometers covering the littoral states and the union territories. The coastal area accommodates about 25% of country's total population by virtue of its geographical location. The human intervention through the developmental activities like extensive urbanization, industrialization, construction of ports and harbours, development of cities and towns along the coast is drastically changing the coastal dynamics.
All these man made activities are directly or indirectly influencing the water quality coastal waters by way of generating some sort of waste in the form of liquid or solid, which is being discharged into the coastal waters, resulting in drastic change in water quality and depletion of marine productivity etc. The domestic effluent or the municipal wastewater constitutes the largest single source of coastal pollution, followed by the discharges from the industries, ports and harbours etc.
The Central Pollution Control Board has undertaken a study to assess the pollution load from land based activities influencing the coastal marine environment of Gujarat and Maharashtra states by way of collecting the dry data on industrial development, population of the cities and towns, water consumption, waste water generation, treatment systems provided from all the littoral states and union territories. The collected data will be used for the assessment of pollution load received by the sea
The studies conducted in the littoral states of Gujarat and Maharashtra and Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli indicated that out of 27 metrocities in the country, 4 are located in the coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The 19 class-I cities including metrocities having population of 21,342,379 and 15 class-II towns having a population of 993,228 are located in coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
The quantity of treated/partially treated/ untreated domestic sewage reaching the coastal waters from these cities and towns is about 3114 MLD. Besides there are about 220 industries including industrial estates discharging their treated/ partially treated/ untreated effluents of various dimensions to the coastal waters of these states. The activities like coastal aquaculture, salt pans, ships building also affect the quality of the coastal waters to some extent.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN DIU
Diu is an island having an area of 40 sq km and located on the Sourashtra coast of Gujarat state. It is the part of Union Territory of Daman and Diu. The island is bounded by Junagadh and Amreli Districts of Gujarat in the North and surrounded by the Arabian Sea from three other sides. The Diu island is connected by two bridges with the mainland and lies between the North Longitude of 200 - 44' - 34" and 200 - 42' - 00" and East Longitude of 710 - 52' - 26". The Diu town is located at the east end of the island. The Diu Island called as Diu district occupies an area of about 40 sq. kms, the islands maximum width from extreme North to South measures 4.6 kms from East to West 13.8 kms. The Island has one main town and 5 villages. There are one Municipal Council (B) type and two villages Panchayat.
The main sources of income of the people in Diu are fishing, salt production, tourism etc. Diu is having limited groundwater resources and gets the potable water through pipeline from outside Diu i.e from Raval dam constructed on Raval River in Gujarat. The available ground water is mainly used for domestic purposes (except for drinking) and for irrigation, which has a TDS, ranging from 579 to 10,492 mg/l. In Diu there is no piped sewerage system however soakpit latrines are provided.
The industrialization in Diu is comparatively less, most of the industries are in small-scale sector and have been closed at present. The industrialization of Diu started in 1971 with 17 units and in 1981 it has increased to 103 industries, most of the industries are located in Malala and some are scattered in Bucharwada, Vanakbara etc. The industries in Diu comprises Oil, Ice & Soda, Engineering, Distilleries, Salt manufacturers, floor & Rice mills etc. As observed during the monitoring, most of the industries in Diu are not under operation due to the prevailing market condition. The monitoring was carried out for ambient air (4 locations), noise (4 locations), groundwater (9 locations) and Seawater (4 locations at beaches). Most of the pollution parameters of noise, air and water were found well within the limit except TDS in groundwater.
The Municipal solid waste is managed through collection and dumping near the seashore which is not scientifically managed presently. The air pollution in Diu is mainly from automobiles like chhakdas (a type of three wheeler), auto rickshaws and minibuses.
The ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations (Vanakbara, Malala Industrial Estate, Central Bus Depot) for the parameters SO2, NOX, SPM, RSPM and Lead. The RSPM ranged between 31 mg /m3 to 159 mg /m3, SPM 23.75 mg /m3 to 593.9 mg /m3, NOX 7.6 mg /m3 to 24.8m mg /m3, while sulphur dioxide remained well below the detection limit all the time. Ground water samples were collected from different locations and analyzed for physico chemical parameters, which has high TDS, ranging between 579 to 10,492 mg/l. During the monitoring the RSPM value ranged from 3.22 to 170 µg/m3. Maximum NOx content in the air recorded was 24.8 µg/m3.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN GODAVARI RIVER DURING KUMBH MELA AT NASHIK
The objective of the study was to assess the water quality of the river during Kumbh Mela. Nashik is a holy place, where Kumbh Mela occurs once in twelve years. Around 20 lakh pilgrims take holy bath within river Godavari in a short span of one month. Godavari River originates from Trimbkeshwar. The dam, holy Ram-kund and Tapovan are located in down stream of Trimbkeshwar. Team from Zonal Office of CPCB carried out monitoring at Trambkeshwar, u/s and d/s of Ram-kund, u/s Tapovan and at the d/s of the discharge point of sewage treatment plant of Nashik. As an impact of bathing activity during Kumbh, slight increase in TDS, Total Hardness, Sulphate, Phosphate and Turbidity observed in samples collected from downstream. Concentration of BOD, COD and DO have been found well within the bathing standards at all locations because of high flow in the river.
DOD SPONSORED PROJECT UNDER COMAPS "LAND BASED SOURCES OF POLLUTION TO THE COASTAL WATERS OF GUJARAT, MAHARASHTRA AND UT OF DAMAN, DIU & DADRA NAGAR HAVELI
The main objective of the project is to assess the land based source of pollution to the coastal water by way of inventorization of sources like industries, municipalities and monitoring of single source and significant discharges which are influencing the coastal water quality. Questionnaires were prepared and circulated among the concerned organizations, agencies, industries, aquaculture farms, municipalities etc. for the collection of information/dry data on following coastal activities:
Industries and industrial estate Municipal sewage disposal Municipal solid waste disposal Coastal Aquaculture Fishing Harbours Salt pans Ports and Harbours Ship breaking yards Ship building yards Fish processing Industries
Dry information collection from industries and municipalities located in the coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra and UTs of Daman, Diu, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Silvassa is in progress. The details of industries, municipalities from where the information being compiled is presented in Table 6.8.
Table 6.8 Details if Industries and Municipalities
Gujarat
Sl.
No.
Industries/ industrial estates Sl.
No.
Municipalities
01 Saurashtra Chem. Ltd; Porbandar 01 Mnagrol Nagar Palika, Junagaadh
02 GSFC, Sikka, Jamnaagar 02 Navsari Nagar Palika, Navsari
03 Gujarat Heavy Chem. Ltd, Satrapada 03 Khambhat Nagar Palika, Khambhat
04 Tata Chem. Ltd, Mithapur, Jamnagar 04 Bharuch Municipality, Bharuch
05 GEB. Lakhpat, Kutch 05 Jamnagar Municipal Corporation, Jamnagar
06 UPL Unit-1, Ankleshwar 06 Surat Municipal Corporation, Surat
07 UPL Unit-2, Ankleshwar 07 Gandhidham Municipality, Gandhidham
08 UPL Unit-5, Bharuch
09 KRIBHCO, Surat
10 Gujarat Alkalies and Chemical Ltd; Vadodara
11 Gujarat Alkalies and Chemical Ltd; Dahej, Bharuch
12 Gujarat Gas Company Ltd, Adajan, Surat
13 Indian Rayon and Industries Ltd, Veraval
14 Sachna Ship Breaking Yard
15 Atul Limited, Valsad
16 Gujarat Electricity Board, Sikka
17 Century Chemicals, Jamnagar
18 Indian Farmer Fertilizer Ltd, Kandla, Kutch
19 KLJ Polymers and Chem. Ltd, Nani Daman
20 Panoli Enviro Technology Ltd, GIDC, Panoli
21 Environ Technology Ltd, GIDC, Ankleshwar
22 Gujarat Maritime Board, Alang Ship Braking Yard, Bhavnagar
23 Saurashtra Cement Ltd, Ranavav, Gujarat
24 Ambuja Cement, Kodinar
25 Shree Digvijay Cement, Sikka
Maharashtra
Sl.
No.
Industries/ industrial estates Sl.
No.
Municipalities
01 Finolex India Ltd, Ratnagiri 01 Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation
02 Clariant (India) Ltd, Thane 02 Ratnagiri Municipal Corporation
03 Excel India Ltd, Ratnagiri 03 Mumbai Municipal Corporation
04 USV Ltd, Lote, Ratnagiri
05 NRC Ltd, Kalyan, Thane
06 S.R. Drugs Pvt. Ltd, Lote Ratnagiri
07 Indian Oxalate Ltd, Lote Ratnagiri
08 Kesar Petro-Products Ltd, Lote, Ratnagiri
09 Oxides and Specialities Ltd, Lote Parshuram, Ratnagiri
10 Vashisthi Detergent Ltd. Lote Parshuram, Ratnagiri
11 Gharda Chemical, Lote Parshuram, Ratnagiri
12 Goodlas Nerolac Paints Ltd, Lote, Ratnagiri
13 Amines and Plasticisers Ltd
14 DE-NOCIL Crop. Prot. Pvt. Lote, Ratnagiri
15 Century Rayon, Shahad, Thane
16 Apar Industries Ltd, Trombay Mumbai
17 IPCl Raigad
18 Navin Ltd, Shahad, Kalyan
19 Indofil Chemicals Company
20 Gharda Chemicals Ltd
Union Territories Sl.
No.
Industries/ industrial estates Sl.
No.
Municipalities
01 KLJ Polymers and Chem Ltd. Nani Daman 01 Daman Municipal Council
AIR QUALITY AT TRAFFIC INTERSECTION
Ranchi (Jharkhand)
Ambient air quality monitoring at nine major traffic intersection in Ranchi (Jharkhand) is being carried out in association with Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board in two phases covering two seasons - pre-winter and winter. The pre-winter monitoring has been completed during October 2003. The winter monitoring has been completed in first week of February, 2004. The monitoring was carried out on 24-hourly average basis at nine major traffic intersections covering entire Ranchi City Area. Data are presented in Table 6.9.
Table 6.9 Ambient Air Quality at Selected Traffic Intersections in Ranchi
Sl.
No. Monitoring Station SPM RSPM SOx NOx Respirable Particulate Lead
1 Firayalal 234 185 24.3 225.7 0.100 2 Lalpur 810 295 10.0 199.7 0.077 3 Kanta Toli 899 357 67.5 348.3 0.230 4 Ratu Chowk 429 231 8.0 174.0 0.090 5 Piska More 1105 271 15.0 145.7 0.060 6 Booty More 1046 268 30.0 123.3 0.253 7 Argora Chowk 716 246 6.0 42.7 0.280 8 Birsa Chowk 805 190 4.5 105.7 0.580 9 Rajendra Chowk 343 197 9.0 68.0 0.227
All values are in µg/m3
Kolkata
The monitoring was conducted at 15 traffic intersections spread across Kolkata city to assess the ambient air quality and traffic characteristics. Air pollutants such as Respirable Dust, NO2, SO2 and PAH were measured and total incoming traffic was enumerated for each category of vehicles. The results obtained indicate there was large seasonal variation in air pollutants with peak concentration in winter. Concentration of NO2, Respirable Dust, CO, VOC and PAH are of major concern due to increase in vehicular traffic.
Concentration of PAH was found 31 ng/m3 for six compounds of which, the average concentration of highly carcinogenic compound Benzo(a)Pyrene was found 8.5 ng/m3. The composition of traffic at Kolkata indicates 55% vehicles are diesel driven, majority of them are of public transport. Among petrol driven vehicles, private cars dominate with 23% of total vehicles followed by 2-wheelers (16% of total vehicles) and 3-wheeler autos.
Table 6.10 Air Quality at Traffic Intersections in Kolkata in different seasons
NO2 in micrograms per cubic meter
RSPM in micrograms per cubic meter
PM10microns in micrograms per cubic meter
Traffic Intersection
Summer
2000
Winter
2001
Pre-monsoon
2003
Summer
2000
Winter
2001
Pre-monsoon
2003
Summer
2000
Winter
2001
Pre-monsoon
2003
Tollygung 67 163 78 198 518 129 688 1753 456
Hazra 49 101 68 124 288 182 651 652 553
Khidirpur 45 177 101 175 417 119 911 1126 502
Behala 43 132 83 74 437 139 495 977 775
Golpark 40 206 82 119 420 114 324 475 483
Garia 88 128 99 212 326 177 1045 823 744
Park Circus 37 68 97 144 264 76 687 386 234
Science City 26 109 88 52 224 47 312 562 189
Esplanade 34 100 95 104 248 78 389 596 237
Shyam Bagzar 73 95 105 177 335 151 879 509 516
Moulali 63 137 99 228 291 198 611 635 799
Ulta Danga 54 101 93 108 348 116 173 666 265
Cossipur 69 140 85 256 403 154 773 1193 546
Rabindra Sadan - 157 81 - 335 221 - 491 784
Howrah Bridge - 192 77 - 443 255 - 442 525
Average 53 134 89 152 353 144 611 752 507
Table 6.11 PAH levels at Traffic Intersections in Kolkata City - 2003
Sl.No.
Traffic Intersection
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Chrysene
Benzo
(e) Pyrene
Benzo (a) Pyrene
1 Behala Chowrasta 18 0.93 17.20 0.17 8.18 11.82
2 Chira More 1.00 1.10 1.64 1.00 1.07 1.00
3 Esplande NT 1.70 1.32 2.25 2.33 8.34
4 Gariahat 0.90 2.86 2.55 3.44 4.60 13.10
5 Golpark 7.55 7.33 3.75 0.36 9.29 11.60
6 Hazra More 0.80 1.68 1.30 0.60 3.00 6.40
7 Howrah Bridge 2.30 5.10 3.40 29.50 NT 2.25
8 Khidir pur 2.30 3.73 2.00 NT 9.98 10.75
9 Moulali 1.68 2.40 10.72 1.20 3.88 10.73
10 Park circus 0.39 1.35 0.70 NT 7.87 8.97
11 Rabindra Sadan 6.89 9.56 9.25 NT 9.78 13.94
12 Science City 2.76 3.53 2.00 0.61 NT NT
13 Shyam Bazar 1.9 3.2 8.35 2.81 1.23 7.90
14 Tollygung 0.4 2.2 1.0 1.27 2.30 2.10
15 Ultadanga 16 19.65 18.45 0.64 13.50 18.85
Average 4.19 4.42 5.58 2.92 5.13 8.52
Note: All the values are in nanograms per cubic meter; NT: Not traceable
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
1) STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR PAH AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR
PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbon) are environmental carcinogens and constitute an important class of organic aerosol components generated in a variety of combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere preferentially associated with sub micron size particles. Human exposure to ambient PAH generally occurs in combination with other substances, which are potentially carcinogenic substances. From above discussion it is clear that PAHs have significant impact on human health. Considering the above fact, the study was undertaken to assess the concentration of PAH compound at different location. Methodology for measurement of PAH (9 compounds) based on USEPA methodology was standardized for assessment of their concentration in ambient air in particulate matter. Performance of GC, calibration, extraction and clean-up of sample was thoroughly studied and reported. Recovery study was repeated again for further perfection of the methodology. On having confidence methodology was adopted to analyze the samples collected from Kolkata (West Bengal), Ranchi (Jharkhand) and Mirik (West Bengal) and at various Steel Plants. The results obtained are presented in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Range of concentration of PAH (ng/m3) at different locations
PAH Compound Kolkata Traffic Intersection
Mirik Lake Ranchi Traffic Intersection
Anthracene BDL to 18 BDL BDL to 2.1
Fluoroanthene 1.0 to 20 BDL BDL to 2.8
Pyrene BDL to 18 BDL BDL to 8.0
Chrycene BDL to 29 BDL 1.5 to 3.5
Benzo(e)Pyrene 1.0 to 13 BDL BDL to 3.7
Benzo(a)Pyrene 1.0 to 19 - 1.0 to 6.5
Phenanthrene - 1.8 BDL to 2.3
Benz Anthracene - - 1.5 to 8.3
Di benz Anthracene - - BDL
Benzo(g,h,i)Perylene - - BDL
Not done
BDL - Below Detection Limit
All Mirik lake (West Bengal) all the values of PAH compound were below detection level, where as in Kolkata and Ranchi, values were comparatively high. Highest value of Benzo(a)Pyerene was obtained at steel plant between from 21 ng/m3 to 248 ng/m3.
Studies will be continued for perfection of methodology and for generating baseline data of PAH level in ambient air.
2) STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR PAH COMPOUNDS AND MEASUREMENT OF PAH IN AMBIENT AIR OF KOLKATA
Poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important organic aerosol components generated in a variety of combustion processes and emitted into the atmosphere preferentially associated with the sub-micron size particles. Some species of PAH are known human carcinogens. Therefore, it is felt to standardise the methodology for measurement of six PAH species initially and to generate data regarding levels of PAH in ambient air of historical places namely Dakshineswar, Belur and Victoria Memorial.
3) STUDIES ON SULPHATES AND NITRATES IN THE AMBIENT AIR
The project studies was initiated to study the fate of acidic gases in the atmosphere. The acidic gases like SOx and NOx are reactive and form sulphate, nitrates and other secondary pollutants in the atmosphere during short time, which is not reflected in routine measurements of air quality. In the first phase of the project, samples at various atmospheres like problem areas, secured landfill sites, industrial areas and residential areas have been collected for analysis of Sulphates and Nitrates in ambient air in different seasons. Results indicated that at Subhanpura, Vadodara (residential area), the monthly average values of sulphate in ambient air varied between 0.84 µg/m3 and 9.9 µg/m3.
4) BTX PROFILE OF AMBIENT AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS AT PANIPAT REFINERY
The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) owns 10 refineries out of total 18 refineries in the country. IOCL commissioned Panipat Refinery (PR) at Baholi village in Panipat district of Haryana State. Panipat refinery is in operation since October 1988 with a design capacity to process 6 MMTPA crude oil. Panipat Refinery is configured to take feedstock of indigenous Bombay High (BH) crude oil (3 MMTPA) and imported Arab Mix (AM) crude oil (3 MMTPA). The total feed stock is received at the refinery site through cross-country pipeline.
The active sampling was carried out to collect BTX samples during 21-22 August, 2003 at major process units operating at one of the IOC refinery at Panipat as follows.
The adsorbent tube containing activated charcoal and thermal desorption tubes filled with Tenax were used for collection of BTX samples of ambient air & fugitive emissions using low flow pump. Tube conditioning before reuse of sample tube was carried out.
Sampling flow rate was fixed between 20-25 ml/min for both ambient air and fugitive emissions but sampling duration were kept between 5 min & 15 min for fugitive monitoring and 2 hrs for ambient air monitoring.
Samples collected through active sampling technique (sorbent tubes) may be desorbed by conventional solvent (generally carbon disulphide) or thermally (generally using standard automated thermal desorption apparatus) and analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with capillary column and flame ionization detector(FID).
The BTX profile of fugitive emissions at Panipat Refinery using ATD-GC-FID techniques is presented in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 BTX Profile in Fugitive Emissions at Panipat Refinery
S.
No. SAMPLING LOCATION
Benzene
(mg/ m3)
Toluene
(mg/ m3)
Xylene
(mg/ m3)
1 Naphtha Splitter 19.53 44.22 28.52
2 CCRU 16.28 11.36 4.90
3 ETP Inlet 19.46 14.55 16.61
4 Crude oil tank 3.16 1.80 0.65
5 Wagon loading top 78.59 169.91 --
6 Truck loading area 2.81 1.96 1.07
7 Truck top loading 306.07 812.40 195.46
BTX Profile of Ambient Air at Panipat Refinery
Ambient BTX was measured at three locations inside the premises and one in the township area. Results are presented in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 BTX Profile of Ambient Air at Panipat Refinery
S.No. Sampling location Benzene
(mg/ m3)
Toluene
(mg/ m3)
Xylene
(mg/ m3)
1 A.M.S Near SMPL 129 195 49
2 Near Strom Water Pond 190 301 66
3 Township Guest House 80 112 60
5) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES TO FIND THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (RSPM) AND OTHER CARCINOGENS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN DELHI
The Epidemiological study has been undertaken in collaboration with Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata to find the Effect of Air Pollutants especially Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi. The objectives of the study are as follows:
To prepare a database on air pollution related respiratory symptoms among the residents of Delhi. To assess the degree of lung function impairment in persons chronically exposed to city’s air. To explore the underlying mechanism of air pollution related pulmonary dysfunction at the cellular and
subcellular level.
The scope of work involves health assessment including evaluation of respiratory symptoms through questionnaire survey and clinical examination, assessment of lung function, assessment of cellular lung response to air pollution, assessment of systemic effects of Delhi’s air pollution, assessment of hematological profile, changes in liver and kidney function, assessment of genotoxic effects and correlation between health effect and air quality. Several health camps were organised in different parts of Delhi. The areas covered included East Arjun Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi Railway Station, Nehru Place, Okhla, Tughlakabad Institutional Area.
6) STUDY ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION OF CHILDREN IN DELHI
A study is being carried out in Delhi on Health effects of air pollution on Children in Delhi. The study is being carried out by Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata. The duration of the study is two years. The objective of the study is assessment of the respiratory health status of school children chronically exposed to ambient air pollution of Delhi and establishment of a database relating to pollution related respiratory problems among children of the city. Prevalence, duration and severity of respiratory symptoms will be determined from questionnaire responses and actual tests on various physiological parameters like lung function tests etc.
7) STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF CERTAIN HAZARDOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL)
PCB’s are the group of highly toxic, synthetic, chlorinated organics compounds constituting 209 individual congeners. The PCB species are non-biodegradable, stable with high toxicity and having tendency for bioaccumulation. It is believed that PCB’s do not occur naturally and they are resistant to chemical and biochemical process. The PCB’s have received much attention in recent years as ubiquitous environmental contaminants and their overwhelming problem of continuing environmental impact.
The PCB’s have potential industrial applications where non-flammability and heat resistant properties are desired and these compounds are more commonly used in heat transfer system, hydraulics/lubricants, transformers, capacitors as plasticizer and as petroleum additives. The PCB congeners, which contain fewer chlorine substitutions in ortho position, are more toxic than those having more chlorine in other portions. The most toxic PCB’s are tetra, penta and hexachlorobiphenyl congeners that are un-substituted in the other position.
The laboratory of Central/State Pollution Control Board and other environmental laboratories have limited technical expertise about measurements of residual PCB’s in environmental matrices viz. waste waters, industrial effluents, sludge and soil. The project standardization of Methodology for measurement of certain hazardous organic compounds has therefore been undertaken with following objectives.
To develop facilities and Standardization of analysis of PCB’s in water, soil and sediments. To standardize procedure for extraction, clean up, concentration and pre-treatment of sample. To standardize GC optimum conditions (oven temp. detector, injector flow etc.) to achieve resolved peaks
of individual PCB species. To undertake spiking and recovery studies in the field samples.
The PCB’s congeners in Aroclor Standard Solutions have been analyzed at CPCB Laboratories by Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). Peak profiles of six Aroclor mixtures and overlapping peak were observed with GC-ECD. Qualitative analysis of Aroclor mixtures was also performed with GC-MS. Retention times and mass spectra of 28 individual congeners of toxicological significance were observed. Five levels of calibration (range 10 to 100 pg/µl) were performed using dilutions of mixture containing 28 PCB’s congeners.
Procedures of sample extraction, extract cleanup (removal of co-extracted interfering compounds) and GC-MS operating conditions were optimized for analysis of 28 selected congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples.
Water and sludge samples collected from Delhi stretch of River Yamuna from five locations and five major drains were analyzed. Total concentration of the PCB congeners analyzed were ranging between 2.67 ng/l (Mazawali) to 18.79 ng/l (Okhla) in river water, between 0.55 ng/g (Palla) to 8.70 ng/g (Nizamuddin) in river sludges and between 0.05 ng/g (Najafgarh Drain) to 25.62 ng/g (Civil Mill Drain) in Drain sludge samples. PCB’s were not found detectable in wastewater samples collected from four major drains.
8) DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OFMETHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF TRIHALOMETHANES (THM’S) IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
The halomethanes include all one carbon compounds with substituted chlorine or bromine. Halogenated hydrocarbons are formed as a result of using chlorine as a disinfectant in the water treatment process. Trihalomethanes (THM’s) occur in drinking water principally as a product of reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring material and bromide that may also be present. Occurrence of natural organic matter such as humic acid and fulvic acid in water are mainly responsible for the formation of these disinfection by product (DBP’s). With respect to drinking water contamination, four members of THM’s viz. chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are important. World Health Organisation (WHO, 1993) has already enacted the health related guidelines values in drinking water.
In order to standardization of measurement methodology and regularly monitor the presence of these compounds in drinking water, the infrastructure facilities are being developed and streamlined at CPCB Laboratories.
9) GEO-ACCUMULATION AND BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES ON SOIL AND CROP VEGETATION DURING WASTEWATER IRRIGATION
With increasing paucity of fresh water untreated/partially treated sewage water is increasingly utilized for irrigation of soil and growing of crops. The sewage wastewater generation from urban areas has been constantly increasing, while the wastewater treatment capacity is quite less than the total wastewater generation. The treated/untreated wastewater is increasingly utilized for irrigation of crops, vegetation etc. With the view to study the impact of wastewater on geo-accumulation and bio-accumulation on irrigated soil and crop vegetation in Delhi, the project studies have been undertaken. The study undertaken between April, 2003 to March, 2004 included following aspects:
The survey has been conducted at Najafgarh drain basin and dry cultivated areas in river bed of Yamuna after confluence of various drains, where sewage water is being used for irrigation of soil and growing crops vegetation.
Water, soil, plants and vegetables such as Brinjal, Spinach, Bitter gourd, Lady’s finger etc. have been collected and analyzed for trace metals and pesticides during consecutive random sampling rounds.
The preliminary data during the study indicated that sewage irrigated soil and vegetables have traces of heavy metals and pesticides on vegetables, which may be harmful on consumption for human health.
10) PESTICIDES RESIDUE ANALYSIS IN PACKAGED DRINKING WATER
Ten organo-chlorine and two organo-phosphorus pesticides were analysed in packaged drinking water samples of ten common brands randomly collected from various market places in Delhi. Out of ten brands of packaged drinking water samples were analysed by GC-ECD for organo-chlorine pesticides, a-HCH (a-BHC) was detected in the samples of four brands in the range 4.358 ng/L to 9.950 ng/L. ?-HCH (?-BHC) was detected in two brands between 3.128 ng/L and 3.823 ng/L. p,p’DDE was detected only in one brand of bottled water (3.300 ng/L). None of the two organo-phosphorus pesticides were detected in ten brands of packaged drinking water samples.
The maximum admissible concentration for pesticides residue in drinking water intended for human consumption, as prescribed by the European Economy Community’s (EEC) Directive 80/778/EEC, and adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are 100 ng/L for individual pesticide residue and 500 ng/L for total pesticide residue respectively.
11) PESTICIDES RESIDUE ANALYSIS IN CARBONATED BEVERAGES
The Central Pollution Control Board has conducted a study to assess the levels of pesticides in soft drinks during August 2003 on some of the leading brands of soft drinks available in the market as a follow up of media reports of pesticides residue in soft drinks. Samples of leading brands of soft drinks were collected from various markets in Delhi and levels of pesticides in soft drinks were analysed. The total pesticides in six brands of soft drinks were found exceeding the European (EU) Standard.
12) PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DUST CAPTURING PLANT SPECIES
The suspended particles in ambient air are commonly recognized as dust, which are continuously agglomerated and deposited on various surfaces. The particulates are also blown, washed off and deposited again continuously. The studies on phyto-remediation of particulate matter through dust capturing plant species being undertaken by CPCB in
collaboration with PCRI (BHEL), Hardwar (Uttaranchal). The studies being undertaken to identify plant species (Herbs, shrubs and trees), which have higher potential of dust capturing from environment, while sustaining their well being, which is an unique combination of concentration and exposure period, plant species, plant age and various other environmental conditions. The objectives of the study are as below:
To Study relative exposure vs. dust capturing capacity of various identified plant species through natural and controlled exposure.
To evaluate the rate of dust deposition/capture capacity of different plant species (Herbs, Shrubs & Trees) To identify Plant species with high potential for Control of Dust/Suspended Particulate Matter in Ambient
Air. To prepare checklist of Plant species suitable for Phyto-remediation of particulate matter from ambient
environment.
During year 2003, the survey and identification of plant species having higher natural capacity to capture particulate dust from ambient air was undertaken in vicinity of thermal power plants, coal mine areas, lime kiln areas, urban areas and busy traffic intersections at metropolitan cities. The morphometric measurement was undertaken to assess dust capturing capacity of naturally grown plant species at various identified monitoring locations. Based on the study, the checklist of plant species suitable for phyto remediation of particulate matter from ambient environment will be prepared.
13) CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FOR ADSORBABLE ORGANIC HALOGEN (AOX) IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES
Chemical compounds often form a major cause of environmental pollution. One of the most threatening groups of chemical compounds is formed by the organic halogens. This group consists of more than 250 individual chemical compounds viz. PCB’s, pesticides, Trihalomethanes (THM’s) and several other chloro bromo compounds.
Some of the organic halogen compounds are highly toxic, carcinogenic, bio-accumulative and persistent. Monitoring of AOX compound as environmental parameter are therefore of paramount importance in various confirmed, suspected sources and industries with the objectives to generate base line data of AOX. To find the status of concentration of AOX in industrial effluent i.e. wastewater of paint & varnish manufacturing units, wastewater samples were collected from randomly selected six paint and varnish manufacturing units located at West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Three rounds of samples were collected, analyzed and results being compiled.
14) DETERMINATION OF TOXICITY IN THE EFFLUENTS GENERATED FROM PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRIES
The use of summary parameters such as Toxicity test is gaining importance for the regulation of quality of industrial effluent discharges. The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has also recommended the use of WET test (Whole Effluent Toxicity Test) as a complement to the chemical specific analysis for the assessment of effluent discharges and to express permit limit. Realising the significance of toxicity parameters & to transform the toxicity test method more user friendly, new method was developed and validated by Central Pollution Control Board under a collaborative project. The new method has also been adopted by Bureau of Indian Standard (IS: 6582 Part-2: 2001). During the past few years using the method toxicity level of industrial effluent generated from Pesticides, Bulk drugs, Dye and dye intermediates, Textiles, Pulp and paper industries, Tanneries had been evaluated.
During the year 2003-2004 the study was initiated with the objectives to find out the toxicity levels in treated and untreated effluent generated by Paint & varnish industries and to determine the efficiency of effluent treatment plants in the reduction of toxicity level. Generation of data for the evaluation of toxicity based standard (MINAS) was also an objective of the study. The three laboratories, two CPCB Labs at Delhi & Kanpur and one SPCB Laboratory viz. Gujarat Pollution Control Board Laboratory at Gandhinagar have participated in the study. Seven ETP’s located in the State of West Bengal (Howrah), Uttar Pradesh (Bulandshahar and Kanpur) and Maharashtra (Mumbai and New Mumbai) were selected for the study.
The monitoring of treated and untreated effluent samples from selected ETP’s was jointly carried out alongwith the participating laboratories thrice. The test results indicate that the Toxicity Factor (TF) in the untreated effluent ranged between 2-500, whereas in treated effluent, the toxicity factor ranged between 1 to 8. It was also observed that the effluent generated from resin manufacturing section was highly toxic comparing with the effluents from other sections. The range of percent toxicity reduction after treatment varied between 0 to 100 percent.
15) PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF OXIDATION POND BASED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN UTTAR PRADESH UNDER YAMUNA ACTION PLAN
The monitoring of Oxidation Ponds based Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttar Pradesh as identified by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment & Forests being undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board Laboratories in addition to STP’s already being monitored. Grab Samples are collected on monthly basis from inlet and outlet of each Oxidation Pond and analyzed for discharge (analyzed in field), temperature (Analyzed in field), pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen (Analyzed in the field) apart from bacteriological parameters viz. Total Coliforms and
Faecal Coliforms. Following seven Oxidation ponds (Table 7.4), as identified by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) are being monitored on monthly basis since January, 2002:
Table 7.4 Oxidation Pond Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttar Pradesh
Monitored by CPCB
S.
No.
STP Location Capacity
(MLD)
1. Main Town, Vrindavan 4.0
2. Kaliadah, Vrindavan 0.5
3. Trans Yamuna, Mathura 14.0
4. Masani, Mathura 14.0
5. Trans Yamuna, Agra 10.0
6. Buria Ka Nagla, Agra 2.5
7. Main Town, Etawah 10.0
16) EFFICIENCY TESTING OF AUTOCLAVES USED FOR HOSPITAL WASTE TREATMENT BY SPORE TESTING METHODOLOY
The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 stipulates that the hospitals and health establishments have to install treatment facilities like incinerators, autoclaves, etc. for treatment of bio-medical wastes generated to ensure safe treatment & disposal of infectious hospital waste. These treatment facilities should operate at designed efficiency level.
The project was undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board for assessment of treatment efficiency of autoclaves used during hospital waste treatment based on standardized spore testing methodology. The objectives of the study was in-situ assessment of the efficiency of autoclaves and hydroclaves installed at various hospitals to ascertain 4 Log 10 reduction of Bacillus stereothermophilus biological indicator.
The standardized spore testing methodology using Bacillus Stereothermophilus as biological indicator has been continuously used to assess efficiency of autoclaves and hydroclaves installed at health establishments at Delhi and Kanpur. Based on the studies, the report on `Bio-medical Waste Management – A Case Study of NCT Delhi’ has been prepared and submitted for publication.
17) WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RAW WATER INTAKE SOURCES AT WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN NCT – DELHI
For production and distribution of clean drinking water in NCT – Delhi, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) under the control of Municipal Corporation of Delhi is responsible and undertaking the task. Central Pollution Control Board has been conducting bimonthly studies on water quality of raw water intake points at Wazirabad, Haiderpur, Bhagirathi, Chandrawal, Nangloi and Okhla Water Works.
Various surface as well as sub-surface water sources act as raw water sources in order to meet the ever growing clean drinking water demand of NCT – Delhi. The installed water treatment capacity is 631 MGD and on average about 650 MGD potable water is supplied. DJB has provided 13.47 lacs water connection in the city till 1.4.2001. The estimated water availability at NCT – Delhi from surface water sources viz. Yamuna, Ganga and Western Yamuna Canal is about 1150.2 mcm. River Yamuna contributes a substantial part. About 275 million m3 of water is abstracted from River Yamuna at Wazirabad for water supply. River Yamuna acts as raw water source for Chandrawal-I & II, Wazirabad and partly to Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant. Apart from this various Ranny wells have been dug in Yamuna River bed to augment drinking water supply. In near future the River Yamuna water is also proposed to be supplied to 635 MGD water treatment capacity Sonia Vihar Water Treatment Plant, which is presently under construction.
Initially, major part of potable water was treated at Wazirabad and Chandrawal Water Treatment Plants till 1993. Later water treatment was augmented by installation of Haiderpur and Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plants. Western
Yamuna Canal tail tributary acts as raw water source to Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant. This plant has 2 phases of 100 MGD each Phase-I (commissioned in 1977) and Phase-II (commissioned in 1993-94). Each phase has two clear water pump houses – North clear water pump house and South clear water pump house. The raw water at Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant (commissioned in 1983) is drawn from Upper Gang Canal originating from Haridwar. The water from Upper Gang Canal is drawn into a by-pass to Muradnagar Head Works and from there to Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant through 25 km conduit pipe of 2800 mm dia. A part of raw water is also taken from River Yamuna. The Western Yamuna Canal, which is a source of raw water to Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant also acts as a raw water source from Bawana to Nangloi Water Treatment Plant. Raw Water quality is monitored at Bawana before being supplied to the water treatment plant.
Subsurface water through Ranny wells (V & P series) is supplied as raw water to Okhla Water Works. The Okhla Water Works commissioned during year 1952 with a treatment capacity of 2 MGD, which has been augmented to 12 MGD presently. Iron and Ammonia removal had been challenging task at this water works. The water works operation is based on biological treatment process. The water treatment plants, their installed water treatment capacities, raw water sources and areas of clear water supply are presented in Table 7.5. Most of the water treatment plants follow a common process for water treatment, which is depicted in the flow diagram (Fig. 7.1).
Table 7.5 Water Treatment Plants in NCT - Delhi
Installed
Water Treatment Capacity
S.
No.
Water Treatment
Plant MCM/day MGD/day
Raw water source
Clear Water Supply Areas
1. Chandrawal I & II
0.410 90 River Yamuna 11 service Reservoirs – Flagstaff, Hindu Rao, Jeetgarh, Jhandewalan, Ridge Road, Talkatora, Palam, Hasanpur, Rajendra Nagar, Shadipur, Narayana, (One booster pump station at Patel road)
2. Wazirabad I, II, III
0.546 120 River Yamuna Sonia Vihar, Wazirabad, Civil Lines, Connaught Place, Model Town, Rajendra Nagar
3. Haiderpur I & II 0.910 200 Western Yamuna Canal
North West Delhi (Rohinia, Saraswati Vihar, Ashok Vihar, Lawrence Road), Part of South Delhi and entire West Delhi
4. Bhagirathi 0.455 100 Upper Ganga Canal, U.P.
East Delhi, Trans Yamuna, Parts of South Delhi (Okhla, Maharani Bagh, Lajpat Nagar, Kalkaji, Sukhdev Vihar), also to Okhla Water Works
5. Nangloi 0.182 40 Western Yamuna Canal
West Delhi- Uttam Nagar, Dwarka, Papappankalan, Jhandewalan, Talkatora, Patel Nagar, Ridge Road, Malkaganj, Nangloi, Najafgarh
6. Okhla 0.055 12 Renny Wells on River Yamuna Bed
Kalkaji, Okhla, New Friends Colony
7. Sonia Vihar 2.889 635 River Yamuna Under construction
8. Sub-Surface Water
0.369 81 Ranny Wells/Tube wells
-
9. Bawana - - River Yamuna -
Fig. 7.1 Depictory Flow Diagram - Water Treatment Plants
Delhi Jal Board has been upgrading the water treatment process and adopting modern techniques. The Biological Nitrification (BNO Plant - Biological Nitrification Oxidation plant) and Ozone treatment has been introduced at Okhla Water Works to treat contaminated potable water in order to improve its colour, taste and the bacteriological characteristics. Pulsator clarifiers and Aquazur V Filters have been installed at Sonia Vihar Treatment Plant (under construction).
With increasing population and rapid urbanization in the city, drinking water demand is increasing day by day. The quality of drinking water supplied in the city is checked by Delhi Jal Board at verious stages of treatment from raw
water intake point to storage reservoirs and also in the distribution system at the consumer’s end to ensure and check contamination of potable water at any stage. The findings on physico-chemical quality and heavy metal residue in raw water and treated water are presented in Table 7.6 & 7.7.
18) STUDY OF "POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT & DISPOSAL IN SMALL & MEDIUM SCALE PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY OF MAHARASHTRA"
The small & medium scale pulp & paper industries are in predominance in Maharashtra as compared to other part of western zone. The small & medium scale pulp & paper industries are looking for technological solutions for wastewater treatment & disposal to meet the statutory requirements. The problem has aggravated due to lack of financial strength, non-availability of appropriate technology. An effective control of liquid hazardous wastes is of paramount importance for proper health and environment protection and natural resource management.
The technical issues pertaining to wastewater treatment and disposal for small & medium scale pulp & paper industries need to be strengthened and the technology-input requirement is essential to be worked out. The project was intended to study the present practices in small & medium scale pulp & paper industries including identification of sources of pollution, characteristics of the waste/effluent generated etc. and management options like minimization, re-use, recovery, treatment and disposal of waste.
In agro based chemical pulp and paper mill, it was found that the industry uses baggasse and wastepaper both to meet the quality criteria and cost economics for paper manufacturing. Thickener of baggage pulp, thickener of wastepaper pulp, centri-cleaner, pulp & paper machine combined wastewater streams are the major wastewater streams, which are partly recycled. The characteristics of theses streams show BOD >500 mg/l and COD > 1600 mg/l. The characteristics of wastewater streams generated from utilities like co-generation, FBC boiler, DM plant etc. show COD <500 and BOD < 100 mg/l. Hence, the resultant characteristics of the combined wastewater stream had BOD level around 600 and COD level around 1800 mg/l. The black liquor generated in the process is concentrated by evaporation and used for recovery of Sodium Hydroxide and Calcium Carbonate. In agro based paper industry with chemical recovery system, % Na, SAR, RSC and BOD, COD were found high and unfit for land application because of inadequacy of biological treatment system.
In wastepaper based paper mill, it was found that the industry uses Indian and imported wastepaper both to meet the quality criteria and cost economics for paper manufacturing. In a paper industry with 100% water reuse, thickener and wire mill were found as the major source of wastewater with BOD >20000 mg/l, COD >30000 mg/l and TDS > 25000 mg/l. Build-up of high concentration of various physico-chemical parameters indicates the actual reuse and recycle of wastewater concentration of three important parameters (%Na, SAR & RSC) in wastewater of wastepaper based industries are found fairly suitable for agricultural use but unfit because of high concentration of other parameters. Moreover, the industry is reusing the entire generated wastewater for hydro pulping of wastepaper and not discharging any effluent.
Characteristics of various stream of wastewater and present practices of water use and wastewater generation in industries revealed wide variation in water consumption pattern in paper industries. Fresh water consumption in bagasse based paper mill is found in the range of 60 to 175 m3/tonne of production. Fresh water consumption in waste paper based paper mill is found in the range of 2.6 to 63.2 m3/tonne of production. Water consumption is more in the industries, where fresh water is easily available. More than 90% of water is possible to recycle in wastepaper-based industry.
19) STUDIES ON MUNICIPAL WASTE DUMPING SITES IN VADODARA
The Vadodara city is located in Gujarat on Ahmedabad – Mumbai National highway No.8. It is located in latitude 20017’59"N and longitude 730 15’18E with total area approximately 108 sq kms and about 15 lakhs population. The Vadodara city is known as cultural capital of Gujarat. River Vishwamitri flows through the center of the city. The major causes for environmental degradation in the city may be attributed to growing population, rapid urbanization, burgeoning vehicular traffic and industrial development.
Apart from the mighty industrial giants like Gujarat Refinery, IPCL, GSFC, GACL, there are few industrial estates also such as Nandesri Industrial estate, Gorwa Industrial estate and Makarpura Industrial estate.
The municipal corporation is responsible for proper handling and scientific disposal of the wastes. Poor handling and management may result in the contamination of ground water due to leaching, obnoxious smell due to burning of wastes, and spreading of epidemic diseases due to mixing of biomedical waste with municipal waste. During the monsoon period the wastes are washed away to nearby water body, which degrade the water quality adding to pollutants present in the waste. A typical composition of municipal solid waste, published by CPCB and physical characteristic of municipal solid waste in Vadodara as reported by Vadodara Municipal Corporation are presented in Table 7.8 and 7.9 respectively.
Table 7.8 Typical composition of municipal solid waste as reported by CPCB
Type of waste Percent by weight
Vegetable, leaves 40.15
Grass 3.80
Paper 0.81
Plastic 0.62
Glass/ceramics 0.44
Metal 0.64
Stones/ashes 41.81
Miscellaneous 11.73
Table 7.9 Physical characteristics and composition of municipal solid waste in Vadodara city
Type of waste Percent by weight
Bio degradable waste 50
Recyclable 10
Inert waste 08
Moisture content 20
Unclassified debris 12
Following significant observations on the management of municipal solid waste have been made which needs urgent attention.
There is no segregation of garbage at sources. The haphazard dumping of waste on roadside at various unauthorized places have been noticed. This
results in logging of rainwater in most areas of the city. Drainage system in the major part of the city is poor. Practice of burning garbage by rag pickers at various sites gives obnoxious smell and creates severe air
pollution. There is no scheduled time fixed by VMC for collection of domestic wastes from dustbins. At Vadsar dumping site, mixed garbage is burnt on the banks of the river Vishwamitri, which disturbs the
flora and fauna of the ecosystem and also deteriorates the river water quality.
The monitoring was carried out to understand the levels of contamination in different seasons. The results indicate that ground water have high COD, Conductivity, alkalinity and TDS during monsoon and winter season.
The Vishwamitri River passing near the dumping site found highly contaminated during monsoon and winter season both. Analysis of river water samples shows the presence of very high TKN, Ammonical Nitrogen, Conductivity, COD and Organic load. The measured dissolved oxygen was observed as nil throughout the river stretch.
The Ambient Air quality was also monitored during rainy and winter season. The results indicate that the values of RSPM, SO2 and NO2 measured in winter at downwind direction of dumping site were higher compared to monsoon season. However, measured ammonia did not show similar trend like other gases but higher values of ammonia was encountered during rainy season at upwind direction of dumping site.
20) STUDY OF IMPACT OF IDOL IMMERSION ON WATER BODIES
Immersion of Idols of Gods & Goddesses is an issue, which involves both cultural practices and environmental pollution. Therefore it has been considered important to study the issue to know the actual impact of immersion on the water bodies and provide mitigation methods. In Kolkata immersion is carried out in thousands of water bodies and any findings of such study will be helpful for all the users and ecology of those bodies. The quantification of raw materials used for making the idol has been done to assess the impact of these materials on water bodies.
Based on analytical data, attempt was made to ascertain the changes of concentration of metals in ponds before and after immersion but due to heavy rain just before and after immersion no trend could be highlighted. However, based on simulation study, annual contribution of metals through idol immersion was assessed considering three times (as safety factor) of expected metals from idols.
The study revealed that contribution of metals from idol immersion was negligible. Other material like fruits, flowers, leaves earthen pots etc. which are generally disposed with idols may cause deterioration of water quality. But this problem was avoided by immediate removal of these substances after immersion. Accumulation of metals in fish was also studied to assess the possibility of contamination through food chain. But this study indicated no evidence of bio-accumulation of heavy metals in fishes in the ponds. Simulation study was conducted to assess the metal input due to immersion. Based on this study it may be inferred that total amount of metals that is released into the pond is quite meagre and the increase in metal concentrations is quite low to be considered.
This study indicated that actual measurable impact of idol immersion on ponds would only practically tufened since the yearly contribution is meager. Moreover periodic de-sludging of ponds nullify the cumulative effect.
21) CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND WATER IN ARSENIC AFFECTED DISTRICTS
Elevated concentration of arsenic in ground water used for drinking have been resulting the symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning in local population in nine districts out of 18 districts of West Bengal. The inclined trend of arsenic effected areas has become a major concern in West Bengal. People are using arsenic contaminated water unknowingly and suffering from arsenic related diseases. Considering the above, CPCB zonal office Kolkata carried out a programme to make the people aware about the status of tubewell water through analyzing the water collected by the owner of the tube wells. The results were regularly reported to the individual about the status Arsenic in groundwater of their own tube wells. The 478 samples were analyzed among which 89 samples were found having Arsenic level above permissible limit (i.e. 0.05 mg/l).
In few villages in Bhojpur district in Bihar, reportedly arsenic effected area, 205 samples (about 60% of total tubwell) were also collected and analysed at the CPCB zonal office laboratory, Kolkata. Out of which 45 percent samples were found having Arsenic more than permissible limits i.e. 0.05 mg/l.
Another study was simultaneously conducted to characterize the ground water in arsenic effected areas (West Bengal) in terms of other chemical parameters and also to establish the relationship of other chemical parameters with arsenic. The results revealed that pH values are more or less same in all the four districts varying from 6.9 to 7.6 except in few cases where pH was more than 8.0. Distribution of salt with respect to average values of conductivity and TDS was found more or less uniform in all the three districts where as in Nadia district some values were slightly lower. The carbonate & bicarbonate Alkalinity Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium content was more or less same in all the four districts. Where as in Malda hardness, Ca & Mg were almost doubled. The carbonate hardness is equal to total hardness. Nitrate was considerably low in 24 Parganas (south) compared to other three districts. Phosphate was found high comparatively in 24 Parganas (south) and low in Nadia among the four districts. Fluoride content was very low in all the districts (Average values varied between 0.09 to 0.28 mg/l). Sodium was comparatively higher in Malda and South 24-Parganas and lower in Nadia and Murshidabad. The similar trend was found in Potassium in all the four districts. Arsenic and Iron values were comparatively high in South 24-Parganas and low in Nadia but in Malda and Murshidabad the average values were almost uniform. However, prevailing concentration of all the parameters in ground water revealed that in most of the cases hardness, calcium, magnesium, Iron and Arsenic exceeded the permissible limit as per IS-10500-1983. The corelation coefficient of Arsenic with other chemical parameter indicated that there is no significant relationship of arsenic with other chemical parameters exists except with iron and phosphate to some extent.
It was observed that concentration of iron and arsenic was higher at shallow depth and decrease with depth in some arsenic effected areas. Though the coexistence of iron and arsenic was observed in some effected areas, but in some areas no relationship exists at all. The scatterness of metals, phosphate and nitrate in each district was very wide with respect to other parameters (Except in few cases) as reflected from coefficient of variation. Further study in details is most essential to ascertain the behaviour of arsenic in effected areas with other parameter to establish the possible reason for such calamities.
22) IMPACT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) PROGRAMME ON DATA QUALITY
Evaluation of quality system always encourages the proper implementation of analytical methods and provides supporting documentation to demonstrate method performance. During evaluation, some common deficiencies are noted to generate analytical data of sufficient quality. Therefore need for control of error by taking care of these deficiencies is being increasing recognized during last decade by many countries and organization. Considering the above fact, the CPCB zonal office laboratory Kolkata took attempt to adopt effective Quality Assurance System for measurement of metals in different matrix. For that purpose, emphasis was given on the following:
Latest and valid method Performance of Instrument (AAS) Quantitative measure of precision and accuracy
In addition to above, necessary importance was provided on the following:
Consistency in laboratory support equipment High purity water. Trained analyst Sufficient space, proper house keeping Cleaning of glassware Labeling of reagent containers Adequacy of log book Inter-laboratory comparison studies
The flame AAS was carefully calibrated using certified standard solution (Combined standard uncertainty not more than 2 mg/l for 1000 mg/l of concentration). The measurement technique was validated including a linearity check, using serially diluted calibration standards, precision check and bias check using an independently prepared reference solution. Since the random error is unavoidable to certain extent, there are limits to the detection and determination of element inherent to the procedure used. In most of the cases, the detection limit is calculated considering the series of results obtained against blank. This calculation would make no sense if there were no signal. Therefore estimation of detection and determination limit of all the metals was done from the results obtained through calibration exercise and presented in Table 7.10.
Table 7.10 : Estimation of Calibration parameters with detection and determination limit
Pb Cu Cd Zn Ni Mean of conc. X 65 186 54 83 288 SD of conc. S∂ x 60 111 29 36 105 Mean of signal Y .025 0.025 0.022 0.065 .02 SD of signal S∂ y .021 0.015 0.012 0.027 .007 Slope m 3.4x10-4 1.36x10-4 4.2x 10-4 7.71x10-4 6.9x10-5
Intercept 2.4x10-3 -4.6x 10-6 -5.67x 10-4 1.7x 10-3 2.9x10-4
Standard error of estimate SE 8.1x10-4 3.4x10-4 2.5x 10-4 2.4x 10-3 2.4x10-4
Detection limit, µg/L XN 18 18 4.0 22 22
Determination Limit, µg/L XB 28 25 6.0 32 34 Conc.(x) of Abs 0.2 plus confidence limit 51 ± 9 146 ± 8 49 ± 1.9 24 ± 10.6 284 ± 10
SD = Standard Deviation
The parameter like mean and standard deviation was used to assess scatterness of calibration range in terms of concentration and absorbance. Slope and intercept was used to calculate the concentration against absorbance obtained. Importance of detection and determination limit has been already defined. Confidence limit was used to assess the uncertainty in measurement of concentration through calibration. Based on the confidence limit and linearity, measured value was maintained within a linear range.
Precision was verified by processing sample using attended reagent, distilled water, glassware containers etc. Accuracy was verified through studying the recovery of metals using Internal Reference Materials (IRM) prepared through inter-laboratory comparison. The results obtained in this laboratory conformed our requirement. Accuracy and precision were documented as per the NABL guideline. X-chart and R-chart were used to present accuracy and precision data. It is mentioned that attention to quality began by ensuring technical competence of the staff assigned responsibilities. Checking of requirements for analysis such as cleanliness, reagent, distilled water, logbook etc was conducted in such a way so that early detection and correction of those anomalies did not adversely effect data quality during data generation process. As a result no reporting of out-of-control data was observed in the laboratory.
Large quantity of ground water, river water, industrial, drain and pond water was filtered to make them homogenous, and preserved with acid. These samples were processed by multi-method approach i. e. different digestion method (Microwave, Pressure and by using different acids) and analysed by AAS with flame and graphite furnace (wherever possible). Trials were continued by three analyst to have good agreement on the closeness of the values of each metals expected values (less than 10% coefficient of variation). Variability among reagent blanks values of different digestion method was remarkably significant. After deducting the blank value, closeness of the values obtained by different methods was satisfactory. After this exercise, these samples were considered as Internal Reference Materials (IRM), Then IRM were sent to different laboratory for inter-laboratory comparision. The results submitted by the laboratories were processed to calculate the mean, standard daviation and cofficient of variation to prepare control chart for acceptibility of the analytical results in future routine analysis. The mean, SD and CV are presented in Table 7.11 & 7.12 respectively.
