© OECD/IEA 2014

Annual Coal

Questionnaire

Overview

Energy Statistics Training

Paris; October 6 - 10 , 2014

HP Chung & Roman Wisznia

Energy Data Centre

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OVERVIEW

1. The importance of coal

2. IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

3. Coal classification

4. Coal transformation processes

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The importance of coal

2nd source of primary energy

1st source of electricity generation (40%)

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The importance of coal

Economic advantages

Relatively abundant, cheap, and secure

Easy to incorporate into economy

Driven by developing economies, coal demand is projected to continue to increase in the near future (IEA 2013 Medium-Term Coal Market Report)

Environmental concerns: largest CO2 emission per unit of energy among energy sources

Development and deployment of clean coal technologies such as carbon capture and storage and coal-to-liquids

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

4 Tables

Table 1: Supply, Transformation, Energy, and Final consumption.

Table 2: Imports by origin

Table 3: Exports by destination

Table 4: Calorific values

17 Products

7 primary products

10 derived products

Note: Not all products are coal products, the coal questionnaire includes other solid fossil fuels

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Coal classification

Coking coal Hard

Coal

Metallurgical

Coal

Anthracite Steam

Coal

Other bituminous coal

Sub-bituminous coal Brown

Coal Lignite

Peat

Oil shale and oil sands

Primary coal classification by physical and chemical characteristics.

Generally, the higher the carbon content (quality), the higher the rank

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Coal classification

Oil shale and oil sands

Sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in the form of kerogen, a precursor of petroleum

Oil shale may be burned directly or processed by heating to extract shale oil

Shale oil should be reported in the oil questionnaire

Peat

Solid fossil fuel, often a precursor to coal, particularly lignite

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Coal transformation processes

Transformation sector: includes fuels used for conversion of energy (coal to electricity) or for the transformation to derived energy products (coke ovens)

The largest consumption of coal is in electricity and heat generation

There are several transformation processes unique to the coal sector

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Coke ovens

Blast furnace

Gas works and coal gasification plants

Coking coal Coke ovens

Coke oven coke

Coke oven gas

Coal tar

Coke oven coke Blast furnace Blast furnace gas

Coal and Coal Products

Gas works gas Gas works and

Coal Gasification plants Gas coke

Coal transformation processes

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Coal transformation processes

Coal liquefaction or coal-to-liquid plants utilize coal to create liquid fuels (diesel, naphtha, etc.). The liquid fuels production must be reported in the Oil questionnaire

Patent fuel: manufactured from hard coal fines with binding agent. May have higher calorific value than source coal

BKB: or Brown coal briquettes are composite fuel manufactured from brown coal (lignite or sub-bituminous coal) without binding agent (pressurized)

Peat products: products such as peat briquettes derived directly or indirectly from peat

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Table 1: Supply, Transformation, Energy, and Final consumption.

Note: Some transformation outputs will be reported in other questionnaires such as electricity, oil, and natural gas.

Supply Demand

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Output #1: Coke oven coke

Input: coking coal

Coke oven

Output #2: coke oven gas + coal tar

Fuels transformed into another energy form

Transformation

Fuels consumed to support operations

Energy industry Own-use

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Typical mass yields from coke ovens

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Gross

Consumption

Transformation Sector

+ Energy Sector

- Distribution Losses

+ Final Consumption

+ Industry Sector

+ Transport

+ Other Sectors

+ Non Energy Uses

Domestic

Supply (Inland

Consumption)

Production

+ Import

- Export

- International

Marine

Bunkers

+ Stock Changes

Domestic Supply - Gross Consumption = Statistical Difference

(Inland Consumption)

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Table 2: Imports by origin.

Table 3: Exports by destination

Why by origin and by destination?