Table 7.11 Inter-laboratory Comparison of Analytical Results of River, Pond, Drain, Ground, Industrial Effluent Water and Sediment
S. No. Sample Matrix Parameter Mean ( PPM ) SD CV
Iron 0.46 0.06 3
Zinc 1.07 0.07 7
Cadmium .05 - -
Lead - - -
1 Ground Water
Copper 0.09 0.01 11
Iron 1.48 .17 11
Zinc .11 .011 14
Cadmium .039 .008 20
Lead .34 .04 12
2 River Water
Copper 1.96 .04 2
Iron 26944 3637 13
Zinc 87 5 6
Cadmium 1.48 .3 20
Lead 40.5 3 7
3 River Sediment
Copper 25.54 4 16
Data Not Available
Table 7.12 Inter-laboratory Comparison of Analytical Results of River, Pond, Drain, Ground, Industrial Effluent Water and Sediment
Sample
Code
Statistical
Parameter
Pb Cd Hg Cu Ni As Cr Mn Fe Zn
Mean (mg/l) 0.52 0.40 0.02 0.49 0.45 0.03 1.05 1.11 9.00 0.51
SD 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.13 0.44 0.06
IRM/DEC/
Riv/M/1
CV 15.9 6.7 12.0 7.8 11.8 76.8 10.8 11.3 4.9 12.3
IRM/DEC/
Pond/M/2
Mean (mg/l) 0.62 0.25 0.13 0.53 0.48 0.02 1.05 1.16 6.79 0.50
SD 0.18 0.02 0.19 0.07 0.17 0.02 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.07
CV 29.4 8.3 143.0 12.6 35.1 92.8 15.0 15.8 2.7 13.2
Mean (mg/l) 0.92 0.24 0.12 0.53 0.66 0.02 0.75 1.07 6.34 0.57
SD 0.52 0.07 0.17 0.08 0.28 0.02 0.55 0.24 0.89 0.14
IRM/DEC/
DW/M/3 CV 56.1 30.3 139.6 15.1 42.1 84.8 73.4 22.1 14.0 24.5
IRM/DEC/ Mean (mg/l) 0.61 0.24 0.01 0.54 0.88 0.02 1.15 1.53 26.10 1.21
IND/M/4
SD 0.15 0.09 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.02 0.18 0.19 9.80 0.17
CV 24.6 35.2 76.4 17.7 32.2 89.8 15.8 12.6 37.6 14.0
Mean (mg/l) 0.58 0.41 0.03 0.53 0.81 0.02 1.10 1.97 7.10 1.36
SD 0.14 0.28 0.00 0.09 0.31 0.02 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.11
IRM/DEC/
GW/M/5 CV 24.9 68.0 16.1 17.0 38.0 83.9 11.0 7.8 2.0 7.9
The results revealed that coefficients of variation in case of arsenic and mercury were significantly high may be due to low concentration of the metals and methodology (Not by VGA) adopted by the other laboratories. Based on the results it may be mentioned that though CV were significantly high, the standard deviation at such low level of concentration. may be acceptable particularly for metals like Pb , Cd, Ni, if samples are analysed by flame AAS. Considering this aspect, both upper and lower limit covering twice the standard deviation in control chart has been fixed for routine analysis with this method (Digestion followed by AAS.) If more reliability is required depending on the objectives of the analysis at these level, other method i.e. Graphite AAS would be adopted.
23) METAL CONCENTRATION IN EDIBLE FISH TISSUE COLLECTED FROM SEWAGE FED PONDS
The metals have the tendency of Bioaccumulation in different concentration in fish muscle irrespective of necessity, if aquatic environment is enriched with metals. Accumulation of metals in fish muscle and their subsequent transfer to man through the food chain may cause health hazard particularly in fish eating public. The numbers of such incidents have been reported time to time all over the world. With the increasing rate of metal pollution in river, ponds and sea, possibility of accumulation cannot be ruled out.
Considering this aspect, a study on coastal sea fish was undertaken during previous year while the studies on fishes rearing in sewage fed ponds and fresh water pond were undertaken in current financial year. The varieties of fish collected from sewage fed ponds were not available from fresh water ponds. Sizes were also not comparable because fish in sewage fed ponds are generally harvested after rearing for 3-4 months to maximize the production considering the depth of water. Therefore as such comparison cannot be drawn. However, analytical results obtained are presented in Table 7.13. The results revealed enormous variability among the species from both the sources. Species to species variation in concentration may be attributed to the feeding habits of different species and physiological condition. It has been observed that concentration is little higher in sewage fed ponds but size of the species was smaller < (1/6 th weight) in Rohu fish (Lobeo rohita). Therefore rate of accumulation with respect to size is higher in sewage fed pond. Based on available standard stipulated by other countries (Wet weight basis), It may be mentioned that concentration of metals (dry weight Basis) in fishes from both sources are not out the alarming level. However, in case of prawn and crab values were on the higher side.
Table 7.13 Mean Metal Concentration (µg/gm dry weight basis) in Edible Fish Tissue
Sewage Fed Pond
Fish Name Pb Cu Zn Mn Fe Cd Ni Hg As
Katla NT 6 29 2 56 NT 4 0.28 1.05
Lailyntica NT 6 48 8 62 NT 5 1.03 0.93
Rohu Chara NT 10 54 4 88 1.0 7 0.26 0.89
Silver Cup NT 17 37 5 96 1.5 5 0.24 0.17
Folie NT 7 26 2 36 1.4 5 0.33 0.31
Tilapia NT 5 28 7 35 1.8 5 0.20 0.54
American Rohu NT 5 65 2 46 2.2 7 0.39 0.61
Crab NT 36 80 40 350 2.9 13 1.12 0.42
Mrigel Chara NT 18 47 4 60 NT NT 0.83 0.11
Rohu Chara NT 11 40 4 11 NT NT 0.75 0.08
Lailyntica NT 8 54 3 142 NT NT 0.69 0.12
American Rohu NT 5 65 5 132 NT NT 0.94 0.21
Fresh Water Pond
Common Name Pb Cu Zn Mn Fe Cd Ni Hg As
Rohu NT 15 29 4 55 NT NT 0.69 0.13
Bhetki NT 6 26 8 50 NT NT 0.89 0.03
Puti NT 3 15 1 38 NT NT 0.69 0.14
Sol NT 7 28 8 56 NT NT 0.91 0.13
Prawn NT 123 53 18 29 4.7 NT 1.14 0.21
Seafood heavy metal standards(µg/g) Wet Weight Basis
Country *Standard Zn Cu Cd Hg As
America NAS - - 2 - -
Australia NHMRC 1000 30 2 - -
Canada - - 100 - - -
America USFDA - - 3 1.0 86
U.K MAFF 50 20 -
*NAS= National Academy of Science, NHMRC= National Health Medical Research Council, NAFF= Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food USFDA= United States Food & Drug Administration ( 2001)
Correlation-ship among the metals in fish tissue was evaluated separately for sewage fed pond & fresh water pond by estimating correlation coefficient and shown in Table 7.14. Significant positive relationship at 0.01 level exists among each other of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd, and Ni in fish tissue from sewage fed ponds, whereas such significance was not observed in fresh water ponds. Therefore accumulation of metals may be due to enrichment of metals in aquatic environment and contamination of food consumed by fish.
Table 7.14 Co-relationship among the metals in edible fish tissue
Cu Zn Mn Fe Cd Ni Hg As Metal
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Copper 1 1 S S S S S NS S NS S NS NS NS NS NS
Zinc 1 1 S S S NS S NS S NS S S NS NS
Manganese 1 1 S NS S NS S NS NS NS NS NS
Iron 1 1 S NS S NS NS NS NS NS
Cadmium 1 1 S NS NS NS NS NS
Nickel 1 1 NS NS NS NS
Mercury 1 1 NS NS
Arsenic 1 1
A- Sewage Fed Pond, Level of significance is 0.39 at 0.01 (A) B- Fresh Water Pond, Level of significance is 0.83 at 0.01 (B) NS - Not Significant, S – Significant.
24) UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT OF BOD AND ITS ACCEPTABILITY
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is generally measured to assess the quantity of biodegradable substances present in any water. This measurement is being practiced since long for planning and management of water quality. Though BOD measurement is the best way to evaluate the organic matter actually being utilized by microorganisms but maintaining standard condition in all measurements by all laboratories is difficult. Therefore the data generated even by adopting standard method (APHA) cannot be compared with the data generated in other laboratories. As a result, use of BOD values for design of wastewater treatment plant, assessment of biodegradable organic load, determination of assimilation capacity of streams, lakes etc is losing its importance and also causes lot of confusion among the decision makers. Without knowing the analytical error, sometimes important decision is taken by regulatory authority.
One example can illustrate the impact of uncertainty on accepting the BOD values without knowing its magnitude of error. Let us assume that the permission limit of BOD for discharging the wastewater to river is 30 mg/l and error from all sources (Not identified) at this level is ±8 mg/l. If we report the value at the level of 37 mg/l, it is difficult to decide about the compliance. Several such problems were noted in number of cases while reporting the BOD values. Though in other parameters uncertainty prevails due to several reasons but that can be minimized to large extent, because methods are based on chemical reactions. But procedures for BOD measurement are based on biological activity, some of the factors cannot be controlled as can be done in other chemical test methods. Therefore uncertainty in measurement of BOD must be calculated after identifying the sources of error and minimizing these error.
Considering the above fact, a detail study was conducted starting from sampling to reporting of data with the following aims by CPCB zonal office laboratory, Kolkata:
Identification of sources of error and accounting for them by appropriate precision and accuracy studies. Evaluation of insignificant source for elimination, if negligible. Expression of uncertainty contribution to the appropriate rules for combined standard uncertainty Application of coverage factors to give expanded uncertainty
The experiments were designed to asses impact of the factors such as seed, diluent water, level of DO, dilution, homogeneity, type of sample, condition of incubation etc on BOD measurement and feasibility to achieve perfection in measurements. The statistical technique adopted in this study were mean, CV, least square regression, ANOVA , quadratic equation etc.
The experiments were designed to assess the impact of these factors on BOD measurement and feasibility to achieve perfection in measurements. The wastewater was always diluted to levels, which can ensure the availability of oxygen throughout the period of the test. For this purpose atleast two dilutions were always made for each sample considering the COD values of that sample. The samples collected from different sources were fortified with synthetic samples whose concentrations were earlier measured with certainty. The outcome of these experiments was processed using different statistical technique. The seeds were prepared in this laboratory by Activated Sludge Process and also collected from sewage treatment plant for suitability studies. Another type of seed was cultured with the addition of sample ( to be analyzed for BOD measurement) fortified with glucose of approximately 30 mg of BOD per liter for acclimatization of micro organisms with sample before using them as seed. This seed is called acclimatized seed. The diluent water used in this study are rain water, distilled water fortified with nutrient and unpolluted river water. Loss of BOD during transportation was studied by analysis of sample at 2 hrs interval upto 16 hrs from the time of sample collection. Measurement of oxygen was also done by winkler's method and WTW DO electrodes to study the difference between them. To study the homogeneity of sample, filtered and unfiltered sample of same source were analysed. BSB controller (Respirometric method) were used to assess the impact of dilution because in this system dilution is not required. BOD bottles were put inside the BSB controller putting magnetic stirrer on. All the bottles used for test were equipped with glass stoppers grounded to a point to prevent trapping of air during insertion of stopper. Bottles were thoroughly cleaned to make them free of organic matter. During incubation the bottles were water-sealed to prevent air from entering the bottle during incubation.
Based on above experiments the sources caused significant influence on the measured values were identified by analysing synthetic samples and samples from different sources in 10 replicates presented in Fig. 7.2 The preliminary estimate of the values of uncertainty components such as homogeneity, inhibitory effect, transportation, storage, dilution, seeding etc was made, and insignificant components were eliminated. Ultimately the values atributed to each significant components, uncertainty were estimated and expressed at the one standard deviation level. Combined standard uncertainty were calculated and multiplied by a coverage factor selected on the basis of the level of confidence required to determine an expanded uncertainty.
Fig. 7.2 Factors for Uncertainty in BOD Measurement
Expanded uncertainty were also estimated for different types of sample with a view to assess the contribution of uncertainty due to homogenity, seeding effect etc. The calculated uncertainty for different samples is presented in
Table 7.15. The results revealed that almost in all the cases expanded uncertainty were more than 10 percent despite minimizing the error from different sources.
Table 7.15 Calculated Expanded Uncertainty for Various Samples
S. No. Sample Source Concentration
( mg/l)
Expanded Uncertainty
( mg/l)
1 Glucose + Sodium glutamate (Artificial Sample)
27 2.5
2 Distillery unit 10320 1500
3 Dairy unit 565 40
4 Tannery unit 147 23
5 Pharmaceutical unit 48 11
6 Pond 9 1
7 Drain 42 7
8 River 9 1
25) PERFORMANCE OF ARSENIC REMOVAL UNIT (ARU) INSTALLED AT ARSENIC AFFECTED DISTRICTS
Use of ground water containing arsenic concentration significantly above the permissible limit and consequent exposure of local population to such elevated level of arsenic causes acute arsenic poisoning. Several treatment options (already published by CPCB) are available for arsenic removal to level of existing permissible limit. The selection of appropriate treatment option for desired water supply will depend on number of factors including the stipulated arsenic concentration, the existing treatment system, acceptability to user, maintenance cost and other water quality parameters. In West Bengal, number of treatment units already attached with tubewells have been installed at various locations. Performance of these units was not always satisfactory as reported. Considering the above fact, the study was undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board Zonal Office Kolkata to assess the performance of Arsenic Removal Unit and also the impact on water quality after treatment in terms of other chemical parameters. Nine types of treatment units were considered in different districts for this study.
Samples collected from inlet and outlet of more than 100 ARU of different types were analyzed for measurement of arsenic and other chemical parameters such as pH, Conductivity, TDS, Ca, Mg, Total Hardness, NO3-N, PO4-P, Na, K, Iron, Manganese and Zinc (Table 7.16). This study focussed on changes of above chemical parameters along with arsenic after treatment. For each type of ARU, number of units was considered for sampling and analysis. The analytical results obtained were processed to evaluate the percentage of increase and decrease of chemical parameters with the removal of arsenic and other metals for each type of ARU. The range of percent of removal of Arsenic and Iron and changes (Range of percentage) of other water quality parameters, No significant changes were observed in case of pH, Conductivity, TDS, Na, K, Fluoride in most of the cases. But in few cases, changes were either positive or negative though not significant. In particular type of ARU, Calcium has been increased where as magnesium decreased. Such random behaviour was also observed in case of Chloride. These random changes (either increase or decrease) after treatment may be due to accumulation of substances through adsorption during continuous operation of ARU followed by desorbtion of these substances. But effective removal was observed in case of Arsenic, Iron and Phosphate. Significant increase of nitrate was observed at all types of ARU. There was reduction in water level of Zinc in most of the cases however in one case slight increase in zinc level in treated water was noticed may be due to leach from the media.
Table 7.16 Changes (Range of percentage) of different parameters including arsenic after treatment
ARU Type Range Cond TDS Cl Ca Mg TH NO3-N PO4-P Na K As Fe Zn Mn
Min -10 -8 -4 -14 3 2 131 -84 7 -25 -97 -99 -80 -99 Type -1 Max 5 3 8 21 21 17 151 -36 89 18 -36 -97 -13 -27 Min -17 -17 1 -19 1 -10 80 -95 1 - 25 - 96 -99 -56 -67 Type - 2 Max 17 4 40 20 16 5 83 -85 47 9 - 51 N.A N.A -20 Min -3 -13 -6 0 -18 -6 N.A N.A 3 0 -98 -99 -99 -98 Type - 3 Max 4 2 0 4 -14 -5 N.A N.A 34 17 -97 -96 -80 -88
Min -10 -13 -5 -27 -54 -13 21 N.A -6 -20 -97 -98 -98 -96 Type - 4 Max 1 -8 29 62 0 18 558 N.A 1 -20 -96 -96 -98 -91 Min -7 -7 -9 -44 -29 -5 -83 -71 -21 -11 -99 -99 -99 -99 Type- 5 Max 12 9 41 19 3 83 240 1 15 20 -18 -98 -27 -4 Min -2 -5 7 -29 -13 -16 N.A -96 -22 -15 -95 -99 -81 -50 Type - 6 Max 7 3 15 -20 15 -4 N.A -76 2 1 -76 -99 40 500 Min 2 1 1 8 -24 -8 N.A -96 N.A N.A N.A -96 N.A N.A Type - 7 Max 46 42 27 89 -11 36 N.A -80 N.A N.A N.A -59 N.A N.A Min 4 1 1 -18 -17 -5 N.A -98 -8 -38 -90 -99 -99 -78 Type - 8 Max 6 4 111 55 18 21 N.A -73 -3 1 -87 -97 -99 -11
NA= Data Not adequate
Therefore except Arsenic, Iron, Phosphate and Nitrate, no systematic trend was observed for other parameters. The percentage of removal was also varying among the units of each type and among the types. Performance of ARU must be maintained, particularly at high concentration of Arsenic in inlet water. Otherwise there will be chances of consumption of unsafe water in case of decrease of efficiency.
CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARDENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING
Training is an important component for Human Resource Development of any Organisation/Institutes. In the area of Environmental Pollution Control, which is an interdisciplinary subject, imparting training is an imperative activity. Environmental awareness among the public and educating current knowledge to the officers working in the Pollution Control Boards are essential steps to have a sound environmental management in the country. Hence the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air ((Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981 are also emphasizing that imparting training is one of the major functions of the Central Pollution Control Board. Training in various aspects of prevention, abatement and control of pollution to the identified target groups is important. The target groups include officials dealing with planning, funding and implementation of programmes for prevention and control of pollution in the Central and State Governments, the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, the local bodies, operators of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants and NGO’s engaged in management of pollution control programmes.
TRAINING NEED
Pollution control is an inter-disciplinary subject. Graduates, post-graduates in the fields of chemical/civil engineering and pure and applied sciences, do not have any formal training in the field of prevention, abatement and control of pollution. When appointed in Pollution Control Boards, they face a gigantic task before them. Therefore, it is necessary to have them trained and oriented for discharging their responsibilities smoothly and efficiently in areas, such as consent management, and implementation of effluent and emission standards. In addition, there is a need to improve the capabilities of persons already working with Pollution Control Boards. It is necessary that uniform methods of analysis of pollutants and consent granting are adopted and ensured through training for proper and effective implementation of the provisions of the Acts. To summarize, there are requirements trainings in the following fields:
Operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and air pollution control devices; Management, routine analysis, quality assurance and analytical quality control and maintenance of
environmental laboratories; Water and air quality monitoring system; Consent management including setting of standards; Environmental audit, Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental management system; Specific subjects, such as management of hazardous waste, air/water quality modeling, data processing
and legal aspects; and Computer application for data processing and Internet surfing for literature collection.
1) WORKSHOPS ON AIR QUALITY MONITORING – TOXIC POLLUTANTS VOC’, SVOC’S, HAP’S AND POP’S AT VADODARA, KOLKATA AND DELHI UNDER CANADA-INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India, in collaboration with Environment Canada have created the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) funded project, designed for strengthening the institutional capacity, to address environmental issues of national priorities & global concern and to promote sound development.
The series of Workshops were organized by Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with Environment Canada under Canada – India Institutional Strengthening Project on Air Quality Monitoring – Measurement of VOC’, SVOC’s, HAP’s and POP’s in air at Vadodara (January 16-17, 2003), Kolkata (January 20-21, 2003); and Delhi (January 23-24, 2003). The workshops were organized with the objectives to increase the abilities of pollution control board officials to professionally deal with sampling, measurement, release estimation techniques for estimation of toxic contaminants. The workshops were attended by nominated scientists and engineers of State Pollution Control Boards to develop their expertise and exchange of scientific ideas.
2) TRAINING WORKSHOP ON ‘QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR LABORATORIES ENGAGED IN AIR QUALITY TESTING’ UNDER CANADA – INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT
The series of training workshops were organised by Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with Environment Canada under Canada-India Institutional Strengthening Project on "Quality Assurance for Laboratories engaged in Air Quality Testing. For State Pollution Control Boards atMumbai (Feb 9 – 10, 2004); Chennai (Feb 12-13, 2004) and Bangalore (Feb 16-17, 2004). The Mumbai workshop was held in collaboration with Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board, Mumbai. The participants were drawn from Public Sector, Industries, State Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board.
3) TRAINING UNDER CANADA INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT
Four officials from Central Pollution Control Board have undertaken training under Canada -India Institutional Strengthening Project on `Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH’s) in Ambient Air at Environmental Technology Centre (Environment Canada), Ottawa, Canada between 10th May to 11th June, 2003. The training programme included sampling and analysis of VOC’s and PAH’s
in ambient air, quality assurance and quality control in ambient monitoring apart from visit to Air Quality Monitoring Stations at Canada.
4) WORKSHOP TOXIC POLLUTANTS MONITORING
Two days workshop on `Toxic Pollutants Monitoring’ was organized by Central Pollution Control Board on 3rd – 4th November, 2003. The workshop focussed on monitoring and measurement of toxic pollutants especially air toxics such as volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, fine particulate (PM2.5) in ambient air using modern, internationally accepted monitoring techniques. The workshop was attended by 26 participants from CPCB HQs, Zonal Offices and other environmental organizations.
5) OTHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES
CPCB Zonal Office, Vadodara, organized Two-days training on "Quality Assurance" for laboratories engaged in Air Quality testing under Canada-India Institutional strengthening project during Feb 9-10, 2004.
CPCB Zonal Office, Vadodara, organized Two-days workshop on "Toxicity Factor" during Dec. 10-11, 2003 for industry personnel's and SPCB officials. 20 participants attended the programme. The programme included theoretical & practical training to the participants.
Meeting on CREP for Dye & Dye Intermediate & Pesticide Industries was organized on Dec. 9, 2003. Action plan & implementation strategy were discussed during the meeting.
A 4-days Training Programme on ‘Principles of Environmental Compliance & Enforcement’ was organized by Zonal Office, Vadodara, in collaboration with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under United States Asia Environment Partnership (USAEP) Program at Vadodara. The participants were drawn from different organizations i.e. State Pollution Control Boards, Institutes, Corporations, Associations, Industries, and NGO. The program was highly enlightening and participative.
Interaction Meet on the Project "Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams, their Characterization, and Waste Minimization Options in Pesticides and Dye & Dye Intermediate Sectors" was organized on 27.02.2003 with respective industrial representatives to discuss the findings of the above project and to share their views.
A workshop was organized by Zonal Office, Vadodara, on "Air Quality Monitoring for VOCs" jointly with Canadian Experts of Environment Canada during 16th-17th January 2003. In this Workshop participants were drawn from various State Pollution Control Boards, which are located in Western and Southern part of India took part including CPCB.
CPCB Zonal Office, Vadodara, Organised a workshop on "Quality Assurance for Laboratories engaged in Air Quality Teasting (Under Canada-India Institutional Strengthing Project)" in colloboration with Environment Canada at Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Mumbai. The participants were drawn from Customs, public sector industries, state pollution control Boards and Central Pollution Control Board.
Training Programme was held at CPCB Zonal Office Kolkata during 7th – 8th July, 2003 on `Operation and Calibration of AAS’ provided by Niulab, in which three officials from CPCB zonal office Kanpur alongwith scientific personnel from CPCB zonal office Kolkata were participated.
NGOs ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
1) ACTIVITIES OF NGO CELL
An NGO Cell was set up in CPCB in the year 1992 to coordinate the following tasks:
Enlist environmental NGOs involved in activities related to pollution control with CPCB; Establish NGO network in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards/Zonal Offices; Provide training to the NGOs and equip them with facilities, like water testing kits, analytical instruments,
books, literature etc. in order to enhance their capabilities in the field of pollution control; and Organise mass awareness programmes and pollution control activities through NGOs.
During 2003-2004, 5 NGOs were additionally enlisted with CPCB subject to concurrence of concerned State Pollution Control Boards apart from 650 NGOs enlisted during the previous years. A rebate @50% is extended for the purchase of CPCB publications, to NGOs enlisted with CPCB and several NGOs have availed this facility during 2003-2004. Financial assistance of Rs.5000/- each was provided to 10 NGOs for organising mass awareness programmes in different parts of the country.
During the reporting year a three days training programme was organised during 6th to 8th March, 2004 through an NGO namely M/s Ranjai, Pune, with the collaboration of CPCB Zonal Office-Vadodara for the NGOs located in Western States, with the overall objective to educate them in the field of environment and pollution control.
Regional meetings with NGOs located in different States were organised for coordination of the activities and promotion of the public participation/awareness in the pollution control programmes in the country.
Meeting No. Date Place
18 February 4, 2004 Chandigarh
19 March 10, 2004 Hyderabad
Interaction has been made with NGOs of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi, UT of Chandigarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka through coordination meetings held, so far and training was provided to the NGOs from Maharashtra, Gujarat, Daman Diu & Dadra & Nagar Haveli with the following objectives:
To take uniform and concerted approach towards pollution control; To have public participation for abatement of pollution through community action; To identify the major localised environmental problems; and To identify the areas of mutual co-operation among NGOs themselves as well as Pollution Control Boards.
The response of the NGOs was overwhelming and over 150 participants attended the programmes.
2) NGO MEET AT CHANDIGARH
An interaction meet of NGOs of northern states was organized in association with the local agencies / NGOs at Chandigarh on Feb 04, 2004 in which around 20 NGOs working in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana and Punjab participated. The interaction meet included series of lectures on relevant topics of pollution control by the experts, discussion on the area specific problems and distribution of literature on the selected topics.
The major environmental issues highlighted during the interaction meet were as follows-
Pollution created by bone mills and slaughter houses in Hapur region. Gross pollution of river Ghaghra particularly due to disposal of dead bodies. Absence of electric
crematorium in the Balia area aggravates the problem. In the hilly regions of Uttaranchal problems are due to improper MSW management, animal dung disposal
into rivers and open human defecation. Air pollution problems, traffic jams, pollution of rivers at Allahabad. Air & water pollution problems in Singrauli area due to power plants, caustic soda plant, chemical
industries and stone crushers. Industrial pollution and colour problems of river Tons. Pollution of river Kali due to Daurala Sugar, distilleries and similar other industries in Meerut. Pollution of river Sai at Raebareilly and plastic / polythene disposal problems. Fluoride problems in ground water in Unnao, Singrauli and other areas of UP.
Air pollution in Ghatampur (Kanpur) area due to brick kilns. Around 250 brick kilns are in operation without requisite pollution control equipments.
Pollution of river Gomti due to industrial and domestic discharges. Gross pollution of Ramgarh lake and river Rapti due to discharge of domestic sewage at Gorakhpur. There
are some trans-boundary pollution problems with Nepal. In and around Bhadohi, a large number of carpet dying industries are in operation without adequate
pollution control facilities. These industries vary from small to large. Possibility of discharge of highly polluted coloured effluents into ground water also exists.
Other problems, which are common to almost all the areas, include vehicular pollution problems; plastic and solid waste management problems, absence of sewerage network, noise and air pollution due to operation of DG sets particularly in Uttar Pradesh.
Action has been initiated to examine these problems and to find out suitable solutions.
3) TEACHER’S TRAINING PROGRAMME
Under the title ‘Environment & Pollution Control’ two training programmes, one at Patna in July and the other at Kolkata in August, were conducted for the high schools teachers including Kendriya Vidyalayas. In total seventy-five teachers had participated in the programme. Topic-wise write-ups were circulated among the participants for reference to their future class teaching. Certificates were awarded to them after completion of the training.
CPCB sponsored a one-day training programme to school teachers of Vadodara on environmental related issues. The programme was conducted by SOCLEEN a leading Non Governmental Organization. The training programme has provided broad spectrum of pollution related problems to the participating teachers through lectures and field visits to TSDF and Common Effluent Treatment Plant located in GIDC, Nandesari. The training was attended by approximately 30 teachers of various schools in Vadodara.
A two day training programme for teachers was organized by CPCB at Huddard High School, Kanpur with the help of a leading NGO, Eco Friends during 19-20 Feb, 2004. Teachers from 25 different schools participated in the programme. The lectures were delivered on various aspects of environmental pollution and other environmental problems especially in the city of Kanpur. An exhibition of environmental monitoring instruments was also organized in which instrument like: DO meter, pH meter, Conductivity meter, Noise level meter, Air Samplers etc. were displayed.
Four day training programme for the lecturers of Polytechnic Colleges of Uttar Pradesh, was conducted during Dec. 16-19, 2003 at Kanpur in which 19 participants from various cities of the State participated. The training programme included series of lectures on relevant topics of pollution – sources and control, laboratory visits and field visits to CETP – Jajmau and CTF – Biomedical Wastes – Kanpur.
4) STUDENTS TRAINING PROGRAMME
The Central Pollution Control Board organized a workshop on "Environmental Teaching" in association with local NGO at Vadodara. The target groups were teachers, scholars and students of Schools & University. Total 100 participants attended the programme.
Following topics were covered in the workshop:
Quality of Public Health Management. Cleanliness, Solid Waste Management. Quality of water, Rainwater Harvesting. Traffic Pollution, Traffic Management. An exhibition was organised on pollution control and measurement devices at Acharya Pathshala Public
School, Bangalore. Students from ten different schools participated in the programme. The CPCB officials explained various aspects of pollution to the students and demonstrated devices used for quantification of the pollution.
A presentation on the "Role of CPCB and Environmental Pollution" and demonstration on water, air and noise monitoring equipments were made to the High School level teachers under the Orientation Programme, held at MES Teachers Training College, Rajaji Nagar, Bangalore.
A painting competition was organized in Devendra Shiskha Samiti School, Kanpur, for creating awareness among children on Environmental Subjects. About one hundred children of class 6th to 9th participated in competition. Prizes were also given to students for best paintings on the subject.
5) MASS AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
A workshop was organized on 5th June,2003 in collaboration with Eco Friends, a leading NGO at Kanpur on the subject "Water- Two billion people are dying for it". Various Govt organizations took part in the workshop to spread the message for water conservation. Two permanent hoarding were erected in the city with message to prevent the water pollution and to help in water conservation.
The Central Pollution Control Board Project Office, Agra prepared a thematic pamphlet on "Water Conservation" in Hindi. These were supported with messages illustrating water conservation in everyday activities. The media in the form of local newspapers extended their full support by printing the material prepared by the Project Office. In addition two cells of the Project Office initiated special programmes to celebrate the day. The Air Quality Monitoring Laboratory in co-ordination with the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board and the R.T.O., Agra organised a vehicular pollution check programme. Pollution under Control Certificates (PUC) and Green Cards were issued to the vehicle owners complying with the prescribed parameters. Pamphlets, posters, brochures, booklets and write-ups on eco-friendly techniques, to keep vehicular pollution under check were also distributed. In addition Air Quality monitoring was at four identified locations.
The Spatial Environmental Planning Studio coordinated with the Agra Nagar Nigam to get together city officers aware of the ground situation in the city. The gathering was used as a platform to introduce the concepts of Urban Environmental Information System (‘Urb-Envis’). The project focuses on making the municipalities partners in schemes aiming at Urban Environmental Improvement. The methodology involves the compilation of data in the form of an Environmental Status Report, which includes spatial data in the form of maps. This information then made available to the public domain through websites, thereby providing a tool to aid in decision- making for further development of the projects. This information once in the public domain empowers the local people with background information to voice their opinions on developmental work. A Brochure in Hindi on ‘Urb-Envis’ was also released.
Participants of training programme on implementation of Male’ Declaration visited for on job training from August 4 to August 9, 2003 in the laboratory and field visit to the ambient air quality monitoring network being operated by the Central Pollution Control Board in Agra. The participants were the representatives of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Pakistan and Maldives.
A presentation on the problems and effects associated with Ozone Depletion was made at Agra on World Ozone Day (September 16, 2003). The efforts made at the national as well as the international level to arrest Ozone Depletion were highlighted, followed by a discussion on the subject matter.
6) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The Central Pollution Control Board motivated an non-government organization, Eco Friends, and the local people in Kanpur to adopt a small section of street from Gumti No. 9 crossing to Gurudev Palace for launching a campaign "Adopt Your Street’ under the banner of "Alliance for a Better and Cleaner Kanpur". Major activities undertaken with the help of residents and other agencies were:
One time cleaning of road including drain. Regular sweeping of road and door to door garbage collection. Providing bins to slum dwellers for garbage storage. Regular Lifting of garbage from collection points by KNN. Participation of local residents in the programme. Spreading mass awareness among residents and schools of the area.
With the support of local residents the programme is running successfully and street is now free from littered garbage. The programme will be further expanded to new areas with people’s co-operation. The programme is being run on no profit no loss basis with financial contribution from local residents of the area.
7) CPCB PUBLICATIONS DURING YEAR 2003
Water Quality - Status and Trends (Reprint); MINARS/20. Zoning Atlas – Sensitive Maps : (Tamilnadu, M.P., Chattisgarh, U.P., Uttranchal, Maharashtra, West
Bengal). Environmental Atlas of India. Charter - Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (Reprint). Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Developmental Projects. Development of Site Selection Methodology for Landfilling - A Case study for Bangalore. Treatability Study of DDT Industry Waste Water – A Case Study : IMPACT/9. Alternative Coal Ash Transformation and Disposal Systems for Thermal Power Plat : PROBES/94. Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in Ganga Basin : PROBES/54. Identification of Hazardous Wastes Streams their Characterisation and Waste Minimisation Option in
Petrochemical Sector : HAZWAMS/24. Guidelines on Construction Operation & Application of Rootzone Treatment Systems for the Treatment of
Municipal & Industrial Waste Water : PROBES/6. Assessment of Industrial Pollution : PROBES/92. Status of Pollution Control, Fly Ash Management & Performance of Air Pollution Control Equipment in
Thermal Power Plants in West Bengal : PROBES/96. Biodegradability Study for Industrial Effluents in Aerobic Environment by using BOD SEED and Activated
Sludge : IMPACT/10. Manual on Sampling, Analysis and Characterisation of Hazardous Wastes : LATS/16. Water Quality Assessment of Surface Water Bodies in & around Singrauli (U.P.) : ADSORBS/38. Environmental Status of Leh and Adjoining Areas : PROBES/99. A Support Manual for Municipal Solid Wastes (Management Handling) Rules, 2000 : IMPACTS/11. Guidelines for Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment : Sites Selection for Common Hazardous
Waste Management Facility : HAZWAMS/25.
Other Publications
Annual Action Plan 2003-2004. Annual Report 2002-03. List of Publications (Reprint).
Hindi Publications
Pradushan Aap Bhi Kam Kar Sakte Hai.
CPCB 'PARIVESH' Newsletters
R & D for Pollution Control – CPCB Initiatives. Inspection/Maintenance & Certification System for in-use Vehicles. Highlights – 2002. Groundwater. Transport Fuel Adulteration. Alternative Transport Fuels – An Overview.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Air and their Effects on Human Health.
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS INCLUDING SCHEDULE FOR THEIR ENFORCEMENT
EMISSION STANDARDS/GUIDELINES NOTIFIED/REVISED
Emission limits for New Diesel Engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets applications notied in Govt. of India Gazette GSR 371(E), May 17, 2002 at Serial No. 95, was amended vide Gazette Notification GSR 520(E), July 1, 2003. This amendment specified the emission limits for different ratings and presented in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1 Amended Emission Limits for Different Ratings of Diesel Engines
Emission Limits
(g/kw-hr) for
Test Cycle Capacity of Diesel
Engines
Date of implementation
NOx HC CO PM
Smoke limit (light absorption coefficient, m -1 )
(at full load) Torque
(%) Weighting
factors
100 0.05 Upto 19 kw 1.7.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7
75 0.25
1.1.2004 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.5 0.7 50 0.30 >19kw upto 176 kw
1.7.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 25 0.30
>176 kw upto 800 kw
1.7.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 10 0.10
Noise Limits
The date of implementation of the noise limits for diesel generator sets notified vide GSR 371 (E), May 17, 2002, viz 1.7.2003 was extended by one year vide GSR 520, July 1, 2003 to 1.7.2004.
The regulation requires mandatory provision of acoustic enclosure, at the manufacturing stage, for all new generator sets run on diesel (upto 1000 KVA), effective from July 1, 2004. The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) run on diesel according to this new regulation shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 m from the enclosure surface.
For diesel generator providing an acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the DG room shall control sets, not covered by above noise from the DG set. Such acoustic enclosures/acoustically treated rooms, shall be designed for minimum 25 dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side.
Collection of Bank Guarantees and Affidavits
Bank Guarantees and Affidavits from diesel engine/genset manufacturers were collected as per the provisions of GSR 520(E), July 1, 2003 and GSR 92 (E), dated January 29, 2004. The bank guarantees and affidavits were required to be submitted by the manufacturers and importers desiring to obtain the benefits of extension of time by six months to one year, for emission limits of the diesel engines for genset application.
Compliance Procedure for Emission Limits for Generator Sets
Compliance procedure for emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for genset applications has been finalised and circulated among the certification agencies.
VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL
Vehicular emissions are an important source of air pollution in urban centres of the country. Therefore, controlling vehicular emissions remained a major thrust area during the year. The focus was not only on the National Capital Region but has been on the entire country. Use of clean fuels like CNG, LPG, biofuels etc, for vehicles increased gradually. Following measures on vehicular pollution control were taken and as a result improvement in air quality was observed at various urban areas. Vehicular Emission Norms
• From 1.4.2003 only Bharat Stage-II emission norms compliant new vehicles, except 2 & 3 wheelers, were registered in the cities of Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Bangalore, Ahemdabad, Kanpur, Agra & Surat.
• From 1.6.2003, Bharat (Trem) Stage-II emission compliant new agriculture tractors and construction vehicles only were registered throughout the country.
• Emission norms for diesel vehicles fitted with LPG engine were made effective from 1-5-2003. • Bharat stage-II norms for 2- & 3-wheelers were notified during September 2003. • Draft emission norms for in-use vehicles effective from 1-10-2004 were notified during July 2003. • For implementation of Bharat Stage-II emission norms to be effective from 1-3-2004 for all categories of
vehicles in Sholapur and Lucknow were also notified during December 2003 .
Fuel Quality
• Fuel quality compatible with above emission norms were ensured in corresponding cities.
Alternate Fuel
• Gasoline with 5 % ethanol will be supplied in sugar producing States and Union Territories of Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana , Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadara & Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh & Pondicherry from January 2003.
• BioDiesel Specification has been finalized. Some trial run on biodiesel has also been completed. • Use of Gaseous fuel is increasing. There are 115 CNG stations in Delhi (Table 10.2), 57 CNG and 15 LPG
stations in Mumbai, 5 LPG stations in Chennai, 7 LPG stations in Hyderabad & 6 LPG stations in Bangalore. Action plan has been prepared to increase the LPG filling stations in Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
Table 10.2 CNG Stations and Consumption in Delhi
CNG vehicles Category Year 2002
(as on 31.3.02)
Year 2003
(as on 31.8.03)
Bus – DTC 2120 2966
Bus – Private 2111 6889
3 – wheelers 35678 55101
RTV 2165 5146
Taxi 4816 5337
Private Car 10350 10481
Total 57240 85920
CNG Consumption lakhs –kg/day 3.5 7.01
Nos. of CNG stations 94 115
Other measures
• In Delhi number of flyovers have been constructed to ease traffic congestion and to reduce emissions from vehicles during idling at traffic lights. Delhi metro railway line has been extended to Trinagar from Tis- Hazari as Mass Transport Systems for catering more people.
• Interstate trucks which are not destined to Delhi are not allowed to ply within city limits.
Action Plan for Controlling Air Pollution
• Hon'ble Supreme Court directed Union of India and State Governments to prepare action plans for reducing RSPM level for cities of Kanpur, Ahemdabad, Sholapur, Bangalore, Lucknow, Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Kolkata. Hon'ble Supreme Court also directed respective State Pollution Control Boards to place the proposed action plans before EPCA (Environmental Pollution Control Authority).
• The action plans for the above cities have been received. MoEF, CPCB & EPCA are reviewing these action plans. Some of the actions proposed in the action plan have already been initiated during year 2003.
• Hon'ble Supreme had identified nine critically polluted cities namely Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Agra, Jharia, Patna, Jodhpur, Pune & Faridabad. The action plans for these cities have been received and being reviewed. Some of the actions proposed in the action plan have already been initiated during year 2003.
• The Hon'ble court has also asked the State Pollution Control Boards to prepare action plan and scheme for compulsory switch over to CNG/LPG as automotive fuels in the cities those are equally or more polluted than Delhi. Later, CPCB identified these cities as Ahemdabad, Kanpur, Kolkata & Pune. The action plans along with scheme for compulsory switch over to CNG/LPG in these cities have been received and reviewed by CPCB.
Volatile Organic Compounds in Delhi & Mumbai
The project on "Inventory of emissions of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air of Delhi & Mumbai" is being conducted by CPCB through National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Mumbai Zonal Office. The objectives of the study are proposed to be achieved in two phase. Phase -I comprises of identification and measurement of VOCs in ambient air, whereas phase-II involves inventorisation of sources of VOCs in industrial estates. The study on phase-I has been completed during year 2003. More than 50 VOC compounds have been identified in Delhi & Mumbai. The results of source apportionment using CMB-8 reveals that in Mumbai the gasoline evaporative emissions are the dominant source of VOCs , while in Delhi vehicular exhaust are the dominant sources. Evaporative Emissions of Hydrocarbons from various sources
A project on Inventory of evaporative emissions of Hydrocarbons from various sources in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai has been taken up by CPCB. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute , Mumbai Zonal Lab will conduct the study. The study has commenced during January 2004.
Vehicular Emissions Inventory & Source Apportionment
As per MOU between MoEF & US-EPA a study on vehicular emissions inventory & source apportionment for the city of Pune have been planned.
a. International Vehicle Emission Model
Vehicle emission study was conducted by USEPA and James Lent University of California River side during March 2003. The study was designed to estimate the technology distribution of vehicles operating in Pune, measuring driving pattern and estimating time and number of vehicle engine start.
b. Training cum Demonstration Project
Training on air pollution monitoring , source apportionment and emission inventory was being conducted at Pune during September, 2003. SPCB's, CPCB, Research Institutes, Oil companies, Automobile manufacturers, universities and Municipal Corporations have attended the programme. Project on "Auto- Rickshaw LPG conversion Demonstration in Bangalore & Kolkata"
Environment Canada is implementing Canada-India Environmental Institutional Strengthening Project with the Ministry of Environment and Forests in India. CPCB is implementing Air Quality Sub-component of the Project. The project on LPG Conversion of Autorickshaw has been initiated as sub-component of the Air emissions and Monitoring & Control component which includes transfer of Canadian technical expertise for conversion of autorickshaws to LPG in Bagalore and Kolkata city. In order to supervise the activities of the project , CPCB has constituted technical advisory committee under the chairmanship of Dr. H.B Mathur. The autorickshaws required for testing in Canada has been shipped to Environment Technology Centre, Canada, from India.
Air quality Monitoring and Source apportionment studies in metro cities
The project is sponsored by oil companies and will be executed by NEERI, Nagpur and ARAI, Pune. The selected cities are Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Pune. CPCB is the member of the technical and steering committee of this project and will be actively involved in the study.
Expert Committee to Evaluate Policy and Guidelines to Prevent, Monitor and Control Fine Particulate Matter (FPM) in the Ambient Air
An expert committee to evaluate policy & guidelines to prevent , monitor and control fine particulate matter (FPM) in the ambient air has been constituted under the chairmanship of Prof. J.M.Dave. In accordance with the recommendations of the expert committee four Sub-committees have been constituted on following topics:
• Prevention control & air quality standards of FPM. • Monitoring of FPM • Health effects of FPM. • Source apportionment studies of FPM
The sub- committees have submitted draft reports which were circulated to the members of the principal committee.
Committees related to vehicular pollution control in which CPCB has taken active participation
• Working group on adulteration of petroleum products constituted by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). • Environmental Pollution Control Authority for NCR constituted by MoEF. • Standing committee on emissions constituted by MoRTH. • Petroleum products sectional committee constituted by BIS. • The expert committee on Auto fuel Policy constituted by MoPNG. • Expert committee to evaluate policy & guidelines to prevent, monitor and control fine particulate (FPM) in
the ambient air.
National Report
• Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy was accepted by the Union cabinet during October 2003. The road map for controlling vehicular pollution from all categories of new vehicles is as follows. Apart from road map for new vehicles , the road map for in-use vehicles has also been recommended (Table 10.3).
Table 10.3 Road Map of in-use Vehicles as per Auto Fuel Policy
Coverage Passenger Cars, light commercial vehicles & heavy duty diesel vehicles
Two/Three wheelers
Entire Country Bharat stage-II- 1.4.2005.
Euro III equivalent- 1.4.2010.
Bharat Stage II- 1.4.2005.
Bharat stage III Preferably from 1.4.2008 but not later than 1.4.2010.
11 major cities (Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahemdabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra
Bharat stage-II- 1.4.2003.
Euro III equivalent- 1.4.2005.
Euro IV eqivalent-1.4.2010
• Report of the Expert Committee on Development of Bio-fuels was submitted during July 2003. The committee recommended 5% bio-fuel blended diesel in the country by the year 2005 and 20% bio-fuel blended diesel by the year 2011-12.
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION STANDARDS
Emission Standards, Siting Criteria and Good Practices for Hot Mix Plants
There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. Most of the plants are of stationary and drum- continuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 t/hr to 10-120 t/hr. The locations of these plants keep on changing. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregate, direct heating of bitumen create environmental hazards especially `air pollution' due to dust and volatile organic compounds such as BTX, PAH, PCB's and VOCs.
Realizing the need to strike a balance between environment and economic development, the Central Pollution Control Board, with the help of Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee decided to prepare Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on hot mix Plants in an effort to minimize the adverse environmental impacts by regulating emissions from these plants. Proposed emission standards, siting criteria and good practices have been circulated to manufacturers and other stakeholders for their comments and suggestions.
Review of Effluent Standards and Development of Emission Standards for Basic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry
With respect to basic organic chemicals, the effluent standards have been developed and there is a need to develop emission standards and guidelines for hazardous waste management. It is also required to review the effluent standards in view of change in BPT. Therefore, the Central Board took up a study to review the existing effluent standards considering best practicable technology including waste minimisation techniques; to develop emission standards considering techno-economic feasibility within the domain of health and environment and also to develop guidelines for hazardous waste management.
Development of Emission Standards for Wheat Processing and Flour Mills, Pulse Grinding and Milling, Dry Rice Grinding and Rice Mills
There are large number of industrial units spread across the country engaged in pulse milling, dry rice and besan grinding, wheat processing, flour mills and rice mills. These units mostly use conventional production technologies and generate substantial pollution of air, water, noise, etc.
The objective of the study is the assessment of problem of noise, emissions and effluents, best available cost-effective technology to control pollution and to develop standards for noise, emissions and effluents including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulses making mills, dry rice, pulses grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. Study has been completed based on which recommendations are drawn. Development of Environmental Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Good Practices for Producer Gas Plants and Biomass Gasifiers Producer gas obtained by the process of gasification, can be employed in thermal application or for mechanical/electrical power generation. Like any other gaseous fuel, producer gas affords much better control over power levels when compared to solid fuel. This also paves the way for more efficient and cleaner operation.
Producer gas plants generate various pollutants and there are no pollution control norms for these plants presently. During the gas manufacturing, tars are generated and discharged into the environment, which are "non-aqueous" in nature. Coal tar is always co-mingled with other lighter oils, which are also waste products from producer gas plants. There are significant gaseous emissions containing certain volatile organic compounds along with other gaseous pollutants such as CO, NOx and SO2.
The producer gas plants and biomass gasifiers are energy efficient and environment friendly, but the local environmental benefits (such as reduction in particulate emission, CO, SO2 and NOx) have not been studied. The Central Pollution Control Board therefore, decided to study the environmental parameters systematically for producer gas plants and biomass gasifiers and recommended techno-economically feasible environmental standards following BATNEEC (best available technology not entailing excessive costs) and strategies for better environmental conditions in association with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
Emission Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Siting Criteria for the Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK)
The existing emission standards on brick kilns pertains to only annular kilns (BTKs and high draft Kilns) and were made before VSBK emerged as a potential technology for firing bricks in the country. With this background it has been considered to formulate the emission standards, Stack height regulations and Siting Criteria for Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns.
Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) is an energy efficient technology for firing clay bricks. It is particularly suited to the needs of brick production in developing countries - which is small scale and decentralized type i.e. clamps. Presently more than 30 VSBKs are in operation in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Several design modifications have been incorporated under the India Brick Project (IBP) in the original Chinese VSBK design to improve its performance in energy, environment and product quality aspects.
The main advantages claimed for VSBK technology are:
• ighest energy efficiency among all types of kilns; • lower emissions; • small area requirement; and • uniformity in the quality of the fired bricks
A study entitled "Development of Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulation for Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns vis-a-vis Pollution Control Measures" has been undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board in co-operation with TERI, New Delhi. The study has been completed and Draft Emission Standards, Guidelines and Siting Criteria have been evolved. Recommendations for emission standards and stack height are presented in Table 10.4.
Table 10.4 Recommended Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulations for VSBK
S. No.
Kiln Capacity Stack height in metres
(From ground level)
Particulate Matter
mg/Nm 3
1. Less than 15,000 bricks per day
(1-3 shafts)
11.0 (Minimum 6.5 m from loading platform)
250
2. 15,000 to 30,000 bricks per day
(4-6 shafts)
14.0 (Minimum 7.5 m from loading platform)
250
3. More than 30,000 bricks per day
(7 shafts or more)
16.0 (Minimum 8.5 m from loading platform)
250
Performance Evaluation of Air Pollution Control System-Modification thereon and Review of Emission Standards for Bull's Trench Brick Kilns
India is the second largest producer of bricks after China. Brick is the common building material used in almost all parts of India. During the ninth five-year plan period, the annual bricks demand has been estimated as 170 million. Brick making is a traditional industry but has emerged as an important activity. There are around 150,000 kilns engaged in brick production in the country. Brick making is energy intensive process, with specific energy consumption varying from 1.2 to 1.75 MJ/kg of fired bricks for BTKs and 1.5 to 3.0 MJ/kg for clamp kilns. Coal is the major fuel used for firing bricks. It is estimated that brick industry consumes over 20 million tonnes of coal annually.
Some of the technological development in brick kilns firing, such as fixed chimney kilns, high draught kilns and vertical shaft brick kilns have resulted in reduction in pollution and increase in energy efficiency. The Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee, The Punjab State Council for Science and Technology (PSCS&T), Chandigarh, etc. have designed fixed chimney and air pollution control device(s) basically to trap particulate matter from Bull Trench Kilns.
Of late, apart from coal, various fuels including vacuum residue/distillation cake of refinery, hazardous organic wastes, rejected coal of coal-washries and agriculture residue are being used as fuel at brick kiln industries. A Meeting of stakeholders, CPCB officials and TERI has been held to decide the monitoring protocol. Questionnaire survey has been prepared and circulated to all SPCBs and PCCs for collection of information.
COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS (COINDS)
Comprehensive Industry Document: Development of Emission Standards and Good Practices for Arc Furnaces and Induction Furnaces in SSI sector
The electric furnace plays an important role in the recovery and recycling of waste iron resources. In areas where an abundant supply of scrap and electric power are available, the proportion of steelmaking via the electric furnace route is relatively high, because both energy consumption and equipment investment are substantially smaller in the integrated route using a BF and BOF process to produce steel from ore.
Electric furnaces are classified as arc furnaces or induction furnaces. The arc furnace is used far more extensively for steelmaking, because its capacity is large and production efficiency is high. In addition to melting, both oxidation refining and reduction refining are possible in the arc furnace. The arc furnace is used for decarburization, dephosphorization, and dehydrogenation, and the induction furnace for desulfurization and deoxidation. The arc furnace is also capable of melting higher fraction of alloy scraps.
With the rapid industrialization, the consumption of steel continues to grow and as a result scarp generation will also continue to increase. Increased scrap generation in India and import from foreign countries means increased use of such furnaces, which will require adequate emission control and collection methods.
The Project is undertaken in association with Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCS&T), Chandigarh with the objectives
• To study and characterize fumes and emissions from electric arc furnace, induction furnace and inbuilt facilities (argon oxygen decarborizer, turning furnaces, pre-heater, etc.),
• To study fugitive emissions during raw material handling, additives handling and tilting of pot /crucible for molten metal testing or during transferring,
• To study noise pollution, minimization of fugitive emission and noise pollution, issues concerning generation, handling and disposal of slag (solid waste), suitable cost effective modifications for better performance, effluent handling for ETPs (i.e. provided for air pollution control system); and
• To evolve suitable environmental standards (emission, noise, effluent and solid waste) and good practice for electric arc and induction furnaces including inbuilt facilities.
Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) and Evolving Environmental Standards and Good Practices for Cashew Seed Processing Industry.
Cashew nut processing industry is one of the promising sector producing valuable commodity exported to Gulf and European countries. The industry is categorized as small-scale. There are about 300 units scattered in Nagercoil district, Tamilnadu. The density of these industries is also high at Cheerla and Palasa in Andhra Pradesh; Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Trivandrum districts in Kerala and in Goa. Even though there is cashew seeds cultivation in these areas, most of the production demand is met by importing cashew seeds from South Africa. There are two commonly
followed methods of Cashew nut processing, viz roasting process and cooling process. In cooling process vegetable oil is extracted from the shells of the seeds, which has market in paint industry. Due to limited market demand for the oil, most of the industries are following roasting process.
The cashew seeds roasting process releases thick smoke from the roasting drum through the stack. The smoke has irritating odour and source of public nuisance for the neighbourhood. The process also discharges wastewater from the quenching operation of the roasted seeds. The industries are mostly in small scale and cottage sector with no conventional and techno-economically cost-effective pollution abatement systems. Though pollution load from individual unit is relatively low, but the magnitude of pollution problem from the cluster of units is substantial.
The environmental standards for cashew seed processing industry are yet to be developed. The Central Pollution Control Board is developing 'Comprehensive Industry Document on Cashewseed Processing Industry to evolve Environmental Standards and Cost Effective Good Practices' with the active co-operation of AIP- NPC, Chennai.
Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Bullion industry
Bullion refining is an important industry from economic view point. Importance of this industry is very well illustrated by the fact that India invests huge amounts in purchase of gold and silver as the demand for these metals is increasing. The operations and process involved in bullion refining industry are energy and water intensive, also generate emissions, effluents and solid waste in the environment. Environmental standards need to be developed to regulate these discharges. Also to suggest in-plant pollution control & resource conservation measures and other alternative pollution control, waste-handling measures including that of the treatment plants so as to meet the discharge standards. Services of M/s ENC Consulting Engineers have been hired to undertaken preparation of 'Comprehensive Industry Document for Bullion Industry'.
Comprehensive Industry Document on Electroplating Industry
The study has been undertaken to prepare a comprehensive industry document (COINDS) on electroplating industry. The information such as number of industries, their location, environmental problems and available pollution control technologies has been collected. The draft report includes detailed information on Electroplating Industry, processes & chemicals used, Environmental effects, In depth studies of 20 electroplating units, Recovery of metals, waste minimization & best available technology option, review of existing environmental standards comparison with environmental standards in other countries and suggestions for revision of effluent & emission standards emission.
Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Stone Crushers
Final report of the project including proposed environmental standards, code of practice for pollution prevention and the shifting criteria suggested in the report was placed before Peer & Core Committee for consideration. The matter was discussed and was decided that a sub-committee comprising Prof. J.M.Dave and Shri N.S.Tiwana may examine the issue along with officials of CPCB, SPCB and consultants.
Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Soaps & Detergents
Soaps and detergents are extensively used household products, which are indispensable to health, hygiene and cleanliness. So far, no industry specific emission / effluent standards have been stipulated by CPCB for the soaps & detergents manufacturing industry. It was decided to undertake the task of preparation of COINDS to provide necessary information on the status of Soaps & detergents industry in the country. CPCB entered into a 'Memorandum of Understanding' with Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI), Kanpur for the preparation of the document, which will include the minimal national standards and other relevant information needed for the prevention of environmental pollution from this industrial sector. The studies are in progress.
Comprehensive Industry Document for Sugar Mills (Revised)
The sugar industry is one of the major agro-based industries. The number of sugar factories in operation was around 139 in 1950-51 producing 11 lakh tonnes of sugar, while the total number of sugar factories have rose to 525 and the sugar processed was around 186 lakh tonnes. Though India ranks first in sugar production; per capita availability of sugar is very low as compared to other sugar producing countries. The industry has its base mostly in rural areas and playing important role in country's economy in the rural sector. The farmers find that sugarcane crop is highly remunerative and also robust which can sustain the natural calamities. Thus, it is very much essential to protect the interests of this industry in all respects. It is very important to address the industry and impress that the socio-economic and political considerations cannot override the interests of rural economy.
It is a general belief that sugar industry consumes considerable amount of water and also generate sizeable amount of liquid effluent. The suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a cause of concern, as it is felt that cost effective Air Pollution Control (APC) equipments are yet to be identified for bagasse fired boilers. With the realisation of the importance of water conservation and waste minimization concepts and indigenously developed APC equipment, the waste management and air emission control are now well within the reach of the industry. The solid wastes such as press mud, agricultural trash, fly-ash generated can be converted into useful bio-fertilisers to enrich micro and macro-nutrients of soil and improved crop yields.
The Central Pollution Control Board published a comprehensive document on sugar industry in 1980-81 and the present efforts are to upgrade this document to incorporate various aspects such as wastewater minimization & identification of appropriate technologies for reduction in emissions.
As per COINDS 1980-81, the industries have been following Double Carbonation and Double Sulphitation (DCDS) process and the conventional Double Sulphitation (DS) process. At present the DCDS process is being discontinued except at two units (Mawana Sugars in Uttar Pradesh and Saraswati Sugars in Haryana). It is reliably learnt that these industries may also switch over to double sulphonation process.
The sugar industry may be classified broadly into three categories, capacity wise, as given below:
• Small : Crushing capacity upto 2500 TCD; • Medium: Crushing capacity greater than 2500 and upto 5000 TCD • Large: Crushing capacity greater than 5000TCD
Recently many of the sugar units have installed co-generation units based on bagasse and many more are in the process of establishing the co-generation plants to ease the power crisis faced all over the country. The profitability of the industry would considerably improve if the co-generation plants are established. There can be another classification based on exportable power generation which is as below.
a. Co-generation sugar unit to export power b. Conventional sugar units
Inplant Control Measures
• It shall be made mandatory to recirculate excess condensate, compressor cooling waters, sulphur burner cooling water, mill bearing and turbine cooling waters. If necessary, mini cooling towers may be installed to reduce temperature, to facilitate the recirculation and reuse of these streams. These measures are to be incorporated by the plant suppliers and also as the specifications of the plant machinery.
• Mechanical seals shall be used wherever applicable to avoid leakages from pump glands. • If the cleaning operation of the equipment is carried out continuously it would help to reduce shock-loads
on Effluent Treatment Plant. Wherever monthly cleaning practice is followed at fixed intervals and the effluents are discharged directly into Effluent Treatment Plants, the performance is affected due to shock loads. Most of the industries are now constructing Washing Holding Tanks whereby, the effluent from equipment cleanings, leakages and process upsets are stored and pumped in controlled manner to Effluent Treatment Plants.
In the industries, where inplant control measures and water recycling techniques are followed, the targets of water consumption & wastewater discharge of <100l/tonne of cane crushed are already achieved.
Water and waste Management
• The water management practices are to be strengthened in most of the sugar units. It is observed that water consumption varies between 400 to 1000 litre per tonne of cane crushed (Table 10.5). Taking into account the availability of sixty percent water in sugarcane, it is suggested that there should not be any water abstraction from surface or ground. Spray ponds/cooling towers should be adopted for maximum utilization of water. The quality of water at the upstream and downstream side of the discharge point should be monitored for pH, Temperature, suspended solids, BOD and dissolved oxygen etc.
• The industry shall be advised to measure water consumption on a rational basis. Most of the industries estimate the water usage based on pump capacities and the number of hours of pumping. Most of the industries are of the opinion that water meters do not work properly. In such a case, the levels of reservoirs may be recorded and the water consumption per day can be estimated by multiplying the level difference and area. The usual method of measuring the effluent quantity is through "V" notch. The mild steel "V" notch plates get corroded due to acidic nature of effluent. The industry shall be advised to use Brass or Stainless steel plates for "V" notch and calibrate every year during the off- season. It is suggested to use continuous flow recorders.
• The effluent quantity varies between 100 litre to 400 litre per tonne of cane crushed. The norms for effluent quantity may be fixed as 100 litre per tonne of cane crushed.
• In case of domestic effluent treatment plant, two methods of treatment are suggested as Root Zone treatment and the combined treatment for domestic and sugar factory effluents. However, there can be a number of alternatives, which the industry may like to choose.
Air Pollution
The industry is to be addressed on the adoption of efficient Air Pollution Control measures such as Wet Scrubbers and ESP (Electrostatic precipitators) systems. It is suggested to replace multicyclones with wet scrubbers / ESP units; as the Multicyclones do not provide more than 40-50% efficiency. Many sugar units have started replacing multicyclones with wet scrubbers. It is suggested to install ESP unit wherever a sugar unit has Co-generation plant. A few industries have already taken this step and the performance of these control measures have been found extremely good.
Table 10.5 National average for water requirement, raw material consumption and effluent generation
Small Plant
<2500 TCD
Crushing Capacity
Medium Plant 2500-5000 TCD
Crushing Capacity
Large Plant
5000-7500 TCD
Crushing Capacity
Particulars
Avg. SD Avg. SD Avg. SD
Suggested norms
irrespective of the
capacity
Process 268 80 236 63 250 90 200
Cooling 147 150 161 71 130 70 100
Water Requirement (Lit/MT)
Domestic Cum/day) 109 105 193 234 250 130 100
Bagasse 314 30 276 39 233 40 250
Lubricants 0.116 0.068 0.123 0.085 0.105 0.049 0.050
Lime 1.60 0.50 1.50 0.30 0.90 0.48 1.000
Sulphur 0.460 0.150 0.430 0.14 0.40 0.16 0.350
Caustic soda 0.053 0.029 0.027 0.015 0.024 0.012 0.015
Coagulants 0.0059 0.0082 0.0095 0.011 0.0048 0.0050 0.010
HCL 0.08 0.08 0.18 0.189 0.10 0.105
Raw material consumption (Kg/quintal of sugar produced)
O.P. Acid 0.073 0.043 0.20 0.274 0.090 0.080 0.050
Bagasse 313.46 11.41 291.22 44.56 300 30.0 260-300
Molasses 43.58 3.17 41.00 1.89 40.00 1.90 38-42
Bye products Kg per tonne of cane crushed
Pressmud 33.00 4.01 35.12 3.52 38.00 2.00 35-40
Effluent generated (Lit/TCD) 230 145 250 132 233 83 100
Capital cost 1236 620 1180 890 1000 333 3000-4000 Capital and recurring cost of ETP in Rs/TCD Recurring cost 460 312 525 480 466 200 1200-1500
Steam Kgs/T of cane crushed 490.00 30.0 500.00 20.00 480 15.0 440-460
Power Kw/MT cane crushed 22.00 3.00 20.00 2.00 24 5.00 16-20
Minimum National Standards (as discussed in the 18th Peer & Core Committee meeting)
Even though some of the industries have mentioned that it is difficult to achieve the existing Minimum National Standards (MINAS), the detailed study of some of the industries reveal that it is not difficult to meet the standards. It is, therefore, suggested to continue the existing MINAS for sugar industry for discharge on land for irrigation as BOD<100 mg/l and S.S. <100 mg/l and BOD 30 mg/l and SS 30 mg/l for discharge into inland surface waters (Table 10.6). The industry shall be addressed on proper design, operation and maintenance of effluent treatment plants through training programmes and workshops. The permissible wastewater discharge shall be 100 liters per tonne of cane crushed. The SPM of the stack emission shall not exceed 150 mg/Nm3irrespective of the type of furnace and shall be achieved as per CREP decisions for sugar industries.
Table 10.6 Suggested Minimal National Standards for Sugar Industry
S. No.
Parameter Suggested Standards Remark
1. B.O.D. 3 days 27°C, mg/l ?100 Disposal on land for irrigation
2 B.O.D. 3 days 27°C, mg/l ?30 Disposal into inland surface waters (The standards
may be made stringent depending on the dilution available in the stream)
3. Suspended Solids, mg/l ?100 Disposal on land for irrigation
4. Suspended Solids, mg/l ?30 Disposal into inland surface water
5. Stack emissions, SPM, mg/Nm 3 ?150 All natural draft boilers shall be replaced by forced draft boilers with ECS.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Performance Study of Tannery units situated in and around Delhi
About ten tanneries located at Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh were studied with the objectives to improve their pollution control performance. Some common problems were observed and the suitable remedial measures were suggested. Some of the suggested measures are as follows:
• Solid waste including chrome-bearing sludge to be stored properly in lined pits with a shed over it to protect from rains.
• The algae growth in the aeration tank indicates that aeration tank is not maintained and not been put to use. MLSS level is to be maintained as per design.
• Acoustic enclosures are to be provided for the DG set(s) for control of noise pollution, as per Notification under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
• Boron bearing salts are not to be used in the manufacturing process. • Dry desalter machine should be installed to reduce load on the solar evaporation ponds. • Sprinkler system for solar evaporation ponds to be provided for effluent from soaking and pickling unit.
Prevention and control of pollution in tanneries in Kanpur
Kanpur city has one of the biggest tannery clusters in the country with as many as 354 tanneries (Fig 10.1), as a result associated environmental problem have also been equally alarming. The pollution of surface and groundwater has been observed to acquire serious proportions. The high content of chromium in the tannery wastewater has been reported to render the sludge from treatment plant, as highly hazardous substance.
Fig 10.1 Scale of Operation and type of Tanning in Tannery Units of Kanpur
As a result of regular surveillance by the Central Pollution Control Board and follow up for enforcement the scenario has shown appreciable improvement. Some of the salient achievements are as follows:
• Feasibility study for Common Chrome Recovery Plant • After a series of meetings with local authorities, Tannery Association and other apex agencies a proposal
for cost mobilization for the plant prepared for Kanpur Nagar Nigam. The proposal is under active consideration of Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt of India
• Identification of land for the plant • The defaulting tanneries have been issued with closure orders • Number of individual chrome recovery plant established by tanneries has increased from 8 in 1996 to over
80 in 2004 (Fig 10.2).
*As per the latest status, there are 80 individual plants already established
Fig 10.2 Individual Chrome Recovery Plants established over the years
Latest status of Common Chrome Recovery Plant at Kanpur
• A formal proposal has been submitted by KNN to NRCD with assured contribution of 15% of the capital cost by KNN and 15% by tanners. The rest of the capital cost is being considered by NRCD.
• Land for the proposed plant has been identified
Problems observed in tanneries at Kanpur
• The primary treatment plant installed at individual tanneries are generally not operated / operated improperly
• Tannery conveyance system is choked at many places resulting into discharge of untreated effluent into river Ganga
• Lifting of solid waste and PETP sludge is highly irregular resulting in a big nuisance in the area
Proposed Leather Technology Park, Banthar, Unnao
In order to promote Export oriented leather industries in U.P., a Leather Technology Park is being established at Banthar, Unnao in U.P.. The proposal to establish was submitted by UPSIDC to MoEF and after a detailed scrutiny, a five-member Sub-committee including by the Central Pollution Control Board Officers, visited the project site on July 22, 2003 . In order to stress environmentally sustainable leather tanning process, CPCB ensured to include following issues as recommendation to be implemented by the project authorities:
a. Installation of separate flow meter and (intake) water meter by tanneries b. Automatic monitoring equipments by CETP / large tanneries c. Annual environmental auditing by all tanneries processing > 5 ton hide /day d. Resource recovery from process sludge / ETP sludge by generating bio-gas. This option may be tried in-
line with the re-use of fleshing from tanneries in " Bio-methenisation" process. Since such option is under full-scale operation in Tamilnadu with technical support of CLRI, it is recommended that techno-economical feasibility of this option be worked-out in consultation with CLRI. In case the option of " Bio-methanisation" is declared not-feasible, it is strongly suggested that the option of using them in glue manufacture shall be avoided in keeping with crude processing techniques and high potential of air pollution associated with such industries.
e. Restricting wastewater generation from individual tanneries to the tune of 28m3/tone hyde processed f. Dispensing boron bearing chemicals by tanneries / CETP
Separation of Chromium from waste chrome shavings to minimize disposal problems of hazardous solid wastes in tanneries
It is estimated that about 20,000 tonnes of chrome shavings are generated per annum from tanning industry in the country. In this project, the technology for chromium separation from the leather shavings has been developed. The study has been carried out in collaboration with Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai. The important findings of the study are as follows:
• Concentration of the chromium varies from 1.9-3.8% as Cr on dry solid basis. • Moisture content of the shavings and trimmings varies from 40-55% depending upon the storage period.
• 80-90% removal of chromium from shavings and trimmings with moisture content of about 50% was observed.
• Increase in the percentage of chromium extraction was observed for wetting back of the shavings and trimmings before detanning.
• Detanning process duration time of one hour is sufficient for chrome bearing waste with the moisture content of about 50%. More process duration time will be needed for low moisture content waste.
• 500% float volume is sufficient for effective detanning in drums for shavings and 800% float volume for effective detanning in drums for trimmings. No enzyme or heating is involved in detanning.
• Intermittent mixing of 10 minutes per hour is sufficient for detanning and extraction for shavings. Continuous mixing is needed for trimmings. Lime at pH 12 is selected as a detanning agent.
• One time washing is sufficient. Washing is carried out in drum for a float volume of 500% for shavings and 800% for trimmings for a duration time of 30 minutes.
• Filtering of the shavings was done using a 2 mm sieve and filter bag. • Detanned liquor and wash water can be reused for the next cycle, which will minimize quantity of the
chemicals and process water. Formic acid at pH 3 is selected for chromium extraction. • Two times extraction is needed for chrome shavings and three times extraction is needed for trimmings. • Pulping occurs immediately after the addition of acid only in the case of shaving. Because of the pulping,
the filtrate volume reduces and thereby reduces the percentage chromium extracted. The manual filtration process also takes more time due to clogging of the pores.
• Mechanical dewatering equipment are necessary for effective separation of liquor and solid for commercial scale operation.
• Drum with 12-15 rpm is sufficient for detanning and extraction process.
Sulphur Balance and Material Balance in Oil Refineries
In-depth study of four selected Oil Refineries located in western part of the country was carried out in association with IIT Kanpur. These refineries are - Reliance Industries Limited, Jamnagar; Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Vadodara; Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai.
Distribution of sulphur in different stages of crude refining was studied and compared for all four refineries. The stack monitoring and wastewater quality monitoring was also carried out at all the refineries. The study highlights that sulphur content in products is only 29.7% at Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), but the same is high in other refineries. At RIL only 0.56% of sulphur contributed to the environment, but its concentration is quite high in other refineries. The sulphur recovery is also very high at this refinery as compared to other refineries, because of better technology and much larger sulphur recovery units.
Study of Dye Industries Located at Vatva Industrial Estate, Gujarat
As a mandatory requirement, 14 dye manufacturing units located at Vatva Industrial Estate had applied to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, for ex-post facto environmental clearance during February 2002. While considering the proposal for environmental clearance, the EIA Committee had visited these industries and recommended suggestions to the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The committee suggested that each unit should ensure reduction of COD to 400 mg/l at their ETP, so that after treatment in the CETP, the COD remains well within the specified environmental standard of 250 mg/l.
Status of Pollution Control Measures in Ceramics units in West Bengal
The units namely ceramics are categorised under the small scale sector and the entire manufacturing process is undertaken in batches. The most important part of the manufacturing process is the kiln. There are two types of kilns used in the process - the tunnel kiln and the rectangular / dome shaped kiln, the former being the conventional one. However, with improvement in technology there is a gradual shift to the tunnel kiln for convenience, fuel efficiency and 'green product' management. In West Bengal most of the kilns have abandoned coal as the fuel. As of now the burners of the kilns use light diesel oil (LDO) as the fuel. The emission norms are not stipulated for SOx except for stack height. However, the stack monitoring results indicate that the emission norms have been complied with respect to other parameters.
Status of Disaster Management Plan at Haldia, West Bengal
There has always been an anxiety of the safety measures taken particularly at isolated storage sites of hazardous chemicals particularly fuels. The important statutes that cover these critical areas issued under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 are:
• Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and responses) Rule 1996 • Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 • Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules 1989.
Questionnaires were circulated to the three major oil companies located in the Eastern region namely Indian Oil Corporation, IBP and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation. It was observed that the major fuels stored are : superior kerosene oil (KO), Motor spirit (MS), ultra low sulphur high speed diesel (ULSHDS), mineral turpentine oil (MTO), aviation turbine fuel (ATF) and gases (like LPG, propane and butane). In this context major fuel storage sites were visited including Haldia in West Bengal. The plants have a detailed on-site emergency plan. In West Bengal, Haldia has been developed as major industrial estate dealing predominantly with hazardous chemicals. It was observed from the available reports that the District Administrator prepares the calendar for mock drills particularly for each units in the Haldia region. As per schedule, all the industries participate in the mock drill along with the unit which is demonstrating its on-site safety precautions. The outcome of these exercises is widely publicized. At Haldia, ships which anchor at the jetties - the precautions for the pipelines emanating from the jetty areas are also taken during movement of chemicals through pipes. At the bay stations i.e. lorry (tank) fuel filling yards, the filling was automated leaving any scope for manual handling. The effluent (if any) is being skimmed for oil before discharge into the municipal drains. The units are participating in the eco-development of regions in the vicinity and there are adequate provisions for the green belt.
Status of waste utilisation by industries
A project was initiated to identify industries among the 17 categories of industries which used to generate such 'waste / wastes' having potential usage in other industries. To begin with, the following industry categories (Table 10.7) have been considered, as the waste generated from these categories not only have the potential to be used by other industries but their quantity is also quite enormous creating 'waste management problems'. Questionnaires have been circulated to ascertain the waste load and the potential users.
Table 10.7 Solid Waste Generated from Selected group of Industries
Industry category Major Waste(s)
Thermal Power plants Fly ash / Bottom ash
Steel Blast furnace & SMS slag
Sugar Press Mud
Solid Waste Management at Slaughter House
Waste management in slaughter houses has special significance, because their wastes tend to form breeding ground for pathogenic micro-organisms. Burning or burying of wastes lead to the total loss of potential by-products. The waste processing and disposal has to be economical and environmentally acceptable. With a view to suggest proper waste management practices in slaughter houses, a study was undertaken. Recommendations on best practicable methods currently available for processing and disposal of different wastes and classes of slaughter houses have been identified and presented in Table 10.8. Incineration can also be used, which is one of the effective means for treatment of many wastes.
Table 10.8 Methods for processing, utilisation and disposal of Solid Wastes from Slaughter House
Type of Waste
Constituents of wastes Category of Slaughter House
Solid Waste Diposal Method
Large
(> 70 TLWK/d)
Biomethanation
Medium
(15-70 TLWK/d)
Biomethanation
Or
Composting
Type I Vegetable matter such as rumen, stomach and intestinal contents, dung, agriculture residues etc.
Small
(< 15 TLWK/d)
Biomethanation
Or
Composting
Type II Animal matter such as inedible offals, tissues, meat trimmings, waste and condemned meat, bones etc.
Large
(> 70 TLWK/d)
Rendering
Medium
(15-70 TLWK/d)
Rendering
Or
Composting with Type-I waste
Small
(< 15 TLWK/d)
Composting with Type-I waste
Or
Burial*
*Should be considered as provisional measure.; TLWK/d- Tonnes of live weight killed per day
Environmental Guidelines for Control of Fugitive Emissions during Cement Manufacturing
During cement manufacturing, fugitive emissions are generated at various stages. The degree of fugitive emission and the type of controls adopted varies from industry to industry. A study on "Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions from cement manufacturing units" has been undertaken in association with National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi and IIT Kanpur. The study includes identification of all fugitive emission sources, monitoring and quantification of fugitive emissions, characterization of dust and analysis of metals. Based on the study, the standards for fugitive emissions and environmental guidelines to control fugitive emission will be finalized.
There are a large number of hazardous waste generating units located in 373 districts of 21 states in the country. So far 11,138 units have been given authorization by State Pollution Control Boards under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2003 mostly for temporary storage of hazardous waste, within the plant premises. It is estimated that about 4.43 million tonnes of hazardous waste is generated annually, out of which 71,833 tonnes of hazardous waste are incinerable. The benefits of using hazardous waste as a fuel in cement kiln are as ahead:
• High temperature and residence time of 4-5 seconds in an oxygen rich environment, ensure the destruction of organic compounds found in the waste.
• Any acid gases formed during combustion are neutralized by the raw material being alkaline in nature and are incorporated into the cement clinker.
• Interaction of the flue gases and the raw material present in the kiln ensures that the non-combustible part of the residue is held back in the process and is incorporated into the clinker in a practically irreversible manner.
• No waste is generated that requires subsequent processing.
There is the need to promote utilization of hazardous combustible waste having higher calorific value in cement kiln as fuel. This will not only solve the disposal problem associated with hazardous waste but also conserve natural fuel resources. There is possibility of emissions of toxic metals, volatile organic carbon compounds and other toxic gases, which needs to be controlled. As a policy measure, several procedures and guidelines for utilization of hazardous waste in cement kiln as fuel has been suggested.
Pollution Control in Iron & Steel Sector
Iron and steel is one of the largest industrial sector in the country. Production of steel is the key factor denoting development, but is also a major source of water, air and solid waste pollution. Following major achievements have been made in the field of environmental management and pollution control from the integrated iron and steel industries sector.
• About 98% stacks are complying with emission standards; • Ambient air quality is within the statutory norms; • Discharge effluent quality for the plant/units are generally within effluent norms, except BOD plant for the
cyanide; • 62.5% of the solid waste generated in steel plants are being utilized either through recycling/reuse or
commercial disposal; and, • Tree plantation has been undertaken in and around steel plants with a target of plantation of one tree for
the production of one tonne of steel.
The report on "Description of Clean Technology during steel making in Integrated Iron & Steel Industry, Development of Environmental Standards and Preparation of Comprehensive Document" has been prepared. National Environmental Standards and clean technology developed for blast furnace and steel melting shop is under finalization for their notification.
Environmental Management in Mining Sector
Draft report on "Description of Clean Technology for iron ore mining, development of Environmental Standards and Comprehensive Industry Document" has been prepared. The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, vide its notification on 7th May 1992 has restricted certain activities in specified area of Aravalli Range. A document on "Study of Environmental Problems of Aravalli Hills & Preparation of Action Plan for Restoration of Environmental Quality (Gurgaon and Alwar Districts)" has been prepared. Based on the data generated, the impact on environment due to the industrial activities and mining will be assessed. The environmental impacts of cluster of the proposed mines and processing units under the present environmental scenario will be addressed separately. The Central Pollution Control Board has decided to include two other districts of Rajasthan - Chittorgarh and Udaipur - within the purview of study.
Pollution Control in Copper Industry
The copper industries have agreed upon the following action points for protection of environment within the specified time bound targets:
• To meet the SO2 emission limits by Dec, 2005 • Installation of continuous SO2 monitoring system • Proper operation and maintenance of tailing dams • To achieve zero discharge through 100% recycle/reuse of treated wastewater • To reduce fugitive emissions and overall housekeeping • To develop canopy based greenbelt around the periphery of manufacturing unit and township
Pollution Control in Zinc Industry
The zinc industries have agreed upon the following action points for protection of environment within the specified time bound targets:
• To meet the SO2 emission limits by Dec, 2006 • Installation, proper operation, maintenance and calibration of continuous SO2 monitoring system • Construction of secured landfill for disposal of hazardous waste such as jerosite cake, ETP cake and spent
catalyst as per CPCB guidelines • To achieve zero discharge through 100% recycle/reuse of the treated wastewater by Dec, 2004 • To reduce the generation of fugitive dust from vehicle movements and improve overall housekeeping • To develop canopy based greenbelt around the periphery of plant and township
Pollution Control in Aluminium Industry
First meeting of the National Task Force constituted for implementation of the CREP recommendations deliberated on following important action points (Table 10.9):
• Phase II Fluoride emission limits for soderberg process as agreed in CREP shall be finalised after Phase I is implemented
• More information on fluoride needs to be collected before environmental standards are finalised • Pot life of 2000 days for Soderberg technology was felt more practical and the same was recommended
Table 10.9 Action Points and Targets for Aluminium Industry
Issues Action Points Targets
Technology Allowing new Potlines only with pre-baked technology
Environmental clearance for new Potlines to be given by MoEF after June, 2003, only with pre-baked technology
Fluoride Emissions Prescribing maximum size of the Plant
Revision of fluoride emission standards
Phasing out wet scrubbing system
Maximum size of the plant shall be decided based on the assimilative capacity of each plant location
For Soderberg –
2.8 kg/t by Dec 2005, 1.1 kg/t (VSS) & 1.30 kg/t (HSS) by Dec 2010
for fluoride
Allowing Potlines only with Dry Scrubbing system
Monitoring of Fugitive emissions from pot rooms
For Pre-baked technology –
0.8 kg/t
by December 2006
Environmental clearance for new potlines shall be given by MoEF, after June 2003, only with Dry Scrubbing System
To start with Indal or any other better method and submit data from January 2004, regularly to SPCBs and CPCB
Fluoride Consumption Fluoride consumption per tonne of aluminium produced (as F)
For Soderberg –
15 kg/t by Dec 2005
For Pre-baked –
10 kg/t by Dec 2005
Ambient Fluoride Forage fluoride standards
Measurement of forage fluoride
• 12 consecutive months average – 40 ppm • 2 consecutive months average – 60 ppm • 1 month – 80 ppm
To start monitoring and submit data from January 2004, regularly to SPCBs and CPCB. The locations of monitoring may be selected in collaboration with SPCBs and CPCB
Spent Pot Lining Setting up a centralized SPL treatment & disposal facility with aluminium fluoride recovery and utilization of SPL in steel/cement industries
Limit for Pot life
SPL (Carbon & Refractory) to be disposed in secured landfill
Discussed in the NTF meeting individual industries have already gone ahead with in-site treatment of SPL
The NTF suggested 2500 days coverage/for pre-baked pots installed after December 31, 2003 and 2000 days for Soderberg pots installed after December 31, 2006
With immediate effect
Red Mud Phasing out wet disposal
Red Mud Utilization
To achieve minimum 50% solids in red mud by Dec, 2005
A proposal for practical utilization to be prepared by Aluminium Association of India within 6 months
Anode Baking Oven Achieving particulate matter limit of 50 mg/Nm 3
By December, 2005
Pollution Control in Thermal Power Plants
There are 83 coal-based thermal power plants in the country, of which 5 thermal power plants are closed. A total number of 56 Thermal Power plants with the prescribed emission standards while 22 thermal power plants are yet to comply with the emission standards. As many as 63 plants comply with effluent standards while 15 plants are not complying in this regard.