Quality of coal and coal products can differ by source (country, region, mine)

One way to measure quality of coal is by its energy content or calorific value

Table 4: Calorific values

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Table 4: Calorific values

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Calorific values of coal products may differ for different flows such as:

Production

Imports

Exports

Used in Coke Ovens

Used in Blast Furnaces

Used in main Activity Plants

Used in Industry

For Other Uses

Domestic supply

Total demand

Statistical difference on an energy basis

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

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Table 1Supply,

Transformation,

Energy and Final

Consumption

Table 1Supply,

Transformation,

Energy and Final

Consumption

Electricity and Heat

questionnaire

Table 6a

Electricity and Heat

questionnaire

Table 6a

Table 2Imports by Origin

Table 2Imports by Origin

Table 3Exports by Destination

Table 3Exports by Destination

Table 4Calorific Values

Table 4Calorific Values

Inputs to Gross Electricity

and Heat Production

Total Imports

Total Exports

Calorific Values for

Major Flows

Natural Gas

questionnaire

Table 1

Natural Gas

questionnaire

Table 1

Natural Gas

Oil

questionnaire

Table 1

Oil

questionnaire

Table 1

Oil Products

Renewables

questionnaire

Table 1

Renewables

questionnaire

Table 1

Renewables

Manufactured Gases

Derived Coal Liquids

Table Relations within the Coal Questionnaire

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

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IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Data quality checks:

Numbers (sums, signs, etc.)

Statistical differences

Time series

Calorific values

Transformation efficiency

Comparison between tables

Physical vs. energy content balance

Comparison with other questionnaires

© OECD/IEA 2014

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

IEA also publishes quarterly coal data

Hard coal and brown coal production

Coal trade by trade partner

Challenges in timely data collection

Your help is always welcome

Contact: ces@iea.org

© OECD/IEA 2014

IEA Annual Coal Questionnaire

Additional resources: Energy Data Management Centre https://www.energydatacenter.org/Login.aspx

IEA Statistics questionnaire information http://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/questionnaires/annual/

InterEnerStat outcomes (products and flows) http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/index.asp

IPCC GHG Guidelines (1996 or 2006) http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html

ISIC classifications. Rev 4. (UNSD) http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/isic-4.asp

International Recommendations for Energy Statistics http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/default.htm

Eurostat Geonomenclature. (ISO codes, etc.) (v 2010) http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/other_documents/geonom/geonom_2010/geonom_full_publ_en.zip

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Key points for Exercises

The Annual Coal questionnaire: overview

Transformation vs. Energy sector

Calorific Values

Exercises:

Exercise on Table 1

Exercise on Efficiencies

Exercise on Table 4

Annual Coal Questionnaire

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4 Tables 17 products

Annual Coal Questionnaire

1 2

3 4

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Table 1

Examples : Statisland, 2013

• 78 kt of Anthracite are produced

Quantity Product Flow

• 2096 kt of Lignite are used in powerplants to generate electricity

• 100 kt of Coke oven coke are consumed in steel production

• Supply • Transformation • Final Consumption

Annual Coal Questionnaire

© OECD/IEA 2014

Annual Coal Questionnaire

• 78 kt of Anthracite are produced

• 2096 kt of Lignite are used in powerplants to generate electricity

• 100 kt of Coke oven coke are consumed in steel production

78

2096

100

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Table 2 and 3

Example : Statisland, 2013

Statisland imports 10 kt of Coking coal from Albania through Montenegro

Quantity Country of origin Product

• Imports by origin • Exports by destination

Annual Coal Questionnaire

Coking

coal

10

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Table 4

Annual Coal Questionnaire

Example : Statisland, 2013

The Lignite used in electricity powerplants has a net calorific value of 9000 kJ/kg and a gross calorific value of 10230 kJ/kg

• Calorific values

Product

Flow Calorific value

9000 10230

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Calorific Value

1 kg

Calorific value : Heat obtained from one unit of the fuel when it is combusted

Unit : kJ/kg = MJ/tonne, kJ/m3 (gas)

GCV NCV

LH2O vap

Usable heat

Hot steam (non-recoverable energy)

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Output #1 : Coke oven coke Input : coking coal