A Task Force (TF) for implementation of recommendations of the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) in thermal power plants was constituted. The Task Force met twice in the year and reviewed the status of non-compliant power plants. The Task Force decided that non-compliant thermal power plants shall prepare an action plan for installation/augmentation of pollution control systems in time-bound manner as per recommendations of CREP. The sub-committees comprising representatives from CPCB, SPCBs, MoEF and CEA, in the non-compliant power plants located in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana conducted inspections. Emphasis was given on Bank Guarantee from all non-compliant plants, i.e. 10% of the cost of pollution equipment.
Study on the development of standards for trace toxic metals has been completed and proposed standards will be placed in the meeting of Peer & Core Group.
The study on "Leachability assessment of trace heavy metals from ash ponds to groundwater" is undertaken with association of IIT Kanpur. Field investigations have been completed and findings of the study will suggest extent of leaching of trace metals from ash ponds and its impact on groundwater quality. Guidelines for prevention and control of leaching of trace metals including better ash pond management practices will also be prepared.
The study on "Cost benefit analysis including environmental benefits of recycling of ash pond effluents in thermal power plants" was undertaken with association of IIT Kanpur. The findings of the study will suggest feasibility of recycling of ash pond effluent and its benefits in water conservation and mitigating environmental problems. Guidelines for better ash pond water recycling systems will also be prepared.
Use of Beneficiated Coal
It has been suggested that the Ministry of Environment & Forests should consider an amendment in the notification for effective implementation of directives related to use of beneficiated coal.
The Ministry of Power has set up two different committees to look into ways and means for meeting the requirement of beneficiated coal as per the notification. The latest committee under Adviser (Energy) with members from CEA, Ministry of Coal, CIL, BSES, BHEL, MSEB, APGENCO is deliberating on the installation of coal washeries as long term solution to meet the stipulations. Beneficiated/blended coal is supplied to 17 thermal power plants, however other 14 plants have not yet indicated their plan for meeting the requirement of use of beneficiated coal.
Utilization of Flyash
There are 108 power plants including 78 plants of utilities. About 242 million tones of coal and 20 million tones of lignite were consumed in these plants, as a result 92 million tones of ash is generated and only 25 percent is utilized. Indian Road Congress has issued directives to all agencies on 31st July, 2003 for use of flyash in road construction. CPWD is yet to introduce the flyash use in RCC, in road construction and related activities. With respect to backfilling of ash in abandoned mines, 169 mines are available for backfilling. To give further impetus in flyash utilization, following recommendations were made:
• SPCBs should ensure implementation of the provisions of the notification • Thermal Power Plants should market the flyash and should have separate division • Only service charge for facilitating the handling of flyash may be levied by the thermal power plants • Thermal power plants should not encourage third parties/agencies for supply of flyash • EIA studies should be must for Highway construction • Ministry of coal should give subsidy for disposal of ash into the mines
Development of Technologies for Pollution Control from Selected Drugs Manufacturing Units - Paracetamol: A Case Study
Paracetamol is an important drug manufactured in India and is being used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug in a number of drug formulations. Its production is reserved for small-scale sector in India and present production capacity is estimated as 17,000 tonnes per year.
The Central Pollution Control Board took up a study with the association of the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune and in-depth studies are under way to arrive at affordable cleaner options for production of paracetamol bulk-drug.
Determination of Optimum Water Consumption Limit for the Bulk Drug Manufacturing Industry
A study has been taken up by the Central Pollution Control Board to review the existing patterns of water use by the bulk drug industry, options for optimisation and to arrive at optimum water consumption limit. Based on this study, optimum water consumption limit for selected 84 drugs has been arrived, which are being further reviewed to explore the feasibility to have common value.
Risk Assessment in Oil Refineries and Petrochemical Complexes
Safety, health and environment protection are the key concerns for the oil refineries and petrochemical industries. The Central Pollution Control Board took up a project to study some oil refineries and petrochemical complexes in detail and to establish and train the regulatory officers on the procedures and techniques for carrying out risk assessment in these industries.
Status of pollution control in sponge iron industries in Chhattisgarh
Sponge iron plants have installed capacity of 2.5 MTPA in Chhattisgarh. 60 kilns were in operation and may touch 100 in coming years. Concentrated in Raigarh, Bilaspur and Raipur Districts, these units generate large scale air pollution and huge quantities of solid wastes. Development of standards for sponge iron plants is in progress.
Sponge iron is a metallic product formed by the reduction of iron ore at temperature just below the fusion point of iron. This product has derived the name sponge iron due to its porous nature. It is also called as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI). Sponge iron has now succeeded in becoming a preferred raw material in secondary steel making. It is a substitute of steel scrap for the secondary route of Direct Reduction / Electric Furnace (DR/EF).
The main raw materials required are iron ore, coal and dolomite. The iron ore used is hematite with an iron content of 60-66%. The consumption of iron ore has decreased from about 1600 kg. per tonne of sponge iron to 1500 kg levels mainly due to a better understanding of the process, improvements of the equipment and increased levels of automation. In the initial days, the size of iron ore was kept at 5-20 mm and washed in a scrubber before fed into the kiln. But presently, it has become a standard norm to use 5-18 mm ore as feed without scrubbing or washing. This has resulted in reducing the cost of iron ore fed to the kiln.
Non-coking coal is used having certain important parameters considered as necessary for the direct reduction of iron ore viz. reactivity ash softening temperature, caking and swelling indices and sulphur content, etc. Initially, only 'B' grade coal was consumed. The industry has successfully adopted measures to utilize 'C' & 'D' grade coal through better process control, shale picking belts and coal washing plants. With these measures, the coal cost has come down by nearly 20-30%, when compared to the 'B' grade coal.
Dolomite is mainly used as a desulphurising agent to prevent the pick up of sulphur by the sponge iron from the sulphur released by the burning of coal inside the kiln. The 4-8 mm size dolomite is being used in place of the earlier 1-4 mm size. The loss of dolomite fines to waste gases has been reduced by 50% after the increase in size to 4-8 mm.
In the inclined rotary kiln, iron ore and coal are passed through in a counter current direction to the oxidizing flue gases. Fine coal is injected from the material end for uniform combustion. The temperature in the range of 900 to 1050o C is maintained in the kiln. Air fans are mounted on the kiln to force air inside the kiln to react with the carbon from the coal to form carbon monoxide. After material heating, ore reduction and carbon gasification take place in close association with each other. The volatile constituents of coal and carbon monoxide are burnt over the entire length of the kiln with a controlled amount of air. The metallisation process completes in the kiln and the discharge is cooled indirectly with water in a rotary cooler connected to the kiln, screened and subjected to the magnetic separation in order to remove the non-magnetics from the sponge iron.
In coal based sponge iron plants, depending on the quality of the coal used, about 60% of the total heat input is utilised in the reduction process. About 40% of the heat input is discharged with the kiln waste gases. The hot waste gas and the char produced thus contain considerable energy potential. The waste gas heat recovery boilers have become norm in the industry, as the cost of power generation is equal to the hydel power generation cost.
The sponge iron industry in Chhattisgarh is growing in unplanned hapazard manner, as it is seen as a quick money minting business proposition today. The liberal institutional financial support coupled with the low-cost technology has encouraged many people to establish a unit. A standard sponge iron unit may start with a kiln of 100 TPD. The normal kilns have capacities of 100, 300 and 500 TPD. Some units have installed 50 TPD and even 25 TPD kilns, which operate intermittently. The local fabricators and suppliers have modified the kiln, cooler and auxiliary equipment to produce 200 and 400 TPD capacities also.
Due to mushroom growth in sponge iron industry, the important aspect of pollution control has been neglected altogether. Many units have not even applied for consents from State Board. Some have started production without even obtaining required licenses from various departments. If not properly planned at design stage, the sponge iron industry is a highly polluting industry in nature. Huge quantities of gases containing dust concentrations of more than 50 gm/Nm3will be released into the atmosphere. The coal and iron ore crushers were being operated without any control equipment. There is also very high number of fugitive emission sources in the plant area. The cooling water could get easily contaminated with the dust and fines in the plant. The solid waste materials generated in the form of char, dolchar, iron ore fines, coal fines and dust require careful and expert handling because of their quantities and size. After thorough study of these units the observations are as follows:
Most of the new units are coming up in Raigarh, Bilaspur and Raipur Districts. The best quality of iron ore mines are located in Orissa State and the coal in required quantities is available from Korba/Raigarh Districts in the State.
A standard sponge iron unit may start with a kiln capacity of 100 TPD. Readily available kilns normally have the capacities of 100, 300 & 500 TPD. The local fabricators and suppliers have modified the kiln, cooler and auxiliary equipment to produce 200 & 400 TPD capacities also. Some small-scale units have installed 50 TPD and even 25 TPD kilns, which operate intermittently. It is expected that the total units may go up to 100 kilns from the present estimate of 60 operating kilns of various sizes.
The industrial units are operated with one or two technical persons knowing metallurgical process in sponge iron. The person is made responsible for all aspects of the production, including pollution generated from the process. In view of the limited knowledge and time, the technical persons are unable to work for pollution control. The monitoring of
ambient air quality and stack emissions has been entrusted to the local consultants. The necessary documents including consents and data records are also maintained by the consultants on behalf of the industries.
Sponge iron industry is a highly polluting industry in nature. Huge quantities of gases containing dust concentrations of more than 50 gm/Nm3will be released from the kiln. At a time when Pollution Control Boards have been advocating and promoting cleaner technology, adoption of such dirty technology of production is a matter of concern.
Pollution control measures taken by most of the sponge iron plants are far from satisfactory. The status of pollution control in small units with production capacity below 30,000 TPA is further bad.
Installation of Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB) and power generation in the units with 100 TPD and above capacity may be made compulsory.
CECB may take extra efforts to ensure compliance of consent conditions in the existing plants. No industry should be allowed to operate without pollution control devices. Industries operating without control devices may be closed immediately.
It is observed that many of the existing sponge iron producing industries have expanded and increased their production without obtaining necessary approvals. SPCB have to exercise strict vigil to ensure that such plants should not come up without proper and adequate pollution control systems.
Mercury emission from Caustic Soda Industries
The Alkali Manufacturers Association of India (AMAI) has provided technical inputs to all the caustic soda manufacturing units for accounting mercury consumption/loss. The Association has also provided general mercury calculations for all the industries irrespective of the plant condition and processes adopted by them. For example, handling loss is assumed as 2% of mercury consumed. In spite of several recommendations, none of the units have actually started measuring mercury escaping into the environment.
It was observed that during cell cut outs and power failures, huge quantities of mercury were reaching in brine mud which is disposed in the landfill sites. All the units have provided calculation on the basis of 10 power failures, without stating the actual duration of power failure in hours. Similarly, while disposing the exposed activated carbon, FUNDABAC filters, residues from distillation units etc. were not measured for actual concentration of mercury in them before their disposal.
The emission, ambient air quality, surface and groundwater quality and sediments of effluent receiving water bodies were not monitored on regular basis by the industries. In the absence of reliable database, it is not possible to conclude with one short-term study, the actual mercury release into the environment.
Among the action points of CREP, the installation of continuous online mercury analyzer has been differed by all the units as they claimed that mercury bearing effluents are being 100% recycled after treatment. The Association has informed the National Task Force for Caustic Soda industry that the actual consumption of mercury for the year 2002-2003 had already been brought down to 78 gm/tonne and the target set in CREP, 50 gm/tonne will be achieved by December, 2005.
Bio -Composting in Distilleries
Treatment of distillery effluent has always been a problem for industry. Spent wash generated from distillation process has very high pollution potential and it is detrimental to the recipient environment to which it is discharged. Typical characteristics of spent wash is presented in Table 10.10.
Table 10.10 Typical Characteristics of Spent Wash
Parameter Batch Process Continuous process
PH 3.7- 4.5 4.0-4.3
BOD 45000 50000
COD 100000 130000
Inorganic dissolve solids 30000 35000
(All values are in mg/l , except pH)
So far distilleries has adopted various treatment options to treat the distillery effluent but none of them is adequate enough to meet the stipulated norms of discharge within affordable economical range of the industry.
Bio - composting of press mud with distillery effluent is one option through which distillery can achieve zero discharge and get valuable bio compost. Composting process is carried out by mixing distillery effluent with press mud to make compost. Thus liquid effluent is converted into solid compost, which is easier to transport for wider area use. Filler material is arranged in wind rows and composted with effluent .Some time microbial starter culture is used to expedite the composting. The quantity of effluent employed is controlled to maintain optimum moisture in the windrows suitable for composting but not to soak the filler material and leak out of composting heaps. Temperature and moisture content are rigidly controlled and enough air is provided for composting reactions. Exothermic humification reaction accelerated by microbial culture completely decomposes all organic matter of effluent. A distinctive black loamy, free flowing and baggable bio-compost is produced.
CPCB has developed guidelines for bio composting. Distilleries are now adopting this technology in order to reduce the effluent discharge and in due course of time they are supposed to be zero discharge industry. Information regarding bio composting from the units of UP were collected and some distilleries were inspected to assess the efficacy of bio composting. Bio composting scenario in some of the industries are summarized in Table 10.11.
Table 10.11 Status of Bio-composting in some industries
Name of Industry Area of compost
Yard
Technology Cycle
Days
Storage facility for Effluent
Quantity of Press
mud being
used for one
cycle
Arrangements for rainy season
M/s Balrampur Chini Mill (Distillery Division)
20 Acre
(Being expanded to 47 acre)
Self 60 52969 m3 16650 MT Bio compost is covered with polythene sheets
M/s K.M Sugar, Masodha
12 Acre Trio chem 45 10000 m3 250 No arrangement
M/s IGL Kashipur 4 acre M/s Trio chem 60 days
7.13 lac m3
M/s National Industrial Corporaton, Moradabad
18 acre IBF Envirotech 60 days
No separate arrangement
2500 MT No arrangements
M/s Somaiya Organics, Gorakhpur
5 acre Alfa Lavel 45 days
Storage facility for 3 months in lagoons
3900 MT Bio compost is covered with polethene sheet
M/s Daurala Sugar works
3 acre In house 60 days
1000 m3storage pit at ETP
3300 MT Finished product stored in godown. Wind rows are covered
M/s Bajaj Hidustan Ltd
14 acre Trio Chem 45 days
LDPE and brick lined Lagoons
5500 MT Storage shed
M/s Dhampur Sugar Mills
12 acre IBF Enviro pune
60 days
6-7 days storage
1500 MT No processing of bio compost
M/s Rampur Distillery
12 Acre 45 days
Storage for 2.75 lac m3
300 MT No arrangements
Limitations of bio composting
• Press mud availability is limiting factor. • Less demand for bio compost. Efforts should be made for promotion of use of bio fertilizers. • Availability of land as the process needs vast land. • During rainy season it is very difficult to run the bio compost plant, for that period only option left is to store
the effluent or shutdown the plant. • Chances of ground water pollution is always there if bio composting is done on unlined or poorly prepared
surface.
Silk Screen Printing
Dyeing and Printing of textiles are made to convert the raw textile fibres into finished goods having better appearance. Printing is a process of decorating textile fabrics by application of pigments, dyes or other related materials in the form of patterns. Screen-printing may be a hand operation or an automatic mechanical process.
The major unit operations in Screen-Printing are: Image Preparation, Stencil (Printing screen) Preparation, Printing, Drying and Finishing. Colour in the effluents is the main problem alongwith the Organic Matters.
Serampore, District of Hooghly, West Bengal is famous for Silk Screen-Printing Units and reportedly about 100 Units of various sizes are operating and as all the Units are directly discharging their raw effluent into Sewer or Municipal/Panchayet Drain, the condition of the drains have become worsened primarily and due to colour of the waste aesthetically objectionable secondarily. The main problem in these types of Unit is that their discharge is not continuous and often intermittent depending on the number and time of washings.
It was observed and reported that about 40 Units are having capacities to print 100 or more clothes per day. 50 Units having capabilities to print 50-60 clothes per day and about 60 -70 very small units printing only 20 - 30 clothes per day. The process adopted in all the Units of Serampore are more or less same, only variation is in the Capacity or Quantity being produced per day.
The salient findings are as follows
• Colour solution for dying and printing purposes are prepared by mixing following constituents Dry Colour - 300 Gm Gum - 400 Gm Water - 8 litre
• The dye used is primarily of Acid Colour (Azo free, Non Benzodine) type. The dyes of Ciba, Clariant, IDI, Nerolac are being frequently used. The Local made dyes are also in use have been reported by the Units.
• The dye/colour is used in two processes: for Dyeing the clothes; requirement varying in the range of 5-15 gms per cloth depending on Shade (Light, Dark etc.) whereas for Printing purposes, the requirement is more or less uniform and varies between 15 -20 gms per cloth.
• In general, it was observed that water requirement for washing is in the range of 10 -15 litre per Unit cloth. • Only 3 Units have installed Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) which rest Units are directly discharging their
polluted coloured effluent to nearby Municipal / Panchayet/ Low lying lands. Only 4 units have changed their Boiler to Oil Fired till date
• From the analytical results, it is evident that the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the wastewater is in general 2-5 times the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). However, in some cases the COD/BOD ratio of the effluent was found as high as 21 and even 50. The very low BOD in comparison to the COD (high COD/BOD ratio) with some cases might be due to the presence of higher non-biodegradable organic matters or presence of some other substances, which interfere, in the analytical results. However, the exact reason behind it, is yet to be established by investigation and analysis of various components.
The heavy metal concentration in the effluent and the corresponding discharge standards are presented in Table 10.12.
Table 10.12 Heavy Metal concentrations in Effluent and discharge Standards
Heavy Metal Observed Conentration Range
mg/l
Discharge Standard
mg/l
Lead (Pb) BDL - 0.49 0.1
Zinc (Zn) 0.03 - 147 5.0
Copper (Cu) 0.004 - 1.65 3.0
Nickel (Ni) BDL - 0.01 3.0
Cadmium (Cd) BDL 2.0
Arsenic (As) BDL - 0.003 0.2
Chromium (Cr +6 ) BDL 0.1
Total Chromium (T-Cr) BDL - 6.5 2.0
It is evident that the effluent of the Silk Screen Printing are gross violators in terms of discharge of various metals such as Lead, Zinc and Chromium. The Metal concentration in the Dyes frequently used for Screen Printing are presented in Table 10.13.
Table 10.13 Heavy Metal concentrations in frequently used Dyes
Metal Concentration in mg / Kg (Dry Weight) Dyes
Pb Cd Cu Zn Ni As Cr
Blue BN BDL BDL 3.5 291 BDL 0.7 980
Blue AS BDL BDL 2.33 194 BDL 0.61 BDL
Brown 2RL BDL BDL 9.6 154 0.6 1 4809
Black WA BDL BDL 2.5 2.0 0.3 0.4 7849
Yellow 5GN BDL BDL 2.7 247 2.6 1.4 44.5
Red RS BDL BDL 1.75 152 2.8 0.36 BDL
Violet 4B BDL BDL 2.54 277 3.6 BDL 241
Golden BDL BDL 7.56 11.27 0.59 0.64 BDL
Royal Blue BDL BDL 4.57 155.42 2.46 0.77 1401.73
Pollution Control at Large and Small Pulp & Paper Industries
Central Pollution Control Board published comprehensive industry document for large pulp & paper industries and small scale pulp & paper industry during the year 1991 and 1986 respectively. These reports were comprehensive and findings were based on in-depth studies carried out in selected pulp & paper mills using diversified raw materials, pulping processes, different waste treatment systems. Based on the findings in these reports, environmental standards for discharge of effluent and emissions were notified.
The scenario of pulp & paper industry has been under considerable change since then with respect to process technology, raw material and environmental technology. Looking into the changed scenario, increased environmental awareness, choice for ecofriendly products, cost competitiveness, recently emerged environmental issues, increased concept of recycling of water and also limitations of pulp & paper mills, Central Pollution Control Board has decided to review and revise the COINDS of pulp & paper mills.
Eight industries from each group i.e. large pulp & paper industries and small pulp & paper industries have been selected for carrying out in-depth studies. The indepth study has been completed and report is under preparation. Based on the findings from the present studies, the discharge standards for effluent and emissions shall be recommended.
Development of Guidelines for Water Conservation in Pulp & paper industry
Pulp & Paper industries have been considered as high water intensive industry using high volume of water in paper making. The water consumption ranges between 100-200 Cum/tonne of paper depending upon the process technology employed and water management practices followed by the paper mills. Indian paper industry lags behind with respect to water conservation in comparison to pulp & paper industries in developed countries where water consumption is very low ranging between 50-70 cum/tonne of paper. Considering the poor practices of wastewater recycling and reuse followed by Indian Pulp & Paper Industries, CPCB has taken up a project on framing guidelines for water conservation in pulp & paper mills. Under the project, section wise water balance is being undertaken in selected pulp & paper mills to assess the actual use of water in paper making. Different technological options for water reuse and recycling shall be suggested to minimize water consumption.
The water consumption/discharge pattern in different category of pulp & paper mills is presented in Table 10.14.
The activities in various sections of pulp & paper mill that consume water are briefly described below:
• Raw material preparation: Raw material preparation involves depithing in case of Agro based raw material like Bagasse, while washing and chipping of logs in case of wood based plant.
• Pulping section: Pulping section involves digestion of the wood or agrobased raw material, followed by brown stock washing and bleaching operations, pulp cleaning equipments etc. In addition, water is used for pulp dilution and also for non process purposes like pump gland cooling and sealing, floor washing, etc.
• Wastepaper pulping: Waste paper pulping involves hydro pulping, followed by centricleaning, thickening. Mostly recycled water is used in the hydropulper. Fresh water is mostly used in decker thickner showers.
• Stock Preparation and Paper machine: Water is required for chemical preparation, in wire and press section showers, vacuum pump sealing, etc.
• Chemical Recovery Plant: Chemical recovery Plant does not require any fresh water for the process. Fresh water is required for non process operations like pump gland cooling & sealing, slaker roller bearing cooling, floor washing, etc.
• Utilities: Utilities include Water treatment Plant, DM Plant, Softner Plant, Boiler House, Cooling tower.
NOISE POLLUTION
Meetings of the National Committee
11th & 12th Meetings of the National Committee on Noise Pollution Control were held on April 22, 2003, and January 30, 2004, respectively in New Delhi. Some major issues discussed during the meetings were:
• Amendment in Noise Rules/Regulations • Noise limits for motor vehicle horns • Noise limits for in-use motor vehicles • Aircraft noise
Compliance Testing of Fire-crackers
Compliance testing of fire-crackers for noise limits was carried out in March 2004, in association with the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The objective of the project was to study whether the noise levels of fire-crackers available in the market meet the prescribed noise limits. The test results of the present study are presented in Table 10.15.
Table 10.15 Noise levels produced by a variety of Firecrackers under free-field condition, at 4 m distance from the point of bursting
Generated Noise Level Type of Cracker
dB(Al) dB © pk
Hydro Bomb (Foiled) 127 + 1 159 + 1
Hydro Bomb (Green Sutli) 126 + 0.5 160 + 1
Atom Bomb (Foiled) 128 + 1 162 + 1
Atom Bomb (Green Sutli) 127 + 1 162 + 1
Timing Bomb 127 + 1 159 + 1
500/5 Crackers 126 + 1 153 + 1
100 Lar 118 140
Sky Shot 111 + 3 133 + 1.5
Hydro Bomb (Foiled) 128 + 1 161 + 0.5
Mild Bomb (Foiled) 125 + 1 151 + 1.5
Hydro Bomb (Green) 127 + 0.5 161 + 1
Mini Bullet 127 + 1 155 + 1
Liberty Ladi 121 142
Agni Max (Green Sutli) 128 + 0.5 162 + 1
Agni Max (Green Foiled) 127 + 0.5 162 + 1
Classic Super Bullet 127 + 0.5 157 + 1
Stationary noise level measurement of motor vehicles
The project was carried out in association with Automotive Research Association of India, Pune. Pass-by-noise as per IS:3028 and stationary-noise as per IS:10399 for 91 new vehicles and 61 in-use vehicles were tested.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Bio-medical Waste Management in Bangalore
A total of 31 hospitals and 2 Common Waste Treatment Facilities were inspected and monitored in Bangalore. Hospitals, both Government and Private, with and without incinerators were selected based on the number of beds and their contribution of waste. The study was focused on incinerators, combustion efficiency, autoclaving, segregation of waste, treatment of liquid effluent, disposal of waste and sharps etc. It was observed that out of 31 hospitals, 12 have their own incinerators and others are sending their waste either to CWTFs or to own landfill sites. The stack monitoring at 12 hospitals and both the CWTFs were carried out. Based on a multi-parameter based indexing system, grading of hospitals is in progress.
Bio-medical Waste Management in Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan
Many hospitals in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have provided incinerators to treat the bio-medical waste. Most of them were found violating the required specifications and were not operating regularly. Incinerators installed by the Common Treatment Facility (CTF) providers and the incinerators in eight hospitals were monitored.
PROSECUTIONS LAUNCHED, CONVICTIONS SECURED AND DIRECTIONS GIVEN FOR CLOSURE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES
1) POLLUTION IN RIVER YAMUNA
Writ Petition (Civil) No.725/1994, News Items ‘HT’ A.Q.F.M. Yamuna Vs Central Pollution Control Board & Ors.
In the above matter the Central Pollution Control Board is filing Monitoring Reports in compliance of the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Central Pollution Control Board submitted its monitoring report on water quality on River Yamuna at Palla, Agra Canal and at Okhla. Besides river Yamuna the Central Board also monitor the drains at the point prior to discharge into the river Yamuna for assessing the waste water quality and pollution load. The Central Board is monitoring the river Yamuna for its water quality at five locations along with 25 drains in compliance of the orders of the Hon’ble Supreme Court and have submitted results of 71 rounds of monitoring since 1999.
Pollution in Western Yamuna Canal
The Western Yamuna Canal is the source of raw water for drinking purposes for capital city Delhi. Earlier, the Central Pollution Control Board has received several complaints from Delhi Jal Board regarding bad quality of raw water in Westen Yamuna Canal and thereby closure of Haiderpur and Nangloi water works for several hours. The officials of the Central Board conducted a survey of the pollution sources of Western Yamuna Canal. The survey revealed that the pollution in Western Yamuna Canal is causing due to the industries located in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana and also from the Municipal Council Yamunagar and Jagadhari (Sewage Treatment Plants). On the basis of the survey the Central Board has issued directions under Section 5 of the Environment (Protecting) Act, 1986 to the industries located in the Yamuna Nagar, Haryana. The Industries have filed Writ Petitions in the Punjab & Haryana High Court at Chandigarh and got stay orders against the directions issued by the Central Board. The Central Board has filed status of the Western Yamuna Canal in the Supreme Court of India vide its affidavit, dated 15.10.2003 the Hon’ble Court on 15.4.2004 directed that the reports of the Central Pollution Control Board and Haryana State Pollution Control Board be sent to the Committee in the Ministry of Environment & Forests for examination. The matter is under consideration of the said Committee.
2) TAJ POLLUTION MATTER
Writ Petition (Civil) No.13381/1984, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors.
Brick Kilns Matter
In brick kiln matter the Hon’ble Supreme Court issued directions time to time from the year 2001. On the directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court a five member Joint Inspection Committee was constituted in the year 2001. On the basis of the inspection carried out by the Joint Inspection Committee, the Central Board submitted its affidavit along with the inspection report of the Joint Inspection Committee. Till dated on the directions of the Court approximately 125 brick kilns were inspection by the said Joint Inspection Committee. The Hon’ble Court on 11.9.2003 after assessing the present status of the brick kilns located in Agra, Firozabad, Hathras and Etah. The Hon’ble Court directed the Chairman, Central Board to constitute a Committee consisting of Direction, one representative each from the Archeological Survey of India (ASI), Ministry of Environment & Forests, U. P. Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board. The Hon’ble Court further directed that the meeting of the said Committee would be held in Agra. The Committee may seek any information or expert opinion from any person/officers and the orders passed by the Committee shall be final. On the basis of the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Committee, the Hon’ble Court also directed the brick kilns owners before filing application to the said Committee or brick kilns will immediately apply for electricity connection and the electric connection meant for agricultural use will be disconnected by the electricity supplier. On the directions of the Hon’ble Court the Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board has constituted a Committee on 20.10.2003.
Air Quality Monitoring Station at Agra
Pursuance to the directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court the Central Pollution Control Board has established four Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Agra. These four air quality monitoring stations are located at Taj Mahal, Itmad-Ud-Daula, Rambagh and Nunhai besides one Central Analytical-cum-Calibration Laboratory. The data generated from the air quality monitoring stations are being displayed at Taj Mahal has suggested by Mahajan Committee. The Central Board has also initiated a study to monitor very fine particles (PM2.5) besides chemical speciation, emission inventory studies etc. with hardware and technical support from Environment Canada. The Central Board is also in the process of developing ambient air quality standard with respect to FPM (PM2.5).
3) POLLUTION IN ARAVALI HILLS
Writ Petition (Civil) No.4677/1985, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors.
The matter is related to the mining activities in area upto 5 k.m. from the Delhi-Haryana border on the Haryana side of the Ridge and also in the Aravalli Hills. The Hon’ble Court vide order, dated 18.3.2004 observed that with a view to
monitor the overall eco-restoration efforts in the Aravalli Hills and to provide technical support in the implementing organizations and also to monitor the implementation of recommendations of Environment Protection Control Authority (EPCA), Central Empowered Committee (CEC) and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) to constitute a Monitoring Committee. The Hon’ble Court besides several other directions directed the following heads of the Departments would be members of the said Monitoring Committee:
Regional Officer of State Pollution Control Board; Forest Department; District Administration; Department of Mining and Geology; Irrigation Department; Regional Officer of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB); Agricultural Department; District Industry Department; and Chairman, CPCB.
Besides above, the Hon’ble Court further directed the Ministry of Environment & Forests to appoint an officer from Central Ground Water Board to be a member of the Monitoring Committee. The following persons have also be members of the said Committee as representatives of the public:
Prof. Dilip Biswas, Ex-Chairman, CPCB. Mr. Valimiki Thapar. Mr. Bhure Lal.
The Hon’ble Court directed that the Ministry of Environment & Forests will be the nodal agency of the said Monitoring Committee. The Monitoring Committee was directed to inspect the mines and file a report within a period of three months containing the suggestions for recommencement of mining in individual cases.
4) GANGA POLLUTION MATTER
Writ Petition (Civil) No.3727/1985, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors.
In the matter of Ganga Pollution the Central Pollution Control Board has filed an Interlocutory Application in the Supreme Court seeking directions from the Hon’ble Court in respect of the Municipalities/Nagar Palikas/Local Bodies located in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar to maintain properly and operate the sewage treatment plant/sewerage system, pumping stations crematoria, low cost toilets and other assets created under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). The Hon’ble Supreme Court after considering the submission of the Central Board directed that all the concerned States and Municipal Councils to file necessary response indicating by the oxidations ponds have not been erected and identify the land.
In response to the directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court some of the Municipal Councils have submitted their response in the Court which are pending for the appropriate directions of the Court.
5) MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN CLASS –I CITIES
Writ Petition (Civil) No.888/1996, Almitra H. Patel & Anr. Vs Union of India & Ors.
In this matter the Hon’ble Court on 3.2.2004 directed the Central Pollution Control Board to submit through an Affidavit the compliance with Rule 8 of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. The Hon’ble Court further directed that the State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees which have not submitted report in terms of Rule 8 of the aforesaid Rules shall forthwith submit it to the Central Pollution Control Board. The Central Pollution Control Board vide its affidavit, dated 3.3.2004 submitted in the Supreme Court informed that three Annual Reports consecutively as required under Rule 8 of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for the year 2000-2001, 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. The Central Board has indicated the performance and status of implementation of local bodies (Municipalities) with respect to the provisions of the Municipal Solid Wastes Rules. The Central Board has also made its recommendations in the Annual Report submitted to the Ministry of Environment & Forests that (i) in the first phase the Ministry of Environment & Forests may consider to direct concerned States/UTs to formulate time bound action plans in respect Metro Cities and State Capitals (35 Metro Cities and 24 State Capitals); (ii) the Ministry of Environment & Forests/Central Pollution Control Board may continue to support States/UTs for setting up of Demo Projects on cost sharing basis. The matter is under consideration of the Hon’ble Court.
6) IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Writ Petition (Civil) No.657 of 1995, Research Foundation for Science Technology and National Resource Policy Vs Union of India & Ors.
The progress in the matter during the period under the report is, the Hon’ble Supreme Court vide order, dated 14.10.2003 directed that the Central Pollution Control Board would be empowered to monitor the import of hazardous waste the Central Pollution Control Board will collate the data from the State Pollution Control Boards directly from each State Pollution Control Board and will randomly cross check the data upto 10% of the units prior to preparing the National Inventory. The Central Pollution Control Board also directed to study the reports of State Pollution Control Boards and make an evaluation of the proposals, counter check the data generated in the reports and produced a National Plan for Rehabilitation of Hazardous Waste Dump Sites. Such plan should be submitted to the Hon’ble Court within four months.
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE YEAR 2004 – 2005
1) ANNUAL ACTION PLAN
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has sanctioned an outlay of Rs. 220 million for Plan Expenditure during Financial year 2004-2005. The Annual Action Plan includes several initiatives covering mandates given to Central Pollution Control Board under the Water, Air, Cess Acts and various Rules under Environmental Protection Act. During year 2003-2004, the Central Board could strengthen monitoring and environmental surveillance programme. The programmes taken up at national level were executed in co-ordination with State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees.
2) FEATURES OF THE ANNUAL PLAN
In the Annual Plan of year 2004-2005, the programmes/schemes are taken up to address the issues relating to Acts/Rules, which in-force relating to prevention and control of pollution. The schemes include:
Strengthening of Water and Air Quality monitoring network Assessment of groundwater quality in metro cities Health assessment studies in respect of air pollution Strengthening of analytical capabilities relating to analysis of critical pollutants, such as benzene, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5 etc. Setting up of continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations in 16 selected cities Source apportionment studies on particulate matter Bio-monitoring/bio-mapping of rivers Efficiency tests of autoclaves for treating bio-medical waste by spore testing Enzymatic removal of trace aromatic compounds for drinking water Standardization of methodology for measurement of hazardous organic compounds such as PCBs Development and revision of standards for different categories of industries Guidelines for control of odour from industries Guidelines on utilization of spentwash for composting in distilleries Organizing training programmes for officials of SPCBs/PCCs and other concerned departments Development of integrated software for different modules Development of web-site for North-Eastern States Implementation of recommendations of Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) in
respect of 17 categories of industries Monitoring of groundwater and soil quality near petrol pumps – Guidelines for underground storage tanks Environment Surveillance activities relating to industries, court matters, EIA compliance, public complaints
etc. Performance evaluation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Rules, assessment of status in metro cities and state capitals and
formulation of action plans Implementation of Plastic Waste Rules, monitoring of registration granted by SPCBs/PCCs for plastic
recycling units Guidelines for operating parameters for common bio-medical waste treatment facilities and co-ordination
with SPCBs on implementation of Rules Continuing process of Registration of recycling/reprocessing/re-refining industries Evaluation of technologies on reprocessing/re-refining of different types of used oils Implementation of directions of Hon’ble Supreme Court on management of Hazardous Waste Guidelines for management of e-waste Management of waste batteries – Guidelines and Action Plan formulation Sector-specific documentation on various sectors as per amended rules on hazardous waste management Development of testing facility in fire cracker units for the measurement of noise/emissions Developing models on decentralized cost-effective sewage treatment facilities for smaller communities Continuing preparation of zoning atlases for siting of industries and industrial estates based on
environmental considerations Developing models on Eco-cities
3) BUDGET ALLOCATION
The allocations made against major Plan heads are as follows:
ALLOCATION (Rs. in Lakhs)
PROJECT HEADS
Head Office Zonal Offices
Total
I. Pollution Assessment - Survey & Monitoring
361.00 47.59 408.59
II. Laboratory Management-
(Operation & Maintenance
and R&D)
524.30 99.80 624.10
III. Development of Standards
and Guidelines
132.75 0.56 133.31
IV. Training 30.00 4.05 34.05
VA. Information (Database)
Management
35.00 5.25 40.25
VB. Library 12.5 3.25 15.75
VI. Pollution Control Enforcement
586.45 122.25 708.70
VII. Pollution Prevention and Control Technology
90.5 0.00 90.50
VIII. Mass awareness, Publication and NGO Activities
58.50 1.75 60.25
VII. Hazardous Waste Management 82.00 2.50 84.50
TOTAL 1913.00 287.00 2200.00
FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
The amount of grant-in-aid sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, to the Central Pollution Control Board for Plan and Non-plan expenditure for the financial year 2003-2004 is as under :
Sanctioned Budget for 2003-2004 Rs. in lacs Plan-Projects/Programmes Rs. 2200.00 Non-plan Rs. 748.94
The broad details of the expenditure incurred out of the aforesaid amount of Rs. 2,948.94 lacs released to the Central Pollution Control Board and from other deposit - projects are given below :
Receipt Amount Payments Amount OPENING BALANCE
I.GRANTS RECEIVED FROM GOVERNMENT II. FEES CONSENT FEE III. FINES/FORFEITURES INTEREST ON INVESTMENT
V. MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS VI. MISCELLANEOUS ADVANCES
VII. DEPOSIT VIII. OTHER DEPOSITS2
704.06 2948.94
_
_
_
47.25 1054.16 _
260.93
I. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
a) Fixed assets(Building) b) Other assets
II. REVENUE EXPENDITURE
a) Administration b) Board's laboratory c) Running and maintenance of vehicles d) Maintenance and repairs including rent e) Legal charges & fee to consultants
III. PROJECT REVENUE EXPENDITURE a) Project (Revenue Exp.) (Project I to IX)
IV. FEE FOR AUDIT
V. MISCELLANEOUS1
VI. ADVANCES
VII. DEPOSITS/CASH AT BANK
VIII. CASH IN HAND
_ 112.45
749.30 363.91 0.97 2.36
-
1090.40
0.84
1382.39
774.45
538.27
__
Total 5015.34 5015.34
Notes:
1) Miscellaneous: The amount reflects the payments made against the funds received for outside projects as noted below (Note No. 2)
2) Other Deposits: Other deposits include the deposits for the following projects from (other projects) other Govt. Depts/Institutions namely:
Indo-Dutch Project. Indo-Norwegian Project. World Bank (Procurement – NTPC). AWQMS (NRCD). GPD (NRCD) - Yamuna. Training (World Bank). Orissa Board (Procurement – GTZ). Environmental Atlas Project – Metro Cities. ENVIS Project. Survey of Medium & Minor Rivers Project (GPD)-NRCD-SMMR. Development of National Standards (MoEF). JETRO Project. UNEP Project. Survey of 61 Towns (NRCD). DST-CRM (Metals). DST-CRM (Gas & Mixture). EPA - NCR. UNEP (MALE). Comprehensive Approach on Environmental Audit (CAEA). CESS-EM. Delhi Jal Board –STP. TDSM-DBT. WHO-BMHW. SCC-Haryana Distilleries. NRCD-Mixed. AAQM- Agra (Hardware). EMCB-ENVIS Project. HPC-Enquiry Committee. NRCD-Oxidation Pond-STP. World Bank-Development of Standards. Zoning Atlas (World Bank). World Bank – AAQM. CDG – World Bank Training. NRCD-STP under Ganga-Kanpur. BSS-on cleaner technology.
OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES DEALT BY CPCB
ACTIVITIES UNDER EPCA
The Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for the NCR was constituted by the Central Government vide notification no. S.O. 93 (E) dated January 29, 1998. Central Pollution Control Board provides technical and administrative support to the EPCA. During the year 2003-04, EPCA held 30 meetings. Total number of meetings held so far is 256. Major issues taken up during the year are as below.
I.A. No. 179 Filed by Amicus Curiae
While hearing the matter, the Hon'ble Supreme Court on February 14, 2003 referred I.A. 179 to EPCA for examination of issues. The issues raised in this I.A. includes traffic congestion, number of three-wheelers, interstate bus terminus, by-pass goods vehicles, new and in-use norms for two-wheelers, pollution under control certificate and safety inspection of CNG buses
EPCA examined the issues raised in I.A. 179 and submitted its report in May 2003 to the Hon'ble Supreme Court which includes the following major recommendations:
1. New mass emissions standards
a. Union of India specifically Ministry of Finance be directed to implement emissions based tax for early introduction of new norms:
b. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways be directed to set particulate emissions standards for two-stroke two-wheelers to be enforced from 2005:
c. Direct Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to regulate total aromatics immediately in addition to 1 percent benzene already in place to reduce high toxic emissions from 2-stroke two-wheelers
2. In-use standards for two wheelers- Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MRTH) be directed to:
- Notify effective and tighter PUC norms for two-wheelers immediately.
o Notify simultaneously commensurate test procedures and norms for in-use two-wheelers to implement advanced inspection test procedures to replace PUC in a phased manner:
3. Emissions warranty
To implement emissions warranty more advanced vehicle inspection system will have to be adopted. This would also require comprehensive legal framework for enforcement. This should be defined as early as possible.
4. Fiscal measures to renew the old fleet and also control explosive increase in two-wheeler numbers in the long run:
• Impose periodic taxes on two-wheelers to make ownership and usage of old vehicles more expensive; and • Periodic taxes can be imposed according to the mass emissions standards, these vehicles meet
5. Improve public transport to discourage ownership and usage of two-wheelers
6. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways be given the following direction
• For petrol and CNG vehicles notify tighter PUC norms immediately; • Upgrade the PUC test procedures for petrol vehicles; • Upgrade PUC test procedures for diesel vehicles immediately; • MRTH be directed to notify loaded test procedures along with commensurate norms for different vehicle
categories in bigger centralized centers to be set up in a phased manner in critically polluted cities like Delhi;
• Notify Particulate Matter norms and test procedures for in-use diesel vehicles; • Notify improved in-use norms and test procedures for inspection of CNG vehicles; • Improvement in the inspection infrastructure in Delhi; and
o Computerise and rationalize vehicle registration system for effective enforcement of vehicle inspection programme.
Development of New Forest Areas in Delhi
In the matter of W.P.( C) No. 202 of 1995, the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order dated May 9, 2003 directed EPCA to examine the possibility of development of forest and large tracts of land which have been acquired by the Delhi Administration and DDA and which are still lying undeveloped. EPCA examined the matter and submitted its interim report "Development of New Forest Area in Delhi" to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in April 2003. Final report was submitted in August 2003 which includes following recommendations:
1. DDA must earmark the area under forests – regional park, district and city forests – separate from the classification of "recreational area". This area must have limited permissible land use – that is only forests and green areas. This area must be 20 per cent of the land area of the city. This is the target that the Master Plan document also sets for the city. However, EPCA is concerned with the quality of the green area being set aside and is therefore, recommending that these measures be taken to re-categorise the green area in the city so that it is verifiable. The recreational land use should include tree cover in neighbourhood parks, playgrounds, sport complexes etc. The category under recreational purpose must not be clubbed together with the area categorised as forests and green spaces.
2. DDA and Government of Delhi must take steps to ensure that there is an increase in real tree cover in different parts of the city – uniformly distributed across the city and not concentrated in a few parts as it is currently. The less than adequate green cover in different parts of the capital is a sign of environmental injustice as it deprives inhabitants of access to vital areas, which provide, well-being, recreation and help reduce the stress and pollution of the city. In this regard we would recommend that the agencies be required to submit a proposed plan with time bound schedules for the consideration of Hon'ble Court.
3. According to a survey conducted under the directives of the Delhi High Court, there are 508 water bodies in the city. These water bodies are important sponges for Delhi as they store rainwater and recharge groundwater. These water bodies must be protected at all costs. But more importantly, the catchments of these water bodies must be earmarked and protected as green area. Government of Delhi, MCD and DDA should be asked to submit proposed plans on the protection of these water bodies.
4. EPCA would like to reiterate firmly that DDA must implement its direction and take necessary steps to convert the 223 Hactares. in Vasant Kunj into a green area and declare as secure forest.
5. EPCA is of the view that no permanent structure for any residential, commercial, religious or institutional uses may be taken up in the flood plain of the river as the same may obstruct the flow of the river as well as create further pollution problem. Clearly, EPCA has not recommended tree plantations inside the normal course of river. If DDA is unable to protect this land – critical for the Delhi's water discharge and flood management – then it should be transferred to the forest department. An assessment should also be done so that plantation of trees may be taken up without adversely affecting flow of the river during flood
1. Recommendations on ridge
i. It is imperative that the area under the ridge must be finally notified as reserve forests under section 4 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927. The Government must be directed to give a firm time schedule for issuing the final notification
ii. In view of the multiplicity of ownership of land in the Ridge, EPCA would like to recommend the constitution of an autonomous and statutory Authority for the management of the Ridge. This body should be independent of the control of the State Government. A supervisory body of this kind already exists in the form of Ridge Management Board that was also constituted under the directions from the Hon'ble Supreme Court for overall management of the Ridge. This body may be reconstituted with representations from the concerned agencies and Delhi Government and be made statutory authority under The Environment (Protection) Act outside the purview of the State Administration.
iii. The Management Body must be asked to prepare an annual report on the status of the ridge. If necessary, it should have the funds to commission the national remote sensing agency for an independent status report on the state of forest cover on the ridge.
Infrastructure for CNG Refilling
EPCA reviewed the progress on strengthening of infrastructure for refilling CNG. During discussion with Indraprashtha Gas Ltd. it was informed that presently there are 112 CNG refilling stations i.e. 54 mother stations (18 for DTC), 20 on-line stations, 9 daughter and 29 daughter booster stations. Total installed capacity of the infrastructure is 14.86 Lakhs kg. per day against the target of 16.11 Lakhs kg per day set by the Hon'ble Supreme Court. Actual sale of CNG in June 2003 and July, 2003 were 7.01 and 7.65 Lakhs kg. per day respectively.
At present there are 82127 CNG vehicles including 2612 DTC buses, 6537 .private buses, 4977 RTVs/Mini buses, 5268 taxies, 52252 auto-rickshaws and 10481 private cars. With the 112 stations in operation, current demand of CNG by these vehicles is met with no queues on CNG refilling stations.
RSPM Control in Critically Polluted Cities
The Hon'ble Supreme Court, vide its order, dated August 14, 2003 (Civil Writ Petition No.13029 of 1985), has directed that the Union of India and the States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, U.P., Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to draw a plan for lowering the RSPM levels in the city of Sholapur, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Lucknow & Kanpur, Bangalore and Chennai and submit the same to EPCA for its recommendations.
In response to the directions mentioned above, EPCA asked the concerned State Governments to submit their plan-of-action to control particulate pollution in the critically polluted cities and to make presentations before the Authority. Based on the information provided by the States, EPCA submitted its interim report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in November 2003.
To expedite the preparation and finalisation of the city action plans by the concerned Governments, EPCA visited Lacknow, Bangalore, Chennai, and Ahmedabad and met with the Principal Secretaries and other stakeholders. In Lucknow, Chief Minister of UP was also apprised of the pollution problem and the need for taking remedial action. EPCA held a press conference in Bangalore.
EPCA submitted its final report in February 2004 to the Hon'ble Supreme Court. EPCA's observations and summary recommendations in the final report were as follows:
• EPCA has made its recommendations in light of spirit of the order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court that the selected seven cities have very high level of particulate pollution and therefore need urgent and advance action beyond the minimum national norms and plans. Rapidly rising pollution sources like vehicles, the growing pollution load and its toxicity threatens to overwhelm the small efforts at pollution control in these cities. Most of the city action plans submitted by the state governments have stated very high contribution of the transport sector to the total air pollution load.
• It is very significant that in the absence of an effective national action plan and air quality planning systems, the Supreme Court rulings in Delhi have become the model of action for other cities as well. Most significant among these is the gaseous fuel strategy. Others include phasing out of old vehicles, and improving vehicle technology and fuel standards. Though air quality planning is nascent in India and pollution source inventory inadequate, the precedence set by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Delhi demonstrates that action can be started immediately. Priority actions can be drawn up based on science and evidence of harmful effects of air pollution and lessons from global good practices. In the case of particulates it is just not the quantum but toxicity of particulates that determine the immediate target of action. EPCA is therefore of the view that the seven city action plans need to follow common overarching goals in the following areas of interventions:
• Advancement of vehicle technology and fuel quality standards to achieve significantly cleaner emission levels.
• Introduction and expansion of gaseous fuels programmes to leapfrog and achieve drastic reduction in particulate emissions.
• Appropriate policies to check rapid dieselisation of small and medium car segments that are growing source of particulate emissions in cities. Otherwise, this may nullify the emission gains from moving public transport and commercial vehicles to gaseous fuels. Even two-wheelers contribute significantly high particulate as evident from data submitted by Kanpur and would require immediate regulatory intervention.
• Control emissions from on-road vehicles with improved inspection and maintenance programme, more representative test procedures and greater manufacturers accountability (emissions warranty). Upgrade the PUC programme immediately based on effective standards and test procedures and rigorous enforcement to weed out gross polluters. Simultaneously, prepare a phase-in plan for centralized inspection centres with more advanced norms, test facilities and quality audit systems.
• Augmentation of public transportation and transport demand management to restrict growth in number of private vehicles: As recommended earlier in report on IA 179 city transportation plans need to be effectively linked to air pollution abatement programmes.
• Effective strategy to prevent fuel adulteration: EPCA would like to reiterate its recommendations to the Hon'ble Supreme Court on this matter. Make oil companies accountable for the quality of fuel at the retail end, improve testing procedures and fuel quality standards, make penalty effectively stringent, and initiate public broadcast of defaulting retail outlets.
• EPCA notes with concern that 1% benzene petrol has been introduced only in a few cities so far. This is of serious concern in cities with very high proportion of two-stroke powered two-wheelers responsible for very high hydrocarbon emissions. Introduce 1 percent benzene petrol in critically polluted cities of India by April 2004.
• Strengthen air quality monitoring and planning in cities: Develop capacities to monitor additional pollutants like PM2.5, ozone, benzene and volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is very important that the concerned state governments and the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests undertake their own source apportionment studies, pollution source inventories, for future planning and monitoring.
Implementation of P.K. Kaul Committee Report
While hearing the Matter of W. P. (C) No. 914/1996 on March 24, 2003, the Hon'ble Supreme Court issued the directed that the EPCA under the Chairmanship of Shri Bhure Lal shall monitor the implementation of P.K. Kaul Committee report in the manner indicated in the action plan of the said report and as approved by this Hon'ble Court by its Order, dated 16.11.1998.
EPCA is regularly monitoring implementation of P.K. Kaul Committee Recommendations since 1998 as per the Hon'ble Supreme Court orders issued in the past. In compliance of the above directions, EPCA further reviewed the progress made by concerned organisations i.e. Delhi Jal Board and Ghaziabad Development Authority. EPCA also
visited sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations, raising mains and other locations where work is in progress or proposed. Major findings and recommendations in its third report submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court during September 2004 are as below:
1. DJB is responsible for collection, treatment and disposal of sewage in Delhi including Trans-Yamuna area. Though DJB has laid sewerage system, including sewage pumping stations to pump the sewage to sewage treatment plants, yet in most of the trans Yamuna area total sewage generated in sewered areas are not collected through sewerage system and as such finds way into storm water drains and cause unhygienic conditions.
2. DJB has created 133.08 mgd sewage pumping capacity in command area of Kondli STP and 42.6 mgd in command area of Yamuna Vihar STP, but these STPs are not being optimally utilized due to reason stated above and also due to lack of interest/commitment to convey and treat the sewage. Though trapping have been constructed on most of the drains for collection of sewage and pumping to STPs. They are either not operated or operated at low capacity. Thus the sewage pumped to STPs is only 44 mgd though existing capacity of STPs is 65 mgd.
3. DJB should ensure that total sewage generated from the sewered areas is collected through sewerage system and pumped to the STP s to reduce flow into drains, which are causing unhygienic condition. The concerned officers should be made responsible for the same. The sewage from unsewered area discharged through various drains should be trapped near the pumping stations and pumped to STP. Such trappings are existing at most of the locations which need to be operated. Additional trappings may be created, if needed. Thus the total sewage generated should be pumped to STP through various pumping stations for treatment and thereby only treated sewage should flow into the main drain. By utilizing Sewage Pumping Station's capacity and trapping of drains, there may not be need for pumping station at Chilla.
4. Discharge of fresh water, back wash of filters and sludge from water treatment plant at Bhagirathi is discharge into drain upstream of Yamuna Vihar STP which dilutes the sewage and thus precious water is wasted. Further, intake point of sewage from this drain at Yamuna Vihar STP is in downstream of discharge point of treated sewage. Such a wrong action is not expected from the DJB which is a technical body. Similarly, pumping of sewage from drain at Jagriti Pumping Station which carries treated sewage is not desired particularly, when there is adequate sewage available in drains carrying untreated sewage. This indicates total unprofessional attitude by the DJB.
5. DJB should measure flow in various drains atleast once in a quarter so as to plan its diversion to SPS s and STP s
6. DJB and other agencies have not taken adequate steps to meet the time target as recommended by the P.K. Kaul Committee and approved by the Hon'ble Court.
7. DJB has requested for extension of time for completion of activity No. 13 from 31.03.2000 to 31.09.2003. The activity relates to construction of sewage pumping stations at Ghonda. Since requested extension period has already expired, the same may be agreed. DJB has through not requested extension of time for collection, treatment, and disposal of 110 mgd sewage (item no. 29), but submitted in schedule of its affidavit, dated February 2, 2003 to construct 135 mgd capacity by 2005. DJB has failed to collect, treat and dispose 110 mgd of sewage by March, 2000. The present treatment capacity is 65 mgd while the current treatment is only 44 mgd. DJB may, therefore, be asked to furnish the Bar/PERT Chart for construction and commissioning of 135 mgd STP.