Coke oven

Example : Coke oven Output #2 : coke oven gas + coal tar

10 kt, 26 000 kJ/kg 6 kt, 28 000 kJ/kg

15 TJ (gross) + 1 kt, 35 000 kJ/kg

)(

)(

unitsenergynetInputTotal

unitsenergynetOutputTotalEfficiency

15*0.9 + 1*35 + 6*28

10*26 = 83%

Transformation efficiency : example

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Anthracite Coking coal Other

bituminous

coal

Sub-

bituminous

coal

Lignite Coke oven

coke

Coal tar Coke oven

gas

SUPPLY AND TRANSFORMATION SECTOR 103 t 10

3 t 10

3 t 10

3 t 10

3 t 10

3 t 10

3 t TJ (gross)

A B C D E G I L

Indigenous production 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transformation Sector 14

Main activity producer electricity plants 15

Main activity producer CHP plants 16

Main activity producer heat plants 17

Autoproducer electricity plants 18

Autoproducer CHP plants 19

Autoproducer heat plants 20

Patent fuel plants (Transformation) 21

Coke ovens (Transformation) 22

BKB/PB plants (Transformation) 23

Gas works (Transformation) 24

Blast furnaces (Transformation) 25

Coal liquefaction plants (Transformation) 26

For blended natural gas 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) 28

ENERGY SECTOR INDUSTRY OWN USE AND FINAL CONSUMPTION

Energy industry own use Sector 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Own use in electricity, CHP and heat plants 30

Coal mines 31

Patent fuel plants (Energy) 32

Coke ovens (Energy) 33

BKB/PB plants (Energy) 34

Gas works (Energy) 35

Blast furnaces (Energy) 36

Oil refineries 37

Coal liquefaction plants (Energy) 38

Not elsewhere specified (Energy industry own use) 39

Table 1: Transformation vs. Energy

Transformation

Energy industry own use

(…)

(…)

10 kt

6 kt 15 TJ 1 kt

15 TJ

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Coal products : summary

Fuel Type Reporting unit GCV estimation

Coking coal kt 25000 - 33000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Anthracite kt 22000 - 29000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Other bituminous coal kt 22000 - 29000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Sub-bituminous coal kt 16000 - 24000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Lignite kt 5000 - 18000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Peat kt 7000 - 13000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Oil Shale kt 2500 - 12000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Coal tar kt 30000 - 44000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Patent fuel kt 25000 - 32000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Coke oven coke kt 24000 - 32000 ≈ NCV

Gas coke kt 24000 - 32000 ≈ NCV + 5%

BKB kt 15000 - 21000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Peat products kt 8000 - 14000 ≈ NCV + 5%

Gas works gas TJ 15000 - 22000 ≈ NCV + 10%

Coke oven gas TJ 15000 - 22000 ≈ NCV + 10%

Blast furnace gas TJ 2000 - 4000 ≈ NCV

Other recovered gases TJ 2000 - 20000 ≈ NCV

Manufactured gases

Fossil fuels

Expected calorific

value (kJ/kg, MJ/ton)

Derived solid products

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Coal questionnaire : check list

2 Is the data in each table reported in the correct unit ?

Solid products should be reported in kt, manufactured gases in TJ-gross

kt

TJ

1 Do I have a GCV and a NCV for each flow of each solid product reported ?

Each flow and solid product must have a corresponding calorific value stored in table 4 !

?

3 Do the calorific values for each product and flow in table 4 stand within the expected ranges ?

Check against expected ranges table

25000 - 33000

22000 - 29000

22000 - 29000

16000 - 24000

5000 - 18000

7000 - 13000

2500 - 12000

30000 - 44000

25000 - 32000

24000 - 32000

24000 - 32000

15000 - 21000

8000 - 14000

15000 - 22000

15000 - 22000

2000 - 4000

2000 - 20000

Expected calorific

value (kJ/kg, MJ/ton)

4 How do the NCV and GCV compare ?

GCV estimation

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

≈ NCV + 5%

Check against GCV estimation table

5 What are the efficiencies of the transformation processes ? How do they compare with the expected efficiencies ?

?

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Exercises:

Exercise1.xls

Fill in Table 1 with the given instructions

Exercise2.xls

Table 1 and Table 4 are given. Follow instructions to calculate either the efficiencies, or the estimated outputs with a fixed efficiency

Exercise3.xls

Find errors in Table 4 (Calorific values) and explain them

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Thank you

COALAQ@iea.org

WED@iea.org