8. DJB should ensure that while augmenting the sewage treatment capacities, all the connected works such as laying of sewers, construction of SPS, raising mains etc. are completed well in advance, so that treatment capacity can be fully utilized.
9. GDA/UP Housing Board/UPPCB have failed to divert total sewage generated by residential colonies. Though STP at Indirapuram has capacity to treat 12 mgd of sewage, only 5 mgd sewage is reaching the STP. Industrial units are not treating their effluent to desired level and this partially treated effluent is falling into Shahdara outfall drain. Though concerned agencies estimated the flow of sewage at 12 mgd and as such denied taking partially treated effluent to STP at Indirapuram, it would be proper to divert the partially treated industrial effluent from Sahibabad drain to STP to utilize its full capacity. On long term basis industrial units of Sahibabad should go for CETP and diversion of treated effluent to river Hindon / Hindon cut canal so that there should be no flow from Sahiababad to Shahdara outfall canal. UP Pollution Control Board should strictly monitor the industries and take adequate action against the defaulting industries.
Construction of Bye-pass
The Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order, dated 14.8.2003 in IA No.197 filed by M/s Yamaha Motors and Hyderabad Industries directed that EPCA may consider the measures to be taken for easing the traffic congestion and increasing idling of vehicles within Delhi.
The IA stated that due to stoppage of entry of goods vehicles in Delhi, which do not have destination as Delhi, the petitioners have to transport their goods from Faridabad to NOIDA via Aligarh and they have to travel a distance of 225 km instead of 40 km if allowed through Delhi. The petitioners requested the Hon'ble Court to issue directions for the completion and construction of Eastern and Western Corridors within a specified time and till such corridors are constructed they may be allowed to transit goods through Delhi.
EPCA discussed the issue with PWD, Haryana, Delhi Police and UPSRTC. It transpired that in view of the Hon'ble Supreme Court order dated 14.07.2002 the I.A. may be rejected and the four corridors suggested by Delhi Traffic Police for bye-passing of trucks in its affidavit dated 4 th Feburary,2002 may be considered. In all the four corridors proposed by Delhi Traffic Police, the single road/double road already exists and there is a need of strengthening the existing roads only for carrying the heavy traffic. The four corridors proposed by Delhi Traffic Police as below:
Route 1: Ghaziabad (UP) to Punjab via Sonepat (Haryana) and vice versa
Route 2: Punjab, Sonepat (Haryana) – Gurgaon (Haryana) and beyond
Route 3: Gurgaon to Faridabad
Route 4: Faridabad to Noida – Ghaziabad and beyond
In its report submitted to the Hon'ble Court in November 2003, the EPCA recommended that
1. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) should be directed to coordinate with the state governments in the NCR to speed up construction and alignment of the bypasses and submit a firm schedule with deadline for completion to the Hon'ble Court: The National Highways Authority of India should be directed to coordinate with the Chief Secretaries of the neighbouring states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab to expedite this matter and a firm schedule for completion should be presented to the Court by NHAI.
2. NHAI be held directly accountable for the implementation of the plan. 3. Traffic Police should ensure that there is no entry of trucks into the city, except those genuinely destined
for Delhi. 4. Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), through its Municipal Commissioner, should set up a system for
verification and management of the truck entry into the city. Currently, MCD charges a toll tax from the trucks, simply based on the number of wheels of the truck. However, this toll tax should only be for trucks entering the city for loading and unloading. The MCD has to be responsible for ensuring that the trucks have genuine business in the city and maintain details accordingly.
Construction of Common Effluent Treatment Plants
In 1996, the Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing matter W.P. ( C) No. 4677 of 1985 ordered that common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) should be constructed in various industrial estates of Delhi. The Delhi Government was directed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court to take up the work. Govt. of Delhi has appointed National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) to design the plants and set up the framework for allocation of costs between the government and the industries. The government entrusted the responsibility of building the plants to the Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC).
After 8 years, the construction work on 10 CETPs has been completed; construction on another 2 is ongoing and 3 more have to be commissioned. The plants have been built at considerable investment -- cost has escalated from initially quoted Rs 90 crore to a staggering Rs 256 crore. In December 2003 EPCA made a surprise visit to a few of the CETPs. During inspection, it was observed that none of the CETPs visited by the EPCA were functional. Report on inspection was prepared and submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in March 2004. Major recommendation of the report are as below:
1. The Government of Delhi to resolve outstanding issues related to the payment of dues by the industry associations. The problem of cost escalation from the Rs 90 crore to Rs 256 crore has to be discussed and resolved.
2. The Government of Delhi to resolve the issues related to the maintenance and operation of the plants. 3. The Government of Delhi to ensure that the all outstanding and incomplete issues related to the completion
of the plants – for instance, the conveyance systems, the sludge disposal systems and other technical problems – are resolved within a time-bound schedule.
4. The Government of Delhi to ensure that the treated effluent of these plants, built at considerable expense and designed with tertiary treatment to clean the waste, is not allowed to be discharged into the storm water or sewage systems. Unless the government makes provision for the complete reuse of this treated waste, as was the stated direction of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the entire effort will be negated.
5. In the meanwhile, EPCA would strongly urge the Government of Delhi to stop work on the three CETP's, for which work has still not been awarded, namely Mohan Coop. Industrial Estate, Okhla Industrial Estate and Anand Parbat Industrial Estate. The first effort of the government must be to make the 12 plants, already constructed, completely functional and effective.
6. NEERI to be directed to work with the government of Delhi to resolve all technical issues and to ensure to meet the effluent discharge parameters.
7. Industry associations to be directed to cooperate with the Delhi Government and to ensure that the CETPs are effectively functioning. Industry must be cautioned that the matter relates to pollution of the river and that in case this enormous effort and investment is not put to work, it will be detrimental to them.
EPCA would recommend that the Government of Delhi must be directed to ensure that the above activities are completed within 6 months. EPCA is not prepared to recommend further delay as it is clear the Government of Delhi has had a number of years to implement these important directions of the Hon'ble Court.
ACCREDITATION OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORIES AS PER ISO/IEC 17025 STANDARD
Laboratory accreditation is a formal recognition, authorization and registration of a laboratory on the basis of a third party assessment of its capability, competence and ability to carry out specific tests or types of tests. Accreditation of laboratories creates a transparent situation in the world of quality assurance and a power of tool in developing and establishing confidence and credibility between the users and laboratories. The International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 (1999) covers all aspects of laboratory's activities, which on implementation ensure reliability, and accuracy of results. Laboratory Quality System meeting the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 (1999).
Central Pollution Control Board, Central Laboratory at Delhi has been assigned as per requirements of International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 (1999) and accreditation has been granted by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) in Chemical and Biological fields. Scope under Chemical field covered more than seventy air, water and wastewater parameters. Six water, wastewater and sediment parameters have been covered under scope of Biological field. The requirement of ISO/IEC are monitored periodically for its effectiveness.
Zonal Laboratories at Kanpur and Kolkata also have been finally assessed by NABL and are at advance stage of accreditation and hopefully may obtain accreditation within the year 2004. Zonal Laboratories Bangalore and Vadodara are under preparatory stage for implementation of ISO/IEC 17025 (1999) and finally to obtain accreditation.
ECOMARK SCHEME
Ecomark is a label given to a product, which qualifies for environmental parameters as well as quality requirements of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). In India, the Ecomark scheme was introduced in 1991 by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The primary objective of the scheme is to promote environmentally conscious purchase decisions on the part of consumers and to promote the manufacturers to build environmentally responsive image through their products. Ultimately the purpose of the scheme is to ensure environment in quality of life with least damage to the environment. The criteria of Ecomark are based on the Life-cycle analysis of a product, a concept which is often termed as ‘Cradle to grave" approach. So far, Ecomark criteria for the 16 product categories have been notified in the Gazette of India.
During year 2003-2004, Ecomark criteria on coir and coir products has been developed and final draft criteria has been forwarded to Ecomark Steering Committee, MoEF, for final Gazette Notification.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Guidelines on "Design & Construction of Bio-medical Waste Incinerator" and "Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility"
In order to check the proliferation of poorly designed bio-medical waste incinerator, guidelines on "Design & Construction of Bio-medical Waste Incinerator" have been prepared. These guidelines recommend the design features of an incinerator as well as the air pollution control devices, recommend the minimum infrastructure and treatment equipment required for a common bio-medical waste treatment facility (CBWTF), recording and transportation of bio-medical waste etc. The guidelines would help in installing CBWTF with adequate equipment and infrastructure and adopting proper operations.
Approval of new technology for treatment of bio-medical waste
Applications of three new technologies were received by the CPCB. Upon examining these three technologies, the technology "Demolizer" was given a conditional approval by the CPCB. The "Demolizer" technology thermally disinfects certain categories of wastes in the absence of steam.
Video film on Bio-medical management
A video film of about 30 minutes is being made on bio-medical waste management. The film will highlight the provisions of the BMW Rules, demonstrate the need of imparting treatment of bio-medical waste, the proper segregation & transportation of bio-medical waste, the treatment equipment and the common bio-medical waste treatment facility. The video film is being developed for wide circulation to SPCBs/PCCs, healthcare facilities for generating awareness cum training.
Support to SPCB to organise workshops/trainings
Financial/technical support was given to Kerala, Uttranchal and Tripura SPCB for organisation of workshop/training programmes on bio-medical waste management. Indian Medical Association, Noida was also supported in conducting a session on bio-medical waste management, during their annual meet held on 15/2/2004 at Noida.
Monitoring of Dioxins/Furans from BMW incinerator
Assistance given to RRL, Thiruvananthapuram in monitoring the Dioxins/Furans from the BMW incinerators under the MoEF funded project. Three samplings have been conducted in Delhi and results are awaited.
Preparation of status of Bio-medical waste management
The information on the Bio-medical Waste Management in respect of the year 2003-2004 has been collected from the SPCBs/PCCs, compiled and status report has been prepared.
NATIONAL CONFERENCES
• 50 th Conference of Chairmen & Member Secretaries of CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs was organized during March 8-9, 2004 at New Delhi. Over 100 participants from 29 State/UTs, MoEF and CPCB attended the Conference. The major issues discussed during the conference are as follows:
1. Review of National Air/Water Quality Monitoring Programmes and networking of Air/Water Quality Monitoring Stations.
2. Status of installation of continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 16 cities. 3. Creation of Environmental Data Bank 4. Status of implementation on CREP recommendation for 17 categories of industries 5. Exempting ISO 14001 industries from routine inspections/inspection prior to renewal of consents. 6. Action taken report prepared to implement the order of Hon'ble Supreme Court on Hazardous
Waste Management 7. Inter-State movement of hazardous waste for disposal - use of high calorific value hazardous
waste as fuel in cement kiln 8. Status of implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes Management/Bio-Medical Waste
Management Rules. 9. Zoning Atlas Programme including criteria for siting of industries. 10. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amendment) Act, 2003 : status of cess
assessment and utilization of cess reimbursement. • A National Seminar on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) was organised during
12-13 March, 2003 and after deliberations and discussions with the Industrial Associations, regulatory agencies, concerned Ministries, local bodies, NGOs etc. a Charter was released covering the action points agreed upon in the seminar, for implementation by the major polluting industrial categories in a time bound manner.
• For implementation of the recommendations of the Charter, Eight Task Forces were constituted to review the progress of the work of task forces a National Conference on follow-up of Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection was organised on July, 29, 2003. Several meetings of the task forces have been organized and a meeting of the Steering Committee was held on February 5, 2004 at MoEF, Delhi to review the progress made in the implementation of the CREP Charter.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
First National Workshop on E-Waste Management was organized on March 15, 2004 at New Delhi. Over 50 participants - experts from Switzerland, NGOs, Industries, Industrial Association, MoEF, SPCBs, CPCB, attended the workshop. It was decided to conduct Rapid Assessment of the present E-Waste Management Practices in major cities of the country and to form a group of experts and stake holders for developing the policy for E-Waste management in country. It was decided that CPCB will conduct a Rapid Assessment Study for E-Waste Management in various cities in the country and formulate a Working Group to look into the matters related to amendment in legislation.
Implementation of the Directives of Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of WP (C) No. 657 of 1995" – reg.
The activities assigned to CPCB by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in its order dated October 14, 2003 in the matter of Writ Petition No.657 of 1995 are follows:
Sl.No. Activity
1 Preparation & Issuance of Check list and ensuring its
compliance by SPCBs/PCCs
2 Preparation of guidelines for transportation of Hazardous
waste
3 Uniform Testing Procedures to be followed by the Labs
4 Guidelines for proper functioning & up keep of Disposal sites
5 Guidelines on HW incinerators
6 National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste
7 Random Cross Check on Inventory of HW generation
Submitted by the SPCBs/PCCs.
8 Cross check on inventory on HW dump sites submitted
by the SPCBs/PCCs and evaluation of the rehabilitation
plans of dump sites.
9 Preparation & Publication of National Inventory of HW
generation and HW dump sites.
10 Fixing Time Frame for Implementation of Rehabilitation
Plans by SPCBs/PCCs.
Apart from the above activities CPCB is also required to Co-ordinate with Ministry of Environment & Forests w.r.to preparation and finalization of the draft Amendment to Schedule 3, 4 & 8 of Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 and other related activities.
As per the directives of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, CPCB has prepared the draft guidelines and the same has been circulated to all the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) of Union Territories (UTs) and Government Secretary's of all the State Governments and others concerned with a request to provide comments/views on the following:
• Preparation & Issuance of Check list and ensuring its compliance by SPCBs/PCCs • Preparation of guidelines for transportation of hazardous waste • Guidelines for proper functioning & up keep of Disposal sites. • Guidelines on HW incinerators
Based on the comments received from the SPCBs/PCCs and others concerned, above guidelines will be reviewed for finalization and for implementation by the concerned.
Also, Central Board prepared a guidance manual on "Sampling, Analysis and Characterization of Hazardous Waste" for the purpose of State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) of UTs and others concerned with an aim to serve as a "Uniform Testing Procedures" to be followed by the Labs.
Registration as recyclers or re-processors of Hazardous Waste:
As per Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003 vide S.O. No. 593 (E), notified by the Government of India on May 20, 2003, every person desirous of recycling or re-processing of non –ferrous metal as specified under Schedule 4 or used oil or waste oil shall register with the Central Pollution Control Board. Ministry of Environment & Forests has empowered Central Pollution Control Board for granting of registration to such recyclers or re-processors of hazardous waste having environmentally sound management facilities, as per the procedure laid down under Rule 19 (2) of the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003. Accordingly, Central Board is granting registration to the recyclers or re-processors of hazardous waste. At present, there are about 200 registered recyclers or re-processors with CPCB and the information is made available to the users in the Web Site of Central Board under the Hazardous Waste Management Information.
Work shop on "Technology for re-refining of used oil":
As per HW (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 notified by the Government of India on May 20, 2003, used oil meeting the specifications laid down under Schedule 5 of the said Rules are suitable for re-refining. Also, as per Rule 21 (1) of the said Rules, the used oil re-refiners involved in used oil re-refining using acid clay process or modified acid clay process are required to switchover within six months from the date of commencement of the said Rules to other environmentally sound technologies as under:
a. Vacuum distillation with clay treatment b. Vacuum distillation with hydro treatment c. Thin film evaporation process or d. Any other technology approved by the MoEF.
In order to create awareness about the environmentally sound technologies for re-refining of used oil listed under Rule 21 (1) of the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 notified by the Government of India on May 20, 2003, for the purpose of assessment to be made by the officials of SPCBs/PCCs & the used oil re-refining or re-processing industry in the country, a one day work shop has been conducted in the month of March 2004 for the officials of SPCBs/PCCs and the re-refining or re-processing industry in association with Confederation of India Industry, New Delhi. Above one-day workshop has been attended by the officials of SPCBs/PCCs, CPCB, MoEF and about 150 stakeholders from all over the country.
CPCB asked all the SPCBs/PCCs to take initial steps for effective implementation of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, and initiate action against the defaulter healthcare facilities under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
The CPCB has been entrusted (vide third amendments in the Rules dated September 17, 2003) with the additional responsibility of monitoring the implementation of the Bio Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules by the Armed Forces healthcare establishments under the Ministry of Defence.
MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MSW)
Implementation of MSW Rules
The Central Board has furnished Annual Report on status of implementation of MSW Rules, 2000. It has been observed that process of implementation of the Rules has been very low. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has requested SPCBs/PCCs to formulate action plans for management of MSW is towns having population more than 20,000 and 50,000 depending upon the size of the town. CPCB has initiated regional reviews for assessing the progress of implementation of the Rules. For the Northern region, States of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh have been covered.
Demonstration Project on MSW
The Central Pollution Control Board has launched a scheme on "setting up of model facilities for demonstration of management of municipal solid waste for implementation of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. The objectives of the scheme is to build up capabilities of local bodies, to document and to assess the actual performance and to disseminate information. The scheme is implemented on cost sharing basis (50% by CPCB/MoEF and 50% by local municipal body or State Government agencies).
During the year, CPCB has initiated the projects in North Dum Dum, New Barrackpore (West Bengal) and Chandigarh. The activities planned under the model facilities project aims to address the requirements to comply with the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. The activities shall cover:
• Compliance with Schedule II of the Municipal Solid Waste Rules relating to collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste;
• Setting up of waste processing facility complying with Schedule II and IV of the Rules; and, • Setting up of waste disposal facility in compliance with Schedule II, III and IV of the Rules.
Under the project, Monitoring Committees and Execution Committees have been constituted for review of the progress of the projects and for daily execution of the projects respectively.
Assessment of Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management in 59 Cities
A study has been initiated to assess the existing status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities (35) and State Capitals (24). The aims are to find out action taken and action proposed by the municipal authorities to comply with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. The study would also suggest action plan, which may serve as guideline of the concerned local bodies for planning actions with respect to better management of municipal solid waste.
Status of Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites
The project on assessing methane emissions from the municipal solid waste disposal sites in and around Nagpur and Delhi has been initiated with assistance from National Environment Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Methane estimation along with the protocol for measuring the level of methane will be developed under the project. It will help the concerned authorities for evolving methods for energy recovery or for reducing impacts of landfill gas.
Operating Manual Guidelines on Implementation of MSW Rules
An operation manual on Municipal Solid Waste Rules has been prepared. The manual will be useful for the engineers and planners working for the local bodies, State Pollution Control Boards and other concerned organizations. The manual elaborately deals with the equipments required for collection and transportation of waste, sampling and analytical procedures to be followed for monitoring of pollutants around the landfill sites. The manual also indicates some of the assumption, which could be followed for calculating the requirement of tools and equipments for waste collection, transportation and disposal.
Application of Municipal Solid Waste on agricultural crops
A detailed study has been completed on the application of compost made out of municipal solid waste on agricultural crops. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, has completed the study with the objective to characterize manurialand hazard potential of compost on agricultural crops. The field experiments were carried out under upland conditions on a sandy loam soil at IARI farm. Based on the detailed field investigations, the optimum doses for application of compost for their nutrient contents have been worked out. Detailed guidelines for utilizing compost have been prepared.
MANAGEMENT OF PLASTIC WASTE
Implementation Status of Recycled Plastics Manufacture & Usage Rules, 1999 as Amended on 2003
The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) have initiated implementing the provisions of the Recycled Plastics Manufacture & Usage (Amended) Rule, 2003, which include restriction on manufacture, sale, distribution and usage of plastic carry bages abd containers less than 8X12 inches in size and having minimum thickness of 20 micron. The SPCBs/PCCs have further initiated the actions which include:
i. Inventorisation of Plastics Recycling Units; ii. Preparation of time-bound action plan on Plastic Waste Management; and, iii. Organising mass awareness programmes for prohibiting littering of waste.
Pilot Project on Plastic Recycling Process
A project on "Re-engineering the recycling process of packaging plastics" on plastic waste management was initiated in collaboration with Jadhavpur University, Kolkata. The objectives of the project are as follows:
• to study the plastic recycling process • to identify the pollutants generated during the process • to re-engineering the existing recycling processes • to reduce & control the amount of pollutants generated during the plastic recycling process • to generate awareness on use of plastics complying with legislative requirements and its disposal
The project has been completed and final draft report has been submitted. A new machine has been designed to process different types of plastic wastes for preparing improved recycled granules and to improve the recycling process. The newly designed machine is having monitoring device, also takes care of limiting fugitive emissions in comparison with the existing recycling processes, including pollution control devices.
Present Status of Plastics Recycling in India
Some plastic recycling units of different categories located in Delhi, Kanpur, Kolkata and Ghaziabad were visited to assess the present recycling processes as well as to address the environmental issues related to these units. These units are mainly involved in recycling of both post and pre-consumer plastic wastes. Most of these units are located on non-conforming areas and recycle the plastic wastes in crude manner. Such units neither confirm recycling norms prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) nor they comply with the provisions of the Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 2003.
The recycling operation depends upon collection/segregation made by informal sectors such as ragpickers/kabariwalas, this practice needs to be regulated. The recycling of plastic wastes is managed through local made recycling machines, these machines needs up gradation.
Regulation of Plastic Waste Disposal
In order to regulate plastic waste disposal, the recommendations are as follows:
• Local bodies shall set up post-consumer plastic wastes collection and segregation centers and to encourage the consumers to deposit their plastic wastes by giving some incentives and to reorganize the activity of ragpickers and kabariwals;
• Integrated Guidelines for plastic recycling shall be evolved; • The recycling of plastic units located in non-conforming areas shall be regulated as per existing provisions
of the Recycled Plastic Manufacture and Usage Amendments Rules, 2003; • As per the provisions of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, the non-
biodegradable matter, such as plastics shall follow the route of recycling; therefore, municipal authorities should coordinate and encourage the process of recycling as per provisions of the Rules;
• Developing alternative technologies for disposal of waste plastics; • Authenticate/promote the bio-degradable plastics; and, • Discourage use of polythelene bags
Innovative Technologies for Plastic Waste Disposal and Management
Central Pollution Control Board has made attempts to collect and collate the information on plastic wastes processing technologies. The technologies include the following:
Incineration is suitable for hazardous and infectious plastic wastes. The plastic wastes contain lots of calorific value, which helps in recovering the energy for running the plant. However, the problem of toxic emissions remains unsolved.
Thermolysis is a process where scrap and waste plastics are converted into liquid hydrocarbons and can be used as fuels like diesel and gasoline. The system uses liquification, pyrolysis and the catalytic breakdown of plastics. This process can handle unsorted and unwashed plastics, which reaches to landfill sites by default. The categories of plastics, which can be treated through this process are Polythylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), ABS resin (ABS), Polythylene Terephthalate (PET) and Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP). A pilot scale study has been conducted at G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur. The results are highly encouraging which needs to be tried in the field conditions. The fuel quality has been checked by the R & D Department of Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
The road construction is a good option for plastic disposal. Waste plastics such as carry bags, cups, thermocole and even multilayer plastics, softens on heating around temperature range of 135-135 0 C. A study using thermo-gravimetric analysis has shown that there is no gas emission at this temperature range. Besides, the softens plastic have better binding properties. These molten plastic materials can be used as binder and/or they can also be mixed with traditional binder like bitumen to enhance their blending properties. It is found to be a good blend for the bitumen used in road construction, block making, modified light roofing, mastic flooring and polymer reinforced concrete etc. A pilot-scale study has been successfully completed at the Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai. Several experimental stretches have also been laid down in the State of Tamilnadu. Their performance appears to be satisfactory as roads are stronger, less bleeding and leaching, no potholes are formed, no dioxin and radiation is generated, both hot-mix and central mixing plant can be used, bitumen as well as cost is saved and plastic waste is disposed without hassle.
CO-ORDINATION WITH STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS (SPCB) AND POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEES (PCC)
In addition to interaction with SPCBs and PCCs on matters concerning prevention and control of pollution, SPCBs/PCCs were also persuaded on strengthening of infrastructure and streamlining procedures relating to implementation of acts and rules on abatement of pollution. Some of the important issues on which interaction made with SPCBs/PCCs include;
Coimbatore Charter
Feed-back has been received from several SPCBs/PCCs on taking up steps for implementation of the Charter. The states which have responded include; Tripura, Kerala, Meghalya, Chandigarh (UT), Karnataka, Goa Orissa, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and others. The steps taken by the States include; re-constitution of the Board by induction of technical experts, streamlining of consent procedures, inventorisation of polluting sources formulation of Annual Plans strengthening of laboratory facilities and several other actions as per the Charter.
Utilization of Cess funds
Pursuant to the amendment in Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1977 in 2003, the States Boards/Committee have taken steps to re-assess the collection of Water cess. It has been estimated that due to increase in water cess charges, the cess collection would go up by almost 2 ½ times. On the suggestion of CPCB for utilization of cess funds, SPCBs have taken steps for undertaking activities relating to pollution abatement programmes which include; strengthening of laboratory facilities, strengthening of water and air quality monitoring programme, intensifying environmental surveillance activities and others. Accordingly, State Boards like; Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala Karnataka and others have prepared Annual Action Plans.
Strengthening of SPCBs/PCCs
During 2003, a scheme sanctioned by MoEF on strengthening of North-Eastern SPCBs and PCCs in Uts was reviewed. Environmental issues of north-eastern region and UTs were discussed and accordingly the State Boards/PCCs have been requested to formulate action plans. Most of the States/PCCs in this region have formulated Recruitment Rules for undertaking recruitment of sanctioned staff. Steps are also taken for strengthening of laboratories of State Board like.
Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram have set up the laboratories and started monitoring work.
During the year, the proposals received from SPCBs/PCCs on strengthening in terms of laboratory and other schemes have been examined and recommended to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for consideration. Such proposals include proposal from State of Goa, Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, Tripura etc.
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY
The problem of pollution of aquatic resources in the country has become a matter of concern. Keeping in view of number of agencies involved in water quality monitoring and management, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, has issued a notification, S.O. 583 (E), in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in the Gazette of India dated 22 June 2001, constituting the Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) with effect from 29 th May 2001. The WQAA is mainly responsible for standardization of methods for water quality monitoring and to ensure quality of data generation for utilization thereof besides a number of other functions. The WQAA constituted the state level Water Quality Review Committees and indicated the process for standardization of monitoring exercise.
CONSTITUTION OF TASK FORCE ON RATIONALISATION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING
The Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) has constituted a Task Force in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on 9 th September 2003 under the Chairmanship of Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board, to recommend measure for optimum Water Quality Observation Network and coordinated data collection and dissemination system to assist the Water Quality Assessment Authority. The terms of reference (TOR) of the Task Force are (i) Development of Water Quality data information system and recommend the steps for coordination in collection, use and dissemination of data, (ii) Review of Water Quality Monitoring Network and recommend optimum network for the country and (iii) Recommend system for Accreditation of Water Quality laboratories in the country. The Task Force deliberated the matter and came out with a number of recommendations including implementation of uniform protocol for water quality monitoring, quality assurance, parameters, frequency and locations, reporting and dissemination of data. It has also recommended an organizational structure for Hydrological Information System with respect to Water Quality as shown in Fig 14.1.
